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Speaker 1: Ryan Eckln had just dropped his kids off at school

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Speaker 1: outside Minneapolis last winter when he saw an unmarked vehicle

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Speaker 1: full of Ice agents. He started following them. Then the

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Speaker 1: ice vehicle suddenly stopped, and at.

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Speaker 2: That point about five different Ice agents approached my driver's

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Speaker 2: side door, and one of the Ice agents opened my door.

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Speaker 2: Another Ice agent climbed into the back seat and put

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Speaker 2: his arm around my neck and headrests and used his

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Speaker 2: other hand to click my seat belt to take my

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Speaker 2: seat belt off.

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Speaker 3: Ryan had his phone out.

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Speaker 4: We are on a public road.

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Speaker 2: Get your hands off of me. Allow, I'm a US citizen.

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Speaker 3: Get your hands.

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Speaker 5: I started texting him, you know, hey, can you let

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Speaker 5: me know you're okay? Hey, I'm trying not to freak

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Speaker 5: out here, and no response.

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Speaker 1: This is Tamera, Ryan's wife. He called her when he

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Speaker 1: first started following the Ice suv, so she was tracking

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Speaker 1: his location.

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Speaker 5: His PIN wasn't moving anymore. And then I said, okay,

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Speaker 5: you haven't answered and I'm freaking out, so I'm going

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Speaker 5: to come and find you. Like this is days after

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Speaker 5: renee Goa had lost her life. And I followed the

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Speaker 5: map to his PIN and I found his abandoned vehicle.

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Speaker 5: And his phone on the front seat, and I immediately

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Speaker 5: looked in the snow for blood.

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Speaker 1: Ice agents detained Ryan and took them to the Whipple

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Speaker 1: Building ICE headquarters in Minneapolis. It's right next to the

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Speaker 1: historic fort and former concentration camp I visited in our

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Speaker 1: first episode. You may remember when I was there, I

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Speaker 1: saw a bald eagle.

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Speaker 3: Look at him coming right towards us.

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Speaker 6: Told you were going to see one.

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Speaker 3: They nest near the river.

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Speaker 2: As we were getting on the freeway to go to

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Speaker 2: the Federal Building, a bald ego flew over the overpass

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Speaker 2: and the ICE agent this passenger van said to the driver, Hey,

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Speaker 2: look see that it's a bald eagle. And you said,

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Speaker 2: do you know what that means? And the driver responded

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Speaker 2: and said, God is on our side. And what that

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Speaker 2: said to me was that not only do they feel

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Speaker 2: allowed to act with impunity and do what they're doing,

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Speaker 2: but they almost feel as though it's some sort of

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Speaker 2: righteous calling. And that really made me more scared than

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Speaker 2: anything else.

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Speaker 1: What happened after you got to the Bolt Building.

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Speaker 2: I was brought into a large loading dock area. As

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Speaker 2: I walked in, a number of tables were set up

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Speaker 2: along the left hand side of the wall, and on

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Speaker 2: a piece of cardboard was written with like black marker,

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Speaker 2: like the way that you would make a garage sale sign.

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Speaker 2: It said USC one to eleven. And what I realize

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Speaker 2: now is that eighteen USC one eleven is the code

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Speaker 2: that a lot of ICE agents will use when they

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Speaker 2: feel as though they have somebody who is impeding an investigation.

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Speaker 1: That table with the cardboard sign was set up to

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Speaker 1: process the US citizens ICE was detaining. After processing him,

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Speaker 1: agents took Ryan to a holding cell.

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Speaker 2: I was in detention for approximately nine hours. That room

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Speaker 2: had filled up with eight other individuals, all of whom

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Speaker 2: were US citizens, all of whom had been detained by ICE.

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Speaker 1: One of the people in the cell with Ryan said

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Speaker 1: he had been detained by ICE for cussing and refusing

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Speaker 1: to shake an officer's hand. Another person had been delivering

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Speaker 1: groceries to an immigrant family. Were you surprised to be

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Speaker 1: detained as a US citizen?

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Speaker 2: Yeah, yeah, very much so, mostly because what I was doing,

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Speaker 2: according to myself and a number of other legal authorities,

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Speaker 2: was well within the bounds of my constitutional rights.

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Speaker 1: And do you have any legal recourse, like can you

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Speaker 1: file a lawsuit?

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Speaker 3: Has what's The follow up been.

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Speaker 2: There is not really a good mechanism, a good legal

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Speaker 2: mechanism for an individual who has had their constitutional rights

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Speaker 2: violated by a law enforcement officer, specifically a federal officer.

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Speaker 1: During the I surge in Minneapolis, the Trump administration claimed

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Speaker 1: it was targeting undocumented immigrants. Ryan is a US citizen.

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Speaker 1: He's why he lives in the suburbs. He sells real estate.

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Speaker 1: He is one of the last people you think ICE

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Speaker 1: would round up. But they did what I did to

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Speaker 1: Ryan feels like it should be illegal. Detaining the US citizen,

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Speaker 1: shoving him to the ground all because he followed and

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Speaker 1: filmed a federal officer on a public street. Isn't that

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Speaker 1: the type of thing the Constitution is supposed to protect

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Speaker 1: us all against.

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Speaker 3: But there's this other part of our.

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Speaker 1: Constitution one a lot of people don't know about. It

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Speaker 1: explains why ICE could do what they did to Ryan,

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Speaker 1: why he still has no legal recourse, and why the

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Speaker 1: Trump administration keeps getting away with it. You're listening to

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Speaker 1: First America, the true story of how the United States

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Speaker 1: came to be and how our current political moment is

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Speaker 1: two hundred and fifty years in the making. From Pushkin

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Speaker 1: industries and critical frequency.

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Speaker 3: I'm your host, Rebecca Nagel Gohein da Ge Lacayedrique La sit.

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Speaker 1: Sin of Cherokee Nation. As I've talked about before, I

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Speaker 1: was in Minneapolis during the ice search. It was only

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Speaker 1: a few days, but it was surreal.

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Speaker 2: We get tear gas, We like me three really perful

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Speaker 2: right now.

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Speaker 1: I saw border patroled tear gas protesters, military planes flying overhead.

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Speaker 1: I saw Renee Goods blood in the snow.

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Speaker 4: Oh.

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Speaker 3: I think that's the brave that car and pieces of

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Speaker 3: her broken car.

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Speaker 1: People are gathered around the light pold leaving flowers.

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Speaker 3: I can I ask you a few questions?

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Speaker 5: Sure, my name is Stacy Sorrow Saint Croix Ojibway Nation.

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Speaker 1: Can you explain why you put tobacco down just for

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Speaker 1: a prayer, prayer for her family, because a lady lost

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Speaker 1: her life and that's what we do in our culture.

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Speaker 2: Just sad day for Minneapolis today.

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Speaker 1: I started this season with one big question, how is

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Speaker 1: this happening? How is all this happening in the United States?

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Speaker 3: I think I figured it out.

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Speaker 1: Everything we've covered so far, the building of the military,

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Speaker 1: the theft of Native land, the real reasons for the

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Speaker 1: American revolution, genocide. These weren't isolated events. They weren't one

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Speaker 1: off bugs. Together they built a system. So when people

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Speaker 1: look at current events and say the constitution doesn't allow this,

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Speaker 1: the reality is more complicated. In many ways, it does.

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Speaker 1: And today I'm going to explain how the constitution we

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Speaker 1: live under now is actually not with. The US started

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Speaker 1: off with our first constitution, ratified in seventeen eighty one,

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Speaker 1: was called the Articles of Confederation. Under it, there was

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Speaker 1: not a Supreme Court. There wasn't even a president.

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Speaker 7: Technically, there's a person who gets called president, but they're

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Speaker 7: the chairperson of the Committee of Congress and it rotates,

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Speaker 7: so there is no strong executive power under the Articles

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Speaker 7: of Confederation.

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Speaker 3: This is Mary Sarah Builder.

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Speaker 7: I teach at Boston College Law School, and I'm the

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Speaker 7: founder's professor.

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Speaker 1: States had a lot of power and the federal government

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Speaker 1: was weak. Often not enough congressional members showed up for

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Speaker 1: the body to even have a quorum. It was a

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Speaker 1: hot mess.

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Speaker 7: And so people who want a stronger government decide that

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Speaker 7: the Articles of Confederation needs to be rewritten.

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Speaker 1: And so in seventeen eighty seven, about a decade into

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Speaker 1: this great experiment called the United States, Congress called for

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Speaker 1: a constitutional Convention. For the people who gathered to write

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Speaker 1: the convention, what was their.

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Speaker 3: Charge, like, what did they gather in Philadelphia to do?

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Speaker 7: Yeah, they were supposed to take what was called the

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Speaker 7: old Federal Constitution and in fancy words, render it sufficient

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Speaker 7: for the exigencies, basically make it work and fix all

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Speaker 7: sorts of things that people complained about.

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Speaker 1: The Constitutional Convention took place in hot and muggy Philadelphia.

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Speaker 7: They begin in May. They have to wait around for

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Speaker 7: a while because nobody shows up when they're supposed to.

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Speaker 7: Everybody's late. There's then a committee to write a first draft.

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Speaker 7: They debate that plan all through August.

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Speaker 1: So in the summer of seventeen eighty seven, our founders

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Speaker 1: are in the State House now known as Independence Hall,

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Speaker 1: hashing it all out. They're debating how to structure the

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Speaker 1: Senate in the Supreme Court, they debate how much power

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Speaker 1: little states should get versus big ones. And they're building

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Speaker 1: the government we all still live under. And then in

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Speaker 1: the middle of this historic monumental summer, a surprising thing happens.

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Speaker 3: A bunch of people.

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Speaker 7: Leave in July. Basically members of the convention who are

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Speaker 7: also Congressional members go to New York.

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Speaker 1: At the time Congress met New York, the Constitutional Convention

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Speaker 1: is in Philadelphia. Most people assume Congress is going to

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Speaker 1: take the summer off, but lawmakers have important business to

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Speaker 1: attend to.

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Speaker 7: And the major piece of business that that Congress does

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Speaker 7: is it passes the Northwest Ordinance, and the Northwest Ordinance

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Speaker 7: creates a sort of blueprint for imagining the lands to

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Speaker 7: the Mississippi as white states.

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Speaker 1: Congress was desperate to pass this bill because the United

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Speaker 1: States needed more land. As we've talked about before, that

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Speaker 1: need was driven by money. This land is the same

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Speaker 1: land the Miamia and the Tuahwa Cpway Alliance were fighting

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Speaker 1: to protect. It's also the land speculators like the Ohio

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Speaker 1: Company were buying up. For that land to be valuable

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Speaker 1: and profitable, there needed to be a roadmap for how

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Speaker 1: the US would govern it. Otherwise who would want to

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Speaker 1: move there? And so this bill is that roadmap. Unsurprisingly,

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Speaker 1: members of the Ohio Company had a hand in drafting it.

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Speaker 1: Here is how that map worked. The new territory would

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Speaker 1: be governed differently than the original thirteen states.

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Speaker 4: The United States was founded, and then it set up

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Speaker 4: the Northwest territory under the exact same system for British colonies.

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Speaker 1: This is Maggie Blackhawk again. She's a law professor at

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Speaker 1: NYU and fond of Lac Ojibway.

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Speaker 4: The Northwest Territory was called explicitly by the founders America's

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Speaker 4: first colony, and that colony would be governed by a

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Speaker 4: unitary governor.

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Speaker 1: That governor, a secretary, and a few judges ruled the

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Speaker 1: whole thing. Those folks were all appointed. Most ended up

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Speaker 1: being land speculators.

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Speaker 4: Oh yeah, no, no voting, no elections.

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Speaker 1: The territory didn't even have a representative in Congress.

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Speaker 4: Until there was enough settlement by mostly white male settlers

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Speaker 4: to be able to petition for more forms of representation

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Speaker 4: in the Central United States government.

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Speaker 1: Once enough free white men moved there, then the territory

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Speaker 1: could become a state and they could have elections and representation.

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Speaker 1: Our founding fathers decided an area of the United States

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Speaker 1: wouldn't have the most basic features of democracy. Instead, they

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Speaker 1: looked at the Northwest Territory and thought, what we need

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Speaker 1: to do is to break down and move and fight

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Speaker 1: and go to war with and massacre this other group

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Speaker 1: of people because we don't want to understand them.

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Speaker 4: We don't want to build a government that could govern

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Speaker 4: them too.

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Speaker 1: And so these two things were written at the exact

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Speaker 1: same time, the US Constitution and the Northwest Ordinance, the

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Speaker 1: blueprint for US democracy and the blueprint for US colonialism.

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Speaker 1: That summer in seventeen eighty seven, when our founders were

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Speaker 1: writing the Constitution and the Northwest Ordinance, they made a

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Speaker 1: fatal error, one we almost never talk about.

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Speaker 3: They thought they could have both.

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Speaker 1: They thought they could build a constitutional republic and an

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Speaker 1: empire at the same time. They thought they could have

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Speaker 1: democracy over here and colonialism over there. Two centuries later,

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Speaker 1: it turns out they were wrong. The Constitution we all

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Speaker 1: know that Blueprint for democracy had some flaws, of course,

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Speaker 1: but through the abolition of slavery, women's suffrage, the civil

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Speaker 1: rights movement, the gay rights movement, and more, it got better.

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Speaker 1: While still far from equal, we got closer to the

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Speaker 1: founding ideals of this country. The opposite happened with the

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Speaker 1: Blueprint for colonialism. It grew after the Louisiana purchased that

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Speaker 1: territory got the same kind of top down, no elections government.

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Speaker 1: As the US expanded from sea to Shining Sea, more

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Speaker 1: Land was controlled that way. Then the blueprint for colonialism

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Speaker 1: got applied to place like Hawaii, Guam, in Puerto Rico.

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Speaker 1: A generation of US lawmakers liked the top down way

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Speaker 1: they governed those places. It was so much more efficient

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Speaker 1: than democracy, and so they applied the blueprint for colonialism

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Speaker 1: to immigration. It even got applied to things you wouldn't

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Speaker 1: think of, like social security. At the same time generations

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Speaker 1: of Americans fought for US democracy, they also built and

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Speaker 1: expanded US colonialism. Could you actually just define what authoritarianism is.

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Speaker 4: I think the word authoritarianism is sort of the shorthand

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Speaker 4: word that we use for government that isn't representative, that's

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Speaker 4: top down, that is not responsive to the groups that

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Speaker 4: it exercises its power over. They often govern through force

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Speaker 4: through violence, but they definitely don't govern through consent. I

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Speaker 4: prefer the term colonialism in the US context because it

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Speaker 4: taps us into the history.

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Speaker 1: What we're seeing today is that the colonial system our

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Speaker 1: founders created is taking over the democracy. I'm going to

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Speaker 1: name things that are part of our current politics, and

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Speaker 1: I want you to tell me yes or no if

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Speaker 1: they tie back to federal Indian law separating migrant families

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Speaker 1: at the border, Yes, detaining migrants and detention camps.

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Speaker 4: Yes, even the practices of detention, the precedent of detention,

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Speaker 4: how to detain, how to detain families. These are things

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Speaker 4: in which the US government has had deep experience.

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Speaker 1: Bombing boats in the Caribbean Sea.

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Speaker 4: Yes, we just don't have the same kinds of limits

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Speaker 4: in these area. So why do we not have the

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Speaker 4: same kinds of limits Because we didn't want limits in

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Speaker 4: the nineteenth century. We wanted a machine that would build

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Speaker 4: and expand and dispossess the challenge to birthright citizenship. Yes,

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Speaker 4: the knee jerk reaction to that executive order was this

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Speaker 4: is unconstitutional. It's an American. The Trump administration came that

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Speaker 4: very quickly and accurately, with the exception from constitutional birthright

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Speaker 4: citizenship that applied to Native people. But at the time

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Speaker 4: that the Fourteenth Amendment was drafted, the US did not

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Speaker 4: have control of the center of North America.

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Speaker 1: The Fourteenth Amendment, where birthright citizenship comes from, was passed

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Speaker 1: at the end of the Civil War. It granted citizenship

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Speaker 1: to formally enslaved people.

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Speaker 4: And they explicitly discussed the idea that if we extended

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Speaker 4: birthright citizenship to Native people. Then Colorado would have more

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Speaker 4: natives and voters than it would non natives.

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Speaker 1: Threatening to annex Greenland, Panama, Gaza, and Canada.

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Speaker 4: I mean, yes, I think it's It's not it is

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Speaker 4: not a new thing.

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Speaker 3: Is this what we've did?

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Speaker 1: We're good at this. A president having unchecked or unbridled

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Speaker 1: power in certain arenas, yes, deploying the National Guard in.

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Speaker 4: US cities and the military, yeah.

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Speaker 3: Yes.

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Speaker 1: Maggie has an explanation for why authoritarianism is taking over

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Speaker 1: the US right now. It goes like this. Imagine a boomerang.

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Speaker 1: When you throw it away from you, it comes back.

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Speaker 1: Colonialism works the same way.

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Speaker 4: The boomerang of empire is when you develop a way

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Speaker 4: of governing these other people that you then, because of habit,

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Speaker 4: because you think it's a good idea, you want to

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Speaker 4: continue to do it when you get home, and so

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Speaker 4: you're going to bring the violence home with you. You're

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Speaker 4: going to bring authoritarianism home with you.

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Speaker 1: The boomerang of empire is actually how a lot of

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Speaker 1: experts explain where authoritarianism comes from. In the first place.

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Speaker 1: It's just colonial governments taking what they did to the

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Speaker 1: people they colonized and applying it to their own citizens.

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Speaker 4: If you have a government that is authoritarian, that is

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Speaker 4: colonial to people over there, it can always do it

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Speaker 4: to other people.

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Speaker 1: Maggie says, Once those authoritarian systems are in place, they

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Speaker 1: don't stay limited to certain groups of people.

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Speaker 4: They could be applied to your neighbor, they could be

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Speaker 4: applied to your university, they could be applied to your newspaper,

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Speaker 4: and frankly, they could be applied to you.

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Speaker 1: Something I've been wondering about is like, where does that

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Speaker 1: understanding get us? How does it help us?

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Speaker 4: So the inevitable question I get asked as a scholar

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Speaker 4: of constitutional law is well, how do we even uphold

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Speaker 4: a constitution that was capable of this? No one wants to,

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Speaker 4: especially when the house is on fire, to take the

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Speaker 4: house apart and build it back together again, because you're

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Speaker 4: afraid if you take it apart, it's never going to

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Speaker 4: come back together again. And I think that's the deep

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Speaker 4: irony of growing up in America. As a Native person.

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Speaker 4: You have more belief in America than Americans do because

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Speaker 4: you've known that's flawed all along, and you've still fought

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Speaker 4: for it and still wanted to be part of it.

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Speaker 3: I feel like as a Native person.

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Speaker 1: Our history is often treated as niche, as this tragic,

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Speaker 1: distant thing that happened in the past, and the assumption

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Speaker 1: is that it's not relevant to the American present.

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Speaker 4: The relationship between the US and Native Nations and Native

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Speaker 4: peoples has shaped not only the lives and experiences and

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Speaker 4: governments of Native peoples, but has shaped fundamentally the lives, experience,

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Speaker 4: and governments of everyone else in North America as well.

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Speaker 4: We just don't think about it and don't talk about it.

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Speaker 4: But it's part of who we are. It's always been

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Speaker 4: part of who we are. And that's not a condemnatory statement.

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Speaker 4: It really is a scholar's plea of if you want

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Speaker 4: to understand the truth of what America is and the

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Speaker 4: best way to solve the problems that America faces, you

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Speaker 4: have to look at truly what the government has done.

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Speaker 1: I think, if nothing else, if nothing else, I hope

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Speaker 1: what people take from this is the idea that what

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Speaker 1: our government did to Native Americans affects them.

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Speaker 4: Of course, it's their government, it's our government. Of course,

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Speaker 4: it's not like it was really something about Native people

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Speaker 4: that made Native people subject to violence.

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Speaker 1: But the reality is that if you just.

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Speaker 4: Think, oh, you know, poor Indian country. Ah, those native people.

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Speaker 4: I wish we hadn't dispossessed them, and we move on.

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Speaker 4: Feel a little guilt and move on from that. That's

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Speaker 4: the opposite of what you should do in response to

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Speaker 4: this information. The hope is that you really let it

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Speaker 4: settle in, not out of guilt, but out of complete,

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Speaker 4: pure reason, the idea of reality. Because the moment that

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Speaker 4: happens the moment we are all better equipped and better

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Speaker 4: positioned to deal with the government that we actually can

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Speaker 4: control if we understand it. But if we don't understand it,

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Speaker 4: we will never control it.

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Speaker 1: A lot of what the Trump administration is doing feels

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Speaker 1: like it should be unconstitutional. The problem is that for

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Speaker 1: a long time we've let us presidents such things to

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Speaker 1: indigenous people, to people in Puerto Rico, to immigrants. What

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Speaker 1: is new about what Trump's doing is that he's taking

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Speaker 1: the blueprint for colonialism and trying to apply it to everyone.

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Speaker 1: There's a part of the Constitutional Convention haven't told you

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Speaker 1: about yet. It's something most historians don't talk about, but

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Speaker 1: that summer in Philadelphia, native people were there.

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Speaker 7: The Chalkdaw Nation, the Chickasaw Nation, and the Cherokee nation

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Speaker 7: all send a member of the Nation and the job

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Speaker 7: of that person is to go to Philadelphia and show

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Speaker 7: up and basically try and talk to people. And that

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Speaker 7: showing up and talking I believe mattered enormously, And it's

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Speaker 7: just like it is today. Like we know perfectly well

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Speaker 7: that everything that happens in Congress isn't just because the

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Speaker 7: people inside the room are just sitting around by themselves

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Speaker 7: thinking of things. They're always reflecting pressures and concerns that

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Speaker 7: are brought to them by people outside of the room.

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Speaker 1: The representatives from Native nations had a specific goal.

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Speaker 7: Their demands, most importantly is to stop white encroachment, to

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Speaker 7: have their territorial boundaries respected.

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Speaker 1: Illegal and often violent white squatters were invading tribal land.

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Speaker 3: Tribes wanted the US government to hold those squatters back.

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Speaker 1: Recent treaties outlined the boundaries of Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Cherokee nations,

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Speaker 1: but Georgia and North Carolina didn't want to follow those treaties.

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Speaker 7: They actually just believed they were void.

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Speaker 1: So basically, Georgia and North Carolina we're saying, we don't

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Speaker 1: have to respect what the general government agreed to with

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Speaker 1: the Cherokees or the chalk.

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Speaker 3: We can do whatever we want.

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Speaker 7: Right. Not only can we do whatever we want, but

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Speaker 7: we can take all the land. We don't have to

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Speaker 7: respect the boundaries. We don't have to respect any agreements.

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Speaker 1: So Native leaders show up to Philadelphia to try and

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Speaker 1: make the federal government enforce their treaty rights against those

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Speaker 1: rebellious Southern states. And they're not just fighting for those

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Speaker 1: few treaties. They want to structure the US government so

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Speaker 1: states can't violate any treaties. The delegate from Cherokee Nation

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Speaker 1: is a man named Skadoya. He's young, but he's the

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Speaker 1: son of an important political leader, the tribe's beloved woman.

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Speaker 7: The White press around Scontoya is really fascinating because they

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Speaker 7: describe him in exceptionally positive ways but using very racist imagery.

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Speaker 7: So they say he's civilized in these ways that imply surprise.

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Speaker 1: After Gonadoya arrived in Philadelphia, he went to Independence Hall,

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Speaker 1: where the Constitutional Convention was meeting.

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Speaker 7: And he meets with George Washington in a very public manner.

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Speaker 7: It's not quite clear whether they're inside Independence Hall or outside.

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Speaker 7: George Washington says he's glad to see him, asks what's

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Speaker 7: his business, and Gontoya says, my business is I'm here

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Speaker 7: about white people encroaching on our lands, and so it's

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Speaker 7: very explicit what the problem is. And then George Washington

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Speaker 7: takes him by the hand, shakes his hand, wishes him

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Speaker 7: success in his venture. The whole meeting with George Washington

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Speaker 7: is written about in the paper and then spreads across

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Speaker 7: the United States kind of goes viral.

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Speaker 1: Washington has a reason to give Sandoya what he wants.

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Speaker 7: This is a time when the US government would lose

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Speaker 7: to Nadi nation military force, so also buying themselves time

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Speaker 7: in a way, they know if they fight right now,

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Speaker 7: they're going to lose.

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Speaker 1: The young United States is very worried that indigenous nations

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Speaker 1: might ban together to fight back. That fifteen year war

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Speaker 1: with the Tauahwa CPA alliance has already started, and US

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Speaker 1: leaders are worried more tribes might join. So it's not

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Speaker 1: from pure altruism, but the founders see that they're going

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Speaker 1: to need to negotiate with indigenous nations, and that's because

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Speaker 1: indigenous nations are powerful.

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Speaker 7: What everybody at the time understood was that Native nations

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Speaker 7: were sovereign that they were to be dealt with as

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Speaker 7: sovereign nations, and this moment where Washington shakes hands with

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Speaker 7: Scontoya really embodies that space.

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Speaker 1: One of the committees drafting the Constitution.

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Speaker 7: Creates a list of things that states are prohibited from doing,

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Speaker 7: and it moves to the very top of the list.

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Speaker 7: States are prohibited from basically signing treaties or interfering with treaties.

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Speaker 1: And what eventually happens is that the drafters right the

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Speaker 1: supremacy clause of the US Constitution.

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Speaker 7: The supremacy clause says that state judges have to observe

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Speaker 7: not just federal statutes, not just the US Constitution, but

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Speaker 7: they also have to observe treaties.

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Speaker 1: The supremacy clause says that federal law, the Constitution itself,

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Speaker 1: and treaties are the supreme law.

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Speaker 3: Of the land.

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Speaker 1: This clause is still cited in treaty rights cases.

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Speaker 3: Today.

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Speaker 1: People are rightfully worried about threats to free and fair elections,

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Speaker 1: the rule of law, even our courts. At a time

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Speaker 1: when Native people didn't have access to any of that,

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Speaker 1: when we weren't even citizens of the US United States,

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Speaker 1: our ancestors helped shape the US Constitution. What's been erased

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Speaker 1: from the story of America is not just what the

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Speaker 1: US government did to us, but how we pushed back,

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Speaker 1: how our resistance shaped this democracy. The Constitution is the

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Speaker 1: first chapter in a long history of indigenous resistance. Sometimes

443
00:29:30,680 --> 00:29:34,160
Speaker 1: that resistance looked like warfare, sometimes diplomacy.

444
00:29:34,600 --> 00:29:35,560
Speaker 3: Other times it.

445
00:29:35,480 --> 00:29:39,440
Speaker 1: Was simply taking care of our tribes and communities. We

446
00:29:39,520 --> 00:29:43,280
Speaker 1: didn't win every battle or stop every stage of violence,

447
00:29:43,840 --> 00:29:46,840
Speaker 1: but in the shadows of empire we have kept safe

448
00:29:46,920 --> 00:29:51,800
Speaker 1: our languages, our children, our governments, and our ways of life.

449
00:29:52,920 --> 00:29:57,960
Speaker 1: We know how American authoritarianism was built, and we know

450
00:29:58,480 --> 00:30:07,520
Speaker 1: how to survive it. I've said before that if we

451
00:30:07,560 --> 00:30:11,680
Speaker 1: want to understand authoritarianism, we don't need to look abroad.

452
00:30:12,120 --> 00:30:15,960
Speaker 1: It's right here in our own history. The same is

453
00:30:16,040 --> 00:30:22,760
Speaker 1: true for how to resist. While doing this reporting, I

454
00:30:22,800 --> 00:30:25,920
Speaker 1: wanted to see the birth of the United States from

455
00:30:25,920 --> 00:30:30,320
Speaker 1: the perspective of my Cherokee ancestors, and so I went

456
00:30:30,360 --> 00:30:33,200
Speaker 1: to the place they lived in the summer of seventeen

457
00:30:33,320 --> 00:30:37,400
Speaker 1: seventy six, the same summer our founding fathers signed the

458
00:30:37,480 --> 00:30:39,360
Speaker 1: Declaration of Independence.

459
00:30:40,080 --> 00:30:42,520
Speaker 3: It's twenty two minutes start and carvel.

460
00:30:43,080 --> 00:30:45,440
Speaker 1: I know where my family lived because of the short

461
00:30:45,480 --> 00:30:49,320
Speaker 1: biography about one of my ancestors named Ghanna Datrighi.

462
00:30:49,880 --> 00:30:50,720
Speaker 3: As a kid, he.

463
00:30:50,800 --> 00:30:54,080
Speaker 1: Lived in a place called Hiawassee. A few years ago,

464
00:30:54,280 --> 00:30:58,200
Speaker 1: an archaeologist gave me the GPS coordinates of where Hiawassee

465
00:30:58,320 --> 00:31:00,480
Speaker 1: once sat. We're going to.

466
00:31:01,440 --> 00:31:04,560
Speaker 3: We're not going to a town. We're going to a

467
00:31:04,720 --> 00:31:06,680
Speaker 3: tree farm today.

468
00:31:06,920 --> 00:31:10,440
Speaker 1: It is a nursery in far eastern Tennessee. I drove

469
00:31:10,520 --> 00:31:11,920
Speaker 1: there with my producer Jordan.

470
00:31:14,120 --> 00:31:19,720
Speaker 8: Recreational users, please park outside of the gate at all times. Okay,

471
00:31:20,080 --> 00:31:26,600
Speaker 8: we are recreational users. Yes, So we are in a

472
00:31:27,280 --> 00:31:32,520
Speaker 8: tree nursery, between planted rows of what looked like very

473
00:31:32,720 --> 00:31:41,080
Speaker 8: very very tiny pine trees. And uh, it's nighttime. There's

474
00:31:41,440 --> 00:31:43,120
Speaker 8: a full moon, so that's.

475
00:31:43,080 --> 00:31:48,360
Speaker 3: Bright, and where we are as flat. But when you

476
00:31:48,520 --> 00:31:53,400
Speaker 3: look to the east, you can see the Appalachian Mountains.

477
00:31:55,400 --> 00:31:57,800
Speaker 1: From where I was standing, I could see the ridgeline

478
00:31:57,920 --> 00:32:01,160
Speaker 1: of the Appalachian Crest in the light the moon. It

479
00:32:01,280 --> 00:32:05,080
Speaker 1: was dramatic. It dipped where three mountains met one set

480
00:32:05,160 --> 00:32:08,080
Speaker 1: further back. It was like they were calling to me,

481
00:32:08,520 --> 00:32:11,600
Speaker 1: inviting me to come through this sweet gully they made together.

482
00:32:12,560 --> 00:32:16,600
Speaker 1: I imagined my ancestors standing in the same place and

483
00:32:16,760 --> 00:32:20,520
Speaker 1: looking at the same mountains. That's what they would have

484
00:32:20,600 --> 00:32:21,280
Speaker 1: seen every day.

485
00:32:22,040 --> 00:32:28,680
Speaker 3: It's gorgeous, like it's just breath taking. What would it

486
00:32:28,760 --> 00:32:29,680
Speaker 3: have looked like.

487
00:32:30,600 --> 00:32:36,600
Speaker 9: There would have been a central field of corn, and

488
00:32:36,720 --> 00:32:40,800
Speaker 9: those existed so like nobody would go hungry, and then

489
00:32:41,360 --> 00:32:43,800
Speaker 9: houses would kind of fan out from there, and then

490
00:32:43,960 --> 00:32:49,080
Speaker 9: families had like smaller individual plots, and so there would

491
00:32:49,120 --> 00:32:52,840
Speaker 9: be like a sick ballpool, and like a council house

492
00:32:53,520 --> 00:32:57,320
Speaker 9: and some other I guess, like community buildings. And you

493
00:32:57,400 --> 00:33:01,160
Speaker 9: can just imagine what it would have been like to

494
00:33:01,320 --> 00:33:01,680
Speaker 9: live here.

495
00:33:01,680 --> 00:33:07,840
Speaker 1: It would have been idyllic. During the Revolutionary War, colonial

496
00:33:07,920 --> 00:33:12,280
Speaker 1: militias burned hiawassee to the ground. The fire was so

497
00:33:12,480 --> 00:33:17,840
Speaker 1: hot that glass beads fused together. Ghanna dat Regi and

498
00:33:17,960 --> 00:33:23,520
Speaker 1: his family escaped in a dugout canoe. When most people

499
00:33:23,640 --> 00:33:27,000
Speaker 1: think about the birth of the United States, they think

500
00:33:27,040 --> 00:33:32,320
Speaker 1: about the Declaration of Independence. I think about my ancestor,

501
00:33:33,120 --> 00:33:37,200
Speaker 1: Ghana date Regie. He was about seven years old then

502
00:33:38,320 --> 00:33:44,200
Speaker 1: and fleeing for his life. Standing in the place he

503
00:33:44,360 --> 00:33:47,959
Speaker 1: once stood, I felt what the birth of the United

504
00:33:48,000 --> 00:33:52,080
Speaker 1: States must have meant to him. The view of the

505
00:33:52,160 --> 00:33:55,440
Speaker 1: mountains is such a small scrap of what my family

506
00:33:55,600 --> 00:34:00,520
Speaker 1: had before the US expanded. But seeing just that scrap

507
00:34:01,120 --> 00:34:05,360
Speaker 1: filled me with a deep sadness. We lost so much.

508
00:34:07,520 --> 00:34:10,400
Speaker 3: Forgana. That legie the United States was not.

509
00:34:10,680 --> 00:34:16,759
Speaker 1: Some great democracy or even a flawed democracy. It was

510
00:34:16,800 --> 00:34:23,000
Speaker 1: an invading army. And that government that burned Cherokee villages

511
00:34:23,080 --> 00:34:27,279
Speaker 1: to the ground so we would starve is still our

512
00:34:27,360 --> 00:34:34,840
Speaker 1: government today. While I was writing this, Trump gave a

513
00:34:34,920 --> 00:34:39,920
Speaker 1: speech about American history. In it, he said that people

514
00:34:40,040 --> 00:34:43,680
Speaker 1: who teach our children that America was built on stolen

515
00:34:43,800 --> 00:34:48,560
Speaker 1: land are attacking our country's future. I agree with him

516
00:34:48,600 --> 00:34:52,480
Speaker 1: on one point. The fight over how we the American

517
00:34:52,600 --> 00:34:57,200
Speaker 1: public understand our past is a fight about our future.

518
00:34:58,320 --> 00:35:01,160
Speaker 1: It's a fight over what kind of country we will

519
00:35:01,239 --> 00:35:06,319
Speaker 1: become as Americans. We've done a lot in the last

520
00:35:06,320 --> 00:35:09,880
Speaker 1: two hundred and fifty years. We added more states, conquered

521
00:35:09,920 --> 00:35:13,759
Speaker 1: the West, fought a civil war, defeated Hitler, put a

522
00:35:13,840 --> 00:35:17,799
Speaker 1: man on the moon. But one thing we've never done

523
00:35:18,719 --> 00:35:23,320
Speaker 1: is reckon with this history. We've never told a version

524
00:35:23,560 --> 00:35:27,080
Speaker 1: of the American story that includes one of the most

525
00:35:27,520 --> 00:35:33,520
Speaker 1: basic things about our government, what it did to Native nations.

526
00:35:37,800 --> 00:35:42,720
Speaker 1: We are not just haunted by this history, we're stuck

527
00:35:42,840 --> 00:35:48,280
Speaker 1: in it. And until we confront the truth of America's past,

528
00:35:49,360 --> 00:35:58,280
Speaker 1: we will keep living the same American nightmare. After walking around,

529
00:35:58,400 --> 00:36:01,799
Speaker 1: hiawassee found our way back to the car.

530
00:36:02,440 --> 00:36:04,320
Speaker 8: Yeah, she you want to walk across the field?

531
00:36:05,280 --> 00:36:07,200
Speaker 3: Yeah, here we are.

532
00:36:08,440 --> 00:36:08,640
Speaker 7: Wow.

533
00:36:08,719 --> 00:36:10,080
Speaker 9: Yeah, the stories are really pretty.

534
00:36:10,280 --> 00:36:15,560
Speaker 1: The moon is amazing. The mountains were a few shades

535
00:36:15,680 --> 00:36:19,440
Speaker 1: darker than the night sky, but my eyes had adjusted

536
00:36:20,239 --> 00:36:26,920
Speaker 1: and I could see them clearly. There's a Shyana Muskogi

537
00:36:27,000 --> 00:36:31,160
Speaker 1: elder named Suzanne Harjo. She told me this thing that

538
00:36:31,280 --> 00:36:36,120
Speaker 1: I've never forgotten. Indigenous people in this country operate on

539
00:36:36,239 --> 00:36:40,600
Speaker 1: a longer timeline, and that timeline is longer going backwards,

540
00:36:41,239 --> 00:36:45,680
Speaker 1: but it's also longer going forwards. And even when things

541
00:36:45,800 --> 00:36:49,120
Speaker 1: feel impossible. That's why you never give up.

542
00:36:50,960 --> 00:36:54,480
Speaker 3: As Indigenous people. I think we know this instinctively.

543
00:36:55,000 --> 00:36:57,880
Speaker 1: I think if our ancestors had not understood this, if

544
00:36:57,960 --> 00:37:02,000
Speaker 1: they had fought for themselves instead of future generations, I

545
00:37:02,080 --> 00:37:05,600
Speaker 1: don't think we would be here. The moment we're living

546
00:37:05,680 --> 00:37:10,799
Speaker 1: through fuels urgent. It is urgent, the stakes are so high.

547
00:37:11,880 --> 00:37:15,880
Speaker 1: But also this moment was centuries in the making. It

548
00:37:15,960 --> 00:37:19,239
Speaker 1: didn't come from one election or one leader or one

549
00:37:19,320 --> 00:37:23,040
Speaker 1: new technology. It took a long time for us to

550
00:37:23,120 --> 00:37:27,160
Speaker 1: get here, and it will take a long time for

551
00:37:27,360 --> 00:37:40,640
Speaker 1: us to find our way out. I've been talking to

552
00:37:40,760 --> 00:37:44,560
Speaker 1: indigenous scholars like Maggie and Nick about our nation's past,

553
00:37:45,200 --> 00:37:47,920
Speaker 1: but as we look to what's next, I also wanted

554
00:37:47,960 --> 00:37:51,040
Speaker 1: to hear from Indigenous youth about.

555
00:37:51,000 --> 00:37:52,560
Speaker 3: Their ideas for the future.

556
00:37:53,880 --> 00:37:56,960
Speaker 1: In Tulsa, we hosted a writing workshop and some young

557
00:37:57,040 --> 00:38:01,200
Speaker 1: people wrote short stories imagining Indigenous people two hundred and

558
00:38:01,280 --> 00:38:05,360
Speaker 1: fifty years from now. And so for one last story,

559
00:38:05,640 --> 00:38:09,240
Speaker 1: here's Doxy seven TC by aj Lebau.

560
00:38:16,840 --> 00:38:19,680
Speaker 6: I sneak through the depths of the docking bay, into

561
00:38:19,719 --> 00:38:23,120
Speaker 6: forgotten corners where broken ships lie, dormant and in disarray.

562
00:38:24,320 --> 00:38:27,640
Speaker 6: I'm searching on a hunch, fueled by a pressing need

563
00:38:27,719 --> 00:38:31,839
Speaker 6: to get to Earth. Finally, I find the last ship

564
00:38:31,920 --> 00:38:38,680
Speaker 6: that remains intact, Doksi seven Dashed TC. It looks like

565
00:38:38,719 --> 00:38:43,200
Speaker 6: a sleeping turtleshell turned into a spaceship. How did Noisy

566
00:38:43,280 --> 00:38:47,920
Speaker 6: tell me to wake the ship up again? Noisy was

567
00:38:47,960 --> 00:38:50,759
Speaker 6: the last elder from my tribe. She was a part

568
00:38:50,840 --> 00:38:54,320
Speaker 6: of the Tribal Space Council fleet. They flew the ships

569
00:38:54,400 --> 00:38:57,040
Speaker 6: in their prime, back when tribes worked with the founders

570
00:38:57,080 --> 00:39:00,560
Speaker 6: of the colony, back before the colony was taken over

571
00:39:00,640 --> 00:39:05,000
Speaker 6: by a board of scientists. The scientists were driven by

572
00:39:05,040 --> 00:39:07,959
Speaker 6: their fear of death. They were so scared of earth

573
00:39:08,000 --> 00:39:11,279
Speaker 6: they forbid tribes from returning to land. They said there

574
00:39:11,360 --> 00:39:15,360
Speaker 6: wasn't any left. They were afraid of a lot of things.

575
00:39:16,200 --> 00:39:18,960
Speaker 6: They destroyed anything that was a threat to their existence.

576
00:39:20,200 --> 00:39:24,600
Speaker 6: Over time, people in the colony became naturally apathetic, and

577
00:39:24,719 --> 00:39:31,440
Speaker 6: they forgot how to feel. Noisy, our last elder had

578
00:39:31,480 --> 00:39:35,200
Speaker 6: started acting unusual before she died, asking if she could

579
00:39:35,200 --> 00:39:37,760
Speaker 6: feel the sun on her skin or the grass beneath

580
00:39:37,800 --> 00:39:41,799
Speaker 6: her feet. I held her hand and saw her chest

581
00:39:41,960 --> 00:39:45,440
Speaker 6: rise and fall for the last time. Then it released

582
00:39:45,480 --> 00:39:49,920
Speaker 6: her whole life in one pure breath. I knew then

583
00:39:50,040 --> 00:39:54,040
Speaker 6: what I had to do. I don't care to look back,

584
00:39:54,400 --> 00:40:02,680
Speaker 6: only forward and step foot onto the spacecraft. I feel

585
00:40:02,680 --> 00:40:05,919
Speaker 6: it's weight dropped gently, like a paper boat floating in water.

586
00:40:06,880 --> 00:40:08,880
Speaker 6: I get to my seat in one step and prepare

587
00:40:08,920 --> 00:40:12,480
Speaker 6: to take off. I soon notice there are scriptures written

588
00:40:12,520 --> 00:40:17,880
Speaker 6: on her interior ceiling. I am your guide. I use

589
00:40:18,000 --> 00:40:20,400
Speaker 6: my finger to write an old phrase that Noisy told me.

590
00:40:20,560 --> 00:40:28,840
Speaker 6: She used to say, dok. She timed sunbathe. I have

591
00:40:28,960 --> 00:40:32,920
Speaker 6: been waiting my whole life for this. Soon, we're buoyant

592
00:40:32,960 --> 00:40:36,360
Speaker 6: in the air. As doc she shifts into hyper speed,

593
00:40:37,920 --> 00:40:43,879
Speaker 6: I see the colony disappear. I feel things now, which

594
00:40:44,000 --> 00:40:47,320
Speaker 6: is something I'm not accustomed to. I can't help but

595
00:40:47,440 --> 00:40:56,040
Speaker 6: feel connected. Dok she, I feel alive. I say, gnad alive.

596
00:40:57,560 --> 00:41:00,520
Speaker 6: The words appear across her interior dome and keep fizzling

597
00:41:00,640 --> 00:41:09,800
Speaker 6: in and out. Dakshi, are you alive? Go Noda alive.

598
00:41:10,920 --> 00:41:14,040
Speaker 6: It's like I'm inside a turtle inside a river bed,

599
00:41:14,239 --> 00:41:17,040
Speaker 6: and the animal is echoing things throughout its shell to

600
00:41:17,200 --> 00:41:22,680
Speaker 6: my skin. I wonder who made Dakshi, what they were like?

601
00:41:23,880 --> 00:41:27,120
Speaker 6: Maybe it was noisy. She would be capable of such

602
00:41:27,160 --> 00:41:30,759
Speaker 6: a thing. She was supposed to be here with me.

603
00:41:32,080 --> 00:41:37,520
Speaker 6: We were supposed to find land together and floating letters

604
00:41:37,600 --> 00:41:41,799
Speaker 6: next to the controls, the dashboard lights up. Approaching Earth.

605
00:41:43,360 --> 00:41:46,919
Speaker 6: Is this the end of the universe? No, this must

606
00:41:46,960 --> 00:41:49,719
Speaker 6: be where it first began. This is where you get

607
00:41:49,760 --> 00:41:54,360
Speaker 6: sent to feel everything. I'm overcome with an overwhelming sense

608
00:41:54,400 --> 00:42:00,759
Speaker 6: of clarity, something that's been disconnected for centuries. As the

609
00:42:00,800 --> 00:42:04,600
Speaker 6: clouds form around me, loud claps in the sky startle

610
00:42:04,640 --> 00:42:09,080
Speaker 6: my attention towards my dashboard. The censor's pinging. I'm given

611
00:42:09,120 --> 00:42:12,200
Speaker 6: an electrical storm warning I'm trying to get a hold

612
00:42:12,280 --> 00:42:15,080
Speaker 6: of my ship. Rains drill into the glass and sirens

613
00:42:15,160 --> 00:42:18,520
Speaker 6: cry in my head. Sharp light penetrates the cabin, then

614
00:42:18,560 --> 00:42:21,960
Speaker 6: shoots out of my view like a camera flashed. I

615
00:42:22,080 --> 00:42:26,200
Speaker 6: smile for the picture. The cabin swelters in thick, hot air.

616
00:42:27,320 --> 00:42:30,400
Speaker 6: I look through the shattered windshield. Shapes form beneath me.

617
00:42:31,520 --> 00:42:35,560
Speaker 6: All this time I knew Noisy was right. There is

618
00:42:35,719 --> 00:42:40,279
Speaker 6: land in abundance approaching. I no longer have to put

619
00:42:40,360 --> 00:42:43,600
Speaker 6: up a fight. My throat begins to swell from the

620
00:42:43,640 --> 00:42:47,560
Speaker 6: pressure of the heat. I'm overcome with a multitude of feelings.

621
00:42:48,360 --> 00:42:50,840
Speaker 6: They couldn't explain this up in the colony if they tried,

622
00:42:51,960 --> 00:42:54,839
Speaker 6: I swear. I can hear singing, and I'm sure it's

623
00:42:54,920 --> 00:42:58,319
Speaker 6: Noisy calling out to me. I see her now. As

624
00:42:58,400 --> 00:43:01,560
Speaker 6: she extends out a hand, I feel the weight of

625
00:43:01,680 --> 00:43:06,279
Speaker 6: the world pressing against my chest. Bound by gravity, I

626
00:43:06,440 --> 00:43:09,000
Speaker 6: managed to lift my arm. As my hand connects to

627
00:43:09,080 --> 00:43:12,960
Speaker 6: her palm, and my final attempts to grasp this world,

628
00:43:14,600 --> 00:43:24,240
Speaker 6: Something comes over me and the pressure is gone. I've died,

629
00:43:26,360 --> 00:43:27,640
Speaker 6: but death is not what they said.

630
00:43:27,640 --> 00:43:28,040
Speaker 3: It would be.

631
00:43:29,800 --> 00:43:32,800
Speaker 6: Hand in hand with Noisy, who acted as my guide.

632
00:43:34,000 --> 00:43:37,800
Speaker 6: We finally made it to land, just like she asked.

633
00:43:39,719 --> 00:43:43,080
Speaker 6: We get to feel the grasp beneath our feet in

634
00:43:43,160 --> 00:43:45,640
Speaker 6: a breeze that whispers with sweet winds.

635
00:44:02,719 --> 00:44:05,759
Speaker 1: Aj Lebau wrote this story as part of an Indigenous

636
00:44:05,880 --> 00:44:09,200
Speaker 1: future writing workshop led by Kashona Nota, who is in

637
00:44:09,239 --> 00:44:13,080
Speaker 1: a Nupiuk tribal citizen. All the stories from this workshop,

638
00:44:13,280 --> 00:44:16,759
Speaker 1: including Ajs, aren't a new book called From the Heart

639
00:44:16,920 --> 00:44:19,640
Speaker 1: of Our Nations. If you want to read more stories

640
00:44:19,840 --> 00:44:22,040
Speaker 1: like hers, there's a link to buy a copy in

641
00:44:22,080 --> 00:44:25,000
Speaker 1: the show notes. There will also be a live reading

642
00:44:25,080 --> 00:44:28,480
Speaker 1: of the stories this Friday, July thirty. First You can

643
00:44:28,600 --> 00:44:32,200
Speaker 1: join in person in Tulsa or virtually from anywhere. That

644
00:44:32,400 --> 00:44:35,239
Speaker 1: link is also in the show notes. If you like

645
00:44:35,360 --> 00:44:38,040
Speaker 1: what you've heard, please leave a review. It's one of

646
00:44:38,080 --> 00:44:40,560
Speaker 1: the best ways to help more listeners find this show.

647
00:44:41,000 --> 00:44:44,520
Speaker 1: You can also support First America by subscribing or sharing

648
00:44:44,600 --> 00:44:57,400
Speaker 1: episodes with your friends. First America was made possible by

649
00:44:57,440 --> 00:45:00,239
Speaker 1: the generous support of the Henry Loos Foundation and the

650
00:45:00,400 --> 00:45:05,279
Speaker 1: Nyu Yale American Indian Sovereignty Project. Additional support came from

651
00:45:05,360 --> 00:45:09,719
Speaker 1: Indian Collective First Nations Development Institute, Jajavio Tom of San

652
00:45:09,840 --> 00:45:15,400
Speaker 1: Manuel Nation, Borealist Philanthropy, and Black Liberation Indigenous Sovereignty Collective.

653
00:45:15,680 --> 00:45:19,480
Speaker 1: Our fiscal sponsor is Red Media. I dreamed this project

654
00:45:19,520 --> 00:45:22,239
Speaker 1: into the world in collaboration with an amazing group of

655
00:45:22,320 --> 00:45:27,239
Speaker 1: Indigenous scholars, including Maggie Blackhawk Fond de lac Ojibwe Ned Blackhawk,

656
00:45:27,360 --> 00:45:31,200
Speaker 1: citizen of the tm Oak Tribe of Western Shoshone, Phil Deloria,

657
00:45:31,360 --> 00:45:34,640
Speaker 1: descendant of the Standing Rock and Yankton Sioux tribes, and

658
00:45:34,800 --> 00:45:39,160
Speaker 1: Nick Estes, citizen of the Lower Rural Sioux Tribe. I

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Speaker 1: Rebecca Nagel, citizen of Cherokee Nation, also reported, wrote, hosted,

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00:45:44,280 --> 00:45:48,000
Speaker 1: and executive produced. The show First America is produced by

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00:45:48,040 --> 00:45:52,480
Speaker 1: Critical Frequency and distributed by Pushkin Industries. Our managing producer

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00:45:52,640 --> 00:45:56,640
Speaker 1: is Amy Westervelt. Senior producer and sound designer is Brendan Baker.

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00:45:56,920 --> 00:46:01,280
Speaker 1: Our story editor is Audrey Quinn. Our producer are Jules Bradley,

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Speaker 1: Sarah Ventry, Kim netterv Petersa, and Jordan goss Pere. Our

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00:46:06,440 --> 00:46:10,399
Speaker 1: editorial consultant is Connie Walker, citizen of the Okinese First Nation.

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00:46:10,719 --> 00:46:15,000
Speaker 1: Fact checking by Naomi bar Our partnership's director is Lindsay Crowder.

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00:46:15,320 --> 00:46:18,920
Speaker 1: Our development consultant is Jenny Lawton. Our theme song is

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00:46:19,000 --> 00:46:22,480
Speaker 1: by Raven Chikhan, who is Dinney. Scoring by Laura Ortman,

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00:46:22,640 --> 00:46:26,000
Speaker 1: citizen of the White Mountain Apache Tribe and Raven Chikon

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00:46:26,400 --> 00:46:30,399
Speaker 1: artwork by Kelly Gonzalez, Citizen of Cherokee Nation. Special thanks

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00:46:30,480 --> 00:46:34,080
Speaker 1: this episode to James Anthony Owen, Constance Awl, citizen of

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00:46:34,120 --> 00:46:37,760
Speaker 1: Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, Barnes Powell, Citizen of Eastern

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00:46:37,840 --> 00:46:41,239
Speaker 1: Band of Cherokee Indians, and Sarah Hopkins for tracking down

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00:46:41,280 --> 00:46:45,440
Speaker 1: the pronunciation of shkonadoya. The team at Pushkin is Greta

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00:46:45,520 --> 00:46:50,359
Speaker 1: Cone CEO, Eric Sandler, Chief Strategy Officer, Grace Ross VP

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00:46:50,520 --> 00:46:54,680
Speaker 1: of Business Development, Morgan Rattner, Director of Marketing, Owen Miller,

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00:46:54,840 --> 00:46:59,920
Speaker 1: Content Delivery Associate, Kira Posey, Creative Partnerships Manager, Jordan McMillan

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00:47:00,080 --> 00:47:04,040
Speaker 1: and Social media manager, Brian Strabinick Senior Analytics manager, and

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00:47:04,200 --> 00:47:06,080
Speaker 1: Jake Flanagan Production Council