1 00:00:01,360 --> 00:00:05,480 Speaker 1: Some farms grow food. This one gross fuel. 2 00:00:05,720 --> 00:00:08,799 Speaker 2: Natural gas and oil companies are successfully meeting the demand 3 00:00:08,800 --> 00:00:12,360 Speaker 2: for greater energy, patting greenhouse gas emissions to their lowest 4 00:00:12,400 --> 00:00:13,560 Speaker 2: levels and a generation. 5 00:00:13,840 --> 00:00:17,160 Speaker 3: And should the weather change yet again, on natural gas 6 00:00:17,160 --> 00:00:19,479 Speaker 3: can step in to keep the power flowing and the 7 00:00:19,560 --> 00:00:21,160 Speaker 3: light shining, no matter. 8 00:00:20,960 --> 00:00:23,799 Speaker 2: The forecast, innovating to meet the energy demands of today 9 00:00:24,120 --> 00:00:24,920 Speaker 2: and tomorrow. 10 00:00:30,320 --> 00:00:34,920 Speaker 1: If you watch TV, or listen to the radio or podcasts, 11 00:00:35,360 --> 00:00:38,720 Speaker 1: or use social media, or read newsletters or get your 12 00:00:38,760 --> 00:00:41,600 Speaker 1: news online. In other words, if you are a human 13 00:00:41,720 --> 00:00:46,960 Speaker 1: in America today consuming media in any form, you've probably 14 00:00:47,000 --> 00:00:51,000 Speaker 1: heard or seen some variation of these ads. They are everywhere, 15 00:00:51,520 --> 00:00:55,320 Speaker 1: which makes sense. The oil industry is embroiled in lawsuits 16 00:00:55,400 --> 00:00:59,200 Speaker 1: over its role in delaying action on climate change. Teenagers 17 00:00:59,240 --> 00:01:02,920 Speaker 1: all over the world are striking for climate policy, and 18 00:01:03,000 --> 00:01:06,200 Speaker 1: every Democrat running for president has both a climate plan 19 00:01:06,440 --> 00:01:09,959 Speaker 1: and a position on the Green New Deal. So companies 20 00:01:10,080 --> 00:01:15,000 Speaker 1: like Exxonmobile, Chevron BP, they're worried about their image. They 21 00:01:15,000 --> 00:01:19,320 Speaker 1: want consumers to think of them as green companies, not polluters. 22 00:01:20,120 --> 00:01:23,800 Speaker 1: And the American Petroleum Institute their trade organization. They want 23 00:01:23,840 --> 00:01:27,959 Speaker 1: everyone to remember that natural gas is a clean energy. 24 00:01:28,760 --> 00:01:32,760 Speaker 1: But oil propaganda is nothing new. In fact, it's been 25 00:01:32,840 --> 00:01:35,760 Speaker 1: a part of the industry almost since it began the 26 00:01:35,800 --> 00:01:38,600 Speaker 1: American Petroleum Institute. You know the guys you hear in 27 00:01:38,640 --> 00:01:41,200 Speaker 1: all the news podcasts like The New York Times, The 28 00:01:41,280 --> 00:01:43,360 Speaker 1: Daily are Voxes, the Weeds. 29 00:01:43,760 --> 00:01:46,920 Speaker 2: Today, the US is leading the world and producing natural 30 00:01:46,959 --> 00:01:50,120 Speaker 2: gas and oil while reducing emissions at the same time. 31 00:01:50,640 --> 00:01:53,360 Speaker 1: They've been around for more than one hundred years, and 32 00:01:53,440 --> 00:01:56,680 Speaker 1: their strategy hasn't actually changed all that much in those years. 33 00:01:56,720 --> 00:02:00,840 Speaker 1: According to environmental sociologist Bob Brule, who might remember from 34 00:02:00,880 --> 00:02:01,720 Speaker 1: season one the. 35 00:02:01,680 --> 00:02:05,480 Speaker 2: American Way of Life and everything good about America. You know, 36 00:02:05,640 --> 00:02:10,200 Speaker 2: apple Pie Mom, the flag, fossil fuels, and so by implication, 37 00:02:10,440 --> 00:02:13,720 Speaker 2: what they do is basically say, any attack on fossil 38 00:02:13,760 --> 00:02:16,200 Speaker 2: fuels is an attack on our way of life. 39 00:02:16,520 --> 00:02:19,000 Speaker 1: Part of what has enabled the fossil fuel industry to 40 00:02:19,080 --> 00:02:22,840 Speaker 1: operate the way it does is exactly this sort of propaganda. 41 00:02:23,560 --> 00:02:27,120 Speaker 1: It has given the industry social license. It's created the 42 00:02:27,160 --> 00:02:30,200 Speaker 1: conditions for science denial to thrive, and it works in 43 00:02:30,280 --> 00:02:33,560 Speaker 1: really subtle ways too. It's the reason you'll hear even 44 00:02:33,600 --> 00:02:36,480 Speaker 1: those who want to act on climate say things about 45 00:02:36,560 --> 00:02:39,600 Speaker 1: protecting oil companies while you do it. So that's the 46 00:02:39,639 --> 00:02:42,000 Speaker 1: story we're going to tell this season, the creation of 47 00:02:42,120 --> 00:02:46,080 Speaker 1: big Oil's big propaganda machine and why it's still so 48 00:02:46,320 --> 00:02:51,840 Speaker 1: effective today. I'm Ami Westervelt, and this is Drilled, Season three, 49 00:02:52,240 --> 00:02:54,160 Speaker 1: The mad Men of Climate Denial. 50 00:03:01,800 --> 00:03:04,080 Speaker 2: The important thing that we thought we had discovered in 51 00:03:04,120 --> 00:03:06,160 Speaker 2: our research, the thing we thought people need to understand, 52 00:03:06,200 --> 00:03:08,320 Speaker 2: was that actually the roots of the story are not 53 00:03:08,480 --> 00:03:11,000 Speaker 2: found in the fossil fuel industry. They're found in the 54 00:03:11,000 --> 00:03:12,120 Speaker 2: tobacco industry. 55 00:03:12,800 --> 00:03:17,519 Speaker 1: That's Naomi Eurescu's Harvard science historian and Merchants of Doubt author. 56 00:03:18,040 --> 00:03:21,640 Speaker 1: Since Orescas first uncovered the link between big tobacco and 57 00:03:21,760 --> 00:03:25,040 Speaker 1: climate denial, it's been sort of accepted wisdom that big 58 00:03:25,080 --> 00:03:28,760 Speaker 1: oil copied big tobacco, and that's that. But that's not 59 00:03:28,919 --> 00:03:33,040 Speaker 1: quite the whole story. Big oil definitely copied science denial 60 00:03:33,200 --> 00:03:37,000 Speaker 1: from the tobacco industry's playbook. Aurescus has proven that thoroughly. 61 00:03:37,440 --> 00:03:40,680 Speaker 1: Just like tobacco funded studies about all the other causes 62 00:03:40,680 --> 00:03:43,800 Speaker 1: of lung cancer to create doubt about its product really 63 00:03:43,840 --> 00:03:47,080 Speaker 1: being so bad, the oil guys funded research on all 64 00:03:47,080 --> 00:03:50,400 Speaker 1: the other potential causes of global warming. Long after they 65 00:03:50,480 --> 00:03:54,040 Speaker 1: knew the primary culprit was fossil fuels. But there's more 66 00:03:54,080 --> 00:03:57,600 Speaker 1: to Big Oil's strategy than science denial. A lot more. 67 00:03:58,200 --> 00:04:01,480 Speaker 1: Big Oil started trying to influenced the public a long 68 00:04:01,560 --> 00:04:04,640 Speaker 1: time before I got into the scientific spin game. In fact, 69 00:04:04,680 --> 00:04:08,360 Speaker 1: the oil industry wrote the playbook on American propaganda in general, 70 00:04:08,960 --> 00:04:11,080 Speaker 1: a lot of the techniques that we still see today 71 00:04:11,520 --> 00:04:16,640 Speaker 1: fake news, disinformation campaigns, even changing the vocabulary we used 72 00:04:16,680 --> 00:04:19,080 Speaker 1: to talk about, things like how we went from the 73 00:04:19,120 --> 00:04:22,599 Speaker 1: greenhouse effect to global warming to climate change. All of 74 00:04:22,640 --> 00:04:25,200 Speaker 1: that and more was created for the benefit of the 75 00:04:25,240 --> 00:04:29,279 Speaker 1: oil industry. Science denial is one front in Big Oil's 76 00:04:29,320 --> 00:04:32,080 Speaker 1: idea war, and it's an important one, but it's not 77 00:04:32,200 --> 00:04:34,840 Speaker 1: the only one. Here's Bob Brule again. 78 00:04:35,320 --> 00:04:38,279 Speaker 2: Well, why and share of the effort that these guys 79 00:04:38,279 --> 00:04:43,040 Speaker 2: are spending money on. It's not on science denial. Yes, 80 00:04:43,160 --> 00:04:46,480 Speaker 2: they spend this much on science denial, and I'm not 81 00:04:46,600 --> 00:04:50,039 Speaker 2: saying that that isn't important and doesn't count. But they're 82 00:04:50,080 --> 00:04:52,839 Speaker 2: spending probably five or ten times more on all this 83 00:04:53,000 --> 00:04:55,280 Speaker 2: corporate promotion advertising. 84 00:04:55,720 --> 00:04:59,200 Speaker 1: When oil companies and trade groups like the American Petroleum 85 00:04:59,240 --> 00:05:03,839 Speaker 1: Institute public relations firms, it's not just for advertising or 86 00:05:03,880 --> 00:05:06,799 Speaker 1: even for dealing with the media. It's also for less 87 00:05:06,800 --> 00:05:10,320 Speaker 1: obvious tactics that aim to create a generally positive view 88 00:05:10,360 --> 00:05:12,720 Speaker 1: of the industry. If that sounds like some sort of 89 00:05:12,720 --> 00:05:17,360 Speaker 1: psychological warfare, it is. There's a long history of military 90 00:05:17,360 --> 00:05:21,039 Speaker 1: intelligence experts getting into the pr business, many of them 91 00:05:21,160 --> 00:05:24,919 Speaker 1: on behalf of Big Oil. Over the past century, multiple 92 00:05:24,960 --> 00:05:29,000 Speaker 1: generations of these guys have built an extensive, you could say, 93 00:05:29,080 --> 00:05:34,200 Speaker 1: well oiled publicity machine. That machine has shaped American opinions 94 00:05:34,240 --> 00:05:37,520 Speaker 1: on the environmental impacts of oil and the importance of 95 00:05:37,600 --> 00:05:41,880 Speaker 1: the fossil fuel industry. It's that apparatus that the courts 96 00:05:41,880 --> 00:05:44,600 Speaker 1: are starting to call into question today and that the 97 00:05:44,640 --> 00:05:48,320 Speaker 1: public is finally starting to see too. And it all 98 00:05:48,360 --> 00:05:51,240 Speaker 1: started more than one hundred years ago with the first 99 00:05:51,240 --> 00:05:53,880 Speaker 1: oil tycoon, John D. Rockefeller. 100 00:05:54,320 --> 00:05:58,440 Speaker 4: No, on this my birthday, I desire to reaffirm my 101 00:05:58,600 --> 00:06:07,600 Speaker 4: belief in the fundamental principles upon which this country was founded. Liberte, unselfish, 102 00:06:07,680 --> 00:06:11,320 Speaker 4: devotions of the common good, and believe in God. 103 00:06:12,040 --> 00:06:14,800 Speaker 1: There he is, on his ninety third birthday, with his 104 00:06:15,080 --> 00:06:20,360 Speaker 1: brown little glasses, sounding like a true American patriotism, morality, 105 00:06:20,600 --> 00:06:27,200 Speaker 1: the common good. Now John D. Rockefeller was a very 106 00:06:27,240 --> 00:06:30,640 Speaker 1: religious guy. But this image here is really the result 107 00:06:30,720 --> 00:06:33,920 Speaker 1: of decades worth of grooming and management from the world's 108 00:06:33,960 --> 00:06:37,880 Speaker 1: first pr guy. The foundations of modern pr in general, 109 00:06:38,040 --> 00:06:41,440 Speaker 1: and the fossil fuel propaganda machine in particular, were built 110 00:06:41,440 --> 00:06:45,839 Speaker 1: around rehabilitating the Rockefeller family's image back in the early 111 00:06:45,920 --> 00:06:50,360 Speaker 1: nineteen hundreds, and specifically to counter the work of one woman, 112 00:06:50,640 --> 00:06:54,880 Speaker 1: an investigative journalist, one of the first muckrakers, a woman 113 00:06:55,000 --> 00:06:56,000 Speaker 1: named Ida Tarbell. 114 00:06:56,360 --> 00:07:00,400 Speaker 3: This is supreme wrongdoing cloaked by religion. There is but 115 00:07:00,600 --> 00:07:02,640 Speaker 3: one name for it, hypocrisy. 116 00:07:03,160 --> 00:07:05,920 Speaker 1: So Ida Tarbell starts digging into Standard Oil at the 117 00:07:06,000 --> 00:07:09,000 Speaker 1: dawn of the century. She was a pretty established journalist 118 00:07:09,080 --> 00:07:11,640 Speaker 1: and a biographer at this point. So she said about 119 00:07:11,640 --> 00:07:14,320 Speaker 1: writing what she thought was going to be a biography 120 00:07:14,360 --> 00:07:17,440 Speaker 1: of John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil. And she was 121 00:07:17,480 --> 00:07:20,880 Speaker 1: really determined and dogged in her pursuit of information. She 122 00:07:20,880 --> 00:07:23,560 Speaker 1: would track down these archives of documents and then go 123 00:07:23,640 --> 00:07:25,280 Speaker 1: to pick up a box and find that all the 124 00:07:25,360 --> 00:07:28,160 Speaker 1: documents had been destroyed. But she kept at it, and 125 00:07:28,240 --> 00:07:30,800 Speaker 1: she found people inside the company that would talk to her, 126 00:07:31,080 --> 00:07:34,280 Speaker 1: and she did find some documentary evidence eventually too, And 127 00:07:34,320 --> 00:07:36,520 Speaker 1: what she ends up Pulling together with all of that 128 00:07:36,640 --> 00:07:40,360 Speaker 1: is a nineteen part series on Standard Oil and basically 129 00:07:40,440 --> 00:07:43,960 Speaker 1: how John D. Rockefeller had scammed his way into a monopoly. 130 00:07:44,640 --> 00:07:47,680 Speaker 1: At the time, he controlled everything about oil, from drilling 131 00:07:47,720 --> 00:07:50,200 Speaker 1: to refining, pipelines to railroads. 132 00:07:50,640 --> 00:07:53,679 Speaker 3: Rockefeller and his associates did not build the Standard Oil 133 00:07:53,720 --> 00:07:56,720 Speaker 3: Company in the boardrooms of Wall Street banks. They fought 134 00:07:56,720 --> 00:08:01,480 Speaker 3: their way to control by rebates and drawback, bribe and bail, espionage, 135 00:08:01,480 --> 00:08:02,280 Speaker 3: and price cutting. 136 00:08:02,840 --> 00:08:06,680 Speaker 1: Rockefeller had put hundreds of hard working independent producers out 137 00:08:06,680 --> 00:08:10,520 Speaker 1: of business. He'd been given an unfair competitive advantage, and 138 00:08:10,600 --> 00:08:14,960 Speaker 1: the public was outraged. So was President Theodore Roosevelt. By 139 00:08:15,040 --> 00:08:17,840 Speaker 1: nineteen oh six, the Department of Justice filed an anti 140 00:08:17,880 --> 00:08:21,720 Speaker 1: trust claim against Rockefeller. Five years later, the US Supreme 141 00:08:21,760 --> 00:08:25,160 Speaker 1: Court ruled that Standard Oil had in fact violated anti 142 00:08:25,160 --> 00:08:27,920 Speaker 1: trust laws and needed to be broken up. And just 143 00:08:27,960 --> 00:08:31,360 Speaker 1: a few years after that, Rockefeller's son was in the news, 144 00:08:31,640 --> 00:08:34,800 Speaker 1: also getting bad press, this time at the company's mine 145 00:08:34,920 --> 00:08:35,760 Speaker 1: in Colorado. 146 00:08:36,000 --> 00:08:42,040 Speaker 2: Miners out of doors out from the houses of the company. 147 00:08:41,679 --> 00:08:45,280 Speaker 1: Own may have heard that very famous Wooden Gutrie song. 148 00:08:45,480 --> 00:08:48,600 Speaker 1: It was written about a massive strike at Rockefeller's coal 149 00:08:48,720 --> 00:08:52,680 Speaker 1: mine in Ludlow Colorado. In the summer of nineteen thirteen, 150 00:08:53,040 --> 00:08:56,600 Speaker 1: United mine workers began to organize the eleven thousand coal 151 00:08:56,720 --> 00:09:02,240 Speaker 1: miners employed by the Rockefeller owned Colorado Fuel and Iron Company. Initially, 152 00:09:02,280 --> 00:09:05,120 Speaker 1: workers asked to meet with management to air their grievances 153 00:09:05,480 --> 00:09:09,160 Speaker 1: low pay, long and unregulated hours, and the fact that 154 00:09:09,200 --> 00:09:11,680 Speaker 1: they were only allowed to live and trade in the 155 00:09:11,800 --> 00:09:15,280 Speaker 1: company town. That meant everything they bought was just paying 156 00:09:15,280 --> 00:09:17,440 Speaker 1: money back to the company they worked for, and it 157 00:09:17,480 --> 00:09:21,079 Speaker 1: gave the company an enormous amount of control over their lives, 158 00:09:21,400 --> 00:09:25,080 Speaker 1: even though those rights had already been legally granted to workers. 159 00:09:25,480 --> 00:09:28,880 Speaker 1: Management wasn't having it, so a month later, eight thousand 160 00:09:28,960 --> 00:09:32,880 Speaker 1: Colorado mine workers went on strike. Of course, first Rockefeller 161 00:09:32,920 --> 00:09:35,480 Speaker 1: evicted them from their company owned homes, which was the 162 00:09:35,600 --> 00:09:38,640 Speaker 1: entire point of why company towns aren't great for workers 163 00:09:39,120 --> 00:09:42,320 Speaker 1: on strike and homeless. The miners and their families set 164 00:09:42,360 --> 00:09:45,160 Speaker 1: up a tent setting near the mine. By nineteen fourteen, 165 00:09:45,200 --> 00:09:48,240 Speaker 1: about twelve hundred people were living in that camp. It 166 00:09:48,280 --> 00:09:51,839 Speaker 1: was a huge protest, but that wasn't necessarily new at 167 00:09:51,840 --> 00:09:55,239 Speaker 1: this point in history. What made the Ludlow strike infamous 168 00:09:55,480 --> 00:09:59,880 Speaker 1: was what Rockefeller did to bust it. Private security guards 169 00:10:00,040 --> 00:10:02,680 Speaker 1: and the National Guard showed up at the protest camp 170 00:10:02,760 --> 00:10:06,720 Speaker 1: with machine guns. They lit tents on fire and sprayed 171 00:10:06,720 --> 00:10:11,000 Speaker 1: the camp with bullets, killing twenty two protesters, including women 172 00:10:11,120 --> 00:10:15,120 Speaker 1: and children. A riot broke out, including more guns on 173 00:10:15,160 --> 00:10:17,280 Speaker 1: both sides, and by the end of it, more than 174 00:10:17,320 --> 00:10:20,920 Speaker 1: sixty people had died. Wasn't long before every paper was 175 00:10:20,960 --> 00:10:24,920 Speaker 1: painting Rockefeller as the villain. First the Trust thing, and 176 00:10:25,000 --> 00:10:28,880 Speaker 1: now this he was everything Americans were coming to hate 177 00:10:29,080 --> 00:10:33,240 Speaker 1: about their bosses. In desperate need of some good pr 178 00:10:33,640 --> 00:10:35,680 Speaker 1: Rockefeller hired this guy. 179 00:10:35,800 --> 00:10:40,640 Speaker 2: The Rockefeller listened to me patiently, pleasantly and calmly until 180 00:10:40,720 --> 00:10:41,640 Speaker 2: I'd finished mile. 181 00:10:41,720 --> 00:10:46,079 Speaker 1: Upon presentation, IV Ledbetter Lead is widely considered the father 182 00:10:46,200 --> 00:10:49,880 Speaker 1: of public relations. Rockefeller initially hired him to help handle 183 00:10:49,920 --> 00:10:53,680 Speaker 1: the fallout from what journalists including Ida Tarbell, had started 184 00:10:53,720 --> 00:10:57,560 Speaker 1: calling the Ludlow massacre, and Leaded such a good job 185 00:10:57,640 --> 00:10:59,720 Speaker 1: they wound up working together for the rest of his 186 00:10:59,760 --> 00:11:03,120 Speaker 1: life life. In his handling of Ludlow, the first thing 187 00:11:03,200 --> 00:11:07,200 Speaker 1: Lee did was create an entirely fake story. He claimed 188 00:11:07,400 --> 00:11:10,800 Speaker 1: the strikers weren't even really workers, they were plants from 189 00:11:10,800 --> 00:11:15,160 Speaker 1: the labor unions. In Lee's story, labor organizer mother Jones 190 00:11:15,200 --> 00:11:17,840 Speaker 1: had orchestrated the whole thing, and for some reason, he 191 00:11:17,960 --> 00:11:21,440 Speaker 1: threw in that Jones was running a nearby brothel. She 192 00:11:21,600 --> 00:11:24,439 Speaker 1: was eighty two at the time, so not likely. When 193 00:11:24,480 --> 00:11:28,040 Speaker 1: he was asked about this story decades later, Lee said, quote, 194 00:11:28,440 --> 00:11:32,000 Speaker 1: what are facts anyway, but my interpretation of what happened. 195 00:11:32,720 --> 00:11:36,360 Speaker 1: Lee's approach worked. He coached Rockefeller on how to talk, 196 00:11:36,520 --> 00:11:39,319 Speaker 1: how to behave in public, to make himself likable, how 197 00:11:39,320 --> 00:11:42,280 Speaker 1: to seem like one of the people, even which charitable 198 00:11:42,400 --> 00:11:46,160 Speaker 1: projects to take on. The press never knew what hit him, 199 00:11:46,280 --> 00:11:50,320 Speaker 1: and when Rockefeller died, he was remembered as a kindly philanthropist, 200 00:11:50,720 --> 00:11:55,720 Speaker 1: a hard working industrialist, and a true blue American. Standard 201 00:11:55,720 --> 00:12:02,240 Speaker 1: Oil's progeny, of course, became today's oil giants Exxon, Exon, Mobil, Conico, Phillips, 202 00:12:02,400 --> 00:12:05,160 Speaker 1: and Chevron. And just like you can draw a straight 203 00:12:05,240 --> 00:12:08,840 Speaker 1: line from Standard Oil to Chevron and Exon Mobile, today 204 00:12:09,000 --> 00:12:12,560 Speaker 1: you can see Ivy Ledbetter Lee's fingerprints all over the 205 00:12:12,559 --> 00:12:17,320 Speaker 1: oil industry's disinformation campaigns. It's the same tactics Lee used 206 00:12:17,320 --> 00:12:22,720 Speaker 1: to rehabilitate Rockefeller's image way back then. Fake news, crisis actors, 207 00:12:22,960 --> 00:12:26,520 Speaker 1: corporate philanthropy as a pr move all to shift the 208 00:12:26,520 --> 00:12:30,120 Speaker 1: public's focus away from a company's bad behavior, the company 209 00:12:30,120 --> 00:12:33,880 Speaker 1: that's working to bring affordable, scalable carbon capture to industries 210 00:12:33,920 --> 00:12:37,480 Speaker 1: around the world. So who exactly was Ivy ledbetter Lee, 211 00:12:37,840 --> 00:12:40,480 Speaker 1: What did he end up doing for Rockefeller and Standard 212 00:12:40,480 --> 00:12:44,000 Speaker 1: Oil in the years following the Ludlow massacre, Why did 213 00:12:44,000 --> 00:12:47,160 Speaker 1: he love Russia so much? And what exactly made him 214 00:12:47,240 --> 00:12:50,520 Speaker 1: so good at propaganda that a certain German dictator came 215 00:12:50,559 --> 00:13:00,720 Speaker 1: calling just a few years later. We'll get into all 216 00:13:00,760 --> 00:13:02,640 Speaker 1: of that and more next time. 217 00:13:06,920 --> 00:13:11,280 Speaker 2: The oil companies, especially Standard Oil, and then later on 218 00:13:11,360 --> 00:13:18,440 Speaker 2: through API, we're really the beginners and probably the greatest 219 00:13:18,559 --> 00:13:25,640 Speaker 2: institutionalized effort at developing corporate propaganda to support their industry. 220 00:13:27,040 --> 00:13:30,680 Speaker 1: Drilled is part of the Critical Frequency podcast Network. The 221 00:13:30,720 --> 00:13:34,040 Speaker 1: show is reported, written, and produced by me Amy Westerwaldt. 222 00:13:34,120 --> 00:13:38,160 Speaker 1: Julia Richie is our editor. Our managing producer is Katie Ross. 223 00:13:38,400 --> 00:13:42,520 Speaker 1: She also created this season's incredible artwork, sound design, scoring 224 00:13:42,559 --> 00:13:47,120 Speaker 1: and mixing by b Beeman. Riga Murphy is our editorial advisor. 225 00:13:47,360 --> 00:13:50,559 Speaker 1: Neambula Schawance is our fact checker. Special thanks to Richard 226 00:13:50,559 --> 00:13:54,200 Speaker 1: Wiles and to our First Amendment attorney James Wheaton and 227 00:13:54,280 --> 00:13:57,760 Speaker 1: the First Amendment Project. Drilled is made possible in part 228 00:13:57,760 --> 00:14:00,440 Speaker 1: by a generous grant from the Institute for govern and 229 00:14:00,520 --> 00:14:04,920 Speaker 1: Sustainable Development. We appreciate their support. You can find Drilled 230 00:14:04,960 --> 00:14:09,439 Speaker 1: on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, Stitcher, or wherever you get your podcasts. 231 00:14:09,760 --> 00:14:11,800 Speaker 1: Don't forget to leave us a rating, a review. It 232 00:14:11,880 --> 00:14:14,600 Speaker 1: really helps the show. And you can follow us on 233 00:14:14,679 --> 00:14:17,840 Speaker 1: Twitter now at we are Drilled, and visit our new 234 00:14:17,880 --> 00:14:22,880 Speaker 1: website drillednews dot com for climate accountability, reporting, newsletters, and 235 00:14:23,000 --> 00:14:26,320 Speaker 1: behind the scenes stories from this season. Thanks for listening 236 00:14:26,320 --> 00:14:27,400 Speaker 1: and we'll see you next time.