1 00:00:00,960 --> 00:00:12,600 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You missed in History Class from dot Com. Hello, 2 00:00:12,760 --> 00:00:16,079 Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I am Tracy B. Wilson 3 00:00:16,239 --> 00:00:21,639 Speaker 1: and I'm Holly Frying. The anniversary of Ireland's nineteen sixteen 4 00:00:21,680 --> 00:00:24,920 Speaker 1: Easter Rising is really just around the corner, so consequently 5 00:00:25,040 --> 00:00:27,800 Speaker 1: we have been getting periodic requests to talk about it 6 00:00:27,840 --> 00:00:32,040 Speaker 1: for about the last year. Today. This is considered to 7 00:00:32,040 --> 00:00:35,640 Speaker 1: be one of the most pivotal moments in modern Irish history, 8 00:00:35,680 --> 00:00:37,920 Speaker 1: and it was the precursor to a number of events 9 00:00:37,920 --> 00:00:41,400 Speaker 1: that have happened since then, both within and outside of Ireland. 10 00:00:41,960 --> 00:00:44,000 Speaker 1: But at the same time, it's an event that was 11 00:00:44,200 --> 00:00:48,280 Speaker 1: and continues to be really full of contradictions. There were 12 00:00:48,320 --> 00:00:51,440 Speaker 1: a lot of different organizations that were involved in planning 13 00:00:51,440 --> 00:00:54,640 Speaker 1: the Easter Rising and carrying it out, and each group 14 00:00:54,760 --> 00:00:57,760 Speaker 1: had its own perspectives and goals, and the people within 15 00:00:57,880 --> 00:01:00,280 Speaker 1: each group did two and a lot of times these 16 00:01:00,320 --> 00:01:05,600 Speaker 1: contradicted each other. Although what happened is pretty well established, 17 00:01:05,600 --> 00:01:08,960 Speaker 1: there's still significant disagreement about what it meant and whether 18 00:01:09,000 --> 00:01:12,560 Speaker 1: it was justified. And depending on who is doing the talking, 19 00:01:13,040 --> 00:01:16,600 Speaker 1: it was either a much needed anti colonial revolt that 20 00:01:16,680 --> 00:01:21,000 Speaker 1: directly led to Ireland's independence or it was an unasked 21 00:01:21,040 --> 00:01:26,039 Speaker 1: for violent overthrow of a democratically elected government, so wildly 22 00:01:26,280 --> 00:01:30,600 Speaker 1: diverging perspectives on what it was all about, even though 23 00:01:30,640 --> 00:01:33,760 Speaker 1: it happened a century ago, so you might think things 24 00:01:33,760 --> 00:01:37,440 Speaker 1: were a little more settled about understanding it today. A 25 00:01:37,520 --> 00:01:40,720 Speaker 1: lot of papers related to it were only released by 26 00:01:40,800 --> 00:01:44,279 Speaker 1: Ireland's Bureau of Military History, and two thousand and three, 27 00:01:44,840 --> 00:01:48,200 Speaker 1: after the last of the survivors had died, the Irish 28 00:01:48,280 --> 00:01:51,480 Speaker 1: government actually established the Bureau of Military History in nineteen 29 00:01:51,520 --> 00:01:54,400 Speaker 1: forty seven to document the perspectives of the people who 30 00:01:54,480 --> 00:01:58,640 Speaker 1: had been involved involved in revolutionary activities between nineteen thirteen 31 00:01:58,920 --> 00:02:02,200 Speaker 1: and nineteen twenty one. This is the biggest collection of 32 00:02:02,200 --> 00:02:05,280 Speaker 1: written accounts from the Republican point of view that exists, 33 00:02:05,520 --> 00:02:09,240 Speaker 1: and so basically decades passed between when the events happened 34 00:02:09,280 --> 00:02:12,320 Speaker 1: and when a lot of these documentations or a lot 35 00:02:12,360 --> 00:02:15,000 Speaker 1: of these individual testimonies were written down, and then once 36 00:02:15,040 --> 00:02:18,639 Speaker 1: they were released to historians to review, which only happened 37 00:02:18,680 --> 00:02:21,960 Speaker 1: comparatively recently, all the people whose memories were documented there 38 00:02:22,400 --> 00:02:26,400 Speaker 1: had passed away. All this together means that today's podcast 39 00:02:26,480 --> 00:02:30,240 Speaker 1: cannot possibly touch on every motivation and every interpretation for 40 00:02:30,240 --> 00:02:33,960 Speaker 1: the Easter Rising, or even everything that happened during Easter 41 00:02:34,080 --> 00:02:37,440 Speaker 1: Week nineteen sixteen. It also means that the written history 42 00:02:37,520 --> 00:02:41,040 Speaker 1: of the Easter Rising and people's perspectives on its significance 43 00:02:41,080 --> 00:02:44,680 Speaker 1: and its impact will definitely continue to evolve long after 44 00:02:44,720 --> 00:02:47,880 Speaker 1: this podcast is over. So today is really an overview 45 00:02:47,919 --> 00:02:50,320 Speaker 1: of the basics and some of the ways that people 46 00:02:50,360 --> 00:02:55,320 Speaker 1: interpret the Easter Rising today. Conflicts between England and Ireland 47 00:02:55,360 --> 00:02:58,360 Speaker 1: about how Ireland should be ruled and by whom go 48 00:02:58,480 --> 00:03:01,639 Speaker 1: back for centuries, as we've talked about on the show before, 49 00:03:01,720 --> 00:03:04,120 Speaker 1: the Normans invaded what is now England in the Battle 50 00:03:04,160 --> 00:03:07,080 Speaker 1: of Hastings in ten sixty six, and then about a 51 00:03:07,120 --> 00:03:10,640 Speaker 1: hundred years later Anglo Norman's went on to invade Ireland, 52 00:03:10,639 --> 00:03:14,120 Speaker 1: with Henry the Second arriving there in eleven seventy one. 53 00:03:14,480 --> 00:03:17,600 Speaker 1: In fifteen forty one, Henry the Eighth was declared King 54 00:03:17,680 --> 00:03:21,720 Speaker 1: of Ireland. The Irish Parliament was formally abolished in eighteen 55 00:03:21,760 --> 00:03:23,880 Speaker 1: o one when the nation became part of the United 56 00:03:24,000 --> 00:03:27,079 Speaker 1: Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland under the Act of Union. 57 00:03:27,880 --> 00:03:31,040 Speaker 1: At that point, Ireland's MP's and peers became part of 58 00:03:31,080 --> 00:03:34,120 Speaker 1: the UK Parliament rather than Ireland having a parliament of 59 00:03:34,160 --> 00:03:39,480 Speaker 1: its own, So throughout all of these centuries a wide 60 00:03:39,600 --> 00:03:42,560 Speaker 1: range of laws and policies were put into place that 61 00:03:42,720 --> 00:03:47,160 Speaker 1: restricted the Irish population in various ways, particularly related to 62 00:03:47,200 --> 00:03:50,640 Speaker 1: religious freedoms. Most but not all, of the people in 63 00:03:50,720 --> 00:03:54,760 Speaker 1: Ireland were and continued to be Catholic, just as examples 64 00:03:54,840 --> 00:03:57,800 Speaker 1: in the early seventeenth century, King James the First sent 65 00:03:57,880 --> 00:04:01,360 Speaker 1: Protestant farmers to Ireland specificly to take over farmland that 66 00:04:01,440 --> 00:04:05,680 Speaker 1: was owned by Catholics. Laws that forbade Catholics from voting, 67 00:04:05,760 --> 00:04:08,960 Speaker 1: owning land, or practicing their religion were passed in nineteen six. 68 00:04:10,440 --> 00:04:13,720 Speaker 1: When a potato blight struck Ireland in eighteen forty five, 69 00:04:13,760 --> 00:04:16,000 Speaker 1: which we've talked about in a previous two part or 70 00:04:16,000 --> 00:04:19,120 Speaker 1: on the show, the British government's response was basically to 71 00:04:19,160 --> 00:04:22,440 Speaker 1: do nothing, which led to about a million deaths and 72 00:04:22,520 --> 00:04:26,599 Speaker 1: a massive wave of immigration from Ireland to other nations, 73 00:04:26,640 --> 00:04:31,320 Speaker 1: including the United States. So unsurprisingly, there has also been 74 00:04:31,360 --> 00:04:34,800 Speaker 1: resistance to English rule of Ireland during those same centuries 75 00:04:34,920 --> 00:04:38,680 Speaker 1: through both violent and non violent means, and often these 76 00:04:38,720 --> 00:04:41,640 Speaker 1: conflicts have had multiple sides, with some of the Irish 77 00:04:41,720 --> 00:04:45,479 Speaker 1: population supporting the idea of self governance or independence, and 78 00:04:45,560 --> 00:04:48,320 Speaker 1: others supporting the idea of remaining as part of the 79 00:04:48,400 --> 00:04:51,880 Speaker 1: United Kingdom, and these conflicts have had both political and 80 00:04:51,920 --> 00:04:56,479 Speaker 1: religious roots, which have often been deeply interconnected. Throughout the 81 00:04:56,600 --> 00:04:59,760 Speaker 1: history of English presence in Ireland, more moderate groups and 82 00:05:00,000 --> 00:05:02,560 Speaker 1: political parties have basically tried to work within the system 83 00:05:02,600 --> 00:05:06,640 Speaker 1: through things like petitions and demons, demonstrations and getting nationalist 84 00:05:06,720 --> 00:05:11,120 Speaker 1: representatives elected to Parliament. At the same time, more radical 85 00:05:11,120 --> 00:05:14,600 Speaker 1: groups have led numerous armed uprisings, and whether they were 86 00:05:14,680 --> 00:05:18,280 Speaker 1: violent or non violent, all of these movements and uprisings 87 00:05:18,279 --> 00:05:21,000 Speaker 1: and rebellions have all had their own leaders, and their 88 00:05:21,040 --> 00:05:23,919 Speaker 1: own ideologies and their own tipping points, but at a 89 00:05:24,000 --> 00:05:27,560 Speaker 1: very basic level, they were all about Ireland resisting British 90 00:05:27,680 --> 00:05:31,039 Speaker 1: rule or British laws and practices that Irish people found 91 00:05:31,080 --> 00:05:35,240 Speaker 1: to be unjust or discriminatory. In the eighteen seventies, Isaac 92 00:05:35,279 --> 00:05:38,960 Speaker 1: Butt established the Home Government Association, which called for Home rule, 93 00:05:39,360 --> 00:05:42,640 Speaker 1: basically Ireland remaining part of the United Kingdom while also 94 00:05:42,760 --> 00:05:45,919 Speaker 1: governing itself through its own parliament, which would convene in 95 00:05:45,960 --> 00:05:49,360 Speaker 1: Ireland rather than England. Through the late eighteen hundreds and 96 00:05:49,400 --> 00:05:52,960 Speaker 1: into the early nineteen hundreds, multiple Home Rule bills were 97 00:05:53,000 --> 00:05:58,119 Speaker 1: introduced in Parliament, but they ultimately failed. Then, finally, after 98 00:05:58,200 --> 00:06:01,039 Speaker 1: two years of debate, the Government of Ireland Act of 99 00:06:01,120 --> 00:06:04,560 Speaker 1: nineteen fourteen was given Royal assent on September eighteenth of 100 00:06:04,600 --> 00:06:08,960 Speaker 1: that year. This Act was intended to establish home rule 101 00:06:09,000 --> 00:06:12,000 Speaker 1: in Ireland, but on the same day the Suspensary Act 102 00:06:12,000 --> 00:06:16,040 Speaker 1: of nineteen fourteen was also passed, which effectively delayed the 103 00:06:16,080 --> 00:06:18,880 Speaker 1: Government of Ireland Act, along with the Welsh Church Act 104 00:06:18,880 --> 00:06:21,480 Speaker 1: of nineteen fourteen, which we're not really talking about today, 105 00:06:21,600 --> 00:06:25,000 Speaker 1: from going into effect for a year. This was because 106 00:06:25,040 --> 00:06:27,200 Speaker 1: of World War One, which was going on at the time. 107 00:06:28,279 --> 00:06:31,240 Speaker 1: This situation made a lot of people with widely diverging 108 00:06:31,320 --> 00:06:36,520 Speaker 1: ideologies extremely angry. The Government of Ireland Act itself infuriated 109 00:06:36,560 --> 00:06:39,640 Speaker 1: the most radical unionists, that is, the people who wanted 110 00:06:39,640 --> 00:06:42,800 Speaker 1: Ireland to remain part of the United Kingdom because it 111 00:06:42,800 --> 00:06:46,240 Speaker 1: would allow for a separate parliament for Ireland. Many, but 112 00:06:46,360 --> 00:06:48,839 Speaker 1: not all, of these were Protestants living in the northern 113 00:06:48,920 --> 00:06:53,440 Speaker 1: part of Ireland. It simultaneously infuriated the most radical Republicans, 114 00:06:53,600 --> 00:06:56,080 Speaker 1: that is, the people who wanted Ireland to be completely 115 00:06:56,120 --> 00:06:59,719 Speaker 1: independent from the United Kingdom because under the Act, Ireland 116 00:06:59,720 --> 00:07:03,240 Speaker 1: would continue to be part of the UK, along with 117 00:07:03,360 --> 00:07:06,760 Speaker 1: other organizations that had been formed for and against the 118 00:07:06,800 --> 00:07:09,480 Speaker 1: idea of Home rule. While this Act was being debated, 119 00:07:09,960 --> 00:07:14,320 Speaker 1: militias had formed as well. There was the Ulster Volunteers. 120 00:07:14,440 --> 00:07:17,160 Speaker 1: These were on the unionist side, mostly in the northern 121 00:07:17,200 --> 00:07:20,640 Speaker 1: part of Ireland, and then there were the Irish Volunteers 122 00:07:20,760 --> 00:07:23,960 Speaker 1: on the nationalist side. They were basically the Irish Volunteers 123 00:07:23,960 --> 00:07:26,440 Speaker 1: were formed kind of in response to the existence of 124 00:07:26,480 --> 00:07:31,000 Speaker 1: the Ulster Volunteers. Then there was the Irish Citizen Army, 125 00:07:31,040 --> 00:07:34,360 Speaker 1: which was originally formed to protect protesters from police during 126 00:07:34,360 --> 00:07:38,000 Speaker 1: a labor dispute, which had evolved into a nationalist organization 127 00:07:38,080 --> 00:07:42,840 Speaker 1: as well. People whose opinions were more moderate were generally 128 00:07:42,960 --> 00:07:45,200 Speaker 1: in favor of Home rule. It was a sort of 129 00:07:45,240 --> 00:07:48,880 Speaker 1: compromise between being independent and remaining part of the UK, 130 00:07:49,760 --> 00:07:51,680 Speaker 1: and a lot of them agreed that the middle of 131 00:07:51,680 --> 00:07:54,160 Speaker 1: a war wasn't the right time to go about separating 132 00:07:54,200 --> 00:07:57,640 Speaker 1: Ireland's government from the UK Parliament. But the year long 133 00:07:57,680 --> 00:08:00,720 Speaker 1: delay brought about by the Suspensary Act did lead some 134 00:08:00,760 --> 00:08:03,360 Speaker 1: supporters of Home rule to fear that by the time 135 00:08:03,400 --> 00:08:06,040 Speaker 1: that year was up or the war was over, something 136 00:08:06,080 --> 00:08:09,160 Speaker 1: would happen to derail it entirely. I should also point 137 00:08:09,160 --> 00:08:11,520 Speaker 1: out that there were pretty moderate Protestants living in the 138 00:08:11,720 --> 00:08:14,160 Speaker 1: mostly in the northern part of Ireland, who were not 139 00:08:14,240 --> 00:08:16,120 Speaker 1: in favor of Home Rule because they were afraid that 140 00:08:16,160 --> 00:08:19,720 Speaker 1: if Home Rule were implemented that their needs would be 141 00:08:19,760 --> 00:08:24,320 Speaker 1: outweighed by the majority Catholic vote uh and that that 142 00:08:24,400 --> 00:08:28,239 Speaker 1: wasn't as much of a threat um as with everyone 143 00:08:28,280 --> 00:08:30,640 Speaker 1: being part of the UK Parliament rather than having a 144 00:08:30,680 --> 00:08:35,160 Speaker 1: separate parliament for Ireland. The people who planned and executed 145 00:08:35,160 --> 00:08:38,400 Speaker 1: the Easter Rising were against Home Rule. They were all 146 00:08:38,440 --> 00:08:42,079 Speaker 1: Republicans who wanted Ireland to be completely independent from the 147 00:08:42,160 --> 00:08:45,080 Speaker 1: United Kingdom. We'll talk about who they were and what 148 00:08:45,120 --> 00:08:47,360 Speaker 1: they planned to do after a brief word around the 149 00:08:47,440 --> 00:08:58,840 Speaker 1: fosor getting back to the story. A huge number of 150 00:08:58,840 --> 00:09:02,680 Speaker 1: people in organizations were involved in the nineteen sixteed Easter Rising. 151 00:09:03,120 --> 00:09:06,720 Speaker 1: The Irish Volunteers and Irish Citizen Army has mentioned before 152 00:09:06,720 --> 00:09:09,600 Speaker 1: the break We're both involved, as was the Irish Republican 153 00:09:09,679 --> 00:09:12,840 Speaker 1: Brotherhood which went by i RB, who we discussed in 154 00:09:12,880 --> 00:09:16,679 Speaker 1: our podcast on the Catalpa. Kuman Naman was a women's 155 00:09:16,679 --> 00:09:19,040 Speaker 1: militia formed in response to the fact that the Irish 156 00:09:19,120 --> 00:09:24,000 Speaker 1: volunteers were all male. A nationalist youth organization called nafena 157 00:09:24,160 --> 00:09:28,120 Speaker 1: Aran was involved as well, along with many other smaller organizations. 158 00:09:29,559 --> 00:09:32,800 Speaker 1: In terms of the participants, the largest numbers of actual 159 00:09:32,920 --> 00:09:36,520 Speaker 1: people were from the Irish Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army, 160 00:09:36,920 --> 00:09:39,199 Speaker 1: but in terms of leadership, the people who were in 161 00:09:39,240 --> 00:09:42,640 Speaker 1: the most powerful positions, who did the most strategic planning 162 00:09:42,679 --> 00:09:46,000 Speaker 1: were from the Irish Republican Brotherhood, who were also known 163 00:09:46,040 --> 00:09:49,320 Speaker 1: as the Fenians. This has since then evolved into a 164 00:09:49,320 --> 00:09:53,200 Speaker 1: slur often used against Irish people. A lot of the 165 00:09:53,280 --> 00:09:56,560 Speaker 1: first pieces of the planning and organization started with IRB 166 00:09:56,720 --> 00:10:01,960 Speaker 1: members Thomas Clark and Sean mcgarmada. Essentially with the start 167 00:10:01,960 --> 00:10:05,480 Speaker 1: of World War One, Thomas Clark and other momentant nationalists 168 00:10:05,480 --> 00:10:08,920 Speaker 1: in the i RB saw an opportunity. Within just a 169 00:10:08,960 --> 00:10:11,280 Speaker 1: couple of weeks of Britain's entry into the war on 170 00:10:11,360 --> 00:10:15,120 Speaker 1: August five of nineteen fourteen, the IRB had decided to 171 00:10:15,160 --> 00:10:18,040 Speaker 1: pursue the idea of an open rebellion before the end 172 00:10:18,080 --> 00:10:20,720 Speaker 1: of the war. The government was focused on the war 173 00:10:20,880 --> 00:10:25,320 Speaker 1: and not on Ireland. Plus, the war had led to 174 00:10:25,400 --> 00:10:28,760 Speaker 1: a schism within the Irish Volunteers, with many of them 175 00:10:28,960 --> 00:10:33,360 Speaker 1: volunteering to fight following the encouragement of Irish Revolutionary Party 176 00:10:33,440 --> 00:10:37,040 Speaker 1: leader John Redmond. The ones who were left were primarily 177 00:10:37,080 --> 00:10:40,520 Speaker 1: the organization's most radical members, who were against both Irish 178 00:10:40,559 --> 00:10:45,440 Speaker 1: involvement in the war and home rule. Consequently, the IRB 179 00:10:45,679 --> 00:10:48,280 Speaker 1: was able to place some of its most radical members 180 00:10:48,280 --> 00:10:53,199 Speaker 1: into leadership roles within the Irish Volunteers. Soon, Padrick Pierce, 181 00:10:53,480 --> 00:10:57,400 Speaker 1: whose name is often anglicized to Patrick, Joseph Plunkett, aim 182 00:10:57,440 --> 00:11:00,120 Speaker 1: And Kant and Thomas McDonough had all been played sas 183 00:11:00,240 --> 00:11:03,679 Speaker 1: into positions that were directing the organization's military, training and 184 00:11:03,720 --> 00:11:07,920 Speaker 1: communications functions. While planning the rising, they turned to Germany 185 00:11:07,960 --> 00:11:11,600 Speaker 1: for support, with Roger Casement, subject of a previous podcast 186 00:11:11,679 --> 00:11:15,160 Speaker 1: that previous hosts Are and Doblina worked on trying to 187 00:11:15,160 --> 00:11:20,000 Speaker 1: secure weapons, ammunition, officers, and an army of volunteers recruited 188 00:11:20,000 --> 00:11:23,920 Speaker 1: from Irish POW's being held in Germany. Neither of these 189 00:11:23,960 --> 00:11:27,640 Speaker 1: efforts was successful, few of the POWs wanted to volunteer, 190 00:11:28,000 --> 00:11:30,880 Speaker 1: and the largest weapons shipment was intercepted on its way 191 00:11:30,880 --> 00:11:34,560 Speaker 1: to Ireland. A couple of side notes here. Casement ultimately 192 00:11:34,600 --> 00:11:37,280 Speaker 1: realized that the rising was not likely to succeed, and 193 00:11:37,320 --> 00:11:40,040 Speaker 1: he tried to return to Ireland to discourage it, but 194 00:11:40,160 --> 00:11:42,520 Speaker 1: he arrived too late and he was captured and charged 195 00:11:42,559 --> 00:11:45,200 Speaker 1: with treason. There's a lot more detail about that in 196 00:11:45,240 --> 00:11:47,280 Speaker 1: this episode from the archive, which will link to you 197 00:11:47,280 --> 00:11:51,079 Speaker 1: in our show notes. Also, Germany basically wound up providing 198 00:11:51,080 --> 00:11:54,560 Speaker 1: weapons to both the Irish Volunteers and the Ulster Volunteers, 199 00:11:54,600 --> 00:11:59,080 Speaker 1: basically opposite sides of the Home Rule versus not Home 200 00:11:59,200 --> 00:12:03,840 Speaker 1: Rule disagreement, in part because Germany was really hoping to 201 00:12:03,920 --> 00:12:07,040 Speaker 1: turn World War One into a two front war, with 202 00:12:07,200 --> 00:12:10,160 Speaker 1: Britain being distracted by fighting in Ireland and unable to 203 00:12:10,160 --> 00:12:14,079 Speaker 1: focus on what was happening on the continent. By May 204 00:12:14,120 --> 00:12:17,640 Speaker 1: of nineteen fifteen, the i RB had established a military 205 00:12:17,679 --> 00:12:21,760 Speaker 1: Council specifically for planning a rebellion. They conducted their planning 206 00:12:21,760 --> 00:12:24,720 Speaker 1: in total secrecy. They had to avoid being caught by 207 00:12:24,760 --> 00:12:27,600 Speaker 1: Irish authorities as well as by the more moderate members 208 00:12:27,640 --> 00:12:30,840 Speaker 1: of all the organizations that were ultimately involved in the rising. 209 00:12:31,600 --> 00:12:33,800 Speaker 1: This was difficult since one of the things they needed 210 00:12:33,840 --> 00:12:36,240 Speaker 1: to do was to prepare the Irish volunteers on the 211 00:12:36,280 --> 00:12:39,920 Speaker 1: Irish Citizen Army to fight in the rebellion without tipping 212 00:12:39,920 --> 00:12:44,679 Speaker 1: their hands that they were planning one. Eventually, they settled 213 00:12:44,679 --> 00:12:48,840 Speaker 1: on Easter Sunday nineteen sixteen and planned a nationwide uprising. 214 00:12:49,280 --> 00:12:52,880 Speaker 1: The date was to was chosen deliberately. The Irish Volunteers 215 00:12:52,920 --> 00:12:56,400 Speaker 1: had conducted some pretty large exercises on St. Patrick's Day 216 00:12:56,400 --> 00:12:58,520 Speaker 1: that year, as well as on Easter the year before, 217 00:12:58,920 --> 00:13:01,160 Speaker 1: so they were hoping that this precedent would make it 218 00:13:01,200 --> 00:13:03,920 Speaker 1: seem like this mobilization was just a recognition of the 219 00:13:04,040 --> 00:13:08,160 Speaker 1: day and not something more violent. However, about a week 220 00:13:08,200 --> 00:13:12,680 Speaker 1: before Easter, Bulver Hobson, who was the i RBS Quartermaster General, 221 00:13:12,920 --> 00:13:16,040 Speaker 1: and Owen McNeil, chief of staff of the Irish Volunteers 222 00:13:16,520 --> 00:13:19,000 Speaker 1: heard about the uprising that was being planned, and they 223 00:13:19,000 --> 00:13:22,880 Speaker 1: confronted Patrick Pierce about it. McNeil published an order in 224 00:13:22,920 --> 00:13:26,240 Speaker 1: the Irish Sunday Independent on Easter Sunday commanding that the 225 00:13:26,360 --> 00:13:29,920 Speaker 1: rising not go forward. Another hiccup was that the weapons 226 00:13:29,920 --> 00:13:33,120 Speaker 1: shipment promised from Germany had not arrived on Good Friday 227 00:13:33,200 --> 00:13:36,439 Speaker 1: as expected. That was the one that had been uh 228 00:13:36,640 --> 00:13:40,240 Speaker 1: that had been intercepted on the way. Finally, the decision 229 00:13:40,280 --> 00:13:42,240 Speaker 1: was made to go ahead with the rising. In spite 230 00:13:42,240 --> 00:13:44,720 Speaker 1: of these obstacles, but it was moved to Easter Monday 231 00:13:44,920 --> 00:13:48,320 Speaker 1: and the focus was primarily Dublin. There were some other 232 00:13:48,760 --> 00:13:52,319 Speaker 1: smaller things outside of Dublin, but Dublin became the primary focus. 233 00:13:52,960 --> 00:13:56,360 Speaker 1: On Monday A, members of the Irish Volunteers led by 234 00:13:56,360 --> 00:13:59,840 Speaker 1: Patrick Pierce and the Irish Citizen Army led by James Connolly, 235 00:14:00,120 --> 00:14:04,520 Speaker 1: along with members of Kumanaman met at prearranged places at 236 00:14:04,520 --> 00:14:08,240 Speaker 1: about eleven in the morning. Just afternoon, they took multiple 237 00:14:08,280 --> 00:14:12,280 Speaker 1: locations around Dublin, including the General Post Office and Boland's Mills, 238 00:14:12,320 --> 00:14:16,160 Speaker 1: as well as laying siege to Dublin Castle. The rebels 239 00:14:16,240 --> 00:14:19,720 Speaker 1: established a headquarters at the General Post Office, and the 240 00:14:19,800 --> 00:14:22,960 Speaker 1: Komen Naman set up a field hospital there as well. 241 00:14:23,520 --> 00:14:25,640 Speaker 1: The g p O was also the location of the 242 00:14:25,640 --> 00:14:28,600 Speaker 1: provisional Government. From the steps of the g p O, 243 00:14:28,880 --> 00:14:31,800 Speaker 1: Pierce read the Proclamation of an Irish Republic, which he 244 00:14:31,840 --> 00:14:35,800 Speaker 1: had drafted and which was signed by seven men, Aiman Kant, 245 00:14:36,320 --> 00:14:42,880 Speaker 1: Thomas James Clark, James Connolly, Sean Mcdearmada, Thomas McDonough, Patrick Pierce, 246 00:14:43,080 --> 00:14:48,080 Speaker 1: and Joseph Mary Plunkett. It began irishman and Irish women 247 00:14:48,480 --> 00:14:50,640 Speaker 1: in the name of God and of the dead generations, 248 00:14:50,680 --> 00:14:53,720 Speaker 1: from which she receives her old traditions of nationhood Ireland 249 00:14:53,800 --> 00:14:56,440 Speaker 1: through us some of our children's air flag and strikes 250 00:14:56,480 --> 00:14:59,800 Speaker 1: for her freedom. It goes on to declare Ireland a 251 00:15:00,000 --> 00:15:04,480 Speaker 1: sovereign nation and quote guarantees religious and civil liberty, equal 252 00:15:04,560 --> 00:15:08,160 Speaker 1: rights and equal opportunities to all its citizens, and declares 253 00:15:08,200 --> 00:15:11,160 Speaker 1: its resolve to pursue the happiness and prosperity of the 254 00:15:11,200 --> 00:15:14,720 Speaker 1: whole nation and of all its parts, cherishing all of 255 00:15:14,720 --> 00:15:17,640 Speaker 1: the children of the nation equally and oblivious of the 256 00:15:17,680 --> 00:15:21,680 Speaker 1: differences carefully fostered by an alien government which had divided 257 00:15:21,680 --> 00:15:25,440 Speaker 1: a minority from the majority in the past. It ends 258 00:15:25,480 --> 00:15:29,080 Speaker 1: by establishing a provisional government and placing the Irish Republic 259 00:15:29,160 --> 00:15:32,480 Speaker 1: under the protection of the Most High God. We're going 260 00:15:32,520 --> 00:15:34,520 Speaker 1: to talk about how the rising played out and what 261 00:15:34,640 --> 00:15:37,040 Speaker 1: happened in its aftermath, but first we're going to pause 262 00:15:37,080 --> 00:15:39,760 Speaker 1: once again for a word from one of our fantastic sponsors. 263 00:15:46,840 --> 00:15:49,720 Speaker 1: There were some fatalities in the first few hours of 264 00:15:49,760 --> 00:15:53,240 Speaker 1: the Easter Rising, but the uprising had caught the British 265 00:15:53,360 --> 00:15:57,480 Speaker 1: mostly by surprise. That changed, however, once Britain actually had 266 00:15:57,480 --> 00:16:00,240 Speaker 1: time to react to what was going on, Britain laired 267 00:16:00,280 --> 00:16:03,240 Speaker 1: martial law, and because Republican forces hadn't been able to 268 00:16:03,280 --> 00:16:06,240 Speaker 1: take control of the railroad stations with the docks, British 269 00:16:06,320 --> 00:16:08,920 Speaker 1: troops were able to make their way to Dublin really easily. 270 00:16:10,040 --> 00:16:12,960 Speaker 1: British troops who were already in Ireland were in Dublin 271 00:16:13,000 --> 00:16:17,040 Speaker 1: by Monday afternoon, and more troops arrived from England on Tuesday. 272 00:16:17,480 --> 00:16:21,600 Speaker 1: Soon about six hundred rebels were facing off against about 273 00:16:21,640 --> 00:16:25,920 Speaker 1: twenty thousand British soldiers. Street fighting was extensive, and the 274 00:16:25,960 --> 00:16:29,240 Speaker 1: rebel held locations that didn't fall right away wound up 275 00:16:29,280 --> 00:16:33,080 Speaker 1: mostly being besieged for the remainder of the week. Britain 276 00:16:33,120 --> 00:16:36,680 Speaker 1: had greater numbers and better weapons, and didn't really hesitate 277 00:16:36,720 --> 00:16:40,160 Speaker 1: to use heavy artillery. This led to extensive damage and 278 00:16:40,200 --> 00:16:43,720 Speaker 1: a number of fires. On Friday night, a fire forced 279 00:16:43,760 --> 00:16:45,200 Speaker 1: the rebels who were in the g p O to 280 00:16:45,280 --> 00:16:49,480 Speaker 1: have to flee. Patrick Pierce unconditionally surrendered the next day 281 00:16:49,520 --> 00:16:51,640 Speaker 1: with the hope of preventing more loss of life. With 282 00:16:51,680 --> 00:16:54,880 Speaker 1: his surrender, reading quote in order to prevent further slaughter 283 00:16:54,960 --> 00:16:57,680 Speaker 1: of the civil population, and in the hope of saving 284 00:16:57,720 --> 00:17:00,840 Speaker 1: the lives of our followers. The members of the Provisional 285 00:17:00,840 --> 00:17:04,480 Speaker 1: Government present at headquarters have decided on an unconditional surrender, 286 00:17:05,000 --> 00:17:08,480 Speaker 1: and commandants or officers commanding districts will order their commands 287 00:17:08,520 --> 00:17:11,560 Speaker 1: to lay down arms. By that point, though the death 288 00:17:11,600 --> 00:17:15,440 Speaker 1: toll was already significant, sixty two rebels died and from 289 00:17:15,480 --> 00:17:18,000 Speaker 1: the British troops, one hundred and six were killed and 290 00:17:18,040 --> 00:17:21,400 Speaker 1: three hundred and thirty four were wounded. Hardest hit were 291 00:17:21,440 --> 00:17:24,520 Speaker 1: civilians caught in the crossfire, with two hundred and fifty 292 00:17:24,600 --> 00:17:29,159 Speaker 1: six deaths and thousands of injuries. At first and the 293 00:17:29,200 --> 00:17:33,120 Speaker 1: immediate aftermath of the rising, both Republicans and Unionists were 294 00:17:33,160 --> 00:17:37,240 Speaker 1: outraged at the risings, leaders not at Britain. A lot 295 00:17:37,280 --> 00:17:39,560 Speaker 1: of people felt like this was a violent uprising that 296 00:17:39,600 --> 00:17:43,320 Speaker 1: had attempted to overthrow a democratically elected government and replace 297 00:17:43,400 --> 00:17:45,760 Speaker 1: it with people who had basically appointed themselves to the 298 00:17:45,840 --> 00:17:49,440 Speaker 1: job rather than being elected. When Irish Parliamentary Party MP 299 00:17:49,600 --> 00:17:52,560 Speaker 1: John Dylan expressed his disapproval of the rebels, but then 300 00:17:52,600 --> 00:17:54,800 Speaker 1: followed it with a statement that they had quote fought 301 00:17:54,800 --> 00:17:57,480 Speaker 1: a clean fight, and they fought with super bravery and 302 00:17:57,520 --> 00:18:00,359 Speaker 1: skill and no active savagery or act of the usual 303 00:18:00,359 --> 00:18:03,240 Speaker 1: customs of war end quote in the House of Commons, 304 00:18:03,480 --> 00:18:06,760 Speaker 1: people yelled shame at him so like, even though he 305 00:18:06,840 --> 00:18:09,840 Speaker 1: said pretty directly that he disapproved of what they had done, 306 00:18:09,840 --> 00:18:12,480 Speaker 1: but that they had fought bravely, people were angry enough 307 00:18:12,480 --> 00:18:14,320 Speaker 1: about it that they yelled shame at him on the 308 00:18:15,040 --> 00:18:19,359 Speaker 1: h on the floor of Parliament. Perception shifted, however, after 309 00:18:19,400 --> 00:18:22,879 Speaker 1: Britain began court martialing and executing the leaders of the rising, 310 00:18:23,280 --> 00:18:26,439 Speaker 1: including some whose roles had really been quite minor, and 311 00:18:26,480 --> 00:18:30,639 Speaker 1: imprisoning more people than had even participated. Between May three 312 00:18:30,640 --> 00:18:33,040 Speaker 1: and May twelve, all seven people who had signed the 313 00:18:33,040 --> 00:18:36,800 Speaker 1: Proclamation of the Irish Republic were executed, along with nine others, 314 00:18:36,840 --> 00:18:40,399 Speaker 1: for a total of sixteen. These included Roger Casement and 315 00:18:40,440 --> 00:18:44,080 Speaker 1: William Pierce, who was Patrick Pierce's younger brother, and all 316 00:18:44,119 --> 00:18:46,720 Speaker 1: of those executed were buried in a quick line with 317 00:18:46,840 --> 00:18:50,960 Speaker 1: no funeral. Only one woman was court martialed, although there 318 00:18:50,960 --> 00:18:53,520 Speaker 1: were many others who were involved, and that one woman 319 00:18:53,680 --> 00:18:56,720 Speaker 1: was Constance Marketiche. She was known as the larka nite 320 00:18:56,720 --> 00:18:59,560 Speaker 1: rebel countess, and when she surrendered, she was reported to 321 00:18:59,600 --> 00:19:02,639 Speaker 1: have kissed her revolver before handing it over. She was 322 00:19:02,680 --> 00:19:04,720 Speaker 1: one of the people who had helped found Nafina Aaron, 323 00:19:05,000 --> 00:19:07,159 Speaker 1: and during the rising, she was second in command to 324 00:19:07,200 --> 00:19:09,640 Speaker 1: Michael Mallin, who was one of the leaders who was executed. 325 00:19:10,480 --> 00:19:12,919 Speaker 1: She was sentenced to death as well, although it was 326 00:19:12,920 --> 00:19:15,240 Speaker 1: commuted to life in prison because of her sex, and 327 00:19:15,280 --> 00:19:18,320 Speaker 1: she was later released under age and a general amnesty. 328 00:19:18,440 --> 00:19:20,720 Speaker 1: From there, she became the first woman elected to the 329 00:19:20,720 --> 00:19:24,640 Speaker 1: British Parliament, although she and other members of Chanfine refused 330 00:19:24,680 --> 00:19:27,320 Speaker 1: to take her seat. After she had been elected, I 331 00:19:27,440 --> 00:19:30,520 Speaker 1: realized how awesome she was very late in the process 332 00:19:30,560 --> 00:19:33,520 Speaker 1: of this, and the kind of wish the whole episode 333 00:19:33,840 --> 00:19:37,359 Speaker 1: had been about her, because she's fascinating and maybe we 334 00:19:37,400 --> 00:19:43,200 Speaker 1: will do that later. I also coincidentally, like I emailed 335 00:19:43,240 --> 00:19:46,719 Speaker 1: you the outline for this episode, and then I checked 336 00:19:46,800 --> 00:19:50,000 Speaker 1: the inbox and we had an email from a listener 337 00:19:50,040 --> 00:19:53,879 Speaker 1: saying that exact thing. You could do something about the 338 00:19:53,920 --> 00:19:56,520 Speaker 1: Easter Rising, but this is really who you should focus on. 339 00:19:58,000 --> 00:20:01,199 Speaker 1: Maybe next year for Easter Rising anniversary that will not 340 00:20:01,240 --> 00:20:04,800 Speaker 1: be a hundred. Executing the rebellions leaders and imprisoning many 341 00:20:04,800 --> 00:20:08,320 Speaker 1: others had the opposite effect of Britain's intentions. It did 342 00:20:08,320 --> 00:20:12,639 Speaker 1: not discourage further rebellion or nationalist sentiment instead. This was 343 00:20:12,680 --> 00:20:15,760 Speaker 1: when republican sentiment, which had existed in Ireland for as 344 00:20:15,800 --> 00:20:18,720 Speaker 1: long as Britain had been present there to really start 345 00:20:18,800 --> 00:20:22,240 Speaker 1: to pick up steam. Thanks to the Irby secrecy and 346 00:20:22,320 --> 00:20:25,159 Speaker 1: planning the rising, for a time, authorities actually thought it 347 00:20:25,200 --> 00:20:27,719 Speaker 1: had been the work of sin Feign, even though this 348 00:20:27,840 --> 00:20:30,960 Speaker 1: was not correct. Sin Fain benefited really enormously from the 349 00:20:31,119 --> 00:20:33,760 Speaker 1: error it wreck. It reorganized in the wake up the 350 00:20:33,880 --> 00:20:37,440 Speaker 1: rising and became much more powerful, ultimately replacing the more 351 00:20:37,480 --> 00:20:41,160 Speaker 1: moderate Irish Parliamentary Party in Parliament in the next general election. 352 00:20:42,240 --> 00:20:45,600 Speaker 1: This victory ultimately led to the Irish War of Independence 353 00:20:45,640 --> 00:20:49,000 Speaker 1: from nineteen nineteen and nineteen twenty one, after which the 354 00:20:49,080 --> 00:20:51,680 Speaker 1: six northeastern counties which did not want to leave the 355 00:20:51,760 --> 00:20:55,800 Speaker 1: United Kingdom were partitioned into Northern Ireland and the rest 356 00:20:55,880 --> 00:20:58,399 Speaker 1: of Ireland became the Irish Free State and then the 357 00:20:58,440 --> 00:21:01,560 Speaker 1: Republic of Ireland. And this is really why people point 358 00:21:01,600 --> 00:21:04,640 Speaker 1: to the Easter Rising as being this extremely important formative 359 00:21:04,640 --> 00:21:08,040 Speaker 1: moment in the history of of the in the history 360 00:21:08,040 --> 00:21:12,200 Speaker 1: of the Republic of Ireland. Like it, it wasn't the 361 00:21:12,280 --> 00:21:17,120 Speaker 1: thing that like it wasn't quite the same as say, 362 00:21:17,160 --> 00:21:20,399 Speaker 1: the Revolutionary War in the America's There was a whole 363 00:21:20,400 --> 00:21:23,160 Speaker 1: other conflict that followed this one, but this was sort 364 00:21:23,200 --> 00:21:26,640 Speaker 1: of the turning point of a lot of Republican sentiment, 365 00:21:26,680 --> 00:21:27,960 Speaker 1: Like a lot of people who had been a lot 366 00:21:28,000 --> 00:21:29,639 Speaker 1: more moderate and said, well, it will be fine if 367 00:21:29,680 --> 00:21:31,720 Speaker 1: we just have home rule, if we can rule ourselves 368 00:21:31,720 --> 00:21:34,240 Speaker 1: but be part of the UK still like that, it 369 00:21:34,320 --> 00:21:36,080 Speaker 1: was really the thing that turned a lot of that 370 00:21:36,119 --> 00:21:38,880 Speaker 1: opinion to be no, we need to be completely independent 371 00:21:39,280 --> 00:21:43,920 Speaker 1: from the UK. Um. So it was galvanizing moment, uh 372 00:21:43,960 --> 00:21:47,920 Speaker 1: in in terms of Republican sentiment in Ireland. And then 373 00:21:47,920 --> 00:21:50,359 Speaker 1: in the years that have passed since then, the Easter 374 00:21:50,480 --> 00:21:53,760 Speaker 1: Rising has been cited as the inspiration for other a 375 00:21:53,800 --> 00:21:57,000 Speaker 1: lot of other events, including the Russian Revolution and then 376 00:21:57,000 --> 00:22:01,680 Speaker 1: the troubles in Northern Ireland, which uh for folks who 377 00:22:01,720 --> 00:22:03,720 Speaker 1: don't personally remember it, which I think a lot of 378 00:22:03,800 --> 00:22:06,600 Speaker 1: us do, a lot of us were alive at the 379 00:22:07,080 --> 00:22:08,720 Speaker 1: either through all of it or at the end of 380 00:22:08,720 --> 00:22:13,520 Speaker 1: the troubles. The decades long conflict between Northern Ireland's Unionist 381 00:22:13,560 --> 00:22:18,680 Speaker 1: Protestants and Republican Catholics, and extremely basic level law enforcement 382 00:22:18,720 --> 00:22:22,199 Speaker 1: in Northern Ireland have actually expressed some concerns that the 383 00:22:22,280 --> 00:22:25,920 Speaker 1: centennial of the Eastern Rising of the Easter Rising may 384 00:22:26,080 --> 00:22:29,919 Speaker 1: lead to violent protests in Northern Ireland from the folks 385 00:22:29,960 --> 00:22:33,040 Speaker 1: who would have preferred to have become independent with the 386 00:22:33,080 --> 00:22:38,679 Speaker 1: remainder of Ireland as well. And that's the scoop that 387 00:22:38,840 --> 00:22:41,280 Speaker 1: is the basics of the Easter Rising. I'm not kidding. 388 00:22:41,320 --> 00:22:43,240 Speaker 1: There is so much more that we could talk about, 389 00:22:43,440 --> 00:22:47,520 Speaker 1: Like they're the one of the books that that I 390 00:22:47,600 --> 00:22:49,479 Speaker 1: got for this is one of the ones. There there 391 00:22:49,480 --> 00:22:52,080 Speaker 1: are several books that have come out after that release 392 00:22:52,080 --> 00:22:56,199 Speaker 1: of documents that we talked about at the beginning UM 393 00:22:56,240 --> 00:22:59,200 Speaker 1: that generally have a have made a lot of use 394 00:22:59,200 --> 00:23:02,600 Speaker 1: of those particular documents UM. And one of them is 395 00:23:02,720 --> 00:23:04,760 Speaker 1: quite long. We will they will all be in the 396 00:23:04,760 --> 00:23:07,600 Speaker 1: show notes if you were interested in learning more. UM. 397 00:23:07,640 --> 00:23:10,360 Speaker 1: There is all curients, so much more stuff to actually 398 00:23:10,800 --> 00:23:13,120 Speaker 1: that we could actually get into. But this is a 399 00:23:13,160 --> 00:23:16,879 Speaker 1: thirty minute podcast, so when we are not do you 400 00:23:16,920 --> 00:23:19,760 Speaker 1: also have a bit of listener mail for us? I do. 401 00:23:19,840 --> 00:23:22,399 Speaker 1: It's term Abigail who writes to us about the Lost. 402 00:23:22,560 --> 00:23:27,760 Speaker 1: We got several extremely touching emails so far about the Lost. 403 00:23:27,800 --> 00:23:29,240 Speaker 1: We have had lots of people who have written in 404 00:23:29,280 --> 00:23:32,959 Speaker 1: and talked about UH their grandmothers having served with the WASP, 405 00:23:33,040 --> 00:23:36,040 Speaker 1: And we've talked had other people talk about UH their 406 00:23:36,080 --> 00:23:39,200 Speaker 1: mothers or grandmothers serving in the military and some other capacity, 407 00:23:39,560 --> 00:23:43,359 Speaker 1: and this one from Abigail was particularly moving. So she 408 00:23:43,359 --> 00:23:47,000 Speaker 1: writes a little bit about figuring out what her role 409 00:23:47,040 --> 00:23:49,639 Speaker 1: would be when she was in basic training, and she says, 410 00:23:49,800 --> 00:23:52,280 Speaker 1: the civilian woman who was assisting me looked at my 411 00:23:52,320 --> 00:23:54,679 Speaker 1: as bad scores and told me that my scores were 412 00:23:54,760 --> 00:23:57,280 Speaker 1: very similar to hers. But during her time in the 413 00:23:57,280 --> 00:23:59,880 Speaker 1: Air Force, many jobs, like jobs working on jets, were 414 00:23:59,880 --> 00:24:02,320 Speaker 1: not open to women. She asked if I would be 415 00:24:02,359 --> 00:24:05,480 Speaker 1: willing to take that career path for her, for all 416 00:24:05,600 --> 00:24:07,800 Speaker 1: of the women who could not serve in that role. 417 00:24:08,080 --> 00:24:10,480 Speaker 1: In that single moment, I felt the full weight of 418 00:24:10,480 --> 00:24:12,560 Speaker 1: all the women who had served before me, and the 419 00:24:12,600 --> 00:24:14,639 Speaker 1: full weight of the women who would serve after me. 420 00:24:14,760 --> 00:24:16,639 Speaker 1: And I said yes, and I took on that job. 421 00:24:17,280 --> 00:24:20,159 Speaker 1: Every day after that, I was conscious of the history 422 00:24:20,200 --> 00:24:22,720 Speaker 1: of women in the service and how I and how 423 00:24:22,760 --> 00:24:25,280 Speaker 1: I serve would impact the women who would serve after me. 424 00:24:25,880 --> 00:24:28,520 Speaker 1: Working on the flight line was a constant balancing act 425 00:24:28,560 --> 00:24:32,280 Speaker 1: of proving my worth to be there, demanding, demanding to 426 00:24:32,320 --> 00:24:34,840 Speaker 1: be respected as an airman, and working as hard as 427 00:24:34,880 --> 00:24:38,120 Speaker 1: my male counterparts, often having to work harder to prove 428 00:24:38,119 --> 00:24:40,480 Speaker 1: the same worth. At one point, I served under a 429 00:24:40,480 --> 00:24:43,240 Speaker 1: temporary supervisor during Desert Shield. He told me to my 430 00:24:43,320 --> 00:24:45,600 Speaker 1: face that he didn't think that women belonged on the 431 00:24:45,640 --> 00:24:47,879 Speaker 1: flight line, but I was there and we were going 432 00:24:47,920 --> 00:24:49,840 Speaker 1: to have to do the best with what we had. 433 00:24:49,840 --> 00:24:52,359 Speaker 1: This former farm boy with arms larger than my head 434 00:24:52,520 --> 00:24:55,119 Speaker 1: was by far my favorite sergeant during my entire career 435 00:24:55,160 --> 00:24:57,600 Speaker 1: because in the end he treated me as an airman 436 00:24:57,960 --> 00:25:00,439 Speaker 1: and didn't treat me better or worse based on my gender. 437 00:25:01,040 --> 00:25:03,879 Speaker 1: Highlighting the history of women pilots and by extension, women 438 00:25:03,880 --> 00:25:06,280 Speaker 1: in the service, and your podcast is deeply moving to me. 439 00:25:06,600 --> 00:25:09,560 Speaker 1: To hear about their stories and their experiences is so valuable. 440 00:25:09,640 --> 00:25:12,120 Speaker 1: Thank you for sharing this story and helping me understand 441 00:25:12,200 --> 00:25:14,280 Speaker 1: better my place in history as I marched with all 442 00:25:14,320 --> 00:25:16,600 Speaker 1: the women who have served, are serving, and will serve 443 00:25:16,640 --> 00:25:19,800 Speaker 1: in the future. Thank you from a loyal fan, Abigail. 444 00:25:20,160 --> 00:25:23,880 Speaker 1: Thank you so much, Abigail. We will We have cut 445 00:25:23,920 --> 00:25:25,960 Speaker 1: out the part where I had to start over because 446 00:25:26,000 --> 00:25:29,159 Speaker 1: I was I was tearing up. Uh Thank you so 447 00:25:29,240 --> 00:25:31,359 Speaker 1: much for this gracious and generous letter. Thank you for 448 00:25:31,400 --> 00:25:34,480 Speaker 1: everybody who has written to share stories of your your 449 00:25:34,480 --> 00:25:37,040 Speaker 1: mothers and your grandmother's, and your aunts and and other 450 00:25:37,440 --> 00:25:40,560 Speaker 1: family members who either served with the WASP or served 451 00:25:40,560 --> 00:25:43,840 Speaker 1: elsewhere in the armed forces. You have been really really 452 00:25:43,880 --> 00:25:47,439 Speaker 1: touching and generous to read. If you would like to 453 00:25:47,440 --> 00:25:49,440 Speaker 1: write to us, we're a history podcasts at how stuff 454 00:25:49,480 --> 00:25:51,760 Speaker 1: works dot com. We're also on Facebook at Facebook dot 455 00:25:51,840 --> 00:25:53,960 Speaker 1: com slash miss in history and on Twitter at miss 456 00:25:53,960 --> 00:25:56,320 Speaker 1: in History. Our tumbler is missed in History dot tom 457 00:25:56,440 --> 00:25:58,399 Speaker 1: or dot com. We're also on panterst at pentrist dot 458 00:25:58,440 --> 00:26:02,080 Speaker 1: com slash miss in history. Are Instagram is also missed History. 459 00:26:02,880 --> 00:26:05,280 Speaker 1: If you would like to learn more about the Air 460 00:26:05,320 --> 00:26:08,320 Speaker 1: Force or Ireland or anything else, you can come to 461 00:26:08,359 --> 00:26:11,359 Speaker 1: our parent company's website, which is how stuff works dot com. 462 00:26:11,560 --> 00:26:13,720 Speaker 1: You can also come to our website which is missed 463 00:26:13,760 --> 00:26:16,399 Speaker 1: in History dot com, which, as we noted in our 464 00:26:16,440 --> 00:26:19,480 Speaker 1: show notes, I will list the books that were very 465 00:26:19,600 --> 00:26:22,199 Speaker 1: useful and and researching this episode, as well as the 466 00:26:22,240 --> 00:26:25,679 Speaker 1: other sources that I consulted with working on it. We 467 00:26:25,720 --> 00:26:27,760 Speaker 1: also have an archive of every episode we've ever done 468 00:26:27,800 --> 00:26:29,400 Speaker 1: and some other cool stuff. 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