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Remember they're real people with loved 0:01:30.560 --> 0:01:32.760 ones who need them to get home safely. Protect our 0:01:32.760 --> 0:01:34.880 cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too. 0:01:35.120 --> 0:01:35.679 Go safely. 0:01:35.760 --> 0:01:38.600 California from the California Office of Traffic Safety in Caltrans. 0:01:38.720 --> 0:01:41.160 When you pull up to game night, Ay, all new Camri, 0:01:41.920 --> 0:01:44.119 but it's actually Bingo. 0:01:43.760 --> 0:01:49.200 Night miniglf anyone, It's a Camri. 0:01:49.000 --> 0:01:54.840 Five, the all new all hybrid Camri Toyota. Let's go places. 0:02:02.200 --> 0:02:05.800 Hey, Daniel, what's the difference between a physicist and an astronomer? 0:02:07.840 --> 0:02:09.840 Oh? I feel like this is a trap. 0:02:10.720 --> 0:02:12.680 I know it seems like a simple question. 0:02:13.360 --> 0:02:15.960 It's a constant debate we have in faculty meetings in 0:02:16.040 --> 0:02:19.079 the Department of Physics and Astronomy. Where do we draw 0:02:19.160 --> 0:02:21.040 the arbitrary dotted line. 0:02:21.600 --> 0:02:25.320 Like, are all astronomers physicists or are some physicists astronomers? 0:02:25.360 --> 0:02:26.040 How does it work? 0:02:27.560 --> 0:02:29.680 I feel like any answer I give here is can 0:02:29.800 --> 0:02:31.480 generate a lot of angry. 0:02:31.160 --> 0:02:33.280 Emails physicists or astronomers. 0:02:33.320 --> 0:02:36.120 A lot of astronomers think of themselves as physicists first 0:02:36.200 --> 0:02:39.160 applied to questions of astronomy, but also a lot of 0:02:39.200 --> 0:02:42.400 astronomers think of themselves as a very different breed of 0:02:42.600 --> 0:02:46.120 scientists who tackle problems differently and think about things differently 0:02:46.440 --> 0:02:47.640 than physicists do. 0:02:47.880 --> 0:02:49.160 All right, that wasn't so hard. 0:02:50.360 --> 0:02:51.799 It was my best non answer. 0:02:51.880 --> 0:02:54.400 All right, may actually just ask non questions in the future. 0:02:55.280 --> 0:02:56.880 Welcome to our non podcast. 0:03:12.480 --> 0:03:15.080 Jorge. I'm a cartoonist and the author of Oliver's Great 0:03:15.080 --> 0:03:15.800 Big Universe. 0:03:16.000 --> 0:03:18.560 Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and a professor 0:03:18.600 --> 0:03:21.399 at UC Irvine. Though I'm no longer sure what those 0:03:21.400 --> 0:03:22.560 categories even mean. 0:03:22.880 --> 0:03:24.239 You don't know what you are? Are you having like 0:03:24.280 --> 0:03:25.600 an identity crisis? 0:03:26.320 --> 0:03:31.520 Yes? Yes, and yes? I mean if everything's particles, then 0:03:31.600 --> 0:03:33.120 isn't everybody a particle physicist? 0:03:33.200 --> 0:03:33.280 Well? 0:03:33.360 --> 0:03:34.400 Not everything's a particle? 0:03:34.720 --> 0:03:37.680 Right, then we're all field physicists, I suppose. 0:03:37.800 --> 0:03:41.400 Like what's dark energy? Dark energy is not necessarily a particle. 0:03:41.240 --> 0:03:43.920 Yet nobody knows. Maybe dark energy is a particle we 0:03:44.000 --> 0:03:44.360 don't know. 0:03:44.480 --> 0:03:49.800 In fact, isn't particles in arbitrary name or a term like? 0:03:49.920 --> 0:03:52.400 Isn't everything just energy? In the end, maybe you should 0:03:52.480 --> 0:03:53.480 just all be energist. 0:03:53.800 --> 0:03:56.440 Yeah, if you ask ten particle physicists what is a particle, 0:03:56.480 --> 0:03:58.240 you'll get ten different answers. 0:03:58.320 --> 0:04:00.480 Well, if you guys can't even agree, then you know 0:04:00.560 --> 0:04:01.320 what's the point. 0:04:02.120 --> 0:04:04.600 The point is that names and words are how we communicate, 0:04:04.640 --> 0:04:07.240 though it's probably best if we do assign meaning to 0:04:07.240 --> 0:04:07.720 them first. 0:04:08.800 --> 0:04:11.279 Maybe should you just all do science with sign language 0:04:12.640 --> 0:04:14.720 or like charades. 0:04:14.480 --> 0:04:17.120 Let's just give up on language and use math. Right, 0:04:17.120 --> 0:04:18.360 that's just so much more crisp. 0:04:19.120 --> 0:04:21.920 I think charades is not just more fun, but also 0:04:22.040 --> 0:04:25.080 maybe a little bit easier. You would have a whole 0:04:25.120 --> 0:04:29.080 conferences where the presentations are just signists getting up there 0:04:29.320 --> 0:04:32.480 and and miming their papers. 0:04:32.560 --> 0:04:35.720 Is that supposed to increase clarity or just hilarity. 0:04:36.040 --> 0:04:40.360 Well, hopefully it'll increase clarity and also hilarity. But anyways, 0:04:40.400 --> 0:04:42.880 welcome to our podcast. Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe 0:04:42.920 --> 0:04:45.279 a production of iHeartRadio. 0:04:44.640 --> 0:04:47.680 A podcast that does try to pump both clarity and 0:04:47.839 --> 0:04:51.400 hilarity into your brain. We hope that the universe is 0:04:51.480 --> 0:04:53.640 one that we can understand, that we could take it 0:04:53.680 --> 0:04:56.880 apart into little bits that follow some fundamental rules, then 0:04:56.880 --> 0:04:59.720 we can weave it back together into all the amazing 0:04:59.800 --> 0:05:03.520 and beautiful emergent phenomena that we enjoy, from ourselves, to 0:05:03.560 --> 0:05:06.920 our planets, to our solar system, to everything beyond, and 0:05:07.000 --> 0:05:08.880 explain all of it to you with a little bit 0:05:09.040 --> 0:05:11.080 of Dad Joe hilarity sprinkled on top. 0:05:11.279 --> 0:05:14.640 Yeah, Because whether you're a physicist and astronomer, a cartoonists 0:05:14.640 --> 0:05:17.960 and energiesst or a dad, we all live in this 0:05:18.080 --> 0:05:19.960 universe and we all look out there and we wonder 0:05:19.960 --> 0:05:22.479 how things work, why are things the way they are? 0:05:23.279 --> 0:05:24.960 And can you cerde math? 0:05:26.320 --> 0:05:30.480 Nobody wonders that, man, Nobody wonders that that's done. In 0:05:30.520 --> 0:05:32.880 the top one thousand questions, humans. 0:05:32.520 --> 0:05:35.000 Ask how do you know? Nobody wonders that, Daniel, do 0:05:35.040 --> 0:05:38.039 you have scientific proof or data to back up your claim? 0:05:38.200 --> 0:05:40.279 I do have some data. Yes, I cannot rule it 0:05:40.320 --> 0:05:44.040 out entirely, but over the many tens of thousands of 0:05:44.120 --> 0:05:46.840 questions I get from listeners, I've never gotten that one, 0:05:47.040 --> 0:05:49.760 which means it's not in the top one thousand questions. 0:05:49.839 --> 0:05:51.200 I can confidently say that. 0:05:51.120 --> 0:05:53.440 I see, but you can't say that. Nobody wonders that. 0:05:53.600 --> 0:05:57.040 No, you're right, that was too strong. You wonder that apparently, 0:05:57.120 --> 0:06:01.159 and you're people. So the exception proves the rule. 0:06:01.240 --> 0:06:03.880 I'm sure the situation has come up, like somewhere in 0:06:03.920 --> 0:06:07.000 the history of math, at some point some people needed 0:06:07.040 --> 0:06:10.680 to communicate some calculation or result and they couldn't talk 0:06:10.720 --> 0:06:11.279 for some reason. 0:06:11.839 --> 0:06:14.680 Maybe in Italian universities, you know, hand gestures are much 0:06:14.720 --> 0:06:17.600 more important in communicating these abstract ideas. 0:06:17.760 --> 0:06:20.480 Maybe that's why their equations have so much possessed. 0:06:20.520 --> 0:06:24.960 Yes, exactly, whether we're Italian or not, or using charades 0:06:25.080 --> 0:06:27.599 or symbols or language, we are trying to make sense 0:06:27.680 --> 0:06:30.680 of the universe, and part of that involves categorizing it, 0:06:30.720 --> 0:06:33.159 saying this is one kind of thing, this is another 0:06:33.279 --> 0:06:37.000 kind of thing, whether that means distinguishing between particles and fields, 0:06:37.320 --> 0:06:40.760 or between living things and not living things, or planets 0:06:40.839 --> 0:06:44.440 and dwarf planets. Putting things in boxes is just one 0:06:44.480 --> 0:06:48.200 way the humans make sense of the universe, defining kinds 0:06:48.240 --> 0:06:50.640 of things and applying those labels willy nilly. 0:06:50.920 --> 0:06:52.840 Yeah, and we are trying to make sense of the 0:06:52.880 --> 0:06:55.719 whole universe, not just the little things that we're made 0:06:55.720 --> 0:06:57.839 out of, then that things are made out of, but everything, 0:06:57.920 --> 0:07:01.279 all the huge amazing phenomena that are happening out there, 0:07:01.440 --> 0:07:07.200 the flying planets, the swirling galaxies, and the ginormous galaxy clusters. 0:07:07.240 --> 0:07:09.120 And we'd love to study all that in great detail, 0:07:09.200 --> 0:07:11.480 but most of it is very far away, and so 0:07:11.600 --> 0:07:15.520 far our technological eyeballs aren't powerful enough to really resolve 0:07:15.600 --> 0:07:17.720 all the details. So if we want to get down 0:07:17.760 --> 0:07:21.160 to the astronomical nitty gritty, we're best off studying our 0:07:21.280 --> 0:07:25.000 own backyard, looking in our solar system to understand how 0:07:25.000 --> 0:07:27.200 did it form, what's in it, what kinds of stuff 0:07:27.240 --> 0:07:30.040 are out there swirling around in our neighborhood. And over 0:07:30.080 --> 0:07:32.360 the last few hundred years, we've come to a pretty 0:07:32.360 --> 0:07:35.280 good understanding of what's there and where it's going. 0:07:35.440 --> 0:07:38.720 Yeah, we live in a pretty busy neighborhood full of planets, 0:07:39.280 --> 0:07:44.640 asteroid comets, raining satellites from failed rockets, and so there's 0:07:44.640 --> 0:07:47.600 a lot for us to see in our very near vicinity. 0:07:47.760 --> 0:07:49.720 And while the truth is that the Solar system is 0:07:49.760 --> 0:07:52.840 filled with a huge spectrum of stuff, from tiny cosmic 0:07:52.920 --> 0:07:56.040 dust to huge gas giants to the Sun itself, we 0:07:56.160 --> 0:07:58.600 do like to impose categories on it. And as the 0:07:58.640 --> 0:08:01.720 decades and centuries go by, we keep discovering things that 0:08:01.760 --> 0:08:04.880 lie at the edge of those boundaries that challenge our 0:08:04.920 --> 0:08:07.840 definitions for what is what, Pluto of course being a 0:08:07.880 --> 0:08:10.840 famous example. But as our telescopes get more powerful, we 0:08:10.920 --> 0:08:13.640 keep discovering things in the wrong places or at the 0:08:13.760 --> 0:08:16.520 edge of these definitions that make us wonder, really, where 0:08:16.560 --> 0:08:18.080 do we draw these dotted lines? 0:08:18.160 --> 0:08:20.000 And so to be on the podcast will be tackling 0:08:20.040 --> 0:08:29.040 the question are there comments in the asteroid belt? Now? 0:08:29.040 --> 0:08:31.000 How many pop do you think wonder about this question? 0:08:31.080 --> 0:08:31.240 Day? 0:08:33.040 --> 0:08:35.280 Of your tens of thousands of emails, how many have 0:08:35.360 --> 0:08:36.959 asked this particular question. 0:08:37.480 --> 0:08:40.280 This particular question in this phrasing zero. 0:08:41.720 --> 0:08:43.960 So you're saying the same amount of people that wonder 0:08:43.960 --> 0:08:47.000 if there are comments in the asteroid belt? Also probably 0:08:47.080 --> 0:08:49.719 perhaps wonder if you can cherate now. 0:08:50.000 --> 0:08:51.480 If that was your metric, Yes, but there are a 0:08:51.480 --> 0:08:54.440 lot of questions in the vicinity of this wondering about 0:08:54.480 --> 0:08:57.600 like what's the difference between commets and asteroids? Or why 0:08:57.640 --> 0:09:00.160 do we have comments out there and asteroids over here? 0:09:00.320 --> 0:09:02.959 So I think people are curious about, like what's out 0:09:02.960 --> 0:09:04.520 there in the Solar system? Why do we give them 0:09:04.559 --> 0:09:07.680 these labels? And is it really so neat and crisp. 0:09:07.840 --> 0:09:10.559 This is an interesting question, and so let's dig into it. 0:09:10.679 --> 0:09:12.360 And as usually, we were wondering how many out there 0:09:12.440 --> 0:09:14.800 had thought about this question of whether there are comets 0:09:14.800 --> 0:09:15.840 in the asteroid belt. 0:09:15.920 --> 0:09:18.360 Thanks very much to everybody who contributes their voice to 0:09:18.400 --> 0:09:22.600 this segment of the podcast. Really appreciate your responses. If 0:09:22.640 --> 0:09:25.920 you'd like to hear yourself on a future episode, please 0:09:26.000 --> 0:09:29.360 don't be shy. Write to me too, questions at Danielandjorge 0:09:29.600 --> 0:09:30.160 dot com. 0:09:30.200 --> 0:09:32.440 So think about it for a second. Cast your mind 0:09:32.480 --> 0:09:35.000 out there into the far reaches of our solar system 0:09:35.080 --> 0:09:38.120 and wonder if there are comets in the asteroid belt. 0:09:38.360 --> 0:09:39.520 Here's what people had to say. 0:09:39.760 --> 0:09:43.800 I mean, sure, why not? Maybe they also pass through 0:09:43.840 --> 0:09:47.360 the asteroid belt from time to time. And I always 0:09:47.400 --> 0:09:50.840 thought astroid belt was what's mainly in that wage, not 0:09:51.000 --> 0:09:52.800 what's the only thing in that region. 0:09:53.080 --> 0:09:55.520 I don't have a very good idea the definition of 0:09:55.640 --> 0:09:58.199 a comment versus an asteroid. But I think it has 0:09:58.200 --> 0:10:02.520 to do with amount of ice in the structure. So 0:10:02.920 --> 0:10:05.920 if that is the definition, I can imagine sure there 0:10:06.000 --> 0:10:07.839 might be something that falls under that definition in the 0:10:07.880 --> 0:10:08.520 asteroid belt. 0:10:08.720 --> 0:10:11.839 No comment in the asteroid belt, just asteroids. Comments are 0:10:12.000 --> 0:10:12.839 out a lot further. 0:10:13.040 --> 0:10:15.560 I think another sort of way to distinguish comets from 0:10:15.720 --> 0:10:19.080 asteroids is that asteroids are well in the asteroid belt 0:10:19.120 --> 0:10:21.840 and comets can come from a couple different places. Long 0:10:21.840 --> 0:10:23.760 period comets come from the Oort Cloud, but then there 0:10:23.800 --> 0:10:27.600 are shorter period comets than that. Now, if we have 0:10:27.679 --> 0:10:30.680 a dirty snowball in the asteroid belt, which I believe 0:10:30.720 --> 0:10:32.600 there are, some of these bodies that have been discovered, 0:10:33.240 --> 0:10:35.559 are they correctly labeled as comets? 0:10:35.600 --> 0:10:38.200 Are not commets? I anser are made up ice. I 0:10:38.200 --> 0:10:40.520 think if they were that close they probably melt. 0:10:40.679 --> 0:10:42.439 I think comets coming in at a high rate of 0:10:42.480 --> 0:10:46.000 speed from the Oort Cloud are unlikely to get caught 0:10:46.040 --> 0:10:47.280 up in the asteroid belt. 0:10:47.559 --> 0:10:51.160 Comet might be more about composition than trajectory. I mean 0:10:51.360 --> 0:10:54.640 that if it has more ice than rock, it might 0:10:54.679 --> 0:10:55.200 be a comet. 0:10:55.360 --> 0:10:57.880 I can never remember the difference between asteroids and commets. 0:10:57.880 --> 0:11:00.000 I mean, surely there's a good acronym or something else 0:11:00.080 --> 0:11:02.199 there to remember the difference. But I have to say 0:11:02.200 --> 0:11:04.640 that there's no comets in the asteroid belt because asteroids 0:11:04.679 --> 0:11:06.839 become comets after they and through the atmosphere. 0:11:06.960 --> 0:11:09.120 So there are short period comets, and I think there 0:11:09.120 --> 0:11:12.360 are some that operate closer to the Sun, kind of 0:11:12.440 --> 0:11:15.600 in that asteroid belt range, but being within the ice 0:11:15.679 --> 0:11:18.719 line like most of its quote unquote life, I don't 0:11:18.760 --> 0:11:20.520 really see how they can be long lived. 0:11:20.640 --> 0:11:24.360 I think comets are heavenly bodies which have eccentric orbits 0:11:24.400 --> 0:11:27.280 around the Sun, so they don't fit in nicely with 0:11:27.360 --> 0:11:30.640 the other better behaved inhabitants of the Solar System. So 0:11:30.920 --> 0:11:34.760 although comets may pass through the asteroid belt, I don't 0:11:34.760 --> 0:11:36.600 think they can remain there permanently. 0:11:37.040 --> 0:11:39.280 I think that the asteroid belt is far enough out 0:11:39.480 --> 0:11:42.920 so that comets could remain frozen, and I guess the 0:11:42.960 --> 0:11:45.120 asteroid belt does have a lot of its own gravities, 0:11:45.120 --> 0:11:47.800 so it could capture comets if it was lucky. 0:11:47.960 --> 0:11:50.960 I think there might be a few transient comets in 0:11:51.000 --> 0:11:53.640 the asteroid belt, but I don't think that there would 0:11:53.720 --> 0:11:58.000 be much chance for comets to persist in that kind 0:11:58.040 --> 0:12:01.959 of orbit because of exposure to the wind and the 0:12:02.000 --> 0:12:06.760 interaction of the gravity of Jupiter disrupting either the orbit 0:12:06.880 --> 0:12:08.160 or the structure of those comets. 0:12:08.320 --> 0:12:11.079 Guess there could be comets, but yeah, usually commas have 0:12:11.120 --> 0:12:13.239 a large orbit, a very large orbit in detail. 0:12:13.520 --> 0:12:15.079 That wouldn't be the case if it was found in 0:12:15.120 --> 0:12:15.840 the asteroid belt. 0:12:15.920 --> 0:12:19.480 So yeah, pretty wide range of answers here. I guess 0:12:19.559 --> 0:12:20.959 there's only two options, yes or. 0:12:20.920 --> 0:12:23.720 No, or there could be this is a trick question, 0:12:24.320 --> 0:12:26.559 or let's answer in charades, right. 0:12:29.040 --> 0:12:31.040 What made you think of this question? Why are there 0:12:31.080 --> 0:12:33.840 commets in the asteroid belt? Is this something that astronomers 0:12:33.880 --> 0:12:34.800 have been wondering about. 0:12:34.960 --> 0:12:36.800 I've been thinking about this kind of question for a 0:12:36.840 --> 0:12:40.360 while because I find the whole labeling of stuff in 0:12:40.400 --> 0:12:43.880 the Solar System to be kind of ridiculous and arbitrary. 0:12:43.960 --> 0:12:46.640 You know, we're just humans putting dotted lines on a 0:12:46.640 --> 0:12:49.040 smooth spectrum of different kind of stuff that's out there. 0:12:49.480 --> 0:12:52.680 But also it is interesting because when you invent categories, 0:12:52.679 --> 0:12:54.680 then you can wonder about things and the boundaries or 0:12:54.679 --> 0:12:57.160 things across the boundaries. And then I read a paper 0:12:57.200 --> 0:13:00.000 about people who were finding weird stuff in the asteroids 0:13:00.320 --> 0:13:01.640 that didn't belong there. 0:13:02.520 --> 0:13:05.320 All right, well, let's dig into it, Daniel, I guess 0:13:05.360 --> 0:13:08.280 the question is, but comets and asteroids, what's the difference 0:13:08.320 --> 0:13:08.880 between the two? 0:13:09.080 --> 0:13:13.000 Yes, So these are two human constructed, arbitrary definitions that 0:13:13.120 --> 0:13:16.800 are mostly historical and don't really represent like our best 0:13:16.880 --> 0:13:19.200 understanding of what's out there in the Solar System. If 0:13:19.240 --> 0:13:21.120 you were going to start today, you probably wouldn't come 0:13:21.200 --> 0:13:23.959 up with the same definitions. But you know, science is 0:13:24.000 --> 0:13:26.120 a human endeavor, which means we need to understand the 0:13:26.120 --> 0:13:28.679 words scientists use when they talk to each other, even 0:13:28.720 --> 0:13:31.560 if it's imprecise or historical or ridiculous. So what do 0:13:31.600 --> 0:13:33.720 we mean by an asteroid and what do we mean 0:13:33.800 --> 0:13:37.160 by a comet? So an asteroid is basically like a 0:13:37.200 --> 0:13:40.680 mini planet. Right, there's this complicated definition of a planet 0:13:41.040 --> 0:13:44.360 as an object in the Solar System that's orbiting the Sun, 0:13:45.000 --> 0:13:48.600 is big enough to be mostly round and has cleared 0:13:48.600 --> 0:13:52.360 its own path. An asteroid is like that, except that 0:13:52.440 --> 0:13:56.040 it's not necessarily big enough to be round, and it 0:13:56.080 --> 0:13:59.840 hasn't cleared its own path. So it's like a mini chunky, 0:14:00.040 --> 0:14:03.280 funky shaped planet that doesn't have its own parking space. 0:14:03.360 --> 0:14:07.360 But is there like a size range, like can you 0:14:07.400 --> 0:14:11.839 have an asteroid the size of a marble or does 0:14:11.880 --> 0:14:12.880 that count as something else? 0:14:13.160 --> 0:14:16.040 Technically, there's no minimum size for an asteroid, so like 0:14:16.080 --> 0:14:20.040 a dust grain technically is an asteroid. Practically that's very, 0:14:20.120 --> 0:14:22.280 very difficult to see those things, you know, of course, 0:14:22.320 --> 0:14:24.160 unless they land on Earth, in which case they're no 0:14:24.200 --> 0:14:27.160 longer an asteroid. We can't really detect them in the 0:14:27.160 --> 0:14:30.240 asteroid belt unless they're very shiny or large, or some 0:14:30.400 --> 0:14:33.760 combination of them. So the range of asteroids that we've discovered, 0:14:33.840 --> 0:14:36.640 like in the asteroid belt, goes from things like down 0:14:36.680 --> 0:14:39.480 to one meter across all the way up to things 0:14:39.600 --> 0:14:44.640 like five hundred kilometers across. So there's an incredible range 0:14:44.640 --> 0:14:47.080 of stuff in the asteroid belt that we call asteroids. 0:14:47.160 --> 0:14:48.920 We give them all the same name. 0:14:49.480 --> 0:14:51.840 But I guess there's one common thread, which is that 0:14:51.880 --> 0:14:54.560 it needs to be some kind of solid material, right, 0:14:55.040 --> 0:14:58.440 Like a cloud of gas doesn't count as an asteroid, right. 0:14:58.600 --> 0:15:00.960 Yeah, that's right, needs to hold itself together. 0:15:00.760 --> 0:15:02.560 So it has to be solid, and it has to 0:15:02.560 --> 0:15:05.240 be in space. Is that about the definition of an asteroid? 0:15:05.720 --> 0:15:08.600 Something solid floating in space that's not round. 0:15:08.520 --> 0:15:10.160 And it has to be orbiting the Sun. It's a 0:15:10.240 --> 0:15:13.440 rocky object that orbits the Sun and doesn't qualify as 0:15:13.440 --> 0:15:15.800 being a planet or a comet. 0:15:16.200 --> 0:15:18.000 But I guess, why does it need to be orbiting 0:15:18.040 --> 0:15:20.480 the Sun? Can't you have an asteroid other than space 0:15:20.560 --> 0:15:22.320 by itself? Like what do you call those? 0:15:22.800 --> 0:15:25.120 Well, if it's not orbiting the Sun and it's orbiting 0:15:25.200 --> 0:15:28.000 like the Earth, then you'd call it a moon. If 0:15:28.040 --> 0:15:30.880 it's not orbiting the Sun and it's not really orbiting anything, 0:15:30.960 --> 0:15:34.240 it's just like floating in the galaxy, then it's not 0:15:34.240 --> 0:15:35.520 an asteroid. It's just a rock. 0:15:36.800 --> 0:15:41.000 Is that the official astronomy definition? It's just a space rock? 0:15:41.520 --> 0:15:45.320 Are you sure we don't want to anger any astronomers. 0:15:44.840 --> 0:15:46.840 Now, it's definitely don't. And you know, I'm in a 0:15:46.840 --> 0:15:50.360 department of physics and astronomy, and that doesn't make me 0:15:50.480 --> 0:15:53.240 an astronomer, even though I'm technically a professor of physics 0:15:53.240 --> 0:15:56.320 and astronomy, and I don't want to speak for the astronomers, 0:15:56.920 --> 0:15:59.280 but that is my understanding. If it's out there in 0:15:59.280 --> 0:16:02.440 interstellar space, you could call it an interstellar asteroid. I 0:16:02.480 --> 0:16:05.680 suppose the problem is we haven't like discovered or seen 0:16:05.720 --> 0:16:07.480 many of those. You know, we have had a couple 0:16:07.520 --> 0:16:10.800 of interstellar objects come, but those who think are interstellar 0:16:10.880 --> 0:16:15.720 comets not interstellar asteroids. So yeah, that's a whole new frontier. 0:16:15.880 --> 0:16:18.200 Yeah, like like in Star Wars when they run into 0:16:18.240 --> 0:16:21.600 like an asteroid field, are they taken not calling it 0:16:21.640 --> 0:16:22.080 the right thing? 0:16:22.400 --> 0:16:22.560 Well? 0:16:22.600 --> 0:16:25.640 I think those are usually near a stars. They're probably 0:16:25.640 --> 0:16:26.560 are orbiting a star. 0:16:26.720 --> 0:16:28.080 I don't know, they never show the star. 0:16:30.120 --> 0:16:32.400 That's what I'm always thinking about when they're dodging asteroids. 0:16:32.480 --> 0:16:34.680 Where's the star that makes us an asteroid and not 0:16:34.760 --> 0:16:35.160 a rock? 0:16:36.080 --> 0:16:40.080 Excuse me? Excuse me, I don't see the sun actually, 0:16:42.160 --> 0:16:45.920 all right, So an asteroid is by definition a rock 0:16:46.320 --> 0:16:50.000 that's orbiting the sun. Basically, Yeah, it has to be solid, right, 0:16:50.280 --> 0:16:52.920 or like a solid object that's orbiting the sun. 0:16:53.000 --> 0:16:55.200 Yeah, And your point there about it being solid is crucial. 0:16:55.520 --> 0:16:59.000 Asteroids are rocky objects, meaning they're made of rock and 0:16:59.080 --> 0:17:01.360 metal in this kind kind of stuff, and that's going 0:17:01.400 --> 0:17:04.720 to help us distinguish them from their cousin the comet. 0:17:05.200 --> 0:17:07.000 Gosh, well, how do you define a rock? 0:17:07.480 --> 0:17:09.600 A rock is something made it mostly out of silica. 0:17:09.720 --> 0:17:12.159 You know, the chemical composition of these things tells you 0:17:12.200 --> 0:17:14.280 what it is. If it's a blob of iron, then 0:17:14.280 --> 0:17:17.720 it's metal. You know, if it's a this is all chemistry. Man, 0:17:17.760 --> 0:17:20.600 it's well beyond me. Don't ask me to do chemistry. 0:17:20.680 --> 0:17:22.760 Joined the Department of Physics, Astronomy and chemistry. 0:17:22.840 --> 0:17:27.240 No, never, never, My son is into chemistry. 0:17:27.320 --> 0:17:29.560 Yeah, I guess, I guess all those professors just don't 0:17:29.600 --> 0:17:30.280 have the chemistry. 0:17:30.880 --> 0:17:33.960 I don't have chemistry with those professors, that's for sure. No. 0:17:34.119 --> 0:17:37.240 I respect chemistry, I respect chemists, but I'm not that 0:17:37.359 --> 0:17:40.879 in the history of asteroids is kind of fascinating because, 0:17:40.880 --> 0:17:43.639 you know, we use these words, but for a long time, 0:17:43.720 --> 0:17:47.480 people didn't really distinguish between planets and asteroids, and the 0:17:47.480 --> 0:17:50.119 word planet was used very broadly, like the moon was 0:17:50.160 --> 0:17:52.680 a planet for a while before we invented the concept 0:17:52.720 --> 0:17:55.240 of a moon. So these things change with time. It's 0:17:55.280 --> 0:17:58.160 possible to redefine what is a planet or an asteroid. 0:17:58.200 --> 0:18:01.200 Maybe in five hundred years, honors will have totally different 0:18:01.240 --> 0:18:03.119 words for these things, or use the same words in 0:18:03.160 --> 0:18:03.840 a different way. 0:18:04.280 --> 0:18:06.600 Who knows, yeah, or maybe they'll use the same like 0:18:06.680 --> 0:18:07.480 charade gesture. 0:18:08.960 --> 0:18:13.480 That's exactly when we transition fully to charade science, then. 0:18:13.880 --> 0:18:15.600 We're I wonder if in the future we transition to 0:18:15.680 --> 0:18:19.119 like telepathy, you know, then you don't need words, you 0:18:19.160 --> 0:18:20.280 can just transfer thoughts. 0:18:20.320 --> 0:18:23.480 All right, Well, if we're playing charades and your clue 0:18:23.600 --> 0:18:26.919 was asteroid, what motions would you use to describe it? 0:18:27.040 --> 0:18:31.840 Oh, that's totally easy, Dan, I would do this, so 0:18:31.960 --> 0:18:33.880 he totally conveys what asteroid means. 0:18:34.040 --> 0:18:36.440 Okay, that's a funny way to duck the question. But seriously, 0:18:37.080 --> 0:18:39.440 can you describe what an asteroid gesture would be? 0:18:40.119 --> 0:18:45.200 I just did, all right, but I feel like we're 0:18:45.200 --> 0:18:46.920 getting a little bit uh delled. 0:18:48.400 --> 0:18:50.760 Well, then let's go back to the history of asteroids, 0:18:50.760 --> 0:18:53.800 because I also think it's fascinating when we knew there 0:18:53.800 --> 0:18:57.320 were lots of asteroids, Like, as our technology developed to 0:18:57.320 --> 0:18:59.959 be able to see these things, right, we can see smaller, 0:19:00.160 --> 0:19:03.000 smaller ones. Then we discovered more, and it's this incredible 0:19:03.000 --> 0:19:05.120 sort of explosion of discovery. 0:19:05.680 --> 0:19:07.359 But how do we see them? Like you sort of 0:19:07.400 --> 0:19:10.280 can't see asteroids with the naked eye, can you? Or 0:19:10.320 --> 0:19:12.160 sometimes if they like catch the sun. 0:19:12.480 --> 0:19:15.480 Technically, I don't see why you couldn't have photons hit 0:19:15.520 --> 0:19:18.320 an asteroid and then hit your eye, but enough of 0:19:18.359 --> 0:19:21.200 them for you to spot it and identify it seems 0:19:21.320 --> 0:19:24.960 very challenging. So asteroids are usually seen through telescopes just 0:19:24.960 --> 0:19:27.720 because you know, the aperture is larger and you're gathering 0:19:27.760 --> 0:19:30.600 more light and so it's basically a bigger eyeball. 0:19:31.240 --> 0:19:32.959 So is that how they discover them? Like they were 0:19:33.000 --> 0:19:35.320 looking through a telescope and they saw a bunch of 0:19:35.320 --> 0:19:38.720 these They probably looked like pinpoint stars, but they were 0:19:38.760 --> 0:19:41.520 probably moving faster than the regular stars. 0:19:41.359 --> 0:19:44.439 Exactly the same way that planets move across the field 0:19:44.560 --> 0:19:47.520 of the stars, which is how you know that they're closer, right, 0:19:47.560 --> 0:19:49.760 And that's why sort of planets and asteroids were called 0:19:49.760 --> 0:19:52.200 the same thing for a long time before we distinguished 0:19:52.400 --> 0:19:55.880 between them somewhat arbitrarily. And you know, until one hundred 0:19:55.880 --> 0:19:58.320 and fifty years ago, we thought there were six ish planets, 0:19:58.400 --> 0:20:01.479 and we thought there were about ten astraids. Like eighteen 0:20:01.600 --> 0:20:04.840 forty nine, we knew about ten different asteroids, and then 0:20:04.880 --> 0:20:08.160 as technology improved, that number grew to be one hundred 0:20:08.200 --> 0:20:12.760 twenty years later, to a thousand about one hundred years ago, 0:20:12.800 --> 0:20:16.240 And now we know about more than a million individual 0:20:16.359 --> 0:20:19.720 asteroids that can be tracked, and we have these telescopes 0:20:19.760 --> 0:20:21.920 that look at these things, of course, because we're concerned 0:20:21.960 --> 0:20:24.840 about whether one of them might eventually hit the Earth, 0:20:25.280 --> 0:20:27.840 and NASA is tracking all of these things. And as 0:20:27.840 --> 0:20:30.160 you say it, they don't glow, but they do reflect 0:20:30.200 --> 0:20:33.040 the Sun, and so when the conditions line up for 0:20:33.119 --> 0:20:35.560 like photons from the Sun to hit the asteroid and 0:20:35.560 --> 0:20:39.080 then reflect back into the telescope aperture, that's when we 0:20:39.119 --> 0:20:41.439 see it. But a lot of these things are invisible 0:20:41.520 --> 0:20:44.440 for long fractions of their flight around the Sun. 0:20:44.720 --> 0:20:47.960 Now, what was the technological advance that it allows us 0:20:47.960 --> 0:20:50.639 to see so many? Like you, we just got bigger 0:20:50.680 --> 0:20:53.719 telescopes and we're more sensitive. They could see dimmer things, 0:20:53.960 --> 0:20:57.800 or we could maybe zoom with more presition into certain 0:20:57.800 --> 0:20:59.879 parts of the sky. 0:21:00.040 --> 0:21:03.480 Yea. It's a combination of more telescopes and bigger telescopes. 0:21:03.760 --> 0:21:07.360 So a lot of this is limited by glass technology. 0:21:07.880 --> 0:21:10.439 Can you make lenses that are big and smooth and 0:21:10.560 --> 0:21:14.479 free of aberrations and so like Galileo's original telescopes are 0:21:14.480 --> 0:21:17.280 pretty bad, right, and limited by the size of the 0:21:17.320 --> 0:21:20.240 telescope you could make because the glass you could grind 0:21:20.280 --> 0:21:23.040 and have it to be smooth and not create distortions 0:21:23.119 --> 0:21:25.600 was pretty small. But then people got a lot better 0:21:25.720 --> 0:21:28.439 at that about one hundred and fifty years ago, and 0:21:28.560 --> 0:21:30.879 things exploded from there, and then we also just built 0:21:30.920 --> 0:21:33.920 more of them. And now, of course we have dedicated 0:21:34.040 --> 0:21:36.280 space telescopes just out there looking for. 0:21:36.200 --> 0:21:39.960 These things millionnasteras. That's pretty wild. I mean, if you 0:21:40.000 --> 0:21:42.440 could see the way these telescopes could see, you would 0:21:42.480 --> 0:21:48.120 see the night sky basically like shifting all the time, right, moving, swirling, spinning. 0:21:48.359 --> 0:21:51.119 Yeah, it's much more dynamic than you imagine. There's a 0:21:51.160 --> 0:21:54.720 lot of stuff out there. There's also an inflection point 0:21:54.760 --> 0:21:57.080 in sort of the history of astronomy in the mid 0:21:57.200 --> 0:22:00.920 nineties when Jupiter was hit by a comet. Comet Shoemaker 0:22:01.000 --> 0:22:03.959 Levee broke up as it entered the inner Solar System, 0:22:04.119 --> 0:22:06.400 whipped around the Sun, and then each of the twenty 0:22:06.480 --> 0:22:10.560 six or so pieces slammed into Jupiter, creating huge fireballs 0:22:10.600 --> 0:22:13.120 the size of the Earth. And that's made people wake 0:22:13.200 --> 0:22:15.400 up to the idea that like, wow, you know, asteroids 0:22:15.400 --> 0:22:18.200 of comets really could hit the Earth. This is potentially 0:22:18.200 --> 0:22:21.479 an existential threat. And NASA has really been investing in 0:22:21.600 --> 0:22:26.080 tracking near Earth objects ever since that moment. Comet Shoemaker Levee. 0:22:26.320 --> 0:22:28.639 That's one reason why we went from like seeing some 0:22:28.760 --> 0:22:30.960 of the asteroids to like, let's be serious about this, 0:22:31.119 --> 0:22:34.200 folks and make a solid catalog of all the biggest ones. 0:22:35.920 --> 0:22:39.000 Okay, so that's asteroids, and most asteroids are in the 0:22:39.040 --> 0:22:41.480 asteroid belt, right, or there's a couple of belts around 0:22:41.480 --> 0:22:42.240 the Solar System. 0:22:42.680 --> 0:22:45.760 Yeah, asteroids are mostly in the asteroid belt, which is 0:22:45.760 --> 0:22:48.880 between Mars and Jupiter. And that's not an accident, right. 0:22:48.920 --> 0:22:52.400 The reason we have asteroids is basically because of Jupiter. 0:22:52.960 --> 0:22:55.679 Jupiter has a huge fraction of the mass of the 0:22:55.680 --> 0:22:58.480 Solar System that's not in the Sun. Like the Sun 0:22:58.720 --> 0:23:01.240 is ninety nine percent of the mass Solar System, and 0:23:01.440 --> 0:23:04.440 Jupiter is almost three times the mass of everything else 0:23:04.480 --> 0:23:07.960 in the Solar System combined, including like Saturn and Neptune 0:23:07.960 --> 0:23:11.960 and Urinous. So it's a big massive thing and it's gravity. 0:23:12.040 --> 0:23:16.159 Wait what so like seventy percent of the non Sun 0:23:16.200 --> 0:23:17.800 mass in the Solar System is Jupiter. 0:23:18.160 --> 0:23:20.040 Yeah, Jupiter is a big hog. 0:23:20.320 --> 0:23:23.200 You know, I'm not sure we should be shaming Jupiter, Daniel. 0:23:25.240 --> 0:23:27.440 You're taking big hog to be pejorative. I meant that 0:23:27.480 --> 0:23:31.480 as a compliment, like, hey, good job, Jupiter, congrats. 0:23:32.520 --> 0:23:33.920 I don't know, I guess it was your tone. 0:23:34.119 --> 0:23:38.879 Okay, Hey, Jupiter is a big hog has that. But 0:23:38.960 --> 0:23:41.600 you know, this is a gravitational runaway effect at work. 0:23:41.920 --> 0:23:43.840 You have a huge cloud of gas and dust that 0:23:43.920 --> 0:23:47.280 forms the Solar System. Somewhere in there is an initial 0:23:47.320 --> 0:23:50.080 density that causes the collapse that's going to turn into 0:23:50.080 --> 0:23:53.359 the Sun. But if somewhere else in that nearby cloud 0:23:53.440 --> 0:23:56.600 also has a little spot of density, then it can 0:23:56.680 --> 0:23:59.600 form its own little runaway effect to gobble up some 0:23:59.720 --> 0:24:02.200 of that gas and dust before it falls into the Sun. 0:24:02.680 --> 0:24:03.880 And that's what Jupiter did. 0:24:04.920 --> 0:24:07.159 Now, Jupiter is mostly made out of gas, So I 0:24:07.240 --> 0:24:09.199 wonder why got so much of the gas in the 0:24:09.200 --> 0:24:12.080 Solar system? Like, did it some of it just blow 0:24:12.160 --> 0:24:14.760 away when the Sun ignited or what and it just 0:24:14.760 --> 0:24:16.199 happened to gather around Jupiter. 0:24:16.560 --> 0:24:19.280 Yeah, there's a lot of controversy about that. Where gas 0:24:19.320 --> 0:24:21.680 giants form. Do they mostly form in the outer Solar 0:24:21.720 --> 0:24:24.000 System and then transition inward? Do they form in the 0:24:24.000 --> 0:24:27.000 inner Solar System? We see a lot of gas giants 0:24:27.040 --> 0:24:30.240 in exoplanet systems that are near their Sun, but we 0:24:30.280 --> 0:24:34.640 think probably these gas giants form farther away because further 0:24:34.680 --> 0:24:37.520 away from the Sun. Number one, the gas isn't being 0:24:37.560 --> 0:24:40.600 blown away by the radiation of the Sun. And number two, 0:24:40.880 --> 0:24:44.200 there's ice there, which helps these planets accrete more quickly. 0:24:44.240 --> 0:24:47.000 There's like more stuff to gather. So we think that 0:24:47.119 --> 0:24:50.320 Jupiter became so big because it's so close to that 0:24:50.480 --> 0:24:53.280 snow line, you know, where ice and frozen vapor can 0:24:53.320 --> 0:24:56.600 still exist. It helps these planets a creek quickly. And 0:24:56.600 --> 0:24:58.919 then we think it's probably a complicated history of Jupiter 0:24:59.000 --> 0:25:02.160 moving in towards the Sun and then getting pulled back 0:25:02.200 --> 0:25:05.639 out by a now missing gas giant which was ejected 0:25:05.880 --> 0:25:09.040 in that interaction. So the whole formation of Jupiter is 0:25:09.040 --> 0:25:11.159 a really fascinating and complex topic. 0:25:12.520 --> 0:25:14.720 All right, Well, let's dig into where else in the 0:25:14.760 --> 0:25:17.320 Solar System you might find asteroids, and then we'll dig 0:25:17.359 --> 0:25:21.119 into comments and whether there are any in the asteroid belt. 0:25:21.480 --> 0:25:23.439 So we'll get to that, but first let's take a 0:25:23.520 --> 0:25:24.119 quick break. 0:25:28.160 --> 0:25:31.080 With big wireless providers, what you see is never what 0:25:31.200 --> 0:25:33.880 you get. Somewhere between the store and your first month's bill, 0:25:33.920 --> 0:25:37.000 the price, your thoughts you were paying magically skyrockets. With 0:25:37.119 --> 0:25:40.520 mint Mobile, you'll never have to worry about gotcha's ever again. 0:25:40.600 --> 0:25:42.840 When mint Mobile says fifteen dollars a month for a 0:25:42.840 --> 0:25:45.680 three month plan. They really mean it. 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Visit 0:29:38.480 --> 0:29:41.280 US dairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more. 0:29:49.200 --> 0:29:53.160 Where we're talking about asteroids, commets and belts and the 0:29:53.200 --> 0:29:56.880 fact that Jupiter needs a really big built And the 0:29:56.960 --> 0:30:00.080 question is are there commets in the asteroid belt. So 0:30:00.080 --> 0:30:02.360 we've been talking about asteroids what they are, and you 0:30:02.400 --> 0:30:04.840 said they're mostly in the asteroid built but can you 0:30:04.880 --> 0:30:06.960 find them anywhere else in the Solar System. 0:30:07.400 --> 0:30:10.840 You can find them also in Jupiter's orbit. So there's 0:30:10.880 --> 0:30:14.560 a big blob of asteroids ahead of Jupiter in its 0:30:14.640 --> 0:30:17.680 orbit and another one behind Jupiter in its orbit. They're 0:30:17.720 --> 0:30:21.080 like leading and trailing Jupiter. These are called the Greeks 0:30:21.120 --> 0:30:24.280 and the Trojans, and these are just like big clumps 0:30:24.280 --> 0:30:27.760 of rock that are in Jupiter's orbit. So you know, technically, 0:30:27.920 --> 0:30:32.600 did Jupiter really clear its orbit? Is Jupiter even a planet? Well? 0:30:32.640 --> 0:30:34.640 I mean is if these things are orbiting Jupiter, then 0:30:34.640 --> 0:30:36.280 they're not asteroids, right, No. 0:30:36.360 --> 0:30:39.200 These things are orbiting the Sun in the same orbit 0:30:39.320 --> 0:30:43.240 as Jupiter. Oh yeah, And all of this is just 0:30:43.320 --> 0:30:46.480 dominated by Jupiter's gravity. Like, why don't the rocks in 0:30:46.520 --> 0:30:49.720 the asteroid belt come together to make another planet the 0:30:49.760 --> 0:30:52.560 way they did for Earth or for Mercury, or even 0:30:52.640 --> 0:30:56.400 for Mars. The answer is Jupiter's gravity distorts it, It 0:30:56.480 --> 0:30:59.800 pulls it apart, it shreds things. These are all tidal 0:30:59.800 --> 0:31:02.040 for do you put in gravity so strongly if you 0:31:02.120 --> 0:31:04.960 try to pull these things together, It's gravity would tug 0:31:05.000 --> 0:31:07.480 on one side harder than the tug's on another side 0:31:07.760 --> 0:31:10.320 and pull it apart. So it sort of like mixes 0:31:10.360 --> 0:31:11.920 it up. It's I got a big spoon, and it 0:31:12.000 --> 0:31:14.880 keeps stirring up the asteroid belt and keeping it from 0:31:14.920 --> 0:31:17.160 coalescing into something WOA. 0:31:17.200 --> 0:31:20.560 It just disrupts the formation of any planets in that 0:31:20.640 --> 0:31:24.440 sort of neighborhood exactly. Do we have any asteroids out 0:31:24.480 --> 0:31:27.160 there beyond the gas giants? 0:31:27.320 --> 0:31:29.960 There are definitely rocks further out in the Solar System, 0:31:30.600 --> 0:31:33.520 because remember any big rocky object that's not a planet 0:31:33.640 --> 0:31:37.000 or a dwarf planet is technically an asteroid. There's some 0:31:37.040 --> 0:31:41.080 fuzziness there because past Neptune there's a huge number of 0:31:41.120 --> 0:31:44.640 these objects we called dwarf planets, which are like sort 0:31:44.680 --> 0:31:47.520 of larger enough to be called a planet, maybe by 0:31:47.520 --> 0:31:51.000 havn't cleared their own path right, like Pluto and Sharon, 0:31:51.160 --> 0:31:54.640 for example. And so the distinction between dwarf planet and 0:31:54.640 --> 0:31:57.160 asteroid out there and the edges of the Solar System 0:31:57.200 --> 0:31:58.120 is pretty fuzzy. 0:31:58.280 --> 0:32:01.240 You have to ask an astronomer Okay, So then the 0:32:01.320 --> 0:32:03.920 question was are there comets in the astory belt? And 0:32:03.960 --> 0:32:05.959 now how do you define what a comet is? 0:32:06.840 --> 0:32:10.400 Yeah? So your comment earlier about asteroids that they have 0:32:10.480 --> 0:32:13.600 to be solid was really on point because one of 0:32:13.640 --> 0:32:17.120 the crucial ways we define a comet is very similar 0:32:17.160 --> 0:32:19.960 to the way we define an asteroid. An asteroid is 0:32:20.000 --> 0:32:23.640 a rocky object that orbits the sun. A comet is 0:32:23.680 --> 0:32:26.800 an icy and dusty object that orbits the sun. 0:32:27.560 --> 0:32:27.640 Icy. 0:32:27.760 --> 0:32:31.000 So it's made out of ice. But isn't ice technically 0:32:31.120 --> 0:32:34.640 a mineral, which means it's a rock? Right? 0:32:34.880 --> 0:32:37.520 Yeah, there's a distinction here. Ice is not like a silicate, right, 0:32:37.840 --> 0:32:41.160 It doesn't have the same chemical composition as these things 0:32:41.200 --> 0:32:41.920 we call it rocks. 0:32:42.120 --> 0:32:46.000 Excuse me, Daniel, excuse me. I believe. I believe that 0:32:46.440 --> 0:32:50.920 the definition of a rock is like a composite of minerals, right, 0:32:51.320 --> 0:32:54.920 and ice is a mineral. So wouldn't ice be a rock? 0:32:55.440 --> 0:32:57.040 Or is this something that would be have to be 0:32:57.160 --> 0:33:00.440 decided in a death match between geologists and astronomer. 0:33:00.240 --> 0:33:02.240 Yeah, and I think some chemists need to be involved 0:33:02.280 --> 0:33:05.880 in that conversation. But in terms of the Solar system, 0:33:06.040 --> 0:33:09.920 we distinguish between ice and other kinds of rock or rocks, 0:33:09.960 --> 0:33:12.000 depending on whether you're gonna call ice. 0:33:12.040 --> 0:33:14.280 A rock and so ice. How do you define ice? 0:33:14.360 --> 0:33:16.000 Does it need to be water or can it be 0:33:16.080 --> 0:33:16.800 other liquids? 0:33:16.840 --> 0:33:20.200 There's several categories there. First of all, water ice has 0:33:20.280 --> 0:33:22.600 lots of different chemical forms, so it's not just the 0:33:22.680 --> 0:33:24.959 kind of ice that we see on Earth. There's like 0:33:25.040 --> 0:33:27.360 ice and ice three, and ice seven and ice nine, 0:33:27.880 --> 0:33:31.440 all sorts of complicated water chemistry to give you solid 0:33:31.480 --> 0:33:33.400 forms of ice that we don't often see on Earth 0:33:33.400 --> 0:33:36.080 because it's a very different pressure environment out there in 0:33:36.120 --> 0:33:39.880 the outer Solar System. But also you know, things like methane. 0:33:40.280 --> 0:33:42.720 If that's frozen, they call that ice. A lot of 0:33:42.720 --> 0:33:44.280 the ice that's out there is water ice, but there 0:33:44.280 --> 0:33:45.840 are also other kinds of ices. 0:33:46.080 --> 0:33:51.160 Gosh, I have so many netpicky questions, Daniel. I mean, like, 0:33:51.200 --> 0:33:53.840 if you heat up a rock, it'll melt, so it's liquid. 0:33:53.960 --> 0:33:56.520 So really a rock is just frozen liquid rock. 0:33:56.720 --> 0:33:59.760 Yes, a rock is frozen liquid rock. But lots of 0:33:59.760 --> 0:34:01.400 sot our frozen liquids. 0:34:01.480 --> 0:34:03.560 Right, how do you define what an ice is? 0:34:03.800 --> 0:34:06.280 There's an arbitrary dotted line, you know, it's just historical. 0:34:06.760 --> 0:34:09.600 Some crystals we call ices. Some crystals we call rocks. 0:34:09.920 --> 0:34:13.000 And that's, frankly, is my whole problem with chemistry. All 0:34:13.040 --> 0:34:15.759 of chemistry is like this, just like draw dotted lines 0:34:15.800 --> 0:34:18.040 between stuff because some dude one hundred and fifty years 0:34:18.080 --> 0:34:20.359 ago thought that made sense. We're sticking to it. 0:34:20.760 --> 0:34:23.200 Well, it sounds like it's not just chemistry, it's physics, astronomy. 0:34:23.440 --> 0:34:25.320 Why are you tying chemist under the bus. 0:34:25.440 --> 0:34:28.480 We're definitely guilty of that in physics and in astronomy, 0:34:28.520 --> 0:34:32.160 and especially in this situation naming things in the solar system. 0:34:32.320 --> 0:34:34.360 But and I'm really going to catch a lot of 0:34:34.360 --> 0:34:36.359 flak from the chemists out there. I feel like all 0:34:36.400 --> 0:34:38.239 of chemistry is just built on that. Like, if you 0:34:38.239 --> 0:34:40.560 took that away from chemistry, what do you have left? 0:34:40.640 --> 0:34:40.879 Man? 0:34:41.440 --> 0:34:42.719 It's all just exceptions. 0:34:43.040 --> 0:34:46.719 Oh man, he just lost is a bunch of chemists listeners? 0:34:47.080 --> 0:34:48.320 No, man, they're all going to right to me, and 0:34:48.320 --> 0:34:50.799 they're gonna listen carefully through all the next episodes to 0:34:50.800 --> 0:34:52.040 see if I slight chemistry. 0:34:52.320 --> 0:34:55.319 I see they're gonna hate listening. That's the kind of 0:34:55.360 --> 0:34:58.399 fan that we want. Look, as long as they sit 0:34:58.440 --> 0:35:00.359 through the ads, then we don't care or why. 0:35:00.280 --> 0:35:02.359 They're Lovelessen or hate listen, we love you. 0:35:05.360 --> 0:35:07.440 All right, So then what does that leaves about the 0:35:07.440 --> 0:35:08.480 definition of a comet. 0:35:08.960 --> 0:35:12.640 So, according to the arbitrary distinction between ices and rocks, 0:35:13.000 --> 0:35:16.319 comets are made out of ice and asteroids are made 0:35:16.360 --> 0:35:19.440 out of rocks. And one important difference is that if 0:35:19.520 --> 0:35:21.719 you bring something made out of ice into the Inner 0:35:21.760 --> 0:35:25.000 Solar System, it tends to vaporize, Like the Sun is 0:35:25.080 --> 0:35:28.319 capable of turning those ices into vapor and it's not 0:35:28.400 --> 0:35:31.080 capable of doing that with rock. So probably there's some 0:35:31.120 --> 0:35:33.800 distinction there about like the melting point or the vapor 0:35:33.840 --> 0:35:35.200 point of these substances. 0:35:35.840 --> 0:35:38.560 Oh, I see, all right, So now we're getting somewhere. 0:35:38.560 --> 0:35:40.960 It's the sort of scientific If it melts under the 0:35:41.040 --> 0:35:43.880 light of the Sun, then you might call it a comet. 0:35:44.000 --> 0:35:45.839 That's basically the only distinction that sea. 0:35:45.920 --> 0:35:48.120 Yeah, And when you bring these things into the inner 0:35:48.200 --> 0:35:52.880 Solar System, like comets traditionally originate in the Kuiper Belt 0:35:52.960 --> 0:35:55.200 or in the Ort cloud, which you're kind of like 0:35:55.360 --> 0:35:57.759 bands of rocks in the more distant parts of the 0:35:57.760 --> 0:36:01.279 Solar System, much further out than the asteroid belt. When 0:36:01.280 --> 0:36:04.000 you bring them into the inner Solar System, they develop 0:36:04.080 --> 0:36:07.399 tails because the Sun is beginning to vaporize them, they 0:36:07.400 --> 0:36:09.560 get a coma, they have like a little envelope of 0:36:09.600 --> 0:36:12.440 gas around them, and then as they move in towards 0:36:12.440 --> 0:36:15.120 the Solar System, they get tails. And so that's really 0:36:15.200 --> 0:36:19.080 what distinguishes comets from asteroids. Asteroids are just rocks, and 0:36:19.120 --> 0:36:22.040 comets have these little gas clouds and tails because they're 0:36:22.080 --> 0:36:22.480 made out of. 0:36:22.520 --> 0:36:27.279 Ices, all right, and they mostly hang out on the 0:36:27.280 --> 0:36:28.600 outside of the Solar System. 0:36:28.440 --> 0:36:31.120 Right, Yeah, they originate in the Kuiper Belt, which is 0:36:31.160 --> 0:36:35.919 this big collection of rocks, billions and billions of snowballs 0:36:35.960 --> 0:36:38.520 in the distant Solar System, and this is probably the 0:36:38.560 --> 0:36:41.200 origin of short period comets, like you know, years up 0:36:41.200 --> 0:36:43.719 to tens of years. And then we think there's a 0:36:43.760 --> 0:36:46.560 collection of them also much much further out in the 0:36:46.719 --> 0:36:49.799 Ort Cloud, which is like very far out there, much 0:36:49.840 --> 0:36:54.040 further than Pluto. And it's also technically theoretical because we've 0:36:54.080 --> 0:36:57.240 never actually seen the Ork Cloud. We've just like deduced 0:36:57.280 --> 0:37:02.160 its existence from various gravitational calculations and models. And we 0:37:02.280 --> 0:37:05.120 also think that it's the source of long period comets, 0:37:05.120 --> 0:37:08.000 comets with periods you know, again longer than tens or 0:37:08.080 --> 0:37:10.719 hundreds of years, and they could take a very long 0:37:10.760 --> 0:37:13.200 time to fall into the inner Solar System, and out 0:37:13.200 --> 0:37:15.600 there there could be trillions of these. 0:37:15.480 --> 0:37:18.480 Snowballs, and that's in the or cloud. So what's the 0:37:18.560 --> 0:37:20.640 Kuiper belt? Is it asteroids or comets? 0:37:20.920 --> 0:37:23.319 The Kuiper Belt is snowballs, and when they fall into 0:37:23.320 --> 0:37:25.920 the Inner Solar System you call them comets. I think 0:37:25.920 --> 0:37:27.800 you still call them commets when they're in the Kuiper 0:37:27.800 --> 0:37:31.319 Belt before they've fallen in, because technically they are icy 0:37:31.360 --> 0:37:34.160 objects out in the Solar System orbiting the Sun. 0:37:34.200 --> 0:37:36.919 Because they would melt if they got closer to the Sun. 0:37:37.080 --> 0:37:39.279 But doesn't everything melt if you get close enough to 0:37:39.280 --> 0:37:39.520 the Sun? 0:37:39.640 --> 0:37:42.440 Yeah, exactly, And so this distinction between asteroids and comets 0:37:42.480 --> 0:37:44.920 is also a little bit fuzzy. I found a comet 0:37:44.920 --> 0:37:48.200 from an astronomer or the University of Arizona who said, quote, 0:37:48.280 --> 0:37:50.919 everything is a comet. If you brought my couch close 0:37:51.040 --> 0:37:53.080 enough to the Sun, it would start melting and have 0:37:53.160 --> 0:37:55.879 a coma. So like it's just a question of how 0:37:55.880 --> 0:37:57.759 close you get to the Sun. Because you bring an 0:37:57.840 --> 0:38:00.840 asteroid close enough to the Sun, it's to get vaporized. 0:38:00.880 --> 0:38:02.520 Even if it's like a hunk of iron. 0:38:02.920 --> 0:38:04.840 What if it's a hunk of like diamond. 0:38:05.440 --> 0:38:07.800 If you dropped a huge diamond into the sun, it 0:38:07.840 --> 0:38:09.319 would definitely get vaporized. 0:38:09.880 --> 0:38:10.799 Yeah, into the sun. 0:38:11.120 --> 0:38:12.880 If you had a huge diamond and you dropped it 0:38:12.880 --> 0:38:15.040 from the outer solar system and it fell in towards 0:38:15.080 --> 0:38:17.160 the Sun at some point at which it would reach 0:38:17.200 --> 0:38:19.080 its melting point, and you would melt. 0:38:18.840 --> 0:38:21.400 That diamond and become a diamond commet. 0:38:22.680 --> 0:38:25.040 A diamond commet with a cloud of carbon. 0:38:24.760 --> 0:38:27.160 And leave a trail of sparkly melted diamonds. 0:38:28.160 --> 0:38:31.200 Yeah. I think melted diamond is just carbon though, because 0:38:31.239 --> 0:38:34.160 it's only diamond because of the arrangement of those carbon atoms, 0:38:34.400 --> 0:38:36.040 and so once you melted it could it's the same 0:38:36.040 --> 0:38:37.600 as like melted coal. I guess. 0:38:38.200 --> 0:38:40.800 Oh man, now we're getting really confusing. 0:38:40.880 --> 0:38:43.240 Turn chemistry is a mess. 0:38:43.400 --> 0:38:44.880 Is melted chocolate just carbon? 0:38:44.920 --> 0:38:45.120 Then? 0:38:45.560 --> 0:38:49.719 Oh no, are just eating coal when I when I'm 0:38:49.800 --> 0:38:50.760 drinking my hot cocoa. 0:38:52.840 --> 0:38:54.960 That's why putting these names on things is such a mess, 0:38:54.960 --> 0:38:56.840 and we should just use math or charades. 0:38:57.560 --> 0:39:01.759 That's why would you just use charades or speed up 0:39:01.760 --> 0:39:03.879 the telepathy idea? 0:39:03.960 --> 0:39:06.520 And then to make things even more confusing, there's another 0:39:06.640 --> 0:39:10.399 category of stuff that's sort of like a hybrid, these 0:39:10.400 --> 0:39:14.719 things that are actually brilliantly named. They call them centaurs. 0:39:14.800 --> 0:39:17.680 You know. Centaurs are like half horse, half human. These 0:39:17.719 --> 0:39:23.000 things have characteristics of asteroids and characteristics of comets. So 0:39:23.040 --> 0:39:25.880 they're sort of like a comet because they have long 0:39:25.960 --> 0:39:29.279 elliptical orbits the way comets do, and some of them 0:39:29.320 --> 0:39:33.160 have dust comas. But they're kind of like asteroids in 0:39:33.200 --> 0:39:36.640 that they're really large and they're mostly metallic. But they're 0:39:36.680 --> 0:39:39.640 not like asteroids because they leave the asteroid belts and 0:39:39.640 --> 0:39:42.680 they sort of traverse the Solar system the way comets do. 0:39:43.640 --> 0:39:46.000 So these centaurs are sort of like a weird thing 0:39:46.040 --> 0:39:49.479 in the Solar system that blurs the line between asteroid and. 0:39:49.719 --> 0:39:53.120 Comet, meaning like it's a mix of rocks and ice. 0:39:53.080 --> 0:39:55.760 Yeah, exactly, And it sort of moves like a comet, 0:39:56.040 --> 0:39:58.279 and it's the size of an asteroid. These things tend 0:39:58.280 --> 0:39:59.240 to be typically bigger. 0:40:00.000 --> 0:40:02.000 I mean, it moves like a common You never said 0:40:02.719 --> 0:40:04.480 motion was part of the definition. 0:40:04.719 --> 0:40:07.400 Yeah, it's not technically part of the definition, right, But 0:40:07.520 --> 0:40:10.279 comets tend to have these longer elliptical orbits just because 0:40:10.320 --> 0:40:12.399 of where they come from in the Solar System. They 0:40:12.400 --> 0:40:15.280 come from further out, and so they have these longer 0:40:15.360 --> 0:40:18.240 orbits that traverse the path of the giant planets, whereas 0:40:18.320 --> 0:40:21.280 asteroids typically hanging out in the asteroid belt and sometimes 0:40:21.280 --> 0:40:24.360 fall in and so they don't traverse the giant planets. 0:40:25.120 --> 0:40:27.560 So if you have like an asteroid like rock that 0:40:27.719 --> 0:40:30.319 also has a long elliptical orbit, you're like, hmm, it's 0:40:30.320 --> 0:40:33.160 a little comedy. It's a little asteroidy. You know. It's 0:40:33.160 --> 0:40:35.880 sort of like chocolate and peanut butter, which. 0:40:35.840 --> 0:40:38.200 We all know. If you melt it just becomes carbon. 0:40:38.200 --> 0:40:40.160 And if you squeeze it hard enough, it becomes a diamond. 0:40:41.120 --> 0:40:44.840 Yeah, technically a chunky diamond or a smooth diamond. 0:40:44.960 --> 0:40:46.680 Yeah, maybe a creamy diamond. 0:40:46.400 --> 0:40:47.680 Yeah, or me a carrot diamond. 0:40:47.760 --> 0:40:49.320 I like my diamonds nicely salted. 0:40:49.440 --> 0:40:52.439 So these centers are pretty interesting. How big can they get? 0:40:52.520 --> 0:40:54.680 Some of them are pretty big, Like the largest one 0:40:54.840 --> 0:40:59.359 is two hundred and seventy kilometers across, and actually it's 0:40:59.360 --> 0:41:02.040 so big that it has its own rings, like a 0:41:02.080 --> 0:41:05.680 little group of dust and tiny rocks orbiting this centaur. 0:41:06.160 --> 0:41:07.239 Well, and where is that one? 0:41:07.360 --> 0:41:09.960 It orbits in the Solar system out there between Saturn 0:41:10.080 --> 0:41:13.719 and Urinus. So it's a big blob out there, and 0:41:13.760 --> 0:41:16.439 it's sort of weird to be that far out. Why 0:41:16.480 --> 0:41:18.200 isn't it in the asteroid belts? Or if it's that 0:41:18.280 --> 0:41:20.240 far out, why doesn't that have more ice? 0:41:20.760 --> 0:41:20.920 You know? 0:41:21.040 --> 0:41:23.840 You might ask also, well, why do all the objects 0:41:23.880 --> 0:41:26.000 and what we call the asteroid belt, why are they 0:41:26.040 --> 0:41:29.080 mostly rocks and metal and the stuff out there in 0:41:29.120 --> 0:41:30.800 what we call the Kuyper belt in the or cloud, 0:41:31.040 --> 0:41:33.320 why do they have more ices? And that's just distance 0:41:33.360 --> 0:41:35.759 from the sun. If you're further from the Sun, then 0:41:35.800 --> 0:41:38.160 the sun is not bright enough, not hot enough to 0:41:38.280 --> 0:41:40.799 vaporize all that stuff, so you get these ices. And 0:41:40.800 --> 0:41:44.160 that's why comets when they form out there, are icy 0:41:44.200 --> 0:41:46.480 and asteroids are not. The way the Earth is not 0:41:46.680 --> 0:41:49.759 mostly icy, right, And so it's weird to have an 0:41:49.840 --> 0:41:53.000 object that's out there beyond the snow line that doesn't 0:41:53.040 --> 0:41:56.040 have as much snow or ice as everything else. 0:41:57.400 --> 0:41:59.560 And how do we know it's a centaur? Does it 0:41:59.600 --> 0:41:59.960 have a take? 0:42:00.600 --> 0:42:02.279 This one is big enough that it might have its 0:42:02.320 --> 0:42:05.640 own like little atmosphere, right, things that are boiling off 0:42:05.640 --> 0:42:07.560 of it, But we don't know the composition of it 0:42:07.640 --> 0:42:09.600 that well, it's sort of far enough away that it's 0:42:09.880 --> 0:42:12.279 difficult to study, but we do see that it has 0:42:12.280 --> 0:42:15.040 its own ring systems, so we have some information about it. 0:42:15.520 --> 0:42:18.480 But these things are really fascinating because they paint sort 0:42:18.480 --> 0:42:20.560 of a picture of the history of the solar system. 0:42:20.800 --> 0:42:22.640 A lot of this stuff is interesting in the context 0:42:22.640 --> 0:42:24.600 of like, hey, how did we get here? How did 0:42:24.600 --> 0:42:26.920 our solar system end up the way that it is. 0:42:27.360 --> 0:42:29.760 All these things are clues that let us like back 0:42:29.800 --> 0:42:32.319 out that story and figure out how it all got 0:42:32.360 --> 0:42:33.600 arranged to be this way. 0:42:35.360 --> 0:42:37.400 Sok Can we tell what it's made out of with 0:42:37.480 --> 0:42:38.839 our telescopes. 0:42:38.320 --> 0:42:40.400 We can tell a little bit because of the color, 0:42:40.800 --> 0:42:42.759 Like some of these things are a little bluer and 0:42:42.800 --> 0:42:44.959 some of these things are a little redder. That gives 0:42:45.040 --> 0:42:47.880 us a clue as to what they are, because what 0:42:47.960 --> 0:42:50.239 they are determines, you know, what they're reflecting and what 0:42:50.280 --> 0:42:53.799 they're absorbing. So we have some clues about their chemical composition. 0:42:54.200 --> 0:42:56.160 But that's also sort of a mystery. Like some of 0:42:56.200 --> 0:42:58.440 these centaurs are bluer and some of these are redder. 0:42:58.719 --> 0:43:00.920 Some of them look more like asteroids, of them look 0:43:01.000 --> 0:43:03.440 less like asteroids. That's sort of one of the central 0:43:03.480 --> 0:43:06.560 mysteries of centaurs. But none of these things have been 0:43:06.560 --> 0:43:09.719 like photographed up close. A lot of Solar System objects 0:43:09.840 --> 0:43:12.960 have been visited by probes, like we recently had up 0:43:13.040 --> 0:43:15.680 close pictures of Pluto, which is awesome, and most of 0:43:15.719 --> 0:43:18.920 the moons of Saturn and Jupiter have been visited, but 0:43:19.000 --> 0:43:22.320 nobody's ever done a close flyby of a centaur to 0:43:22.320 --> 0:43:25.440 take like crisp photos of its surface and see what 0:43:25.440 --> 0:43:27.440 it's made out of and what that surface looks like. 0:43:27.880 --> 0:43:29.040 It'd be really fascinating. 0:43:29.440 --> 0:43:31.040 But wait, how do we know what they're made out of? 0:43:31.080 --> 0:43:33.480 Ben We don't know for sure. It's just really guesses 0:43:33.520 --> 0:43:36.600 based on the spectrometry looking at the wavelength of light 0:43:36.640 --> 0:43:39.160 that bounces off of it. So we have ideas. 0:43:39.360 --> 0:43:40.920 How do you assume that it has ion it? 0:43:41.000 --> 0:43:43.680 Because they look different from the asteroids, right, They have 0:43:43.880 --> 0:43:47.839 different reflections than asteroids do m All. 0:43:47.800 --> 0:43:49.760 Right, Well, let's get to the question of the episode, 0:43:49.800 --> 0:43:53.120 which is are there comments in the asteroid belt? So 0:43:53.200 --> 0:43:56.000 let's tackle that. But first let's take another quick break. 0:44:00.080 --> 0:44:03.680 With the United Explorer card earn fifty thousand bonus miles, 0:44:03.880 --> 0:44:07.279 then head for places unseen and destinations unknown. 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That's 0:47:08.760 --> 0:47:10.360 Chumbuck Casino dot com. 0:47:10.080 --> 0:47:11.120 Sponsored by Chump Casino. 0:47:11.160 --> 0:47:12.759 No purchase necessary VGW Group Ford. 0:47:12.760 --> 0:47:14.000 We're prohibited by Law eighteen plus. 0:47:14.080 --> 0:47:14.960 Terms and conditions apply. 0:47:23.800 --> 0:47:29.120 All right, we're talking about comments, asteroids, and centaurs and 0:47:29.280 --> 0:47:30.160 also charades. 0:47:31.719 --> 0:47:34.440 So in your house, who typically wins the games of charades? 0:47:34.640 --> 0:47:36.000 We never play charades. 0:47:36.120 --> 0:47:38.600 What you're such a big proponent on the podcast, but 0:47:38.640 --> 0:47:39.839 you don't practice that at home. 0:47:40.360 --> 0:47:42.319 That's what I'm trying to do, see, Daniel, is bring 0:47:42.320 --> 0:47:45.520 more charates into everyone's homes. So we're tackling today the 0:47:45.600 --> 0:47:48.880 question are there comments in the asteroid belt? Now, Daniel? 0:47:48.960 --> 0:47:50.120 Is the answer yes or no? 0:47:50.600 --> 0:47:53.480 The answer is that there's some weird stuff in the 0:47:53.520 --> 0:47:58.160 asteroid belt that we don't understand. In nineteen ninety six, 0:47:58.320 --> 0:48:02.360 people saw something any asteroid belt that had a coma 0:48:02.880 --> 0:48:05.400 like it has this gas and envelope in it, so 0:48:05.440 --> 0:48:07.799 it looks like it's melting in the presence of the sun. 0:48:08.080 --> 0:48:08.279 Wait. 0:48:08.280 --> 0:48:09.960 Wait, so that the tail of a comet, you call 0:48:10.000 --> 0:48:10.640 it a coma. 0:48:10.840 --> 0:48:13.000 The tail is when it's moving. A coma is like 0:48:13.040 --> 0:48:15.799 the envelope that surrounds It's sort of like a little atmosphere. 0:48:15.880 --> 0:48:17.920 But it's not really an atmosphere because it's not holding 0:48:17.920 --> 0:48:20.840 onto it gravitationally. It's just sort of like off gasing. 0:48:21.239 --> 0:48:23.680 It's like melting. It's the vapor that's coming off as 0:48:23.719 --> 0:48:24.759 the sun is melting it. 0:48:24.920 --> 0:48:27.960 That's the coma, like an aura or like a cloud 0:48:28.040 --> 0:48:29.120 of a vapor around it. 0:48:29.200 --> 0:48:31.880 Yeah, exactly. And then if it's in motion, it's going 0:48:31.960 --> 0:48:34.839 to leave that behind because it's not gravitationally holding onto 0:48:34.840 --> 0:48:37.640 it and generate a tail. So a coma and a 0:48:37.719 --> 0:48:41.680 tail are characteristic signatures of a comet rather than an asteroid. 0:48:42.400 --> 0:48:45.520 And in nineteen ninety six people were looking at stuff 0:48:45.520 --> 0:48:47.480 in the asteroid belt and it's like, what's out there, 0:48:47.640 --> 0:48:49.960 what's weird? And they found this one that had a 0:48:50.000 --> 0:48:52.960 coma and a tail, And people were like, well, that's weird. 0:48:53.000 --> 0:48:56.040 But you know, one example is never anything, because you 0:48:56.040 --> 0:48:59.800 can always find one weird thing just necessarily tell you anything. 0:49:01.160 --> 0:49:03.520 But then a few years later they did a systematic 0:49:03.560 --> 0:49:07.359 study this Isaac Newton telescope in the Canary Islands. They 0:49:07.360 --> 0:49:11.440 were watching five hundred and thirty four asteroids specifically looking 0:49:11.800 --> 0:49:14.040 for like a gassy shell around them or whether they 0:49:14.040 --> 0:49:16.960 had a tail, and they found like twenty more of 0:49:17.000 --> 0:49:21.480 these things in the asteroid belt that have comas and tails, Well. 0:49:21.440 --> 0:49:23.560 So does that mean their comments or centaurs. 0:49:23.680 --> 0:49:25.680 That means we don't know what to name these things, 0:49:26.040 --> 0:49:29.600 and maybe we're all wrong about these definitions. After all. 0:49:30.080 --> 0:49:32.319 It means that we don't really understand like how they 0:49:32.360 --> 0:49:34.400 got there, you know. I think question number one is 0:49:34.480 --> 0:49:37.839 like why is there something in the asteroid belt that's 0:49:37.840 --> 0:49:40.560 still melting? You put something there and it's melting, it's 0:49:40.560 --> 0:49:43.480 gonna shrink, so it can't last for very long. But 0:49:43.520 --> 0:49:45.399 we think a lot of these asteroids have been there 0:49:45.440 --> 0:49:49.000 for like billions of years, and so how long have 0:49:49.080 --> 0:49:51.520 these things been in the asteroid belt? And if it's 0:49:51.719 --> 0:49:54.080 only and if it's a recent event, then where did 0:49:54.080 --> 0:49:56.879 they come from? And if it's not a recent event, 0:49:56.920 --> 0:49:59.400 then how they lasted so long? So it's weird to 0:49:59.400 --> 0:50:01.600 see something that you know has got to be short lived. 0:50:02.400 --> 0:50:04.279 So it's weird to see so many things that you 0:50:04.320 --> 0:50:06.360 know have to be short lived, because there's got to 0:50:06.400 --> 0:50:07.640 be some explanation there. 0:50:08.680 --> 0:50:11.920 You're saying they saw a coma or a shell or 0:50:11.920 --> 0:50:14.239 a cloud or a tail, because you can see it 0:50:14.239 --> 0:50:15.799 with the telescope. 0:50:15.400 --> 0:50:17.240 As it passes in front of the Sun. For example, 0:50:17.560 --> 0:50:20.480 you could see the gas around it affecting the light 0:50:20.560 --> 0:50:22.759 as it transits, or you can see the way it 0:50:22.800 --> 0:50:23.800 reflects light differently. 0:50:24.040 --> 0:50:26.359 These are pretty firmly in the asteroid belt or are 0:50:26.360 --> 0:50:28.919 they maybe just cruising through the asteroid belt? 0:50:28.960 --> 0:50:30.920 Oh yeah, great question. Now these are things that are 0:50:30.960 --> 0:50:32.759 part of the asteroid belt, and as they watch them, 0:50:32.760 --> 0:50:35.200 they have stable orbits that can make them be part 0:50:35.239 --> 0:50:37.640 of the asteroid belt. They're not just like happened to 0:50:37.680 --> 0:50:40.040 be comets that were captured on their way into the 0:50:40.080 --> 0:50:42.960 inner Solar System. These things are not transients. They're there 0:50:42.960 --> 0:50:46.120 in the asteroid belt basically to stay. But we don't 0:50:46.200 --> 0:50:49.120 understand where they came from. And these are deep and 0:50:49.160 --> 0:50:52.640 important questions because we want to understand, like where is 0:50:52.680 --> 0:50:55.000 the water in the Solar System? How did it get 0:50:55.000 --> 0:50:58.160 spread out the way that it did? For example, where 0:50:58.239 --> 0:51:01.200 did Earth's water come from? We know that all the 0:51:01.280 --> 0:51:04.279 ice and all the water that originally was involved in 0:51:04.360 --> 0:51:07.359 the formation of our planet got boiled off by the 0:51:07.400 --> 0:51:10.400 Sun in the early history of the Solar System, and 0:51:10.480 --> 0:51:12.759 so it's still an open question of like where did 0:51:12.760 --> 0:51:14.520 the water that's on the surface of the Earth now, 0:51:14.719 --> 0:51:17.359 like where did our oceans come from? Did it come 0:51:17.440 --> 0:51:19.840 from comets hitting the Earth? Did it come from the 0:51:19.840 --> 0:51:23.840 water that's still trapped inside the Earth. These are important 0:51:23.880 --> 0:51:25.360 questions and to answer them, we're going to have to 0:51:25.400 --> 0:51:27.520 understand like where's the water now and what is it? 0:51:27.560 --> 0:51:30.200 All of its history. It's a deep question about our 0:51:30.280 --> 0:51:33.040 origins and the whole history of the Solar System. And 0:51:33.120 --> 0:51:34.960 so whenever you see something weird. 0:51:34.800 --> 0:51:36.440 Like wait, are you saying that maybe, like some of 0:51:36.440 --> 0:51:40.560 these weird objects in the asteroid belt, they came from 0:51:40.719 --> 0:51:43.720 the outer Solar System and then maybe they crashed into 0:51:44.200 --> 0:51:45.040 the asteroid belt. 0:51:45.120 --> 0:51:47.080 It could be absolutely it could be that they were 0:51:47.160 --> 0:51:49.920 comets and they were coming into the asteroid belt and 0:51:49.960 --> 0:51:52.880 they like interfered with something. And people think of the 0:51:52.880 --> 0:51:55.640 asteroid belt the way you described like Star Wars earlier, 0:51:55.840 --> 0:51:58.400 like oh it's heart you got to dodge the asteroids. 0:51:58.400 --> 0:52:01.680 It's very dense. In reality, the asteroid belt is very dilute, 0:52:01.760 --> 0:52:03.799 Like if you flew through the asteroid belt, it'd be 0:52:03.840 --> 0:52:06.640 hard to hit an asteroid. So a random commet flying 0:52:06.640 --> 0:52:08.560 through the asteroid belt is not gonna have a problem 0:52:08.560 --> 0:52:11.440 making it through. But you know, maybe occasionally these things 0:52:11.760 --> 0:52:14.480 do get disturbed, or they get deflected by Jupiter or 0:52:14.520 --> 0:52:18.080 captured effectively somehow, And so it could be that these 0:52:18.080 --> 0:52:20.880 are comets that got waylaid and ended up in the 0:52:20.920 --> 0:52:24.120 asteroid belt. But then you'd need a continuous stream of 0:52:24.160 --> 0:52:26.719 them to keep it populated because they're not gonna last 0:52:26.800 --> 0:52:28.640 very long in the asteroid belt, like the Sun is. 0:52:28.640 --> 0:52:30.680 Gonna fry them even with that far away. 0:52:31.040 --> 0:52:33.560 Yeah, I mean, the fact that they have a gassy 0:52:33.560 --> 0:52:36.959 shell means that they are actively outgassing because they can't 0:52:36.960 --> 0:52:40.279 hold onto that gas. And if you're actively outgassing, you're 0:52:40.360 --> 0:52:43.600 literally melting, you're shrinking. That's not gonna last very long. 0:52:43.800 --> 0:52:46.319 They might have like a rocky core, and that might 0:52:46.360 --> 0:52:48.920 be left over when the Sun is done frying all 0:52:48.960 --> 0:52:51.440 of their ices, but they're definitely not gonna look like 0:52:51.520 --> 0:52:54.880 this for that long. We're talking, you know, millions of years, 0:52:54.920 --> 0:52:57.239 but in the history of the Solar System, that's just 0:52:57.239 --> 0:52:58.200 a blink of an eye. 0:52:59.400 --> 0:53:01.120 I wonder if it could be just like the Earth, 0:53:01.200 --> 0:53:04.040 when the Earth got formed, they had water trapped inside 0:53:04.040 --> 0:53:06.840 of it in the rock. Could these asteroids also have 0:53:06.920 --> 0:53:09.080 water inside of them that's maybe sweating out. 0:53:09.200 --> 0:53:11.839 They certainly might have water inside of them the way 0:53:11.880 --> 0:53:13.760 the Earth does. And you know, if you think about 0:53:13.760 --> 0:53:16.200 water inside the Earth, it's not like there's literally an 0:53:16.200 --> 0:53:18.960 ocean you can go swimming in. It's like the chemical 0:53:18.960 --> 0:53:22.560 composition of the rock includes a lot of water. And 0:53:22.640 --> 0:53:25.120 so in a similar way, you might have water infused 0:53:25.160 --> 0:53:27.000 into the metals and the rocks at the heart of 0:53:27.040 --> 0:53:29.880 these asteroids. But any water ice that the sun is 0:53:29.960 --> 0:53:32.520 capable of frying off got fried off a long time ago, 0:53:32.600 --> 0:53:35.520 because these asteroids have been there for billions of years, 0:53:36.400 --> 0:53:38.279 and so these guys would have to be new, right, 0:53:38.320 --> 0:53:41.160 These new, weird things they spotted in the asteroid belt 0:53:41.440 --> 0:53:44.240 should have arrived fairly recently, if that makes any. 0:53:44.080 --> 0:53:46.719 Sense, all right, Well, so I guess the answer is, 0:53:47.280 --> 0:53:50.279 maybe are there comets in the asteroid There could be. 0:53:50.360 --> 0:53:53.680 There are definitely things that are comedy, right, or that 0:53:53.760 --> 0:53:54.719 have ice in them. 0:53:54.840 --> 0:53:57.399 There's definitely something in the asteroid belt that has ice 0:53:57.480 --> 0:54:00.080 because it's melting. We don't understand what they are or 0:54:00.080 --> 0:54:02.280 where they came from, or what it means about where 0:54:02.320 --> 0:54:03.719 our drinking water came from. 0:54:03.960 --> 0:54:06.800 Or would you say maybe the answer is that some 0:54:06.920 --> 0:54:10.320 of the things in the asteroid belt are comments or 0:54:10.360 --> 0:54:12.240 could be classified as sort of comments. 0:54:12.320 --> 0:54:14.680 Yeah, by our definition, where commets are things that have 0:54:14.760 --> 0:54:17.120 ice in them, they're icy and dusty, then yeah, there 0:54:17.120 --> 0:54:19.959 are definitely some icy, dusty things in the asteroid belt. 0:54:20.120 --> 0:54:22.800 The asteroid belt is not just asteroids anymore. 0:54:23.000 --> 0:54:24.680 Or I guess if you go by your definition of 0:54:24.719 --> 0:54:28.280 a comet, then everything is a comet. 0:54:28.719 --> 0:54:31.600 That's right, You're a comet. Right, we tossed you into 0:54:31.640 --> 0:54:33.719 the sun, you would melt and vaporize as well. 0:54:33.800 --> 0:54:36.600 So yeah, yeah, yeah, of course i'd be you know, 0:54:36.640 --> 0:54:40.440 trying to communicate with charades all the way down hoping 0:54:40.480 --> 0:54:41.839 someone picks me up. 0:54:43.440 --> 0:54:45.000 Good luck with that, all right. 0:54:45.080 --> 0:54:50.000 Well, another interesting exploration into our solar system. It's history 0:54:50.160 --> 0:54:52.920 and the mysteries that are still out there waiting to 0:54:52.960 --> 0:54:53.680 be discovered. 0:54:53.760 --> 0:54:56.120 There's so many missing chapters to the history of our 0:54:56.120 --> 0:54:58.920 solar system, so many things about our own backyard we 0:54:59.000 --> 0:55:02.200 still don't understand. And every time we look more carefully 0:55:02.280 --> 0:55:04.960 the things we thought we understood, we find weird things 0:55:05.000 --> 0:55:07.840 that defy our explanation, that tell us that it's a 0:55:07.840 --> 0:55:09.840 lot more to this story to be revealed. 0:55:10.239 --> 0:55:14.800 Yeah, to be revealed by astronomers or physicists or both, 0:55:15.040 --> 0:55:17.440 or perhaps chemists. 0:55:18.440 --> 0:55:19.520 We're all just people. 0:55:19.719 --> 0:55:20.960 No, we're all just comments. 0:55:21.239 --> 0:55:22.960 That's right, everybody's a comment. 0:55:23.239 --> 0:55:26.839 Yeah, we all have tales in komas. All right. Well, 0:55:26.840 --> 0:55:29.959 we hope you enjoyed that. Thanks for joining us, See 0:55:29.960 --> 0:55:30.520 you next time. 0:55:35.160 --> 0:55:38.040 For more science and curiosity, come find us on social 0:55:38.080 --> 0:55:42.960 media where we answer questions and post videos. 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