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Speaker 4: Hey, Daniel, what's the difference between a physicist and an astronomer?

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Speaker 1: Oh? I feel like this is a trap.

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Speaker 4: I know it seems like a simple question.

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Speaker 1: It's a constant debate we have in faculty meetings in

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Speaker 1: the Department of Physics and Astronomy. Where do we draw

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Speaker 1: the arbitrary dotted line.

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Speaker 4: Like, are all astronomers physicists or are some physicists astronomers?

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Speaker 4: How does it work?

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Speaker 1: I feel like any answer I give here is can

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Speaker 1: generate a lot of angry.

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Speaker 4: Emails physicists or astronomers.

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Speaker 1: A lot of astronomers think of themselves as physicists first

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Speaker 1: applied to questions of astronomy, but also a lot of

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Speaker 1: astronomers think of themselves as a very different breed of

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Speaker 1: scientists who tackle problems differently and think about things differently

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Speaker 1: than physicists do.

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Speaker 4: All right, that wasn't so hard.

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Speaker 1: It was my best non answer.

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Speaker 4: All right, may actually just ask non questions in the future.

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Speaker 1: Welcome to our non podcast.

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Speaker 4: Jorge. I'm a cartoonist and the author of Oliver's Great

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Speaker 4: Big Universe.

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Speaker 1: Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and a professor

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Speaker 1: at UC Irvine. Though I'm no longer sure what those

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Speaker 1: categories even mean.

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Speaker 4: You don't know what you are? Are you having like

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Speaker 4: an identity crisis?

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Speaker 1: Yes? Yes, and yes? I mean if everything's particles, then

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Speaker 1: isn't everybody a particle physicist?

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Speaker 5: Well?

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Speaker 4: Not everything's a particle?

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Speaker 1: Right, then we're all field physicists, I suppose.

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Speaker 4: Like what's dark energy? Dark energy is not necessarily a particle.

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Speaker 1: Yet nobody knows. Maybe dark energy is a particle we

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Speaker 1: don't know.

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Speaker 4: In fact, isn't particles in arbitrary name or a term like?

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Speaker 4: Isn't everything just energy? In the end, maybe you should

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Speaker 4: just all be energist.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, if you ask ten particle physicists what is a particle,

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Speaker 1: you'll get ten different answers.

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Speaker 4: Well, if you guys can't even agree, then you know

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Speaker 4: what's the point.

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Speaker 1: The point is that names and words are how we communicate,

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Speaker 1: though it's probably best if we do assign meaning to

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Speaker 1: them first.

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Speaker 4: Maybe should you just all do science with sign language

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Speaker 4: or like charades.

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Speaker 1: Let's just give up on language and use math. Right,

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Speaker 1: that's just so much more crisp.

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Speaker 4: I think charades is not just more fun, but also

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Speaker 4: maybe a little bit easier. You would have a whole

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Speaker 4: conferences where the presentations are just signists getting up there

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Speaker 4: and and miming their papers.

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Speaker 1: Is that supposed to increase clarity or just hilarity.

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Speaker 4: Well, hopefully it'll increase clarity and also hilarity. But anyways,

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Speaker 4: welcome to our podcast. Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe

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Speaker 4: a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 1: A podcast that does try to pump both clarity and

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Speaker 1: hilarity into your brain. We hope that the universe is

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Speaker 1: one that we can understand, that we could take it

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Speaker 1: apart into little bits that follow some fundamental rules, then

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Speaker 1: we can weave it back together into all the amazing

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Speaker 1: and beautiful emergent phenomena that we enjoy, from ourselves, to

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Speaker 1: our planets, to our solar system, to everything beyond, and

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Speaker 1: explain all of it to you with a little bit

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Speaker 1: of Dad Joe hilarity sprinkled on top.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, Because whether you're a physicist and astronomer, a cartoonists

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Speaker 4: and energiesst or a dad, we all live in this

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Speaker 4: universe and we all look out there and we wonder

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Speaker 4: how things work, why are things the way they are?

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Speaker 4: And can you cerde math?

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Speaker 1: Nobody wonders that, man, Nobody wonders that that's done. In

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Speaker 1: the top one thousand questions, humans.

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Speaker 4: Ask how do you know? Nobody wonders that, Daniel, do

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Speaker 4: you have scientific proof or data to back up your claim?

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Speaker 1: I do have some data. Yes, I cannot rule it

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Speaker 1: out entirely, but over the many tens of thousands of

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Speaker 1: questions I get from listeners, I've never gotten that one,

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Speaker 1: which means it's not in the top one thousand questions.

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Speaker 1: I can confidently say that.

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Speaker 4: I see, but you can't say that. Nobody wonders that.

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Speaker 1: No, you're right, that was too strong. You wonder that apparently,

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Speaker 1: and you're people. So the exception proves the rule.

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Speaker 4: I'm sure the situation has come up, like somewhere in

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Speaker 4: the history of math, at some point some people needed

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Speaker 4: to communicate some calculation or result and they couldn't talk

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Speaker 4: for some reason.

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Speaker 1: Maybe in Italian universities, you know, hand gestures are much

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Speaker 1: more important in communicating these abstract ideas.

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Speaker 4: Maybe that's why their equations have so much possessed.

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Speaker 1: Yes, exactly, whether we're Italian or not, or using charades

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Speaker 1: or symbols or language, we are trying to make sense

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Speaker 1: of the universe, and part of that involves categorizing it,

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Speaker 1: saying this is one kind of thing, this is another

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Speaker 1: kind of thing, whether that means distinguishing between particles and fields,

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Speaker 1: or between living things and not living things, or planets

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Speaker 1: and dwarf planets. Putting things in boxes is just one

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Speaker 1: way the humans make sense of the universe, defining kinds

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Speaker 1: of things and applying those labels willy nilly.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, and we are trying to make sense of the

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Speaker 4: whole universe, not just the little things that we're made

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Speaker 4: out of, then that things are made out of, but everything,

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Speaker 4: all the huge amazing phenomena that are happening out there,

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Speaker 4: the flying planets, the swirling galaxies, and the ginormous galaxy clusters.

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Speaker 1: And we'd love to study all that in great detail,

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Speaker 1: but most of it is very far away, and so

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Speaker 1: far our technological eyeballs aren't powerful enough to really resolve

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Speaker 1: all the details. So if we want to get down

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Speaker 1: to the astronomical nitty gritty, we're best off studying our

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Speaker 1: own backyard, looking in our solar system to understand how

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Speaker 1: did it form, what's in it, what kinds of stuff

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Speaker 1: are out there swirling around in our neighborhood. And over

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Speaker 1: the last few hundred years, we've come to a pretty

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Speaker 1: good understanding of what's there and where it's going.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, we live in a pretty busy neighborhood full of planets,

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Speaker 4: asteroid comets, raining satellites from failed rockets, and so there's

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Speaker 4: a lot for us to see in our very near vicinity.

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Speaker 1: And while the truth is that the Solar system is

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Speaker 1: filled with a huge spectrum of stuff, from tiny cosmic

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Speaker 1: dust to huge gas giants to the Sun itself, we

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Speaker 1: do like to impose categories on it. And as the

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Speaker 1: decades and centuries go by, we keep discovering things that

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Speaker 1: lie at the edge of those boundaries that challenge our

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Speaker 1: definitions for what is what, Pluto of course being a

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Speaker 1: famous example. But as our telescopes get more powerful, we

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Speaker 1: keep discovering things in the wrong places or at the

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Speaker 1: edge of these definitions that make us wonder, really, where

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Speaker 1: do we draw these dotted lines?

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Speaker 4: And so to be on the podcast will be tackling

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Speaker 4: the question are there comments in the asteroid belt? Now?

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Speaker 4: How many pop do you think wonder about this question?

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Speaker 5: Day?

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Speaker 4: Of your tens of thousands of emails, how many have

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Speaker 4: asked this particular question.

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Speaker 1: This particular question in this phrasing zero.

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Speaker 4: So you're saying the same amount of people that wonder

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Speaker 4: if there are comments in the asteroid belt? Also probably

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Speaker 4: perhaps wonder if you can cherate now.

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Speaker 1: If that was your metric, Yes, but there are a

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Speaker 1: lot of questions in the vicinity of this wondering about

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Speaker 1: like what's the difference between commets and asteroids? Or why

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Speaker 1: do we have comments out there and asteroids over here?

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Speaker 1: So I think people are curious about, like what's out

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Speaker 1: there in the Solar system? Why do we give them

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Speaker 1: these labels? And is it really so neat and crisp.

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Speaker 4: This is an interesting question, and so let's dig into it.

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Speaker 4: And as usually, we were wondering how many out there

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Speaker 4: had thought about this question of whether there are comets

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Speaker 4: in the asteroid belt.

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Speaker 1: Thanks very much to everybody who contributes their voice to

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Speaker 1: this segment of the podcast. Really appreciate your responses. If

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Speaker 1: you'd like to hear yourself on a future episode, please

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Speaker 1: don't be shy. Write to me too, questions at Danielandjorge

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Speaker 1: dot com.

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Speaker 4: So think about it for a second. Cast your mind

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Speaker 4: out there into the far reaches of our solar system

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Speaker 4: and wonder if there are comets in the asteroid belt.

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Speaker 4: Here's what people had to say.

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Speaker 6: I mean, sure, why not? Maybe they also pass through

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Speaker 6: the asteroid belt from time to time. And I always

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Speaker 6: thought astroid belt was what's mainly in that wage, not

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Speaker 6: what's the only thing in that region.

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Speaker 7: I don't have a very good idea the definition of

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Speaker 7: a comment versus an asteroid. But I think it has

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Speaker 7: to do with amount of ice in the structure. So

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Speaker 7: if that is the definition, I can imagine sure there

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Speaker 7: might be something that falls under that definition in the

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Speaker 7: asteroid belt.

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Speaker 1: No comment in the asteroid belt, just asteroids. Comments are

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Speaker 1: out a lot further.

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Speaker 5: I think another sort of way to distinguish comets from

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Speaker 5: asteroids is that asteroids are well in the asteroid belt

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Speaker 5: and comets can come from a couple different places. Long

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Speaker 5: period comets come from the Oort Cloud, but then there

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Speaker 5: are shorter period comets than that. Now, if we have

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Speaker 5: a dirty snowball in the asteroid belt, which I believe

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Speaker 5: there are, some of these bodies that have been discovered,

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Speaker 5: are they correctly labeled as comets?

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Speaker 1: Are not commets? I anser are made up ice. I

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Speaker 1: think if they were that close they probably melt.

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Speaker 8: I think comets coming in at a high rate of

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Speaker 8: speed from the Oort Cloud are unlikely to get caught

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Speaker 8: up in the asteroid belt.

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Speaker 4: Comet might be more about composition than trajectory. I mean

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Speaker 4: that if it has more ice than rock, it might

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Speaker 4: be a comet.

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Speaker 9: I can never remember the difference between asteroids and commets.

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Speaker 9: I mean, surely there's a good acronym or something else

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Speaker 9: there to remember the difference. But I have to say

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Speaker 9: that there's no comets in the asteroid belt because asteroids

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Speaker 9: become comets after they and through the atmosphere.

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Speaker 10: So there are short period comets, and I think there

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Speaker 10: are some that operate closer to the Sun, kind of

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Speaker 10: in that asteroid belt range, but being within the ice

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Speaker 10: line like most of its quote unquote life, I don't

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Speaker 10: really see how they can be long lived.

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Speaker 11: I think comets are heavenly bodies which have eccentric orbits

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Speaker 11: around the Sun, so they don't fit in nicely with

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Speaker 11: the other better behaved inhabitants of the Solar System. So

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Speaker 11: although comets may pass through the asteroid belt, I don't

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Speaker 11: think they can remain there permanently.

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Speaker 12: I think that the asteroid belt is far enough out

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Speaker 12: so that comets could remain frozen, and I guess the

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Speaker 12: asteroid belt does have a lot of its own gravities,

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Speaker 12: so it could capture comets if it was lucky.

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Speaker 8: I think there might be a few transient comets in

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Speaker 8: the asteroid belt, but I don't think that there would

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Speaker 8: be much chance for comets to persist in that kind

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Speaker 8: of orbit because of exposure to the wind and the

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Speaker 8: interaction of the gravity of Jupiter disrupting either the orbit

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Speaker 8: or the structure of those comets.

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Speaker 13: Guess there could be comets, but yeah, usually commas have

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Speaker 13: a large orbit, a very large orbit in detail.

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Speaker 8: That wouldn't be the case if it was found in

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Speaker 8: the asteroid belt.

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Speaker 4: So yeah, pretty wide range of answers here. I guess

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Speaker 4: there's only two options, yes or.

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Speaker 1: No, or there could be this is a trick question,

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Speaker 1: or let's answer in charades, right.

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Speaker 4: What made you think of this question? Why are there

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Speaker 4: commets in the asteroid belt? Is this something that astronomers

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Speaker 4: have been wondering about.

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Speaker 1: I've been thinking about this kind of question for a

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Speaker 1: while because I find the whole labeling of stuff in

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Speaker 1: the Solar System to be kind of ridiculous and arbitrary.

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Speaker 1: You know, we're just humans putting dotted lines on a

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Speaker 1: smooth spectrum of different kind of stuff that's out there.

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Speaker 1: But also it is interesting because when you invent categories,

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Speaker 1: then you can wonder about things and the boundaries or

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Speaker 1: things across the boundaries. And then I read a paper

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Speaker 1: about people who were finding weird stuff in the asteroids

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Speaker 1: that didn't belong there.

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Speaker 4: All right, well, let's dig into it, Daniel, I guess

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Speaker 4: the question is, but comets and asteroids, what's the difference

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Speaker 4: between the two?

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Speaker 1: Yes, So these are two human constructed, arbitrary definitions that

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Speaker 1: are mostly historical and don't really represent like our best

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Speaker 1: understanding of what's out there in the Solar System. If

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Speaker 1: you were going to start today, you probably wouldn't come

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Speaker 1: up with the same definitions. But you know, science is

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Speaker 1: a human endeavor, which means we need to understand the

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Speaker 1: words scientists use when they talk to each other, even

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Speaker 1: if it's imprecise or historical or ridiculous. So what do

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Speaker 1: we mean by an asteroid and what do we mean

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Speaker 1: by a comet? So an asteroid is basically like a

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Speaker 1: mini planet. Right, there's this complicated definition of a planet

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Speaker 1: as an object in the Solar System that's orbiting the Sun,

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Speaker 1: is big enough to be mostly round and has cleared

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Speaker 1: its own path. An asteroid is like that, except that

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Speaker 1: it's not necessarily big enough to be round, and it

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Speaker 1: hasn't cleared its own path. So it's like a mini chunky,

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Speaker 1: funky shaped planet that doesn't have its own parking space.

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Speaker 4: But is there like a size range, like can you

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Speaker 4: have an asteroid the size of a marble or does

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Speaker 4: that count as something else?

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Speaker 1: Technically, there's no minimum size for an asteroid, so like

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Speaker 1: a dust grain technically is an asteroid. Practically that's very,

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Speaker 1: very difficult to see those things, you know, of course,

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Speaker 1: unless they land on Earth, in which case they're no

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Speaker 1: longer an asteroid. We can't really detect them in the

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Speaker 1: asteroid belt unless they're very shiny or large, or some

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Speaker 1: combination of them. So the range of asteroids that we've discovered,

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Speaker 1: like in the asteroid belt, goes from things like down

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Speaker 1: to one meter across all the way up to things

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Speaker 1: like five hundred kilometers across. So there's an incredible range

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Speaker 1: of stuff in the asteroid belt that we call asteroids.

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Speaker 1: We give them all the same name.

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Speaker 4: But I guess there's one common thread, which is that

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Speaker 4: it needs to be some kind of solid material, right,

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Speaker 4: Like a cloud of gas doesn't count as an asteroid, right.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right, needs to hold itself together.

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Speaker 4: So it has to be solid, and it has to

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Speaker 4: be in space. Is that about the definition of an asteroid?

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Speaker 4: Something solid floating in space that's not round.

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Speaker 1: And it has to be orbiting the Sun. It's a

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Speaker 1: rocky object that orbits the Sun and doesn't qualify as

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Speaker 1: being a planet or a comet.

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Speaker 4: But I guess, why does it need to be orbiting

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Speaker 4: the Sun? Can't you have an asteroid other than space

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Speaker 4: by itself? Like what do you call those?

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Speaker 1: Well, if it's not orbiting the Sun and it's orbiting

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Speaker 1: like the Earth, then you'd call it a moon. If

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Speaker 1: it's not orbiting the Sun and it's not really orbiting anything,

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Speaker 1: it's just like floating in the galaxy, then it's not

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Speaker 1: an asteroid. It's just a rock.

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Speaker 4: Is that the official astronomy definition? It's just a space rock?

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Speaker 4: Are you sure we don't want to anger any astronomers.

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Speaker 1: Now, it's definitely don't. And you know, I'm in a

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Speaker 1: department of physics and astronomy, and that doesn't make me

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Speaker 1: an astronomer, even though I'm technically a professor of physics

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Speaker 1: and astronomy, and I don't want to speak for the astronomers,

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Speaker 1: but that is my understanding. If it's out there in

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Speaker 1: interstellar space, you could call it an interstellar asteroid. I

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Speaker 1: suppose the problem is we haven't like discovered or seen

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Speaker 1: many of those. You know, we have had a couple

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Speaker 1: of interstellar objects come, but those who think are interstellar

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Speaker 1: comets not interstellar asteroids. So yeah, that's a whole new frontier.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, like like in Star Wars when they run into

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Speaker 4: like an asteroid field, are they taken not calling it

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Speaker 4: the right thing?

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Speaker 5: Well?

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Speaker 1: I think those are usually near a stars. They're probably

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Speaker 1: are orbiting a star.

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Speaker 4: I don't know, they never show the star.

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Speaker 1: That's what I'm always thinking about when they're dodging asteroids.

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Speaker 1: Where's the star that makes us an asteroid and not

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Speaker 1: a rock?

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Speaker 4: Excuse me? Excuse me, I don't see the sun actually,

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Speaker 4: all right, So an asteroid is by definition a rock

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Speaker 4: that's orbiting the sun. Basically, Yeah, it has to be solid, right,

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Speaker 4: or like a solid object that's orbiting the sun.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, And your point there about it being solid is crucial.

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Speaker 1: Asteroids are rocky objects, meaning they're made of rock and

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Speaker 1: metal in this kind kind of stuff, and that's going

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Speaker 1: to help us distinguish them from their cousin the comet.

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Speaker 4: Gosh, well, how do you define a rock?

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Speaker 1: A rock is something made it mostly out of silica.

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Speaker 1: You know, the chemical composition of these things tells you

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Speaker 1: what it is. If it's a blob of iron, then

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Speaker 1: it's metal. You know, if it's a this is all chemistry. Man,

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Speaker 1: it's well beyond me. Don't ask me to do chemistry.

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Speaker 4: Joined the Department of Physics, Astronomy and chemistry.

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Speaker 1: No, never, never, My son is into chemistry.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, I guess, I guess all those professors just don't

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Speaker 4: have the chemistry.

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Speaker 1: I don't have chemistry with those professors, that's for sure. No.

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Speaker 1: I respect chemistry, I respect chemists, but I'm not that

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Speaker 1: in the history of asteroids is kind of fascinating because,

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Speaker 1: you know, we use these words, but for a long time,

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Speaker 1: people didn't really distinguish between planets and asteroids, and the

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Speaker 1: word planet was used very broadly, like the moon was

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Speaker 1: a planet for a while before we invented the concept

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Speaker 1: of a moon. So these things change with time. It's

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Speaker 1: possible to redefine what is a planet or an asteroid.

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Speaker 1: Maybe in five hundred years, honors will have totally different

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Speaker 1: words for these things, or use the same words in

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Speaker 1: a different way.

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Speaker 4: Who knows, yeah, or maybe they'll use the same like

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Speaker 4: charade gesture.

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Speaker 1: That's exactly when we transition fully to charade science, then.

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Speaker 4: We're I wonder if in the future we transition to

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Speaker 4: like telepathy, you know, then you don't need words, you

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Speaker 4: can just transfer thoughts.

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Speaker 1: All right, Well, if we're playing charades and your clue

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Speaker 1: was asteroid, what motions would you use to describe it?

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Speaker 4: Oh, that's totally easy, Dan, I would do this, so

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Speaker 4: he totally conveys what asteroid means.

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Speaker 1: Okay, that's a funny way to duck the question. But seriously,

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Speaker 1: can you describe what an asteroid gesture would be?

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Speaker 4: I just did, all right, but I feel like we're

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Speaker 4: getting a little bit uh delled.

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Speaker 1: Well, then let's go back to the history of asteroids,

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Speaker 1: because I also think it's fascinating when we knew there

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Speaker 1: were lots of asteroids, Like, as our technology developed to

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Speaker 1: be able to see these things, right, we can see smaller,

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Speaker 1: smaller ones. Then we discovered more, and it's this incredible

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Speaker 1: sort of explosion of discovery.

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Speaker 4: But how do we see them? Like you sort of

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Speaker 4: can't see asteroids with the naked eye, can you? Or

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Speaker 4: sometimes if they like catch the sun.

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Speaker 1: Technically, I don't see why you couldn't have photons hit

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Speaker 1: an asteroid and then hit your eye, but enough of

400
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Speaker 1: them for you to spot it and identify it seems

401
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Speaker 1: very challenging. So asteroids are usually seen through telescopes just

402
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Speaker 1: because you know, the aperture is larger and you're gathering

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Speaker 1: more light and so it's basically a bigger eyeball.

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Speaker 4: So is that how they discover them? Like they were

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Speaker 4: looking through a telescope and they saw a bunch of

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Speaker 4: these They probably looked like pinpoint stars, but they were

407
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Speaker 4: probably moving faster than the regular stars.

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Speaker 1: Exactly the same way that planets move across the field

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Speaker 1: of the stars, which is how you know that they're closer, right,

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Speaker 1: And that's why sort of planets and asteroids were called

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Speaker 1: the same thing for a long time before we distinguished

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Speaker 1: between them somewhat arbitrarily. And you know, until one hundred

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Speaker 1: and fifty years ago, we thought there were six ish planets,

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Speaker 1: and we thought there were about ten astraids. Like eighteen

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Speaker 1: forty nine, we knew about ten different asteroids, and then

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Speaker 1: as technology improved, that number grew to be one hundred

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Speaker 1: twenty years later, to a thousand about one hundred years ago,

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Speaker 1: And now we know about more than a million individual

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Speaker 1: asteroids that can be tracked, and we have these telescopes

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Speaker 1: that look at these things, of course, because we're concerned

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Speaker 1: about whether one of them might eventually hit the Earth,

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Speaker 1: and NASA is tracking all of these things. And as

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Speaker 1: you say it, they don't glow, but they do reflect

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Speaker 1: the Sun, and so when the conditions line up for

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Speaker 1: like photons from the Sun to hit the asteroid and

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Speaker 1: then reflect back into the telescope aperture, that's when we

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Speaker 1: see it. But a lot of these things are invisible

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Speaker 1: for long fractions of their flight around the Sun.

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Speaker 4: Now, what was the technological advance that it allows us

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Speaker 4: to see so many? Like you, we just got bigger

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Speaker 4: telescopes and we're more sensitive. They could see dimmer things,

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Speaker 4: or we could maybe zoom with more presition into certain

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Speaker 4: parts of the sky.

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Speaker 1: Yea. It's a combination of more telescopes and bigger telescopes.

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Speaker 1: So a lot of this is limited by glass technology.

436
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Speaker 1: Can you make lenses that are big and smooth and

437
00:21:10,560 --> 00:21:14,479
Speaker 1: free of aberrations and so like Galileo's original telescopes are

438
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Speaker 1: pretty bad, right, and limited by the size of the

439
00:21:17,320 --> 00:21:20,240
Speaker 1: telescope you could make because the glass you could grind

440
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Speaker 1: and have it to be smooth and not create distortions

441
00:21:23,119 --> 00:21:25,600
Speaker 1: was pretty small. But then people got a lot better

442
00:21:25,720 --> 00:21:28,439
Speaker 1: at that about one hundred and fifty years ago, and

443
00:21:28,560 --> 00:21:30,879
Speaker 1: things exploded from there, and then we also just built

444
00:21:30,920 --> 00:21:33,920
Speaker 1: more of them. And now, of course we have dedicated

445
00:21:34,040 --> 00:21:36,280
Speaker 1: space telescopes just out there looking for.

446
00:21:36,200 --> 00:21:39,960
Speaker 4: These things millionnasteras. That's pretty wild. I mean, if you

447
00:21:40,000 --> 00:21:42,440
Speaker 4: could see the way these telescopes could see, you would

448
00:21:42,480 --> 00:21:48,120
Speaker 4: see the night sky basically like shifting all the time, right, moving, swirling, spinning.

449
00:21:48,359 --> 00:21:51,119
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's much more dynamic than you imagine. There's a

450
00:21:51,160 --> 00:21:54,720
Speaker 1: lot of stuff out there. There's also an inflection point

451
00:21:54,760 --> 00:21:57,080
Speaker 1: in sort of the history of astronomy in the mid

452
00:21:57,200 --> 00:22:00,920
Speaker 1: nineties when Jupiter was hit by a comet. Comet Shoemaker

453
00:22:01,000 --> 00:22:03,959
Speaker 1: Levee broke up as it entered the inner Solar System,

454
00:22:04,119 --> 00:22:06,400
Speaker 1: whipped around the Sun, and then each of the twenty

455
00:22:06,480 --> 00:22:10,560
Speaker 1: six or so pieces slammed into Jupiter, creating huge fireballs

456
00:22:10,600 --> 00:22:13,120
Speaker 1: the size of the Earth. And that's made people wake

457
00:22:13,200 --> 00:22:15,400
Speaker 1: up to the idea that like, wow, you know, asteroids

458
00:22:15,400 --> 00:22:18,200
Speaker 1: of comets really could hit the Earth. This is potentially

459
00:22:18,200 --> 00:22:21,479
Speaker 1: an existential threat. And NASA has really been investing in

460
00:22:21,600 --> 00:22:26,080
Speaker 1: tracking near Earth objects ever since that moment. Comet Shoemaker Levee.

461
00:22:26,320 --> 00:22:28,639
Speaker 1: That's one reason why we went from like seeing some

462
00:22:28,760 --> 00:22:30,960
Speaker 1: of the asteroids to like, let's be serious about this,

463
00:22:31,119 --> 00:22:34,200
Speaker 1: folks and make a solid catalog of all the biggest ones.

464
00:22:35,920 --> 00:22:39,000
Speaker 4: Okay, so that's asteroids, and most asteroids are in the

465
00:22:39,040 --> 00:22:41,480
Speaker 4: asteroid belt, right, or there's a couple of belts around

466
00:22:41,480 --> 00:22:42,240
Speaker 4: the Solar System.

467
00:22:42,680 --> 00:22:45,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, asteroids are mostly in the asteroid belt, which is

468
00:22:45,760 --> 00:22:48,880
Speaker 1: between Mars and Jupiter. And that's not an accident, right.

469
00:22:48,920 --> 00:22:52,400
Speaker 1: The reason we have asteroids is basically because of Jupiter.

470
00:22:52,960 --> 00:22:55,679
Speaker 1: Jupiter has a huge fraction of the mass of the

471
00:22:55,680 --> 00:22:58,480
Speaker 1: Solar System that's not in the Sun. Like the Sun

472
00:22:58,720 --> 00:23:01,240
Speaker 1: is ninety nine percent of the mass Solar System, and

473
00:23:01,440 --> 00:23:04,440
Speaker 1: Jupiter is almost three times the mass of everything else

474
00:23:04,480 --> 00:23:07,960
Speaker 1: in the Solar System combined, including like Saturn and Neptune

475
00:23:07,960 --> 00:23:11,960
Speaker 1: and Urinous. So it's a big massive thing and it's gravity.

476
00:23:12,040 --> 00:23:16,159
Speaker 4: Wait what so like seventy percent of the non Sun

477
00:23:16,200 --> 00:23:17,800
Speaker 4: mass in the Solar System is Jupiter.

478
00:23:18,160 --> 00:23:20,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, Jupiter is a big hog.

479
00:23:20,320 --> 00:23:23,200
Speaker 4: You know, I'm not sure we should be shaming Jupiter, Daniel.

480
00:23:25,240 --> 00:23:27,440
Speaker 1: You're taking big hog to be pejorative. I meant that

481
00:23:27,480 --> 00:23:31,480
Speaker 1: as a compliment, like, hey, good job, Jupiter, congrats.

482
00:23:32,520 --> 00:23:33,920
Speaker 4: I don't know, I guess it was your tone.

483
00:23:34,119 --> 00:23:38,879
Speaker 1: Okay, Hey, Jupiter is a big hog has that. But

484
00:23:38,960 --> 00:23:41,600
Speaker 1: you know, this is a gravitational runaway effect at work.

485
00:23:41,920 --> 00:23:43,840
Speaker 1: You have a huge cloud of gas and dust that

486
00:23:43,920 --> 00:23:47,280
Speaker 1: forms the Solar System. Somewhere in there is an initial

487
00:23:47,320 --> 00:23:50,080
Speaker 1: density that causes the collapse that's going to turn into

488
00:23:50,080 --> 00:23:53,359
Speaker 1: the Sun. But if somewhere else in that nearby cloud

489
00:23:53,440 --> 00:23:56,600
Speaker 1: also has a little spot of density, then it can

490
00:23:56,680 --> 00:23:59,600
Speaker 1: form its own little runaway effect to gobble up some

491
00:23:59,720 --> 00:24:02,200
Speaker 1: of that gas and dust before it falls into the Sun.

492
00:24:02,680 --> 00:24:03,880
Speaker 1: And that's what Jupiter did.

493
00:24:04,920 --> 00:24:07,159
Speaker 4: Now, Jupiter is mostly made out of gas, So I

494
00:24:07,240 --> 00:24:09,199
Speaker 4: wonder why got so much of the gas in the

495
00:24:09,200 --> 00:24:12,080
Speaker 4: Solar system? Like, did it some of it just blow

496
00:24:12,160 --> 00:24:14,760
Speaker 4: away when the Sun ignited or what and it just

497
00:24:14,760 --> 00:24:16,199
Speaker 4: happened to gather around Jupiter.

498
00:24:16,560 --> 00:24:19,280
Speaker 1: Yeah, there's a lot of controversy about that. Where gas

499
00:24:19,320 --> 00:24:21,680
Speaker 1: giants form. Do they mostly form in the outer Solar

500
00:24:21,720 --> 00:24:24,000
Speaker 1: System and then transition inward? Do they form in the

501
00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:27,000
Speaker 1: inner Solar System? We see a lot of gas giants

502
00:24:27,040 --> 00:24:30,240
Speaker 1: in exoplanet systems that are near their Sun, but we

503
00:24:30,280 --> 00:24:34,640
Speaker 1: think probably these gas giants form farther away because further

504
00:24:34,680 --> 00:24:37,520
Speaker 1: away from the Sun. Number one, the gas isn't being

505
00:24:37,560 --> 00:24:40,600
Speaker 1: blown away by the radiation of the Sun. And number two,

506
00:24:40,880 --> 00:24:44,200
Speaker 1: there's ice there, which helps these planets accrete more quickly.

507
00:24:44,240 --> 00:24:47,000
Speaker 1: There's like more stuff to gather. So we think that

508
00:24:47,119 --> 00:24:50,320
Speaker 1: Jupiter became so big because it's so close to that

509
00:24:50,480 --> 00:24:53,280
Speaker 1: snow line, you know, where ice and frozen vapor can

510
00:24:53,320 --> 00:24:56,600
Speaker 1: still exist. It helps these planets a creek quickly. And

511
00:24:56,600 --> 00:24:58,919
Speaker 1: then we think it's probably a complicated history of Jupiter

512
00:24:59,000 --> 00:25:02,160
Speaker 1: moving in towards the Sun and then getting pulled back

513
00:25:02,200 --> 00:25:05,639
Speaker 1: out by a now missing gas giant which was ejected

514
00:25:05,880 --> 00:25:09,040
Speaker 1: in that interaction. So the whole formation of Jupiter is

515
00:25:09,040 --> 00:25:11,159
Speaker 1: a really fascinating and complex topic.

516
00:25:12,520 --> 00:25:14,720
Speaker 4: All right, Well, let's dig into where else in the

517
00:25:14,760 --> 00:25:17,320
Speaker 4: Solar System you might find asteroids, and then we'll dig

518
00:25:17,359 --> 00:25:21,119
Speaker 4: into comments and whether there are any in the asteroid belt.

519
00:25:21,480 --> 00:25:23,439
Speaker 4: So we'll get to that, but first let's take a

520
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521
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Speaker 4: Where we're talking about asteroids, commets and belts and the

604
00:29:53,200 --> 00:29:56,880
Speaker 4: fact that Jupiter needs a really big built And the

605
00:29:56,960 --> 00:30:00,080
Speaker 4: question is are there commets in the asteroid belt. So

606
00:30:00,080 --> 00:30:02,360
Speaker 4: we've been talking about asteroids what they are, and you

607
00:30:02,400 --> 00:30:04,840
Speaker 4: said they're mostly in the asteroid built but can you

608
00:30:04,880 --> 00:30:06,960
Speaker 4: find them anywhere else in the Solar System.

609
00:30:07,400 --> 00:30:10,840
Speaker 1: You can find them also in Jupiter's orbit. So there's

610
00:30:10,880 --> 00:30:14,560
Speaker 1: a big blob of asteroids ahead of Jupiter in its

611
00:30:14,640 --> 00:30:17,680
Speaker 1: orbit and another one behind Jupiter in its orbit. They're

612
00:30:17,720 --> 00:30:21,080
Speaker 1: like leading and trailing Jupiter. These are called the Greeks

613
00:30:21,120 --> 00:30:24,280
Speaker 1: and the Trojans, and these are just like big clumps

614
00:30:24,280 --> 00:30:27,760
Speaker 1: of rock that are in Jupiter's orbit. So you know, technically,

615
00:30:27,920 --> 00:30:32,600
Speaker 1: did Jupiter really clear its orbit? Is Jupiter even a planet? Well?

616
00:30:32,640 --> 00:30:34,640
Speaker 4: I mean is if these things are orbiting Jupiter, then

617
00:30:34,640 --> 00:30:36,280
Speaker 4: they're not asteroids, right, No.

618
00:30:36,360 --> 00:30:39,200
Speaker 1: These things are orbiting the Sun in the same orbit

619
00:30:39,320 --> 00:30:43,240
Speaker 1: as Jupiter. Oh yeah, And all of this is just

620
00:30:43,320 --> 00:30:46,480
Speaker 1: dominated by Jupiter's gravity. Like, why don't the rocks in

621
00:30:46,520 --> 00:30:49,720
Speaker 1: the asteroid belt come together to make another planet the

622
00:30:49,760 --> 00:30:52,560
Speaker 1: way they did for Earth or for Mercury, or even

623
00:30:52,640 --> 00:30:56,400
Speaker 1: for Mars. The answer is Jupiter's gravity distorts it, It

624
00:30:56,480 --> 00:30:59,800
Speaker 1: pulls it apart, it shreds things. These are all tidal

625
00:30:59,800 --> 00:31:02,040
Speaker 1: for do you put in gravity so strongly if you

626
00:31:02,120 --> 00:31:04,960
Speaker 1: try to pull these things together, It's gravity would tug

627
00:31:05,000 --> 00:31:07,480
Speaker 1: on one side harder than the tug's on another side

628
00:31:07,760 --> 00:31:10,320
Speaker 1: and pull it apart. So it sort of like mixes

629
00:31:10,360 --> 00:31:11,920
Speaker 1: it up. It's I got a big spoon, and it

630
00:31:12,000 --> 00:31:14,880
Speaker 1: keeps stirring up the asteroid belt and keeping it from

631
00:31:14,920 --> 00:31:17,160
Speaker 1: coalescing into something WOA.

632
00:31:17,200 --> 00:31:20,560
Speaker 4: It just disrupts the formation of any planets in that

633
00:31:20,640 --> 00:31:24,440
Speaker 4: sort of neighborhood exactly. Do we have any asteroids out

634
00:31:24,480 --> 00:31:27,160
Speaker 4: there beyond the gas giants?

635
00:31:27,320 --> 00:31:29,960
Speaker 1: There are definitely rocks further out in the Solar System,

636
00:31:30,600 --> 00:31:33,520
Speaker 1: because remember any big rocky object that's not a planet

637
00:31:33,640 --> 00:31:37,000
Speaker 1: or a dwarf planet is technically an asteroid. There's some

638
00:31:37,040 --> 00:31:41,080
Speaker 1: fuzziness there because past Neptune there's a huge number of

639
00:31:41,120 --> 00:31:44,640
Speaker 1: these objects we called dwarf planets, which are like sort

640
00:31:44,680 --> 00:31:47,520
Speaker 1: of larger enough to be called a planet, maybe by

641
00:31:47,520 --> 00:31:51,000
Speaker 1: havn't cleared their own path right, like Pluto and Sharon,

642
00:31:51,160 --> 00:31:54,640
Speaker 1: for example. And so the distinction between dwarf planet and

643
00:31:54,640 --> 00:31:57,160
Speaker 1: asteroid out there and the edges of the Solar System

644
00:31:57,200 --> 00:31:58,120
Speaker 1: is pretty fuzzy.

645
00:31:58,280 --> 00:32:01,240
Speaker 4: You have to ask an astronomer Okay, So then the

646
00:32:01,320 --> 00:32:03,920
Speaker 4: question was are there comets in the astory belt? And

647
00:32:03,960 --> 00:32:05,959
Speaker 4: now how do you define what a comet is?

648
00:32:06,840 --> 00:32:10,400
Speaker 1: Yeah? So your comment earlier about asteroids that they have

649
00:32:10,480 --> 00:32:13,600
Speaker 1: to be solid was really on point because one of

650
00:32:13,640 --> 00:32:17,120
Speaker 1: the crucial ways we define a comet is very similar

651
00:32:17,160 --> 00:32:19,960
Speaker 1: to the way we define an asteroid. An asteroid is

652
00:32:20,000 --> 00:32:23,640
Speaker 1: a rocky object that orbits the sun. A comet is

653
00:32:23,680 --> 00:32:26,800
Speaker 1: an icy and dusty object that orbits the sun.

654
00:32:27,560 --> 00:32:27,640
Speaker 13: Icy.

655
00:32:27,760 --> 00:32:31,000
Speaker 4: So it's made out of ice. But isn't ice technically

656
00:32:31,120 --> 00:32:34,640
Speaker 4: a mineral, which means it's a rock? Right?

657
00:32:34,880 --> 00:32:37,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, there's a distinction here. Ice is not like a silicate, right,

658
00:32:37,840 --> 00:32:41,160
Speaker 1: It doesn't have the same chemical composition as these things

659
00:32:41,200 --> 00:32:41,920
Speaker 1: we call it rocks.

660
00:32:42,120 --> 00:32:46,000
Speaker 4: Excuse me, Daniel, excuse me. I believe. I believe that

661
00:32:46,440 --> 00:32:50,920
Speaker 4: the definition of a rock is like a composite of minerals, right,

662
00:32:51,320 --> 00:32:54,920
Speaker 4: and ice is a mineral. So wouldn't ice be a rock?

663
00:32:55,440 --> 00:32:57,040
Speaker 4: Or is this something that would be have to be

664
00:32:57,160 --> 00:33:00,440
Speaker 4: decided in a death match between geologists and astronomer.

665
00:33:00,240 --> 00:33:02,240
Speaker 1: Yeah, and I think some chemists need to be involved

666
00:33:02,280 --> 00:33:05,880
Speaker 1: in that conversation. But in terms of the Solar system,

667
00:33:06,040 --> 00:33:09,920
Speaker 1: we distinguish between ice and other kinds of rock or rocks,

668
00:33:09,960 --> 00:33:12,000
Speaker 1: depending on whether you're gonna call ice.

669
00:33:12,040 --> 00:33:14,280
Speaker 4: A rock and so ice. How do you define ice?

670
00:33:14,360 --> 00:33:16,000
Speaker 4: Does it need to be water or can it be

671
00:33:16,080 --> 00:33:16,800
Speaker 4: other liquids?

672
00:33:16,840 --> 00:33:20,200
Speaker 1: There's several categories there. First of all, water ice has

673
00:33:20,280 --> 00:33:22,600
Speaker 1: lots of different chemical forms, so it's not just the

674
00:33:22,680 --> 00:33:24,959
Speaker 1: kind of ice that we see on Earth. There's like

675
00:33:25,040 --> 00:33:27,360
Speaker 1: ice and ice three, and ice seven and ice nine,

676
00:33:27,880 --> 00:33:31,440
Speaker 1: all sorts of complicated water chemistry to give you solid

677
00:33:31,480 --> 00:33:33,400
Speaker 1: forms of ice that we don't often see on Earth

678
00:33:33,400 --> 00:33:36,080
Speaker 1: because it's a very different pressure environment out there in

679
00:33:36,120 --> 00:33:39,880
Speaker 1: the outer Solar System. But also you know, things like methane.

680
00:33:40,280 --> 00:33:42,720
Speaker 1: If that's frozen, they call that ice. A lot of

681
00:33:42,720 --> 00:33:44,280
Speaker 1: the ice that's out there is water ice, but there

682
00:33:44,280 --> 00:33:45,840
Speaker 1: are also other kinds of ices.

683
00:33:46,080 --> 00:33:51,160
Speaker 4: Gosh, I have so many netpicky questions, Daniel. I mean, like,

684
00:33:51,200 --> 00:33:53,840
Speaker 4: if you heat up a rock, it'll melt, so it's liquid.

685
00:33:53,960 --> 00:33:56,520
Speaker 4: So really a rock is just frozen liquid rock.

686
00:33:56,720 --> 00:33:59,760
Speaker 1: Yes, a rock is frozen liquid rock. But lots of

687
00:33:59,760 --> 00:34:01,400
Speaker 1: sot our frozen liquids.

688
00:34:01,480 --> 00:34:03,560
Speaker 4: Right, how do you define what an ice is?

689
00:34:03,800 --> 00:34:06,280
Speaker 1: There's an arbitrary dotted line, you know, it's just historical.

690
00:34:06,760 --> 00:34:09,600
Speaker 1: Some crystals we call ices. Some crystals we call rocks.

691
00:34:09,920 --> 00:34:13,000
Speaker 1: And that's, frankly, is my whole problem with chemistry. All

692
00:34:13,040 --> 00:34:15,759
Speaker 1: of chemistry is like this, just like draw dotted lines

693
00:34:15,800 --> 00:34:18,040
Speaker 1: between stuff because some dude one hundred and fifty years

694
00:34:18,080 --> 00:34:20,359
Speaker 1: ago thought that made sense. We're sticking to it.

695
00:34:20,760 --> 00:34:23,200
Speaker 4: Well, it sounds like it's not just chemistry, it's physics, astronomy.

696
00:34:23,440 --> 00:34:25,320
Speaker 4: Why are you tying chemist under the bus.

697
00:34:25,440 --> 00:34:28,480
Speaker 1: We're definitely guilty of that in physics and in astronomy,

698
00:34:28,520 --> 00:34:32,160
Speaker 1: and especially in this situation naming things in the solar system.

699
00:34:32,320 --> 00:34:34,360
Speaker 1: But and I'm really going to catch a lot of

700
00:34:34,360 --> 00:34:36,359
Speaker 1: flak from the chemists out there. I feel like all

701
00:34:36,400 --> 00:34:38,239
Speaker 1: of chemistry is just built on that. Like, if you

702
00:34:38,239 --> 00:34:40,560
Speaker 1: took that away from chemistry, what do you have left?

703
00:34:40,640 --> 00:34:40,879
Speaker 12: Man?

704
00:34:41,440 --> 00:34:42,719
Speaker 1: It's all just exceptions.

705
00:34:43,040 --> 00:34:46,719
Speaker 4: Oh man, he just lost is a bunch of chemists listeners?

706
00:34:47,080 --> 00:34:48,320
Speaker 1: No, man, they're all going to right to me, and

707
00:34:48,320 --> 00:34:50,799
Speaker 1: they're gonna listen carefully through all the next episodes to

708
00:34:50,800 --> 00:34:52,040
Speaker 1: see if I slight chemistry.

709
00:34:52,320 --> 00:34:55,319
Speaker 4: I see they're gonna hate listening. That's the kind of

710
00:34:55,360 --> 00:34:58,399
Speaker 4: fan that we want. Look, as long as they sit

711
00:34:58,440 --> 00:35:00,359
Speaker 4: through the ads, then we don't care or why.

712
00:35:00,280 --> 00:35:02,359
Speaker 1: They're Lovelessen or hate listen, we love you.

713
00:35:05,360 --> 00:35:07,440
Speaker 4: All right, So then what does that leaves about the

714
00:35:07,440 --> 00:35:08,480
Speaker 4: definition of a comet.

715
00:35:08,960 --> 00:35:12,640
Speaker 1: So, according to the arbitrary distinction between ices and rocks,

716
00:35:13,000 --> 00:35:16,319
Speaker 1: comets are made out of ice and asteroids are made

717
00:35:16,360 --> 00:35:19,440
Speaker 1: out of rocks. And one important difference is that if

718
00:35:19,520 --> 00:35:21,719
Speaker 1: you bring something made out of ice into the Inner

719
00:35:21,760 --> 00:35:25,000
Speaker 1: Solar System, it tends to vaporize, Like the Sun is

720
00:35:25,080 --> 00:35:28,319
Speaker 1: capable of turning those ices into vapor and it's not

721
00:35:28,400 --> 00:35:31,080
Speaker 1: capable of doing that with rock. So probably there's some

722
00:35:31,120 --> 00:35:33,800
Speaker 1: distinction there about like the melting point or the vapor

723
00:35:33,840 --> 00:35:35,200
Speaker 1: point of these substances.

724
00:35:35,840 --> 00:35:38,560
Speaker 4: Oh, I see, all right, So now we're getting somewhere.

725
00:35:38,560 --> 00:35:40,960
Speaker 4: It's the sort of scientific If it melts under the

726
00:35:41,040 --> 00:35:43,880
Speaker 4: light of the Sun, then you might call it a comet.

727
00:35:44,000 --> 00:35:45,839
Speaker 4: That's basically the only distinction that sea.

728
00:35:45,920 --> 00:35:48,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, And when you bring these things into the inner

729
00:35:48,200 --> 00:35:52,880
Speaker 1: Solar System, like comets traditionally originate in the Kuiper Belt

730
00:35:52,960 --> 00:35:55,200
Speaker 1: or in the Ort cloud, which you're kind of like

731
00:35:55,360 --> 00:35:57,759
Speaker 1: bands of rocks in the more distant parts of the

732
00:35:57,760 --> 00:36:01,279
Speaker 1: Solar System, much further out than the asteroid belt. When

733
00:36:01,280 --> 00:36:04,000
Speaker 1: you bring them into the inner Solar System, they develop

734
00:36:04,080 --> 00:36:07,399
Speaker 1: tails because the Sun is beginning to vaporize them, they

735
00:36:07,400 --> 00:36:09,560
Speaker 1: get a coma, they have like a little envelope of

736
00:36:09,600 --> 00:36:12,440
Speaker 1: gas around them, and then as they move in towards

737
00:36:12,440 --> 00:36:15,120
Speaker 1: the Solar System, they get tails. And so that's really

738
00:36:15,200 --> 00:36:19,080
Speaker 1: what distinguishes comets from asteroids. Asteroids are just rocks, and

739
00:36:19,120 --> 00:36:22,040
Speaker 1: comets have these little gas clouds and tails because they're

740
00:36:22,080 --> 00:36:22,480
Speaker 1: made out of.

741
00:36:22,520 --> 00:36:27,279
Speaker 4: Ices, all right, and they mostly hang out on the

742
00:36:27,280 --> 00:36:28,600
Speaker 4: outside of the Solar System.

743
00:36:28,440 --> 00:36:31,120
Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, they originate in the Kuiper Belt, which is

744
00:36:31,160 --> 00:36:35,919
Speaker 1: this big collection of rocks, billions and billions of snowballs

745
00:36:35,960 --> 00:36:38,520
Speaker 1: in the distant Solar System, and this is probably the

746
00:36:38,560 --> 00:36:41,200
Speaker 1: origin of short period comets, like you know, years up

747
00:36:41,200 --> 00:36:43,719
Speaker 1: to tens of years. And then we think there's a

748
00:36:43,760 --> 00:36:46,560
Speaker 1: collection of them also much much further out in the

749
00:36:46,719 --> 00:36:49,799
Speaker 1: Ort Cloud, which is like very far out there, much

750
00:36:49,840 --> 00:36:54,040
Speaker 1: further than Pluto. And it's also technically theoretical because we've

751
00:36:54,080 --> 00:36:57,240
Speaker 1: never actually seen the Ork Cloud. We've just like deduced

752
00:36:57,280 --> 00:37:02,160
Speaker 1: its existence from various gravitational calculations and models. And we

753
00:37:02,280 --> 00:37:05,120
Speaker 1: also think that it's the source of long period comets,

754
00:37:05,120 --> 00:37:08,000
Speaker 1: comets with periods you know, again longer than tens or

755
00:37:08,080 --> 00:37:10,719
Speaker 1: hundreds of years, and they could take a very long

756
00:37:10,760 --> 00:37:13,200
Speaker 1: time to fall into the inner Solar System, and out

757
00:37:13,200 --> 00:37:15,600
Speaker 1: there there could be trillions of these.

758
00:37:15,480 --> 00:37:18,480
Speaker 4: Snowballs, and that's in the or cloud. So what's the

759
00:37:18,560 --> 00:37:20,640
Speaker 4: Kuiper belt? Is it asteroids or comets?

760
00:37:20,920 --> 00:37:23,319
Speaker 1: The Kuiper Belt is snowballs, and when they fall into

761
00:37:23,320 --> 00:37:25,920
Speaker 1: the Inner Solar System you call them comets. I think

762
00:37:25,920 --> 00:37:27,800
Speaker 1: you still call them commets when they're in the Kuiper

763
00:37:27,800 --> 00:37:31,319
Speaker 1: Belt before they've fallen in, because technically they are icy

764
00:37:31,360 --> 00:37:34,160
Speaker 1: objects out in the Solar System orbiting the Sun.

765
00:37:34,200 --> 00:37:36,919
Speaker 4: Because they would melt if they got closer to the Sun.

766
00:37:37,080 --> 00:37:39,279
Speaker 4: But doesn't everything melt if you get close enough to

767
00:37:39,280 --> 00:37:39,520
Speaker 4: the Sun?

768
00:37:39,640 --> 00:37:42,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, And so this distinction between asteroids and comets

769
00:37:42,480 --> 00:37:44,920
Speaker 1: is also a little bit fuzzy. I found a comet

770
00:37:44,920 --> 00:37:48,200
Speaker 1: from an astronomer or the University of Arizona who said, quote,

771
00:37:48,280 --> 00:37:50,919
Speaker 1: everything is a comet. If you brought my couch close

772
00:37:51,040 --> 00:37:53,080
Speaker 1: enough to the Sun, it would start melting and have

773
00:37:53,160 --> 00:37:55,879
Speaker 1: a coma. So like it's just a question of how

774
00:37:55,880 --> 00:37:57,759
Speaker 1: close you get to the Sun. Because you bring an

775
00:37:57,840 --> 00:38:00,840
Speaker 1: asteroid close enough to the Sun, it's to get vaporized.

776
00:38:00,880 --> 00:38:02,520
Speaker 1: Even if it's like a hunk of iron.

777
00:38:02,920 --> 00:38:04,840
Speaker 4: What if it's a hunk of like diamond.

778
00:38:05,440 --> 00:38:07,800
Speaker 1: If you dropped a huge diamond into the sun, it

779
00:38:07,840 --> 00:38:09,319
Speaker 1: would definitely get vaporized.

780
00:38:09,880 --> 00:38:10,799
Speaker 4: Yeah, into the sun.

781
00:38:11,120 --> 00:38:12,880
Speaker 1: If you had a huge diamond and you dropped it

782
00:38:12,880 --> 00:38:15,040
Speaker 1: from the outer solar system and it fell in towards

783
00:38:15,080 --> 00:38:17,160
Speaker 1: the Sun at some point at which it would reach

784
00:38:17,200 --> 00:38:19,080
Speaker 1: its melting point, and you would melt.

785
00:38:18,840 --> 00:38:21,400
Speaker 4: That diamond and become a diamond commet.

786
00:38:22,680 --> 00:38:25,040
Speaker 1: A diamond commet with a cloud of carbon.

787
00:38:24,760 --> 00:38:27,160
Speaker 4: And leave a trail of sparkly melted diamonds.

788
00:38:28,160 --> 00:38:31,200
Speaker 1: Yeah. I think melted diamond is just carbon though, because

789
00:38:31,239 --> 00:38:34,160
Speaker 1: it's only diamond because of the arrangement of those carbon atoms,

790
00:38:34,400 --> 00:38:36,040
Speaker 1: and so once you melted it could it's the same

791
00:38:36,040 --> 00:38:37,600
Speaker 1: as like melted coal. I guess.

792
00:38:38,200 --> 00:38:40,800
Speaker 4: Oh man, now we're getting really confusing.

793
00:38:40,880 --> 00:38:43,240
Speaker 1: Turn chemistry is a mess.

794
00:38:43,400 --> 00:38:44,880
Speaker 4: Is melted chocolate just carbon?

795
00:38:44,920 --> 00:38:45,120
Speaker 12: Then?

796
00:38:45,560 --> 00:38:49,719
Speaker 4: Oh no, are just eating coal when I when I'm

797
00:38:49,800 --> 00:38:50,760
Speaker 4: drinking my hot cocoa.

798
00:38:52,840 --> 00:38:54,960
Speaker 1: That's why putting these names on things is such a mess,

799
00:38:54,960 --> 00:38:56,840
Speaker 1: and we should just use math or charades.

800
00:38:57,560 --> 00:39:01,759
Speaker 4: That's why would you just use charades or speed up

801
00:39:01,760 --> 00:39:03,879
Speaker 4: the telepathy idea?

802
00:39:03,960 --> 00:39:06,520
Speaker 1: And then to make things even more confusing, there's another

803
00:39:06,640 --> 00:39:10,399
Speaker 1: category of stuff that's sort of like a hybrid, these

804
00:39:10,400 --> 00:39:14,719
Speaker 1: things that are actually brilliantly named. They call them centaurs.

805
00:39:14,800 --> 00:39:17,680
Speaker 1: You know. Centaurs are like half horse, half human. These

806
00:39:17,719 --> 00:39:23,000
Speaker 1: things have characteristics of asteroids and characteristics of comets. So

807
00:39:23,040 --> 00:39:25,880
Speaker 1: they're sort of like a comet because they have long

808
00:39:25,960 --> 00:39:29,279
Speaker 1: elliptical orbits the way comets do, and some of them

809
00:39:29,320 --> 00:39:33,160
Speaker 1: have dust comas. But they're kind of like asteroids in

810
00:39:33,200 --> 00:39:36,640
Speaker 1: that they're really large and they're mostly metallic. But they're

811
00:39:36,680 --> 00:39:39,640
Speaker 1: not like asteroids because they leave the asteroid belts and

812
00:39:39,640 --> 00:39:42,680
Speaker 1: they sort of traverse the Solar system the way comets do.

813
00:39:43,640 --> 00:39:46,000
Speaker 1: So these centaurs are sort of like a weird thing

814
00:39:46,040 --> 00:39:49,479
Speaker 1: in the Solar system that blurs the line between asteroid and.

815
00:39:49,719 --> 00:39:53,120
Speaker 4: Comet, meaning like it's a mix of rocks and ice.

816
00:39:53,080 --> 00:39:55,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, And it sort of moves like a comet,

817
00:39:56,040 --> 00:39:58,279
Speaker 1: and it's the size of an asteroid. These things tend

818
00:39:58,280 --> 00:39:59,240
Speaker 1: to be typically bigger.

819
00:40:00,000 --> 00:40:02,000
Speaker 4: I mean, it moves like a common You never said

820
00:40:02,719 --> 00:40:04,480
Speaker 4: motion was part of the definition.

821
00:40:04,719 --> 00:40:07,400
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's not technically part of the definition, right, But

822
00:40:07,520 --> 00:40:10,279
Speaker 1: comets tend to have these longer elliptical orbits just because

823
00:40:10,320 --> 00:40:12,399
Speaker 1: of where they come from in the Solar System. They

824
00:40:12,400 --> 00:40:15,280
Speaker 1: come from further out, and so they have these longer

825
00:40:15,360 --> 00:40:18,240
Speaker 1: orbits that traverse the path of the giant planets, whereas

826
00:40:18,320 --> 00:40:21,280
Speaker 1: asteroids typically hanging out in the asteroid belt and sometimes

827
00:40:21,280 --> 00:40:24,360
Speaker 1: fall in and so they don't traverse the giant planets.

828
00:40:25,120 --> 00:40:27,560
Speaker 1: So if you have like an asteroid like rock that

829
00:40:27,719 --> 00:40:30,319
Speaker 1: also has a long elliptical orbit, you're like, hmm, it's

830
00:40:30,320 --> 00:40:33,160
Speaker 1: a little comedy. It's a little asteroidy. You know. It's

831
00:40:33,160 --> 00:40:35,880
Speaker 1: sort of like chocolate and peanut butter, which.

832
00:40:35,840 --> 00:40:38,200
Speaker 4: We all know. If you melt it just becomes carbon.

833
00:40:38,200 --> 00:40:40,160
Speaker 1: And if you squeeze it hard enough, it becomes a diamond.

834
00:40:41,120 --> 00:40:44,840
Speaker 4: Yeah, technically a chunky diamond or a smooth diamond.

835
00:40:44,960 --> 00:40:46,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, maybe a creamy diamond.

836
00:40:46,400 --> 00:40:47,680
Speaker 4: Yeah, or me a carrot diamond.

837
00:40:47,760 --> 00:40:49,320
Speaker 1: I like my diamonds nicely salted.

838
00:40:49,440 --> 00:40:52,439
Speaker 4: So these centers are pretty interesting. How big can they get?

839
00:40:52,520 --> 00:40:54,680
Speaker 1: Some of them are pretty big, Like the largest one

840
00:40:54,840 --> 00:40:59,359
Speaker 1: is two hundred and seventy kilometers across, and actually it's

841
00:40:59,360 --> 00:41:02,040
Speaker 1: so big that it has its own rings, like a

842
00:41:02,080 --> 00:41:05,680
Speaker 1: little group of dust and tiny rocks orbiting this centaur.

843
00:41:06,160 --> 00:41:07,239
Speaker 4: Well, and where is that one?

844
00:41:07,360 --> 00:41:09,960
Speaker 1: It orbits in the Solar system out there between Saturn

845
00:41:10,080 --> 00:41:13,719
Speaker 1: and Urinus. So it's a big blob out there, and

846
00:41:13,760 --> 00:41:16,439
Speaker 1: it's sort of weird to be that far out. Why

847
00:41:16,480 --> 00:41:18,200
Speaker 1: isn't it in the asteroid belts? Or if it's that

848
00:41:18,280 --> 00:41:20,240
Speaker 1: far out, why doesn't that have more ice?

849
00:41:20,760 --> 00:41:20,920
Speaker 5: You know?

850
00:41:21,040 --> 00:41:23,840
Speaker 1: You might ask also, well, why do all the objects

851
00:41:23,880 --> 00:41:26,000
Speaker 1: and what we call the asteroid belt, why are they

852
00:41:26,040 --> 00:41:29,080
Speaker 1: mostly rocks and metal and the stuff out there in

853
00:41:29,120 --> 00:41:30,800
Speaker 1: what we call the Kuyper belt in the or cloud,

854
00:41:31,040 --> 00:41:33,320
Speaker 1: why do they have more ices? And that's just distance

855
00:41:33,360 --> 00:41:35,759
Speaker 1: from the sun. If you're further from the Sun, then

856
00:41:35,800 --> 00:41:38,160
Speaker 1: the sun is not bright enough, not hot enough to

857
00:41:38,280 --> 00:41:40,799
Speaker 1: vaporize all that stuff, so you get these ices. And

858
00:41:40,800 --> 00:41:44,160
Speaker 1: that's why comets when they form out there, are icy

859
00:41:44,200 --> 00:41:46,480
Speaker 1: and asteroids are not. The way the Earth is not

860
00:41:46,680 --> 00:41:49,759
Speaker 1: mostly icy, right, And so it's weird to have an

861
00:41:49,840 --> 00:41:53,000
Speaker 1: object that's out there beyond the snow line that doesn't

862
00:41:53,040 --> 00:41:56,040
Speaker 1: have as much snow or ice as everything else.

863
00:41:57,400 --> 00:41:59,560
Speaker 4: And how do we know it's a centaur? Does it

864
00:41:59,600 --> 00:41:59,960
Speaker 4: have a take?

865
00:42:00,600 --> 00:42:02,279
Speaker 1: This one is big enough that it might have its

866
00:42:02,320 --> 00:42:05,640
Speaker 1: own like little atmosphere, right, things that are boiling off

867
00:42:05,640 --> 00:42:07,560
Speaker 1: of it, But we don't know the composition of it

868
00:42:07,640 --> 00:42:09,600
Speaker 1: that well, it's sort of far enough away that it's

869
00:42:09,880 --> 00:42:12,279
Speaker 1: difficult to study, but we do see that it has

870
00:42:12,280 --> 00:42:15,040
Speaker 1: its own ring systems, so we have some information about it.

871
00:42:15,520 --> 00:42:18,480
Speaker 1: But these things are really fascinating because they paint sort

872
00:42:18,480 --> 00:42:20,560
Speaker 1: of a picture of the history of the solar system.

873
00:42:20,800 --> 00:42:22,640
Speaker 1: A lot of this stuff is interesting in the context

874
00:42:22,640 --> 00:42:24,600
Speaker 1: of like, hey, how did we get here? How did

875
00:42:24,600 --> 00:42:26,920
Speaker 1: our solar system end up the way that it is.

876
00:42:27,360 --> 00:42:29,760
Speaker 1: All these things are clues that let us like back

877
00:42:29,800 --> 00:42:32,319
Speaker 1: out that story and figure out how it all got

878
00:42:32,360 --> 00:42:33,600
Speaker 1: arranged to be this way.

879
00:42:35,360 --> 00:42:37,400
Speaker 4: Sok Can we tell what it's made out of with

880
00:42:37,480 --> 00:42:38,839
Speaker 4: our telescopes.

881
00:42:38,320 --> 00:42:40,400
Speaker 1: We can tell a little bit because of the color,

882
00:42:40,800 --> 00:42:42,759
Speaker 1: Like some of these things are a little bluer and

883
00:42:42,800 --> 00:42:44,959
Speaker 1: some of these things are a little redder. That gives

884
00:42:45,040 --> 00:42:47,880
Speaker 1: us a clue as to what they are, because what

885
00:42:47,960 --> 00:42:50,239
Speaker 1: they are determines, you know, what they're reflecting and what

886
00:42:50,280 --> 00:42:53,799
Speaker 1: they're absorbing. So we have some clues about their chemical composition.

887
00:42:54,200 --> 00:42:56,160
Speaker 1: But that's also sort of a mystery. Like some of

888
00:42:56,200 --> 00:42:58,440
Speaker 1: these centaurs are bluer and some of these are redder.

889
00:42:58,719 --> 00:43:00,920
Speaker 1: Some of them look more like asteroids, of them look

890
00:43:01,000 --> 00:43:03,440
Speaker 1: less like asteroids. That's sort of one of the central

891
00:43:03,480 --> 00:43:06,560
Speaker 1: mysteries of centaurs. But none of these things have been

892
00:43:06,560 --> 00:43:09,719
Speaker 1: like photographed up close. A lot of Solar System objects

893
00:43:09,840 --> 00:43:12,960
Speaker 1: have been visited by probes, like we recently had up

894
00:43:13,040 --> 00:43:15,680
Speaker 1: close pictures of Pluto, which is awesome, and most of

895
00:43:15,719 --> 00:43:18,920
Speaker 1: the moons of Saturn and Jupiter have been visited, but

896
00:43:19,000 --> 00:43:22,320
Speaker 1: nobody's ever done a close flyby of a centaur to

897
00:43:22,320 --> 00:43:25,440
Speaker 1: take like crisp photos of its surface and see what

898
00:43:25,440 --> 00:43:27,440
Speaker 1: it's made out of and what that surface looks like.

899
00:43:27,880 --> 00:43:29,040
Speaker 1: It'd be really fascinating.

900
00:43:29,440 --> 00:43:31,040
Speaker 4: But wait, how do we know what they're made out of?

901
00:43:31,080 --> 00:43:33,480
Speaker 1: Ben We don't know for sure. It's just really guesses

902
00:43:33,520 --> 00:43:36,600
Speaker 1: based on the spectrometry looking at the wavelength of light

903
00:43:36,640 --> 00:43:39,160
Speaker 1: that bounces off of it. So we have ideas.

904
00:43:39,360 --> 00:43:40,920
Speaker 4: How do you assume that it has ion it?

905
00:43:41,000 --> 00:43:43,680
Speaker 1: Because they look different from the asteroids, right, They have

906
00:43:43,880 --> 00:43:47,839
Speaker 1: different reflections than asteroids do m All.

907
00:43:47,800 --> 00:43:49,760
Speaker 4: Right, Well, let's get to the question of the episode,

908
00:43:49,800 --> 00:43:53,120
Speaker 4: which is are there comments in the asteroid belt? So

909
00:43:53,200 --> 00:43:56,000
Speaker 4: let's tackle that. But first let's take another quick break.

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Speaker 4: All right, we're talking about comments, asteroids, and centaurs and

976
00:47:29,280 --> 00:47:30,160
Speaker 4: also charades.

977
00:47:31,719 --> 00:47:34,440
Speaker 1: So in your house, who typically wins the games of charades?

978
00:47:34,640 --> 00:47:36,000
Speaker 4: We never play charades.

979
00:47:36,120 --> 00:47:38,600
Speaker 1: What you're such a big proponent on the podcast, but

980
00:47:38,640 --> 00:47:39,839
Speaker 1: you don't practice that at home.

981
00:47:40,360 --> 00:47:42,319
Speaker 4: That's what I'm trying to do, see, Daniel, is bring

982
00:47:42,320 --> 00:47:45,520
Speaker 4: more charates into everyone's homes. So we're tackling today the

983
00:47:45,600 --> 00:47:48,880
Speaker 4: question are there comments in the asteroid belt? Now, Daniel?

984
00:47:48,960 --> 00:47:50,120
Speaker 4: Is the answer yes or no?

985
00:47:50,600 --> 00:47:53,480
Speaker 1: The answer is that there's some weird stuff in the

986
00:47:53,520 --> 00:47:58,160
Speaker 1: asteroid belt that we don't understand. In nineteen ninety six,

987
00:47:58,320 --> 00:48:02,360
Speaker 1: people saw something any asteroid belt that had a coma

988
00:48:02,880 --> 00:48:05,400
Speaker 1: like it has this gas and envelope in it, so

989
00:48:05,440 --> 00:48:07,799
Speaker 1: it looks like it's melting in the presence of the sun.

990
00:48:08,080 --> 00:48:08,279
Speaker 3: Wait.

991
00:48:08,280 --> 00:48:09,960
Speaker 4: Wait, so that the tail of a comet, you call

992
00:48:10,000 --> 00:48:10,640
Speaker 4: it a coma.

993
00:48:10,840 --> 00:48:13,000
Speaker 1: The tail is when it's moving. A coma is like

994
00:48:13,040 --> 00:48:15,799
Speaker 1: the envelope that surrounds It's sort of like a little atmosphere.

995
00:48:15,880 --> 00:48:17,920
Speaker 1: But it's not really an atmosphere because it's not holding

996
00:48:17,920 --> 00:48:20,840
Speaker 1: onto it gravitationally. It's just sort of like off gasing.

997
00:48:21,239 --> 00:48:23,680
Speaker 1: It's like melting. It's the vapor that's coming off as

998
00:48:23,719 --> 00:48:24,759
Speaker 1: the sun is melting it.

999
00:48:24,920 --> 00:48:27,960
Speaker 4: That's the coma, like an aura or like a cloud

1000
00:48:28,040 --> 00:48:29,120
Speaker 4: of a vapor around it.

1001
00:48:29,200 --> 00:48:31,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And then if it's in motion, it's going

1002
00:48:31,960 --> 00:48:34,839
Speaker 1: to leave that behind because it's not gravitationally holding onto

1003
00:48:34,840 --> 00:48:37,640
Speaker 1: it and generate a tail. So a coma and a

1004
00:48:37,719 --> 00:48:41,680
Speaker 1: tail are characteristic signatures of a comet rather than an asteroid.

1005
00:48:42,400 --> 00:48:45,520
Speaker 1: And in nineteen ninety six people were looking at stuff

1006
00:48:45,520 --> 00:48:47,480
Speaker 1: in the asteroid belt and it's like, what's out there,

1007
00:48:47,640 --> 00:48:49,960
Speaker 1: what's weird? And they found this one that had a

1008
00:48:50,000 --> 00:48:52,960
Speaker 1: coma and a tail, And people were like, well, that's weird.

1009
00:48:53,000 --> 00:48:56,040
Speaker 1: But you know, one example is never anything, because you

1010
00:48:56,040 --> 00:48:59,800
Speaker 1: can always find one weird thing just necessarily tell you anything.

1011
00:49:01,160 --> 00:49:03,520
Speaker 1: But then a few years later they did a systematic

1012
00:49:03,560 --> 00:49:07,359
Speaker 1: study this Isaac Newton telescope in the Canary Islands. They

1013
00:49:07,360 --> 00:49:11,440
Speaker 1: were watching five hundred and thirty four asteroids specifically looking

1014
00:49:11,800 --> 00:49:14,040
Speaker 1: for like a gassy shell around them or whether they

1015
00:49:14,040 --> 00:49:16,960
Speaker 1: had a tail, and they found like twenty more of

1016
00:49:17,000 --> 00:49:21,480
Speaker 1: these things in the asteroid belt that have comas and tails, Well.

1017
00:49:21,440 --> 00:49:23,560
Speaker 4: So does that mean their comments or centaurs.

1018
00:49:23,680 --> 00:49:25,680
Speaker 1: That means we don't know what to name these things,

1019
00:49:26,040 --> 00:49:29,600
Speaker 1: and maybe we're all wrong about these definitions. After all.

1020
00:49:30,080 --> 00:49:32,319
Speaker 1: It means that we don't really understand like how they

1021
00:49:32,360 --> 00:49:34,400
Speaker 1: got there, you know. I think question number one is

1022
00:49:34,480 --> 00:49:37,839
Speaker 1: like why is there something in the asteroid belt that's

1023
00:49:37,840 --> 00:49:40,560
Speaker 1: still melting? You put something there and it's melting, it's

1024
00:49:40,560 --> 00:49:43,480
Speaker 1: gonna shrink, so it can't last for very long. But

1025
00:49:43,520 --> 00:49:45,399
Speaker 1: we think a lot of these asteroids have been there

1026
00:49:45,440 --> 00:49:49,000
Speaker 1: for like billions of years, and so how long have

1027
00:49:49,080 --> 00:49:51,520
Speaker 1: these things been in the asteroid belt? And if it's

1028
00:49:51,719 --> 00:49:54,080
Speaker 1: only and if it's a recent event, then where did

1029
00:49:54,080 --> 00:49:56,879
Speaker 1: they come from? And if it's not a recent event,

1030
00:49:56,920 --> 00:49:59,400
Speaker 1: then how they lasted so long? So it's weird to

1031
00:49:59,400 --> 00:50:01,600
Speaker 1: see something that you know has got to be short lived.

1032
00:50:02,400 --> 00:50:04,279
Speaker 1: So it's weird to see so many things that you

1033
00:50:04,320 --> 00:50:06,360
Speaker 1: know have to be short lived, because there's got to

1034
00:50:06,400 --> 00:50:07,640
Speaker 1: be some explanation there.

1035
00:50:08,680 --> 00:50:11,920
Speaker 4: You're saying they saw a coma or a shell or

1036
00:50:11,920 --> 00:50:14,239
Speaker 4: a cloud or a tail, because you can see it

1037
00:50:14,239 --> 00:50:15,799
Speaker 4: with the telescope.

1038
00:50:15,400 --> 00:50:17,240
Speaker 1: As it passes in front of the Sun. For example,

1039
00:50:17,560 --> 00:50:20,480
Speaker 1: you could see the gas around it affecting the light

1040
00:50:20,560 --> 00:50:22,759
Speaker 1: as it transits, or you can see the way it

1041
00:50:22,800 --> 00:50:23,800
Speaker 1: reflects light differently.

1042
00:50:24,040 --> 00:50:26,359
Speaker 4: These are pretty firmly in the asteroid belt or are

1043
00:50:26,360 --> 00:50:28,919
Speaker 4: they maybe just cruising through the asteroid belt?

1044
00:50:28,960 --> 00:50:30,920
Speaker 1: Oh yeah, great question. Now these are things that are

1045
00:50:30,960 --> 00:50:32,759
Speaker 1: part of the asteroid belt, and as they watch them,

1046
00:50:32,760 --> 00:50:35,200
Speaker 1: they have stable orbits that can make them be part

1047
00:50:35,239 --> 00:50:37,640
Speaker 1: of the asteroid belt. They're not just like happened to

1048
00:50:37,680 --> 00:50:40,040
Speaker 1: be comets that were captured on their way into the

1049
00:50:40,080 --> 00:50:42,960
Speaker 1: inner Solar System. These things are not transients. They're there

1050
00:50:42,960 --> 00:50:46,120
Speaker 1: in the asteroid belt basically to stay. But we don't

1051
00:50:46,200 --> 00:50:49,120
Speaker 1: understand where they came from. And these are deep and

1052
00:50:49,160 --> 00:50:52,640
Speaker 1: important questions because we want to understand, like where is

1053
00:50:52,680 --> 00:50:55,000
Speaker 1: the water in the Solar System? How did it get

1054
00:50:55,000 --> 00:50:58,160
Speaker 1: spread out the way that it did? For example, where

1055
00:50:58,239 --> 00:51:01,200
Speaker 1: did Earth's water come from? We know that all the

1056
00:51:01,280 --> 00:51:04,279
Speaker 1: ice and all the water that originally was involved in

1057
00:51:04,360 --> 00:51:07,359
Speaker 1: the formation of our planet got boiled off by the

1058
00:51:07,400 --> 00:51:10,400
Speaker 1: Sun in the early history of the Solar System, and

1059
00:51:10,480 --> 00:51:12,759
Speaker 1: so it's still an open question of like where did

1060
00:51:12,760 --> 00:51:14,520
Speaker 1: the water that's on the surface of the Earth now,

1061
00:51:14,719 --> 00:51:17,359
Speaker 1: like where did our oceans come from? Did it come

1062
00:51:17,440 --> 00:51:19,840
Speaker 1: from comets hitting the Earth? Did it come from the

1063
00:51:19,840 --> 00:51:23,840
Speaker 1: water that's still trapped inside the Earth. These are important

1064
00:51:23,880 --> 00:51:25,360
Speaker 1: questions and to answer them, we're going to have to

1065
00:51:25,400 --> 00:51:27,520
Speaker 1: understand like where's the water now and what is it?

1066
00:51:27,560 --> 00:51:30,200
Speaker 1: All of its history. It's a deep question about our

1067
00:51:30,280 --> 00:51:33,040
Speaker 1: origins and the whole history of the Solar System. And

1068
00:51:33,120 --> 00:51:34,960
Speaker 1: so whenever you see something weird.

1069
00:51:34,800 --> 00:51:36,440
Speaker 4: Like wait, are you saying that maybe, like some of

1070
00:51:36,440 --> 00:51:40,560
Speaker 4: these weird objects in the asteroid belt, they came from

1071
00:51:40,719 --> 00:51:43,720
Speaker 4: the outer Solar System and then maybe they crashed into

1072
00:51:44,200 --> 00:51:45,040
Speaker 4: the asteroid belt.

1073
00:51:45,120 --> 00:51:47,080
Speaker 1: It could be absolutely it could be that they were

1074
00:51:47,160 --> 00:51:49,920
Speaker 1: comets and they were coming into the asteroid belt and

1075
00:51:49,960 --> 00:51:52,880
Speaker 1: they like interfered with something. And people think of the

1076
00:51:52,880 --> 00:51:55,640
Speaker 1: asteroid belt the way you described like Star Wars earlier,

1077
00:51:55,840 --> 00:51:58,400
Speaker 1: like oh it's heart you got to dodge the asteroids.

1078
00:51:58,400 --> 00:52:01,680
Speaker 1: It's very dense. In reality, the asteroid belt is very dilute,

1079
00:52:01,760 --> 00:52:03,799
Speaker 1: Like if you flew through the asteroid belt, it'd be

1080
00:52:03,840 --> 00:52:06,640
Speaker 1: hard to hit an asteroid. So a random commet flying

1081
00:52:06,640 --> 00:52:08,560
Speaker 1: through the asteroid belt is not gonna have a problem

1082
00:52:08,560 --> 00:52:11,440
Speaker 1: making it through. But you know, maybe occasionally these things

1083
00:52:11,760 --> 00:52:14,480
Speaker 1: do get disturbed, or they get deflected by Jupiter or

1084
00:52:14,520 --> 00:52:18,080
Speaker 1: captured effectively somehow, And so it could be that these

1085
00:52:18,080 --> 00:52:20,880
Speaker 1: are comets that got waylaid and ended up in the

1086
00:52:20,920 --> 00:52:24,120
Speaker 1: asteroid belt. But then you'd need a continuous stream of

1087
00:52:24,160 --> 00:52:26,719
Speaker 1: them to keep it populated because they're not gonna last

1088
00:52:26,800 --> 00:52:28,640
Speaker 1: very long in the asteroid belt, like the Sun is.

1089
00:52:28,640 --> 00:52:30,680
Speaker 4: Gonna fry them even with that far away.

1090
00:52:31,040 --> 00:52:33,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean, the fact that they have a gassy

1091
00:52:33,560 --> 00:52:36,959
Speaker 1: shell means that they are actively outgassing because they can't

1092
00:52:36,960 --> 00:52:40,279
Speaker 1: hold onto that gas. And if you're actively outgassing, you're

1093
00:52:40,360 --> 00:52:43,600
Speaker 1: literally melting, you're shrinking. That's not gonna last very long.

1094
00:52:43,800 --> 00:52:46,319
Speaker 1: They might have like a rocky core, and that might

1095
00:52:46,360 --> 00:52:48,920
Speaker 1: be left over when the Sun is done frying all

1096
00:52:48,960 --> 00:52:51,440
Speaker 1: of their ices, but they're definitely not gonna look like

1097
00:52:51,520 --> 00:52:54,880
Speaker 1: this for that long. We're talking, you know, millions of years,

1098
00:52:54,920 --> 00:52:57,239
Speaker 1: but in the history of the Solar System, that's just

1099
00:52:57,239 --> 00:52:58,200
Speaker 1: a blink of an eye.

1100
00:52:59,400 --> 00:53:01,120
Speaker 4: I wonder if it could be just like the Earth,

1101
00:53:01,200 --> 00:53:04,040
Speaker 4: when the Earth got formed, they had water trapped inside

1102
00:53:04,040 --> 00:53:06,840
Speaker 4: of it in the rock. Could these asteroids also have

1103
00:53:06,920 --> 00:53:09,080
Speaker 4: water inside of them that's maybe sweating out.

1104
00:53:09,200 --> 00:53:11,839
Speaker 1: They certainly might have water inside of them the way

1105
00:53:11,880 --> 00:53:13,760
Speaker 1: the Earth does. And you know, if you think about

1106
00:53:13,760 --> 00:53:16,200
Speaker 1: water inside the Earth, it's not like there's literally an

1107
00:53:16,200 --> 00:53:18,960
Speaker 1: ocean you can go swimming in. It's like the chemical

1108
00:53:18,960 --> 00:53:22,560
Speaker 1: composition of the rock includes a lot of water. And

1109
00:53:22,640 --> 00:53:25,120
Speaker 1: so in a similar way, you might have water infused

1110
00:53:25,160 --> 00:53:27,000
Speaker 1: into the metals and the rocks at the heart of

1111
00:53:27,040 --> 00:53:29,880
Speaker 1: these asteroids. But any water ice that the sun is

1112
00:53:29,960 --> 00:53:32,520
Speaker 1: capable of frying off got fried off a long time ago,

1113
00:53:32,600 --> 00:53:35,520
Speaker 1: because these asteroids have been there for billions of years,

1114
00:53:36,400 --> 00:53:38,279
Speaker 1: and so these guys would have to be new, right,

1115
00:53:38,320 --> 00:53:41,160
Speaker 1: These new, weird things they spotted in the asteroid belt

1116
00:53:41,440 --> 00:53:44,240
Speaker 1: should have arrived fairly recently, if that makes any.

1117
00:53:44,080 --> 00:53:46,719
Speaker 4: Sense, all right, Well, so I guess the answer is,

1118
00:53:47,280 --> 00:53:50,279
Speaker 4: maybe are there comets in the asteroid There could be.

1119
00:53:50,360 --> 00:53:53,680
Speaker 4: There are definitely things that are comedy, right, or that

1120
00:53:53,760 --> 00:53:54,719
Speaker 4: have ice in them.

1121
00:53:54,840 --> 00:53:57,399
Speaker 1: There's definitely something in the asteroid belt that has ice

1122
00:53:57,480 --> 00:54:00,080
Speaker 1: because it's melting. We don't understand what they are or

1123
00:54:00,080 --> 00:54:02,280
Speaker 1: where they came from, or what it means about where

1124
00:54:02,320 --> 00:54:03,719
Speaker 1: our drinking water came from.

1125
00:54:03,960 --> 00:54:06,800
Speaker 4: Or would you say maybe the answer is that some

1126
00:54:06,920 --> 00:54:10,320
Speaker 4: of the things in the asteroid belt are comments or

1127
00:54:10,360 --> 00:54:12,240
Speaker 4: could be classified as sort of comments.

1128
00:54:12,320 --> 00:54:14,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, by our definition, where commets are things that have

1129
00:54:14,760 --> 00:54:17,120
Speaker 1: ice in them, they're icy and dusty, then yeah, there

1130
00:54:17,120 --> 00:54:19,959
Speaker 1: are definitely some icy, dusty things in the asteroid belt.

1131
00:54:20,120 --> 00:54:22,800
Speaker 1: The asteroid belt is not just asteroids anymore.

1132
00:54:23,000 --> 00:54:24,680
Speaker 4: Or I guess if you go by your definition of

1133
00:54:24,719 --> 00:54:28,280
Speaker 4: a comet, then everything is a comet.

1134
00:54:28,719 --> 00:54:31,600
Speaker 1: That's right, You're a comet. Right, we tossed you into

1135
00:54:31,640 --> 00:54:33,719
Speaker 1: the sun, you would melt and vaporize as well.

1136
00:54:33,800 --> 00:54:36,600
Speaker 4: So yeah, yeah, yeah, of course i'd be you know,

1137
00:54:36,640 --> 00:54:40,440
Speaker 4: trying to communicate with charades all the way down hoping

1138
00:54:40,480 --> 00:54:41,839
Speaker 4: someone picks me up.

1139
00:54:43,440 --> 00:54:45,000
Speaker 1: Good luck with that, all right.

1140
00:54:45,080 --> 00:54:50,000
Speaker 4: Well, another interesting exploration into our solar system. It's history

1141
00:54:50,160 --> 00:54:52,920
Speaker 4: and the mysteries that are still out there waiting to

1142
00:54:52,960 --> 00:54:53,680
Speaker 4: be discovered.

1143
00:54:53,760 --> 00:54:56,120
Speaker 1: There's so many missing chapters to the history of our

1144
00:54:56,120 --> 00:54:58,920
Speaker 1: solar system, so many things about our own backyard we

1145
00:54:59,000 --> 00:55:02,200
Speaker 1: still don't understand. And every time we look more carefully

1146
00:55:02,280 --> 00:55:04,960
Speaker 1: the things we thought we understood, we find weird things

1147
00:55:05,000 --> 00:55:07,840
Speaker 1: that defy our explanation, that tell us that it's a

1148
00:55:07,840 --> 00:55:09,840
Speaker 1: lot more to this story to be revealed.

1149
00:55:10,239 --> 00:55:14,800
Speaker 4: Yeah, to be revealed by astronomers or physicists or both,

1150
00:55:15,040 --> 00:55:17,440
Speaker 4: or perhaps chemists.

1151
00:55:18,440 --> 00:55:19,520
Speaker 1: We're all just people.

1152
00:55:19,719 --> 00:55:20,960
Speaker 4: No, we're all just comments.

1153
00:55:21,239 --> 00:55:22,960
Speaker 1: That's right, everybody's a comment.

1154
00:55:23,239 --> 00:55:26,839
Speaker 4: Yeah, we all have tales in komas. All right. Well,

1155
00:55:26,840 --> 00:55:29,959
Speaker 4: we hope you enjoyed that. Thanks for joining us, See

1156
00:55:29,960 --> 00:55:30,520
Speaker 4: you next time.

1157
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Speaker 1: For more science and curiosity, come find us on social

1158
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Speaker 1: media where we answer questions and post videos. We're on Twitter, Discord, Insta,

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Speaker 1: and now TikTok. Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel

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Speaker 1: and Jorge Explain the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio.

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