1 00:00:09,000 --> 00:00:12,479 Speaker 1: Hey, welcome to Invention. My name is Robert Lamp and 2 00:00:12,600 --> 00:00:14,680 Speaker 1: I'm Joe McCormick, and this is gonna be part two 3 00:00:14,800 --> 00:00:18,640 Speaker 1: of our first foray into the exploration of the Wheel, 4 00:00:19,120 --> 00:00:22,160 Speaker 1: the ultimate technology, the one everybody goes to when they're 5 00:00:22,160 --> 00:00:24,680 Speaker 1: asked to think of an invention. Uh, the thing that 6 00:00:24,720 --> 00:00:27,600 Speaker 1: they tell you, let's not reinvent, when in fact, people 7 00:00:27,640 --> 00:00:30,240 Speaker 1: reinvented all the time, and thank god, they do, the 8 00:00:30,360 --> 00:00:33,280 Speaker 1: very technology that Anthony Zerbe was so down on in 9 00:00:33,320 --> 00:00:37,200 Speaker 1: The Omega Man talking about did he hate the wheel? 10 00:00:37,400 --> 00:00:39,680 Speaker 1: I thought they rode on cars and stuff. Well, the 11 00:00:39,680 --> 00:00:42,199 Speaker 1: wheel was for them. Like, Okay, if you haven't seen 12 00:00:42,200 --> 00:00:46,720 Speaker 1: The Omega Man, based on Mathieson's excellent I am legend 13 00:00:47,120 --> 00:00:50,280 Speaker 1: it is a kind of a sad reworking of it. Yeah, 14 00:00:50,440 --> 00:00:55,400 Speaker 1: it's it's a corny Charleton Heston. Uh lead this redundant 15 00:00:55,600 --> 00:01:00,000 Speaker 1: the sentence you just said. Nineteen seventies um post apocaly 16 00:01:00,000 --> 00:01:04,560 Speaker 1: oiptic film in which Charlton Heston is seemingly the last 17 00:01:04,680 --> 00:01:08,280 Speaker 1: human and then you have these pale vampires that are 18 00:01:08,360 --> 00:01:13,400 Speaker 1: ruling the night and scientists exactly, He's a scientist that's 19 00:01:13,440 --> 00:01:16,759 Speaker 1: like Christ like scientists battling the vampires, and the vampires 20 00:01:16,760 --> 00:01:19,520 Speaker 1: like see the wheel as a symbol of everything that 21 00:01:19,640 --> 00:01:22,000 Speaker 1: humanity got wrong. At some point, that's kind of a 22 00:01:22,000 --> 00:01:24,720 Speaker 1: shaky premise. They tell him he stinks of oil and 23 00:01:24,800 --> 00:01:30,120 Speaker 1: electric circuitry. He did look a little oily in that, 24 00:01:30,240 --> 00:01:33,480 Speaker 1: I have to say, but any rate, but but it 25 00:01:33,560 --> 00:01:37,920 Speaker 1: was corn oil. So yes, we're continuing our discussion of 26 00:01:37,920 --> 00:01:41,160 Speaker 1: of wheel technology. Uh, we're not quite as down on 27 00:01:41,200 --> 00:01:45,279 Speaker 1: wheel technology as the as the future of vampires are. 28 00:01:45,920 --> 00:01:49,280 Speaker 1: So let's jump back into our discussion. So how does 29 00:01:49,320 --> 00:01:52,800 Speaker 1: the wheel and the wheeled cart change things? How do 30 00:01:52,840 --> 00:01:55,880 Speaker 1: these technologies change the world. Well, one thing I would 31 00:01:55,920 --> 00:01:59,920 Speaker 1: say is that the legacy and impact of wheeled transportation 32 00:02:00,000 --> 00:02:03,520 Speaker 1: and has been much more profound and say, the last 33 00:02:03,640 --> 00:02:06,520 Speaker 1: four or five centuries than it was for the you know, 34 00:02:06,720 --> 00:02:10,320 Speaker 1: most of the time wheeled vehicles have existed, their impact 35 00:02:10,440 --> 00:02:13,760 Speaker 1: was less profound. Basically, you know, they made it easier 36 00:02:13,760 --> 00:02:16,600 Speaker 1: to move some stuff around in places where you could 37 00:02:16,680 --> 00:02:19,720 Speaker 1: use them, right, and the ultimately that that's one of 38 00:02:19,760 --> 00:02:21,880 Speaker 1: the main advancements here, is that it was for the 39 00:02:21,880 --> 00:02:25,480 Speaker 1: transportation of goods and and people to a certain extent 40 00:02:25,520 --> 00:02:28,040 Speaker 1: as well. You can also make, of course the argument 41 00:02:28,080 --> 00:02:30,840 Speaker 1: for the use of chariots in a military s areo 42 00:02:31,639 --> 00:02:36,639 Speaker 1: or the move using moving around say large scale siege equipment, etcetera. 43 00:02:36,840 --> 00:02:40,119 Speaker 1: Though though after the age of chariots, wheels basically sort 44 00:02:40,120 --> 00:02:42,480 Speaker 1: of fell out of use in a military context and 45 00:02:42,960 --> 00:02:48,119 Speaker 1: were replaced largely by heavy cavalry. Yeah, by by sheer horsemanship. Yeah. Now, 46 00:02:48,360 --> 00:02:51,480 Speaker 1: another important the impact of the wheel is just the 47 00:02:51,560 --> 00:02:56,280 Speaker 1: stimulation of carpentry and road technologies like the the because 48 00:02:56,400 --> 00:02:58,120 Speaker 1: that's something to keep in mind too. To have like 49 00:02:58,160 --> 00:03:02,320 Speaker 1: a really functional, useful car, you've got to have a 50 00:03:02,360 --> 00:03:06,840 Speaker 1: certain level of carpentry employ for that thing to even exist. 51 00:03:07,080 --> 00:03:09,840 Speaker 1: And then you're gonna need to up your game with 52 00:03:09,840 --> 00:03:12,160 Speaker 1: with roads so that you can get it all the 53 00:03:12,200 --> 00:03:13,720 Speaker 1: places you need to get it, so that it can 54 00:03:13,760 --> 00:03:17,919 Speaker 1: actually transport goods and people or you know, equipment from 55 00:03:17,960 --> 00:03:20,280 Speaker 1: one place to the other. Yeah, Bullet wrights about this 56 00:03:20,360 --> 00:03:22,440 Speaker 1: a lot about the So he's got a section of 57 00:03:22,440 --> 00:03:25,440 Speaker 1: his book where he talks about um the fact that 58 00:03:25,480 --> 00:03:27,919 Speaker 1: the wheel shaped to the modern world, and that these 59 00:03:27,960 --> 00:03:31,639 Speaker 1: influences were highly contingent not just on the wheel existing, 60 00:03:31,639 --> 00:03:34,639 Speaker 1: but on the different types of wheels we're talking about. 61 00:03:34,720 --> 00:03:38,680 Speaker 1: Like he explores how fixed wheel sets like the early 62 00:03:38,760 --> 00:03:43,200 Speaker 1: steam engine locomotive wheels, and then axles with independently rotating 63 00:03:43,200 --> 00:03:45,560 Speaker 1: wheels like we saw on the more versatile carriages and 64 00:03:45,600 --> 00:03:48,800 Speaker 1: modern cars had very different impacts on the world. And 65 00:03:48,960 --> 00:03:52,320 Speaker 1: he mentions road design, and so think about how we 66 00:03:52,320 --> 00:03:54,760 Speaker 1: were talking about roads in the last episode. When the 67 00:03:54,800 --> 00:03:58,720 Speaker 1: first carriage roads UH came about, they were usually based 68 00:03:58,760 --> 00:04:01,240 Speaker 1: on old roads that have been used for centuries by 69 00:04:01,320 --> 00:04:05,240 Speaker 1: foot and you know, animal transport, whereas the first railroads 70 00:04:05,280 --> 00:04:07,920 Speaker 1: had to be of a completely different design. They had 71 00:04:07,920 --> 00:04:12,240 Speaker 1: to be built a new into the landscape for obvious reasons. Example, 72 00:04:12,600 --> 00:04:17,000 Speaker 1: early trains with fixed wheelsets couldn't handle sharp turns or 73 00:04:17,120 --> 00:04:19,919 Speaker 1: steep grades down a hill, and this meant that the 74 00:04:20,000 --> 00:04:23,120 Speaker 1: landscape had to be altered to accommodate them to allow 75 00:04:23,120 --> 00:04:26,240 Speaker 1: a train to pass through UH. And they also required 76 00:04:26,279 --> 00:04:29,599 Speaker 1: the intervention of government authorities to help manage things like 77 00:04:29,760 --> 00:04:32,640 Speaker 1: right of way and scheduling of use. And this was 78 00:04:32,680 --> 00:04:35,520 Speaker 1: not originally the case for carriage roads, which you know 79 00:04:35,560 --> 00:04:39,159 Speaker 1: eventually became automobile roads. But funny enough, a lot of 80 00:04:39,200 --> 00:04:42,920 Speaker 1: aspects of the design of railroads were then later recreated 81 00:04:42,960 --> 00:04:46,200 Speaker 1: when interstate highway systems and their worldwide equivalents like the 82 00:04:46,200 --> 00:04:48,840 Speaker 1: Auto bonn were born. Yeah, just the idea that, oh, 83 00:04:48,880 --> 00:04:50,640 Speaker 1: we're gonna we're gonna be able to road from point 84 00:04:50,680 --> 00:04:52,960 Speaker 1: A to point b Uh. There's a hill in the way, 85 00:04:53,240 --> 00:04:55,279 Speaker 1: we're not going to go around it, We're not gonna 86 00:04:55,360 --> 00:04:57,560 Speaker 1: go over it. We're going to go right through it. 87 00:04:57,640 --> 00:04:59,480 Speaker 1: And that means that building a tunnel, we're going to 88 00:04:59,560 --> 00:05:02,080 Speaker 1: do it, or we're just gonna cut a massive, uh, 89 00:05:02,080 --> 00:05:05,080 Speaker 1: you know, slice out of that hill. And we see 90 00:05:05,120 --> 00:05:07,360 Speaker 1: this all over with certainly with their trains but also 91 00:05:07,400 --> 00:05:10,719 Speaker 1: with our interstates. Yeah, but also avoiding stops, avoiding sharp 92 00:05:10,800 --> 00:05:13,040 Speaker 1: turns of what you know, doing doing all that kind 93 00:05:13,080 --> 00:05:15,320 Speaker 1: of stuff you would see in railroad design. But now 94 00:05:15,360 --> 00:05:18,039 Speaker 1: it's to get lots of cars through all at once. 95 00:05:18,680 --> 00:05:21,640 Speaker 1: Another story Bullet tells about road design that I thought 96 00:05:21,720 --> 00:05:25,160 Speaker 1: was interesting was about the Scottish guy named John McAdam, 97 00:05:25,240 --> 00:05:27,640 Speaker 1: who was born in seventeen fifty six, who came up 98 00:05:27,640 --> 00:05:30,920 Speaker 1: with a new design for carriage roads. So you had 99 00:05:30,920 --> 00:05:33,720 Speaker 1: a traditional way of building roads, which was essentially based 100 00:05:33,760 --> 00:05:36,880 Speaker 1: on the Roman road design. You'd have like flat paving 101 00:05:36,960 --> 00:05:40,280 Speaker 1: stones on top of a layer of cement that went 102 00:05:40,360 --> 00:05:43,279 Speaker 1: on top of a layer of smaller, looser stones. This 103 00:05:43,400 --> 00:05:45,800 Speaker 1: is great for foot traffic. You're you know you want 104 00:05:45,800 --> 00:05:48,880 Speaker 1: to march a bunch of legionaries through, that's fine. But 105 00:05:49,000 --> 00:05:53,080 Speaker 1: heavy carriages and carts with iron rimmed wheels would crush 106 00:05:53,160 --> 00:05:56,080 Speaker 1: these roads. They would break the flat paving stones and 107 00:05:56,160 --> 00:05:59,320 Speaker 1: ruin them. And at one point even the Roman emperor 108 00:05:59,320 --> 00:06:03,120 Speaker 1: Theodosia uh set weight limits on wheeled carts. This was 109 00:06:03,160 --> 00:06:05,599 Speaker 1: in four thirty eight CE to prevent damage to the 110 00:06:05,720 --> 00:06:10,039 Speaker 1: road systems. But by the sixteenth century, when carriages were 111 00:06:10,080 --> 00:06:13,080 Speaker 1: becoming really popular in Europe, it was clear that an 112 00:06:13,120 --> 00:06:16,400 Speaker 1: inverted design worked better. So you'd have larger stones or 113 00:06:16,440 --> 00:06:19,000 Speaker 1: blocks on the bottom, and then you'd cover it with 114 00:06:19,120 --> 00:06:23,040 Speaker 1: smaller stones like you could use streambed gravel that could 115 00:06:23,080 --> 00:06:27,200 Speaker 1: better survive the assault of wheeled carriages. But and even 116 00:06:27,240 --> 00:06:31,480 Speaker 1: better design, supposedly was this guy John McAdams, and this 117 00:06:31,560 --> 00:06:35,039 Speaker 1: was roads paved with small stones, not tiny pebbles, but 118 00:06:35,160 --> 00:06:37,920 Speaker 1: small stones that had to be of a certain small 119 00:06:38,040 --> 00:06:42,479 Speaker 1: size and sharp edged rather than round. And when it 120 00:06:42,520 --> 00:06:45,520 Speaker 1: comes down to the size bullet rights that uh quote, 121 00:06:45,520 --> 00:06:49,000 Speaker 1: building supervisors sometimes put them in their mouth to check. 122 00:06:51,400 --> 00:06:53,839 Speaker 1: But the sharp edges of the stones actually mattered because 123 00:06:53,880 --> 00:06:56,799 Speaker 1: that meant that when traffic went over them, it would 124 00:06:56,880 --> 00:07:00,000 Speaker 1: pound the stones into each other and sort of compas 125 00:07:00,000 --> 00:07:03,120 Speaker 1: act them, rather than pushing them out to the sides 126 00:07:03,160 --> 00:07:06,479 Speaker 1: of the road as often happened with smoother stones and 127 00:07:06,560 --> 00:07:09,720 Speaker 1: bullet rights. That McAdam became known for insisting that the 128 00:07:09,760 --> 00:07:11,920 Speaker 1: best way to make sure stones were the correct size 129 00:07:11,920 --> 00:07:14,640 Speaker 1: and shape was to have a bunch of workers sit 130 00:07:14,720 --> 00:07:18,360 Speaker 1: alongside the road and use hammers to break rocks, and 131 00:07:18,400 --> 00:07:20,480 Speaker 1: this led to the common image of the chain gang 132 00:07:20,480 --> 00:07:23,560 Speaker 1: of prisoners breaking rocks on the side of the road. Huh, 133 00:07:23,600 --> 00:07:25,720 Speaker 1: I had no idea. But of course, as we discussed 134 00:07:25,720 --> 00:07:27,880 Speaker 1: in our our Road episode, it's not. The changes are 135 00:07:27,880 --> 00:07:29,960 Speaker 1: not just to the way you get from point A 136 00:07:30,080 --> 00:07:33,720 Speaker 1: to point B. There. They actually change the cities and 137 00:07:33,880 --> 00:07:36,920 Speaker 1: towns that you're traveling to. Oh, they completely change it, 138 00:07:36,960 --> 00:07:39,440 Speaker 1: and they change urban culture. I mean, have you ever 139 00:07:39,480 --> 00:07:44,040 Speaker 1: seen like old city centers from very old cities across 140 00:07:44,080 --> 00:07:47,120 Speaker 1: the Middle East and North Africa where there will be 141 00:07:47,160 --> 00:07:51,120 Speaker 1: the city centers there are amazing. They're they're gorgeous and 142 00:07:51,160 --> 00:07:55,440 Speaker 1: they are not made with wheeled vehicles in mind. And 143 00:07:55,840 --> 00:07:58,800 Speaker 1: it's great because so they've got like staircases in the 144 00:07:58,840 --> 00:08:01,480 Speaker 1: middle of the city roads, and they they can be 145 00:08:01,600 --> 00:08:05,400 Speaker 1: very narrow, sometimes bullet rights that even some city like 146 00:08:05,680 --> 00:08:09,400 Speaker 1: city roads in city centers have ladders in them, and 147 00:08:09,440 --> 00:08:11,400 Speaker 1: this is fine, you can deal with this on foot, 148 00:08:12,160 --> 00:08:14,760 Speaker 1: but they're just not made for cars. And so the 149 00:08:14,800 --> 00:08:18,720 Speaker 1: carriage revolution of the sixteenth century lead to city designs 150 00:08:18,720 --> 00:08:23,040 Speaker 1: with straighter roads, wider roads that were better paved, and 151 00:08:23,160 --> 00:08:26,320 Speaker 1: with sort of regimes to keep obstacles out of the 152 00:08:26,360 --> 00:08:28,960 Speaker 1: middle of the road. And this had a really profound 153 00:08:29,040 --> 00:08:31,440 Speaker 1: effect on culture. Like do you ever think about the 154 00:08:31,440 --> 00:08:34,960 Speaker 1: irony of what it means to be street wise or 155 00:08:35,280 --> 00:08:38,720 Speaker 1: life on the streets? Like I think what we use 156 00:08:38,800 --> 00:08:42,120 Speaker 1: that to mean is being out in public, mingling with 157 00:08:42,200 --> 00:08:46,560 Speaker 1: people and strangers, right, but that doesn't literally apply because 158 00:08:46,559 --> 00:08:48,959 Speaker 1: like if you're you're not mingling with people in the 159 00:08:49,000 --> 00:08:51,840 Speaker 1: street unless I guess there's a festival going on or 160 00:08:51,920 --> 00:08:53,920 Speaker 1: something like cars are going by. You need to get 161 00:08:53,960 --> 00:08:55,600 Speaker 1: out of the way. Maybe that's the one of the 162 00:08:55,640 --> 00:08:58,839 Speaker 1: appeals of street festivals and probably like these various fun 163 00:08:58,960 --> 00:09:02,000 Speaker 1: runs as well as like where you're retaking the street 164 00:09:02,080 --> 00:09:05,120 Speaker 1: for what they originally were used for for for us 165 00:09:05,160 --> 00:09:08,600 Speaker 1: to move around, uh, devoid of these uh you know, 166 00:09:08,800 --> 00:09:12,559 Speaker 1: murderous uh machine housings that we use all the time. 167 00:09:12,679 --> 00:09:16,000 Speaker 1: I mean, traditionally, streets in most cities are a place 168 00:09:16,240 --> 00:09:18,960 Speaker 1: for people to walk and sometimes for people on horseback 169 00:09:18,960 --> 00:09:21,160 Speaker 1: to travel, but also there are a place for public 170 00:09:21,200 --> 00:09:25,319 Speaker 1: commerce there, for the public square to take place in. 171 00:09:25,800 --> 00:09:28,760 Speaker 1: So you'd have people in the streets mingling, talking, having 172 00:09:28,760 --> 00:09:32,760 Speaker 1: public events, buying and selling things. And this changed somewhat 173 00:09:32,800 --> 00:09:35,280 Speaker 1: with the carriage, and then it changed a huge amount 174 00:09:35,280 --> 00:09:38,800 Speaker 1: with the motorized car. The motorized car with the car, 175 00:09:39,000 --> 00:09:41,360 Speaker 1: you know, and I think you can see an inverse 176 00:09:41,400 --> 00:09:44,400 Speaker 1: relationship between the amount of wheeled vehicle traffic on a 177 00:09:44,520 --> 00:09:48,240 Speaker 1: road and the amount of public commerce, economic and social 178 00:09:48,320 --> 00:09:51,920 Speaker 1: that takes place there. Bullet rights that without wheeled vehicles, 179 00:09:52,000 --> 00:09:55,040 Speaker 1: quote a street or lane can bring neighbors together instead 180 00:09:55,040 --> 00:09:58,280 Speaker 1: of keeping them apart. That's kind of sad, you know. 181 00:09:58,400 --> 00:10:00,880 Speaker 1: I I get kind of sad because when I see 182 00:10:01,280 --> 00:10:04,520 Speaker 1: like kids in a neighborhood playing in the street, my 183 00:10:04,640 --> 00:10:07,640 Speaker 1: instinct is they should get out of the street. That's dangerous, 184 00:10:08,080 --> 00:10:10,000 Speaker 1: when what I really should be thinking is like we 185 00:10:10,040 --> 00:10:13,400 Speaker 1: shouldn't be driving here. Yeah, I mean, it's a sad 186 00:10:13,520 --> 00:10:17,400 Speaker 1: defect of of of certainly American history where you see, 187 00:10:17,440 --> 00:10:21,240 Speaker 1: for instance, railroads and other certainly railroads but also major 188 00:10:21,600 --> 00:10:27,280 Speaker 1: streets used as a divide between racial populations. Yeah and 189 00:10:27,760 --> 00:10:30,599 Speaker 1: or yeah, like bullet rights about that, our railroads and 190 00:10:30,720 --> 00:10:34,280 Speaker 1: highways very often did become like dividing lines for along 191 00:10:34,360 --> 00:10:38,439 Speaker 1: class lines, along racial segregation, all kinds of cruel segregation 192 00:10:38,520 --> 00:10:41,320 Speaker 1: that took place in the creation of modern cities. So 193 00:10:41,400 --> 00:10:43,880 Speaker 1: while I don't really love what like cars have done 194 00:10:43,920 --> 00:10:46,200 Speaker 1: to our cities, on the other hand, there are some 195 00:10:46,240 --> 00:10:49,320 Speaker 1: really interesting ways that uh well, I don't know if 196 00:10:49,320 --> 00:10:51,120 Speaker 1: you'd say this is for the better or for the worst. 197 00:10:51,120 --> 00:10:54,240 Speaker 1: It's certainly just in at least a neutral way. Our 198 00:10:54,240 --> 00:10:56,720 Speaker 1: way of thinking about the world has been largely changed 199 00:10:56,760 --> 00:10:59,560 Speaker 1: by wheeled vehicles, and one of those is the arrival 200 00:10:59,559 --> 00:11:03,480 Speaker 1: of standard Dice time. Yeah, Like, without wheeled vehicles, we 201 00:11:03,559 --> 00:11:08,160 Speaker 1: probably would not have standardized time because before before trains, 202 00:11:09,000 --> 00:11:12,600 Speaker 1: different villages and towns would you know, the clock at 203 00:11:12,600 --> 00:11:14,760 Speaker 1: the main clock in the village might read a different time. 204 00:11:14,760 --> 00:11:17,640 Speaker 1: People would keep a different general local time. It would 205 00:11:17,640 --> 00:11:20,360 Speaker 1: probably be close to the same as other villages nearby, 206 00:11:20,400 --> 00:11:24,160 Speaker 1: but wouldn't necessarily be exactly the same. And on railroads, 207 00:11:24,280 --> 00:11:27,760 Speaker 1: arrivals and departures have to be timed very carefully, and 208 00:11:27,800 --> 00:11:30,480 Speaker 1: in some cases mistakes and scheduling could even lead to 209 00:11:30,480 --> 00:11:33,440 Speaker 1: like collisions of trains, so everybody had to be on 210 00:11:33,480 --> 00:11:36,120 Speaker 1: the same time, even at distant points along the tracks. 211 00:11:36,160 --> 00:11:39,160 Speaker 1: The railroads have been crucial in the development of the 212 00:11:39,200 --> 00:11:43,280 Speaker 1: idea of standardized time across distance, and sometimes wonder without 213 00:11:43,400 --> 00:11:46,760 Speaker 1: without standardized time, where things better or worse? Like I'm 214 00:11:46,760 --> 00:11:49,640 Speaker 1: sure people spent just a lot more time waiting around 215 00:11:49,720 --> 00:11:52,840 Speaker 1: for things to happen, or waiting around for to meet 216 00:11:52,880 --> 00:11:55,640 Speaker 1: somebody or something. Well, this is this is actually something 217 00:11:55,679 --> 00:11:57,559 Speaker 1: I think we could come back to in a future 218 00:11:57,600 --> 00:12:01,040 Speaker 1: episode where we deal with the standardized time and time 219 00:12:01,160 --> 00:12:04,360 Speaker 1: keeping and discussing, you know, as we always do. What 220 00:12:04,400 --> 00:12:07,600 Speaker 1: was it like before this innovation? What was it like 221 00:12:07,760 --> 00:12:12,520 Speaker 1: in a in a world without rigorous timekeeping? And I think, 222 00:12:12,720 --> 00:12:14,160 Speaker 1: you know, there's an argument that you may that you 223 00:12:14,200 --> 00:12:17,120 Speaker 1: still you still can go to places where you experience 224 00:12:17,480 --> 00:12:22,760 Speaker 1: something more like our our traditional uh you know, unaltered 225 00:12:22,880 --> 00:12:26,520 Speaker 1: experience of time. Yeah, I mean sometimes as simple as 226 00:12:26,520 --> 00:12:29,920 Speaker 1: going on a vacation or going they're also you know, 227 00:12:29,920 --> 00:12:33,320 Speaker 1: there's an argument to made maybe certain cultures put less 228 00:12:33,360 --> 00:12:37,320 Speaker 1: of an emphasis on rigorous timekeeping, and other cultures put 229 00:12:37,520 --> 00:12:40,959 Speaker 1: too much emphasis on rigorous timekeeping. Yeah, like maybe rigorous 230 00:12:40,960 --> 00:12:44,360 Speaker 1: timekeeping might be uh, it might help the efficiency of 231 00:12:44,360 --> 00:12:46,360 Speaker 1: your economy or something, but it might not be as 232 00:12:46,360 --> 00:12:51,520 Speaker 1: psychologically healthy. Yeah, I mean, how ultimately it is an exercise? 233 00:12:51,559 --> 00:12:54,600 Speaker 1: And how had the rate at which time is leaking 234 00:12:54,600 --> 00:12:57,640 Speaker 1: out of your hands? Right? And how useful is that 235 00:12:58,720 --> 00:13:01,480 Speaker 1: across the board? Now that we're talking so much about time. 236 00:13:01,520 --> 00:13:04,080 Speaker 1: I also can't help but notice that I think of 237 00:13:04,120 --> 00:13:06,400 Speaker 1: time as a wheel because the clock face is circular 238 00:13:06,520 --> 00:13:09,600 Speaker 1: and the hands go around. It recurs again and again 239 00:13:09,640 --> 00:13:11,960 Speaker 1: every day, the same way a wheel spends. A wheel 240 00:13:12,000 --> 00:13:15,200 Speaker 1: is sort of like an indispensable physical metaphor of of 241 00:13:15,400 --> 00:13:18,320 Speaker 1: tons of things that happen every single day. Yeah, it's 242 00:13:18,320 --> 00:13:22,000 Speaker 1: just an irresistible model upon which to interpret the human condition. 243 00:13:22,360 --> 00:13:26,040 Speaker 1: And again, like the unseen movements of cosmos and divinity 244 00:13:26,080 --> 00:13:29,000 Speaker 1: and nature. Um, you know, the wheel is a symbol 245 00:13:29,000 --> 00:13:32,800 Speaker 1: of cycle of eternal return, arguably a means of understanding 246 00:13:32,840 --> 00:13:35,680 Speaker 1: the very way that you know that that early people 247 00:13:35,720 --> 00:13:38,160 Speaker 1: understood the very shape of their lives, that the pan 248 00:13:38,240 --> 00:13:41,920 Speaker 1: Indian cyclical nature of time in which everything comes back 249 00:13:41,960 --> 00:13:43,960 Speaker 1: around to the same place have you carried on? In 250 00:13:44,000 --> 00:13:47,720 Speaker 1: Buddhism and Jainism, UH, particular note is the wheel of 251 00:13:47,760 --> 00:13:51,280 Speaker 1: sam Sara, which charts the movement of the soul through 252 00:13:51,360 --> 00:13:55,320 Speaker 1: various incarnations and phases of life, and it's part of 253 00:13:55,320 --> 00:13:57,319 Speaker 1: the you know, the ongoing effort to break free from 254 00:13:57,360 --> 00:14:01,720 Speaker 1: the wheel and uh to achieve liberation. We also see 255 00:14:01,760 --> 00:14:05,600 Speaker 1: this in the largely medieval idea of the wheel of fortune, 256 00:14:05,720 --> 00:14:08,840 Speaker 1: the road of fortuna uh, you know, carrying, and this 257 00:14:08,880 --> 00:14:11,200 Speaker 1: carries over to the into the occult as well, that 258 00:14:11,240 --> 00:14:14,199 Speaker 1: the forces of fate are bringing us high and bringing 259 00:14:14,280 --> 00:14:17,080 Speaker 1: us low again. And then there is a circular nature 260 00:14:17,360 --> 00:14:19,720 Speaker 1: to how this works that seems to lead even to 261 00:14:19,880 --> 00:14:22,320 Speaker 1: like the idea of a cycle of myth that functions 262 00:14:22,360 --> 00:14:23,960 Speaker 1: as a wheel. And then there of course a whole 263 00:14:23,960 --> 00:14:26,920 Speaker 1: host of other symbols used in various cultures around the world. 264 00:14:27,000 --> 00:14:29,760 Speaker 1: There may not be a wheel per se or a 265 00:14:29,800 --> 00:14:32,480 Speaker 1: circle per se, but there is some sort of uh 266 00:14:32,600 --> 00:14:34,720 Speaker 1: you know, like a spiral design to it. There's some 267 00:14:34,720 --> 00:14:37,800 Speaker 1: sort of implied motion. And then, of course we already 268 00:14:37,840 --> 00:14:40,360 Speaker 1: talked about the breaking wheel a little bit. The just 269 00:14:40,400 --> 00:14:43,400 Speaker 1: to drive home the idea that no matter what the 270 00:14:43,400 --> 00:14:46,600 Speaker 1: the invention is. No matter what new spin we take 271 00:14:46,640 --> 00:14:49,280 Speaker 1: on the technology, somebody is going to figure out a 272 00:14:49,320 --> 00:14:53,320 Speaker 1: way to use it as an instrument of torture and death. Uh, 273 00:14:53,360 --> 00:14:55,960 Speaker 1: that's just that just comes with the territory. Now, let's 274 00:14:56,000 --> 00:14:58,560 Speaker 1: not end on that sour. Now we should think about 275 00:14:58,960 --> 00:15:01,200 Speaker 1: So we've talked about four wheeled carts and some of 276 00:15:01,200 --> 00:15:03,920 Speaker 1: the challenges they face. We've talked about trains cars, We've 277 00:15:03,920 --> 00:15:06,720 Speaker 1: talked about two wheeled carts. We've talked about the one 278 00:15:06,720 --> 00:15:09,360 Speaker 1: wheeled wheelbarrow. But if you really want to get down 279 00:15:09,360 --> 00:15:11,640 Speaker 1: to like the true form of the one wheeled vehicle, 280 00:15:11,720 --> 00:15:14,200 Speaker 1: I think we should take one final look at something 281 00:15:14,240 --> 00:15:17,880 Speaker 1: called the mono wheel. I would love to ride in 282 00:15:17,880 --> 00:15:19,880 Speaker 1: a mono wheel. I don't know if I would actually 283 00:15:19,920 --> 00:15:22,840 Speaker 1: because it seems like it could easily end in in 284 00:15:22,920 --> 00:15:26,880 Speaker 1: a tangled metal death. But a mono wheel, if you've 285 00:15:26,920 --> 00:15:30,360 Speaker 1: never seen one, is a sort of experimental or novelty 286 00:15:30,440 --> 00:15:35,000 Speaker 1: type of vehicle. It's not actually all that useful compared 287 00:15:35,040 --> 00:15:37,160 Speaker 1: to other types of vehicle, but it is a single 288 00:15:37,200 --> 00:15:40,320 Speaker 1: wheeled vehicle, sort of like a unicycle. But when you're 289 00:15:40,440 --> 00:15:43,200 Speaker 1: on a unicycle, you sit up above the wheel in 290 00:15:43,240 --> 00:15:47,200 Speaker 1: a monowheel. The driver generally sits inside the wheel. So 291 00:15:47,400 --> 00:15:50,320 Speaker 1: think about like you're sitting inside a hula hoop frame, 292 00:15:50,760 --> 00:15:52,720 Speaker 1: and then on the outside of the hula hoop frame 293 00:15:52,720 --> 00:15:55,640 Speaker 1: there is a wheel and you can power it somehow 294 00:15:55,680 --> 00:15:58,240 Speaker 1: with I don't know, pedals or with a motor, and 295 00:15:58,240 --> 00:16:00,960 Speaker 1: obviously because there's only one, well, this is going to 296 00:16:01,000 --> 00:16:03,560 Speaker 1: be very difficult to steer, doesn't It sounds like fun? 297 00:16:03,600 --> 00:16:07,240 Speaker 1: Though it sounds like fun. I've I've seen, I've run 298 00:16:07,240 --> 00:16:10,680 Speaker 1: across a number of cool images of these, uh these vehicles. 299 00:16:10,800 --> 00:16:13,760 Speaker 1: I've never actually seen footage of one in motion or 300 00:16:14,440 --> 00:16:18,280 Speaker 1: I assume one falling over which, if you it looks 301 00:16:18,320 --> 00:16:21,840 Speaker 1: like something that would be be easy to wreck. Yeah, 302 00:16:21,920 --> 00:16:23,720 Speaker 1: I mean, I guess one way around that is like 303 00:16:23,760 --> 00:16:25,440 Speaker 1: you can make the center of it more of like 304 00:16:25,560 --> 00:16:29,000 Speaker 1: a a spherical cage and then just have a single 305 00:16:29,000 --> 00:16:31,320 Speaker 1: wheel that rolls on the outside. I think I've seen 306 00:16:31,400 --> 00:16:33,760 Speaker 1: some designs like that. I'm surprised. I can't think of 307 00:16:33,800 --> 00:16:37,640 Speaker 1: any science fiction treatments of this offhand. I'm sure they're 308 00:16:37,640 --> 00:16:40,640 Speaker 1: out there, like some sort of a futuristic vehicle that 309 00:16:40,720 --> 00:16:43,720 Speaker 1: is essentially a mono wheel because it lends itself well 310 00:16:43,760 --> 00:16:47,080 Speaker 1: to that kind of vision I feel. I know I've 311 00:16:47,080 --> 00:16:49,040 Speaker 1: seen it in some sci fi movie and I can't 312 00:16:49,040 --> 00:16:50,800 Speaker 1: remember what it is. I think maybe one of the 313 00:16:50,840 --> 00:16:54,200 Speaker 1: men in Black movies has one, because it feels very Tron. 314 00:16:54,440 --> 00:16:57,200 Speaker 1: But I'm pretty sure they're not in Tron. I could 315 00:16:57,200 --> 00:16:59,960 Speaker 1: be wrong. Somebody's working on the next Tron sequel. We're 316 00:17:00,000 --> 00:17:02,960 Speaker 1: placed the light cycles with light mono wheels. Yes, and 317 00:17:03,200 --> 00:17:05,920 Speaker 1: if you're not working on the Nextron sequel, please work 318 00:17:05,960 --> 00:17:10,040 Speaker 1: on the Nextron sequel. I would love to see another one. Okay, 319 00:17:10,119 --> 00:17:12,000 Speaker 1: we're going to take a quick break. We'll be right 320 00:17:12,080 --> 00:17:21,280 Speaker 1: back with more on wheels, and we're back now. It's 321 00:17:21,280 --> 00:17:23,920 Speaker 1: also worth noting and all of this that early notions 322 00:17:23,960 --> 00:17:27,080 Speaker 1: of celestial mechanics, you know, the movement of of of 323 00:17:27,160 --> 00:17:31,080 Speaker 1: planets and the spheres uh. You know, some of the 324 00:17:31,359 --> 00:17:35,680 Speaker 1: models that were employed saying in Greek antiquity, uh certainly 325 00:17:35,760 --> 00:17:38,359 Speaker 1: benefited from an understanding of the wheel, the wheel as 326 00:17:38,560 --> 00:17:41,239 Speaker 1: uh you know, as a metaphor as well, along with 327 00:17:41,280 --> 00:17:44,400 Speaker 1: the geometric metric circles and spheres like. Knowledge of these 328 00:17:44,440 --> 00:17:49,280 Speaker 1: things helped the minds of the day try and figure 329 00:17:49,320 --> 00:17:52,480 Speaker 1: out what was going on in the observable universe. Yeah. 330 00:17:52,520 --> 00:17:55,480 Speaker 1: The one thing that's interesting is that the orbits of 331 00:17:55,520 --> 00:18:00,439 Speaker 1: the planets began to resemble true wheels. More we had 332 00:18:00,440 --> 00:18:03,399 Speaker 1: an accurate understanding of like the heliocentric model of the 333 00:18:03,400 --> 00:18:06,280 Speaker 1: Solar System. Because when you had the geocentric model of 334 00:18:06,280 --> 00:18:09,000 Speaker 1: the Solar System, the planets didn't just go in a 335 00:18:09,080 --> 00:18:12,080 Speaker 1: straight circle around the Earth. They had to regress and stuff. 336 00:18:12,080 --> 00:18:13,560 Speaker 1: So you'd see him to go across the sky and 337 00:18:13,560 --> 00:18:16,000 Speaker 1: then go backwards. Yeah. And as you move towards the 338 00:18:16,000 --> 00:18:19,560 Speaker 1: heliocentric model, Uh, then you begin to to to see 339 00:18:19,560 --> 00:18:22,520 Speaker 1: these things that are, due to your point, more like wheels. 340 00:18:22,800 --> 00:18:26,000 Speaker 1: It's almost as if we while we were becoming better 341 00:18:26,080 --> 00:18:30,560 Speaker 1: at using physical wheels within civilization, uh, more of our 342 00:18:31,480 --> 00:18:35,080 Speaker 1: metaphorical models or physical models of the universe came to 343 00:18:35,119 --> 00:18:37,800 Speaker 1: incorporate wheels. You know, the orbit of the planets, while 344 00:18:37,960 --> 00:18:40,520 Speaker 1: slightly elliptical, you know, they're not perfect circles, they're pretty 345 00:18:40,520 --> 00:18:44,480 Speaker 1: close to circular. Uh say that then the models that 346 00:18:44,760 --> 00:18:48,159 Speaker 1: weren't perfectly accurate, but like the orbit of electrons around 347 00:18:48,200 --> 00:18:52,239 Speaker 1: the atomic nucleus and all that, Yeah, exactly, And uh, 348 00:18:52,560 --> 00:18:56,080 Speaker 1: you know another area we see wheels utilized to really 349 00:18:56,200 --> 00:19:00,800 Speaker 1: I think spectacular effect are in various wheel based creatures, beings, 350 00:19:00,800 --> 00:19:03,480 Speaker 1: and artifacts from religion. We may have touched on one 351 00:19:03,600 --> 00:19:07,640 Speaker 1: or two other examples already, but but I don't think 352 00:19:07,640 --> 00:19:11,919 Speaker 1: we even mentioned the Old Testament examples of say, uh, 353 00:19:12,000 --> 00:19:14,680 Speaker 1: you know the the vision from Ezekiel. Oh, yeah, where 354 00:19:14,680 --> 00:19:16,960 Speaker 1: he saw the wheels and the fiery wheel, the thing 355 00:19:17,000 --> 00:19:20,240 Speaker 1: that got like Eric von Danikin all excited all the 356 00:19:20,280 --> 00:19:23,280 Speaker 1: ancient aliens. People say, look this story and Ezekiel he 357 00:19:23,280 --> 00:19:25,280 Speaker 1: talks about wheels in the sky. It's got to be 358 00:19:25,320 --> 00:19:29,080 Speaker 1: flying saucers, right, Yeah, And the Sherebims lifted up their 359 00:19:29,080 --> 00:19:32,240 Speaker 1: wings and mounted up from the earth in my sight, 360 00:19:32,480 --> 00:19:35,960 Speaker 1: and when they went out, the wheels also were beside them. Now, 361 00:19:36,080 --> 00:19:38,040 Speaker 1: I want to be clear, we're not advocating the ancient 362 00:19:38,080 --> 00:19:40,680 Speaker 1: aliens theory here, no, But I know because I have 363 00:19:40,800 --> 00:19:42,680 Speaker 1: one thing I don't think you have to. Because as 364 00:19:42,720 --> 00:19:45,920 Speaker 1: we've pointed out, like the wheel was already established as 365 00:19:46,000 --> 00:19:49,440 Speaker 1: this this thing in the human mind, and and and 366 00:19:49,840 --> 00:19:52,280 Speaker 1: it's one of the one of these forms you might 367 00:19:52,400 --> 00:19:57,119 Speaker 1: turn to when conceptualizing, you know, visions from heaven or 368 00:19:57,160 --> 00:19:59,760 Speaker 1: the will of the gods, et cetera. Yeah, it's one 369 00:19:59,760 --> 00:20:02,600 Speaker 1: of the is platonic forms. Almost you would expect to 370 00:20:02,600 --> 00:20:05,000 Speaker 1: see it turn up in visions. In fact, you could 371 00:20:05,000 --> 00:20:07,959 Speaker 1: expect to see maybe wheels show up as alien transport 372 00:20:08,080 --> 00:20:11,680 Speaker 1: in hallucinations for the same reason in the twentieth century exactly. 373 00:20:12,280 --> 00:20:15,639 Speaker 1: And well they end, well they did. Now. Another creature 374 00:20:15,680 --> 00:20:18,280 Speaker 1: that I just mentioned mostly in passing here is the 375 00:20:18,359 --> 00:20:24,160 Speaker 1: demon bure described in Johan Vyers fifteen sixty three Grimore 376 00:20:24,760 --> 00:20:29,520 Speaker 1: pseudo Monarchya Demonum sounds like a good read. Well, yeah, 377 00:20:29,560 --> 00:20:32,480 Speaker 1: if you're into if you're into summoning various demons, it's 378 00:20:32,480 --> 00:20:35,760 Speaker 1: certainly a good text to pick up um. But there 379 00:20:35,760 --> 00:20:38,200 Speaker 1: there have been various illustrated versions of these over the years, 380 00:20:38,280 --> 00:20:40,880 Speaker 1: and you know, there are some phenomenal woodcuts that went 381 00:20:40,920 --> 00:20:45,320 Speaker 1: along with these. But the demon bure Is is described 382 00:20:45,320 --> 00:20:47,680 Speaker 1: as the great President of Hell. Now, like all these 383 00:20:47,680 --> 00:20:52,600 Speaker 1: different demons have different roles and positions in Hell, and 384 00:20:52,680 --> 00:20:54,840 Speaker 1: this one's most notable because it looks kind of like 385 00:20:54,880 --> 00:21:00,919 Speaker 1: a uh an evil lion's head with what five different 386 00:21:01,000 --> 00:21:04,800 Speaker 1: goat legs kind of rotating or it's like rotation is 387 00:21:04,840 --> 00:21:08,040 Speaker 1: implied anyway, with the different goat legs poking out of him. 388 00:21:08,160 --> 00:21:09,840 Speaker 1: He looks you know, what he looks like is an 389 00:21:09,840 --> 00:21:12,919 Speaker 1: overbalanced wheel, which I'll talk about in the second. Yeah, 390 00:21:12,960 --> 00:21:15,119 Speaker 1: some people might remember this guy because I believe he 391 00:21:15,119 --> 00:21:17,880 Speaker 1: was also on a Black Sabbath album cover. I don't 392 00:21:17,920 --> 00:21:20,760 Speaker 1: remember that, or maybe it was an Aussie uh solo 393 00:21:20,800 --> 00:21:23,879 Speaker 1: album cover, but any rate, uh. It certainly has shown 394 00:21:23,960 --> 00:21:28,000 Speaker 1: up in um in metal likeonography a few times. Right. 395 00:21:28,280 --> 00:21:30,240 Speaker 1: And then of course there's the there's the idea of 396 00:21:30,320 --> 00:21:34,080 Speaker 1: the juggernaut. Uh so this is you know, in modern English, 397 00:21:34,119 --> 00:21:36,840 Speaker 1: this word often refers to like a large, impossible to 398 00:21:36,840 --> 00:21:40,679 Speaker 1: stop force that's on motion, or a complex machine, you know, 399 00:21:40,720 --> 00:21:43,760 Speaker 1: like this company is a juggernaut, or this uh or 400 00:21:43,800 --> 00:21:45,720 Speaker 1: I don't know, this football team is a juggernaut. You know, 401 00:21:45,760 --> 00:21:49,520 Speaker 1: it just can't be stopped. Meanwhile, in uh in British usage, 402 00:21:49,560 --> 00:21:52,520 Speaker 1: you'll find that it is often used to describe to say, 403 00:21:52,560 --> 00:21:55,800 Speaker 1: just a large truck. But all I would expect it 404 00:21:55,840 --> 00:22:00,359 Speaker 1: to be someone who explores juggers. What actual it doesn't 405 00:22:00,400 --> 00:22:02,919 Speaker 1: have any connection to the to those word routes because 406 00:22:02,920 --> 00:22:07,199 Speaker 1: it it derives from seventeenth century British observations of the 407 00:22:07,280 --> 00:22:12,560 Speaker 1: wheeled altar cart processions at the Jaganatha Temple in India. 408 00:22:12,640 --> 00:22:14,959 Speaker 1: See that's so that's where we get a juggernat jagganava 409 00:22:15,560 --> 00:22:17,800 Speaker 1: um and and this is basically just a situation where 410 00:22:17,800 --> 00:22:22,480 Speaker 1: we could have carts, really ordinate carts with big wheels, 411 00:22:22,800 --> 00:22:28,560 Speaker 1: and they would carry statues of like the Hindu deity Jaganatha, 412 00:22:28,600 --> 00:22:32,720 Speaker 1: along with a couple of other key figures and h 413 00:22:33,040 --> 00:22:35,679 Speaker 1: they observed this, and they were even like these, uh, 414 00:22:35,720 --> 00:22:38,800 Speaker 1: you know, erroneous accounts. So from for instance, the fourth 415 00:22:38,920 --> 00:22:43,080 Speaker 1: fourteenth century text The Travels of Sir John Mandeville, which 416 00:22:43,119 --> 00:22:46,640 Speaker 1: said that Hindus would cast themselves before these great wheels 417 00:22:46,680 --> 00:22:49,240 Speaker 1: as a sacrifice. But that's not true, and that's not true. 418 00:22:49,280 --> 00:22:52,479 Speaker 1: It's just just a parade, a procession of of sacred 419 00:22:52,520 --> 00:22:56,200 Speaker 1: altars upon wheeled vehicles. Now this is interesting because it 420 00:22:56,280 --> 00:23:00,359 Speaker 1: kind of connects to the idea of the wheeled funerary carts. 421 00:23:00,359 --> 00:23:04,200 Speaker 1: So we're discussing in the last episode where there were 422 00:23:04,240 --> 00:23:07,800 Speaker 1: apparently cultures that didn't there's no evidence that they used 423 00:23:07,800 --> 00:23:11,280 Speaker 1: wheels all that much, just for normal everyday work, but 424 00:23:11,320 --> 00:23:13,439 Speaker 1: there might have been wheeled carts to like take a 425 00:23:13,520 --> 00:23:17,199 Speaker 1: body to its final resting place. It seems a similar 426 00:23:17,280 --> 00:23:20,439 Speaker 1: kind of ceremonial or religious significance for the use of 427 00:23:20,440 --> 00:23:22,640 Speaker 1: the wheel. I wonder if there's something I haven't seen 428 00:23:22,640 --> 00:23:24,680 Speaker 1: this mention in any of the texts that we've been 429 00:23:24,680 --> 00:23:26,880 Speaker 1: looking at. But I wonder if we're missing something very 430 00:23:26,920 --> 00:23:31,119 Speaker 1: basic about the sacred nature of a wheeled cart, just 431 00:23:31,160 --> 00:23:33,879 Speaker 1: by virtue of it being everywhere and having been everywhere 432 00:23:34,440 --> 00:23:37,600 Speaker 1: in human history for so long. But like, if you're 433 00:23:37,640 --> 00:23:40,359 Speaker 1: building a wheeled cart and to say you're the first 434 00:23:40,400 --> 00:23:42,760 Speaker 1: to do it, imagine yourself being the first to create this. 435 00:23:42,800 --> 00:23:47,080 Speaker 1: What have you done? You've created an artificial scenario in 436 00:23:47,119 --> 00:23:52,359 Speaker 1: which a horizontal space is no longer set in in 437 00:23:52,480 --> 00:23:56,240 Speaker 1: time and space. It can be moved. Um. Which you 438 00:23:56,280 --> 00:23:58,760 Speaker 1: know this sounds like an outrageous overstatement of the obvious, 439 00:23:58,840 --> 00:24:01,160 Speaker 1: But but if you think about it for a second, 440 00:24:01,200 --> 00:24:03,240 Speaker 1: you really think, and you you try and put it 441 00:24:03,240 --> 00:24:05,720 Speaker 1: in a context where this is Uh, this is not 442 00:24:05,760 --> 00:24:08,520 Speaker 1: just an everyday occurrence, but an anomaly like something that 443 00:24:08,920 --> 00:24:12,879 Speaker 1: us an amazing invention, like think of the you know, 444 00:24:12,960 --> 00:24:16,080 Speaker 1: the metaphorical power of that, the religious power of that, 445 00:24:16,440 --> 00:24:19,359 Speaker 1: the idea that like that which cannot walk, be it 446 00:24:20,040 --> 00:24:25,080 Speaker 1: um statue of a deity or the body of the dead. Uh, 447 00:24:25,200 --> 00:24:27,879 Speaker 1: that the entity cannot move, but we can move the 448 00:24:27,960 --> 00:24:32,360 Speaker 1: ground upon which it is it is reduced. That's really interesting, 449 00:24:32,359 --> 00:24:34,199 Speaker 1: And there's another way to think about it, which is that, 450 00:24:34,240 --> 00:24:36,680 Speaker 1: because we talked about it in the last episode, there 451 00:24:36,880 --> 00:24:39,840 Speaker 1: is no wheeled locomotion in nature, except you might talk 452 00:24:39,840 --> 00:24:42,640 Speaker 1: about like the bacterial flagellam working kind of like a propeller, 453 00:24:43,320 --> 00:24:46,320 Speaker 1: But there is no animal with wheels, so you would 454 00:24:46,359 --> 00:24:48,560 Speaker 1: never see this in nature. The closest thing you might 455 00:24:48,600 --> 00:24:52,600 Speaker 1: see is like a dung beetle rolling a circular pill 456 00:24:52,640 --> 00:24:54,879 Speaker 1: of dung around, but that's not a wheel with an axle. 457 00:24:55,280 --> 00:24:58,600 Speaker 1: So the wheel and axle moving a fixed substrate is literally, 458 00:24:58,640 --> 00:25:02,159 Speaker 1: in some ways like un natural or other worldly as 459 00:25:02,200 --> 00:25:04,880 Speaker 1: a form of locomotion that might I don't know, maybe 460 00:25:04,920 --> 00:25:07,800 Speaker 1: I'm reaching here, but you the place where you see 461 00:25:07,800 --> 00:25:10,440 Speaker 1: the disks wheeling around the sky, the sun and the moon, 462 00:25:10,480 --> 00:25:12,160 Speaker 1: I mean, it's it's easy to see how you could 463 00:25:12,160 --> 00:25:16,960 Speaker 1: think of wheeled locomotion as this other worldly thing. Yeah, yeah, 464 00:25:17,359 --> 00:25:19,520 Speaker 1: I mean certainly in terms of just like a horsh 465 00:25:19,600 --> 00:25:22,720 Speaker 1: horizontal space that is is an emotion. Uh. You know, 466 00:25:22,760 --> 00:25:25,280 Speaker 1: you can look to rafts certainly that would have have 467 00:25:25,359 --> 00:25:30,080 Speaker 1: predated the cart, but still the wheels allow a raft 468 00:25:30,160 --> 00:25:34,000 Speaker 1: to move across the ground with you know, rather smoothly, 469 00:25:34,280 --> 00:25:37,080 Speaker 1: depending on you know, exactly what sort of wheel set 470 00:25:37,119 --> 00:25:39,360 Speaker 1: up you're using. That is really interesting to think about. 471 00:25:39,440 --> 00:25:41,199 Speaker 1: I think we should keep that in mind. All Right, 472 00:25:41,240 --> 00:25:43,280 Speaker 1: we're gonna take a quick break, but we'll be right back. 473 00:25:49,320 --> 00:25:51,560 Speaker 1: All Right, we're back. Let's get rolling now. One thing 474 00:25:51,600 --> 00:25:53,800 Speaker 1: I was reading about that seems kind of interesting to 475 00:25:53,920 --> 00:25:56,719 Speaker 1: me is that also if we want to sort of 476 00:25:56,760 --> 00:25:59,200 Speaker 1: like get into the realm of the unnatural to look 477 00:25:59,240 --> 00:26:02,600 Speaker 1: at other world lead types of wheels. Perhaps the most 478 00:26:02,720 --> 00:26:08,000 Speaker 1: famous design for a supposed perpetual motion machine is known 479 00:26:08,040 --> 00:26:11,959 Speaker 1: as box Sara's wheel, or the over balanced wheel. Now, 480 00:26:11,960 --> 00:26:14,960 Speaker 1: I know we're focusing primarily on wheels for transportation, but 481 00:26:15,280 --> 00:26:17,960 Speaker 1: I think this is too interesting not to mention. We 482 00:26:18,000 --> 00:26:20,320 Speaker 1: could easily do a whole episode, and I think we 483 00:26:20,320 --> 00:26:24,280 Speaker 1: should in the future about failed attempts to build perpetual 484 00:26:24,400 --> 00:26:28,119 Speaker 1: motion machines, because the the idea of the perpetual motion 485 00:26:28,160 --> 00:26:31,399 Speaker 1: machine is sort of a perfect test case where the 486 00:26:31,480 --> 00:26:35,920 Speaker 1: earnest ambition or dishonest cunning of inventors and self proclaimed 487 00:26:35,920 --> 00:26:40,120 Speaker 1: inventors sort of crashes head first against the laws of physics. 488 00:26:40,119 --> 00:26:43,240 Speaker 1: So who was Boxer? So there was this guy Boxer 489 00:26:43,280 --> 00:26:46,040 Speaker 1: a too, also known as Boxer the Learned, and he 490 00:26:46,119 --> 00:26:49,399 Speaker 1: was a twelfth century Indian mathematician and astronomer. He was 491 00:26:49,440 --> 00:26:52,440 Speaker 1: a pioneer of the use of the decimal number system, 492 00:26:52,480 --> 00:26:55,000 Speaker 1: and he was the chief astronomer of a of an 493 00:26:55,000 --> 00:26:59,520 Speaker 1: observatory ugine. And the wheel model named after him is 494 00:26:59,560 --> 00:27:02,880 Speaker 1: also some times described as the overbalanced wheel. As I said, 495 00:27:02,880 --> 00:27:05,840 Speaker 1: the basic idea of an overbalanced wheel is that it's 496 00:27:05,840 --> 00:27:09,640 Speaker 1: a wheel that is covered with shifting weights. And these 497 00:27:09,680 --> 00:27:12,639 Speaker 1: could be glass tubes of liquid, or that could be 498 00:27:12,720 --> 00:27:15,679 Speaker 1: slots with weighted disks that can slide back and forth, 499 00:27:15,760 --> 00:27:18,760 Speaker 1: or that could be like metal balls on hinges. You've 500 00:27:18,800 --> 00:27:21,679 Speaker 1: probably seen some form of this or another at some point, 501 00:27:21,920 --> 00:27:24,520 Speaker 1: but the key is it's anything that allows a significant 502 00:27:24,520 --> 00:27:28,000 Speaker 1: amount of mass to transfer from one side to the other. 503 00:27:28,359 --> 00:27:30,560 Speaker 1: Of this, of these things that are all around the 504 00:27:30,560 --> 00:27:34,080 Speaker 1: wheel and on the overbalanced wheel, these weights are angled 505 00:27:34,240 --> 00:27:37,000 Speaker 1: to shift so that one side of the wheel is 506 00:27:37,040 --> 00:27:40,159 Speaker 1: always heavier than the other side, or so that parts 507 00:27:40,160 --> 00:27:42,320 Speaker 1: of the wheel on one side of the axle are 508 00:27:42,359 --> 00:27:45,919 Speaker 1: always providing greater torque, which should in theory keep the 509 00:27:45,960 --> 00:27:49,240 Speaker 1: wheel spinning forever, right, But Robert, I know we've looked 510 00:27:49,280 --> 00:27:51,760 Speaker 1: at a few perpetual motion machines in the past. Never 511 00:27:51,760 --> 00:27:53,880 Speaker 1: really seems to work out, does it. Yeah, it does. 512 00:27:53,880 --> 00:27:57,600 Speaker 1: It doesn't quite work because, unfortunately, we now know that 513 00:27:57,720 --> 00:28:00,919 Speaker 1: you can't make a machine like this. They're supposed to 514 00:28:00,960 --> 00:28:04,640 Speaker 1: stay in motion forever without any input of energy from 515 00:28:04,680 --> 00:28:07,720 Speaker 1: the outside. But we know this is impossible due to 516 00:28:07,760 --> 00:28:10,320 Speaker 1: the law of conservation of energy, which says that energy 517 00:28:10,400 --> 00:28:13,439 Speaker 1: is never created or destroyed, It just gets transferred from 518 00:28:13,520 --> 00:28:15,880 Speaker 1: one form to another. So the wheel can't make its 519 00:28:15,880 --> 00:28:19,000 Speaker 1: own energy. And then the other thing is that that 520 00:28:19,040 --> 00:28:21,480 Speaker 1: you've got the second law of thermodynamics, which means that 521 00:28:21,560 --> 00:28:25,680 Speaker 1: within a closed system, usable energy or order, such as 522 00:28:25,720 --> 00:28:30,200 Speaker 1: the angular momentum of wheel, gets transformed into unusable energy 523 00:28:30,280 --> 00:28:34,720 Speaker 1: or disorder, which is heat. And no machine, no wheel, no, 524 00:28:34,880 --> 00:28:37,800 Speaker 1: nothing is perfectly efficient. There's always going to be some 525 00:28:37,920 --> 00:28:42,240 Speaker 1: amount of usable energy, like angular momentum that a spinning 526 00:28:42,240 --> 00:28:45,000 Speaker 1: wheel just loses over time. In this case, the spinning 527 00:28:45,000 --> 00:28:48,360 Speaker 1: wheel is gonna lose its angular momentum to friction on 528 00:28:48,440 --> 00:28:50,800 Speaker 1: the axle. You know that turning around the axle is 529 00:28:50,880 --> 00:28:54,280 Speaker 1: rubbing and it's heating up and it's changing that momentum 530 00:28:54,320 --> 00:28:57,880 Speaker 1: into heat until finally the wheel just becomes balanced. No 531 00:28:57,880 --> 00:29:00,000 Speaker 1: matter how hard you try to keep it to design 532 00:29:00,040 --> 00:29:03,240 Speaker 1: it so that it stays unbalanced forever, eventually it will 533 00:29:03,360 --> 00:29:06,360 Speaker 1: balance out at its lowest point and just stop turning. 534 00:29:06,800 --> 00:29:10,160 Speaker 1: And there's a reason patent offices generally don't grant patents 535 00:29:10,200 --> 00:29:13,280 Speaker 1: for perpetual motion machines, even if it looks really convincing. 536 00:29:13,680 --> 00:29:16,520 Speaker 1: You know, no matter what, there's a flaw in the design, 537 00:29:16,760 --> 00:29:19,920 Speaker 1: something is not actually working as intended. I should have 538 00:29:19,960 --> 00:29:22,480 Speaker 1: looked this up before I came in, but I just wondered, now, 539 00:29:22,720 --> 00:29:26,520 Speaker 1: I wonder if there are like recreational engineering nerds out 540 00:29:26,520 --> 00:29:29,720 Speaker 1: there who are constantly just trolling patent offices trying to 541 00:29:29,760 --> 00:29:34,080 Speaker 1: get perpetual motion machines issued patents. Maybe and maybe they're 542 00:29:34,120 --> 00:29:36,360 Speaker 1: even listening to this podcast, and they can write in 543 00:29:36,440 --> 00:29:38,400 Speaker 1: and let us know. Yeah, if you have experience, let 544 00:29:38,480 --> 00:29:41,240 Speaker 1: us know. Speaking of patents, I also came across an 545 00:29:41,240 --> 00:29:44,840 Speaker 1: interesting story about wheel patents in a Smithsonian dot com 546 00:29:44,920 --> 00:29:48,280 Speaker 1: article by Megan Gambino, where she mentions this story that 547 00:29:48,400 --> 00:29:51,480 Speaker 1: around the year two thousand one, the country of Australia 548 00:29:52,000 --> 00:29:54,400 Speaker 1: they tried to put in place this new system for 549 00:29:54,480 --> 00:29:57,680 Speaker 1: patent applications. They're like, okay, well we'll make it all Streamline, 550 00:29:57,680 --> 00:29:59,800 Speaker 1: will make it easy on the user. Right, So they 551 00:30:00,000 --> 00:30:03,280 Speaker 1: allow inventors to draft their own patents without the advice 552 00:30:03,320 --> 00:30:07,240 Speaker 1: of legal counsel. And so a patent lawyer named John 553 00:30:07,320 --> 00:30:10,240 Speaker 1: Keo wanted to argue that the new system for patent 554 00:30:10,280 --> 00:30:13,239 Speaker 1: applications was flawed, and he did so by applying for 555 00:30:13,360 --> 00:30:17,120 Speaker 1: and being granted a patent for quote, a circular transportation 556 00:30:17,200 --> 00:30:22,480 Speaker 1: facilitation device. Uh. He apparently was issued a patent for 557 00:30:22,560 --> 00:30:26,120 Speaker 1: his invention the wheel. Oh. I bet he probably didn't 558 00:30:26,160 --> 00:30:28,640 Speaker 1: go get too far with that one though, in terms 559 00:30:28,680 --> 00:30:31,760 Speaker 1: of just like you know, trolling everybody and uh and 560 00:30:31,800 --> 00:30:34,520 Speaker 1: causing chaos and you know, going out and insisting that 561 00:30:34,560 --> 00:30:37,600 Speaker 1: everyone bade him royalties on his wheel. No, I assumed 562 00:30:37,640 --> 00:30:40,680 Speaker 1: this probably just showed that something was wrong with the system. Well, 563 00:30:40,760 --> 00:30:43,080 Speaker 1: let's let's let's talk a little bit about tires. What 564 00:30:43,120 --> 00:30:45,480 Speaker 1: do you say, Robert, I am so ready to get tired? 565 00:30:45,800 --> 00:30:49,000 Speaker 1: All right? Well, you know, Scott Benjamin, the Great Scott 566 00:30:49,040 --> 00:30:52,080 Speaker 1: Benjamin helps us with research for this show. Scott, of course, 567 00:30:52,320 --> 00:30:56,600 Speaker 1: previously co host of the long running Car Stuff which 568 00:30:56,680 --> 00:31:00,440 Speaker 1: was I think finally just parked in the garage, what 569 00:31:00,560 --> 00:31:04,720 Speaker 1: a year or so ago. It's on hiatus for the 570 00:31:04,840 --> 00:31:08,200 Speaker 1: foreseeable future. But Scott's doing great stuff right now. Yeah, he's. 571 00:31:08,400 --> 00:31:12,760 Speaker 1: Scott's busy with all sorts of grizzly happenings. But he 572 00:31:12,800 --> 00:31:16,360 Speaker 1: also has all this wonderful knowledge about automobiles automobile history. 573 00:31:16,360 --> 00:31:21,000 Speaker 1: So of course he brought some interesting tires to our attention. Uh. 574 00:31:21,040 --> 00:31:24,000 Speaker 1: One of them that I was particularly amazed with is 575 00:31:24,000 --> 00:31:28,520 Speaker 1: is the idea of the role the rollergon tire. Yeah, 576 00:31:28,560 --> 00:31:30,840 Speaker 1: these were really interesting. Yeah. So what you have with 577 00:31:30,840 --> 00:31:34,600 Speaker 1: the rollergn tire is imagine a steam roller and instead 578 00:31:34,640 --> 00:31:37,680 Speaker 1: of like just a big like the rollers, imagine instead 579 00:31:37,680 --> 00:31:41,520 Speaker 1: of it being this this hard crushing uh material, you know, 580 00:31:41,680 --> 00:31:46,440 Speaker 1: this big steel wheel, imagine instead that it is this soft, 581 00:31:46,520 --> 00:31:51,680 Speaker 1: inflatable substance like a you know, like a partially deflated kickball. 582 00:31:52,440 --> 00:31:55,800 Speaker 1: That that's That's about what the the the rollagon tire 583 00:31:55,880 --> 00:31:59,080 Speaker 1: consisted of. The classic image of the roller gun tire 584 00:31:59,200 --> 00:32:03,240 Speaker 1: is an image of its inventor, William Hamilton Albe being 585 00:32:03,440 --> 00:32:06,760 Speaker 1: joyfully run over by his own invention and like giving 586 00:32:06,800 --> 00:32:09,040 Speaker 1: a smile and a thumbs up while it's on top 587 00:32:09,080 --> 00:32:12,760 Speaker 1: of him. Right now. It's primary feature It was not 588 00:32:12,840 --> 00:32:15,480 Speaker 1: that it could run over it's an own inventor without 589 00:32:15,560 --> 00:32:18,960 Speaker 1: killing him, but rather that yet with these low pressure rollers, 590 00:32:19,080 --> 00:32:22,880 Speaker 1: you could roll across soft or uneven terrain. And so 591 00:32:23,040 --> 00:32:25,640 Speaker 1: the origin story to this is pretty pretty cool. It 592 00:32:25,680 --> 00:32:28,960 Speaker 1: was ninety five and Albie was teaching in a small 593 00:32:29,120 --> 00:32:32,600 Speaker 1: Eskimo village in the Bearing Strait and he saw some 594 00:32:32,640 --> 00:32:36,200 Speaker 1: of the locals. They're using bags of swollen seal skin 595 00:32:36,440 --> 00:32:41,320 Speaker 1: like like essentially seal skin balloons, uh, And they were 596 00:32:41,400 --> 00:32:43,840 Speaker 1: using these to hoist a boat out of the water, 597 00:32:43,920 --> 00:32:46,200 Speaker 1: a boat that was filled with about four tons of 598 00:32:46,320 --> 00:32:48,560 Speaker 1: meat and roll it up a hill, right yeah, yeah, 599 00:32:48,600 --> 00:32:52,000 Speaker 1: So essentially these were like wide tires. There were sort 600 00:32:52,000 --> 00:32:57,120 Speaker 1: of like low pressure balloons made out of tough material. Yeah. 601 00:32:57,280 --> 00:32:59,960 Speaker 1: So in nineteen fifty one Albi ended up a dad 602 00:33:00,000 --> 00:33:04,480 Speaker 1: acting this concept using nylon rubber bags on rollers. A 603 00:33:04,520 --> 00:33:08,680 Speaker 1: good Year actually manufactured them based on his plans, and 604 00:33:08,720 --> 00:33:12,280 Speaker 1: the Rollergne was born. And it does sound like a 605 00:33:12,320 --> 00:33:16,400 Speaker 1: creature from the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. Does the U. 606 00:33:16,480 --> 00:33:18,760 Speaker 1: S Army actually use these in Korea? It was it 607 00:33:18,800 --> 00:33:21,880 Speaker 1: was a successful concept, and it's still used today in 608 00:33:22,000 --> 00:33:25,760 Speaker 1: some forms, but they were ultimately too expensive to make 609 00:33:25,880 --> 00:33:29,800 Speaker 1: and certainly to to mass produce or to even mass market. 610 00:33:29,960 --> 00:33:33,640 Speaker 1: You a very specialized tire, the roll agane. Yeah, and 611 00:33:33,680 --> 00:33:36,400 Speaker 1: I think it's a really interesting variation on the concept 612 00:33:36,400 --> 00:33:39,120 Speaker 1: of a wheel or a tire, because normally you want 613 00:33:39,240 --> 00:33:43,120 Speaker 1: kind of narrow, high pressure tires to reduce friction and 614 00:33:43,160 --> 00:33:46,800 Speaker 1: improve efficiency of steering and movement. Like you might notice 615 00:33:46,800 --> 00:33:49,360 Speaker 1: in your car that if your tires are running at 616 00:33:49,360 --> 00:33:52,240 Speaker 1: low pressure, it's a little bit harder to steer the car. Yeah, 617 00:33:52,640 --> 00:33:53,960 Speaker 1: so yeah, this is another kind of thing you would 618 00:33:54,000 --> 00:33:56,440 Speaker 1: take out on the highway. No, no, no, no, But wider, 619 00:33:56,520 --> 00:33:59,160 Speaker 1: lower pressure rollers taken to the extreme here can be 620 00:33:59,240 --> 00:34:02,680 Speaker 1: more forgiving. The terrain is undependable, right, they can just 621 00:34:02,720 --> 00:34:05,840 Speaker 1: sort of roll over whatever. They're not gonna get jostled 622 00:34:05,840 --> 00:34:08,439 Speaker 1: around too much, and so a machine like this could 623 00:34:08,480 --> 00:34:11,040 Speaker 1: never be built for speed or for efficiency, but it's 624 00:34:11,080 --> 00:34:15,200 Speaker 1: great for rugged environments. Now, another design that Scott brought 625 00:34:15,239 --> 00:34:18,560 Speaker 1: to our attention the twheel. Yeah, this is great. So 626 00:34:18,800 --> 00:34:21,200 Speaker 1: what is tweel is kind of what it sounds like, right, 627 00:34:21,400 --> 00:34:23,520 Speaker 1: if you take a tire and a wheel and you 628 00:34:23,600 --> 00:34:26,440 Speaker 1: remove most of the tire, so it's just the tea left. Well, 629 00:34:26,520 --> 00:34:29,920 Speaker 1: you have a twheel modern airless radial tires. They're you 630 00:34:30,040 --> 00:34:36,800 Speaker 1: use for generally things like golf carts, but also construction vehicles, lawnmowers. Um. Basically, 631 00:34:36,840 --> 00:34:39,840 Speaker 1: it's all rubber spoke virtually little no a little to 632 00:34:39,920 --> 00:34:42,120 Speaker 1: no tire or another way to think of it would 633 00:34:42,120 --> 00:34:46,760 Speaker 1: be it kind of feels like a toy cars wheel 634 00:34:46,800 --> 00:34:52,160 Speaker 1: and tire scaled up to it's like usable form um. 635 00:34:52,200 --> 00:34:55,360 Speaker 1: Another interesting take on the tire. This has been described 636 00:34:55,360 --> 00:35:00,000 Speaker 1: as the tire of the future, the spherical maglev tires. Uh. 637 00:35:00,080 --> 00:35:02,480 Speaker 1: And these were these were produced by a good Year 638 00:35:02,520 --> 00:35:05,000 Speaker 1: I believe as well. Uh. The idea is that you 639 00:35:05,040 --> 00:35:07,840 Speaker 1: have a tire and you transform it essentially into a 640 00:35:07,880 --> 00:35:10,840 Speaker 1: sphere and then you kind of use kind of a 641 00:35:10,920 --> 00:35:14,400 Speaker 1: kind of something that's like a computer mouse ball, uh 642 00:35:14,520 --> 00:35:18,160 Speaker 1: insert socket. That's how you would line these up on 643 00:35:18,239 --> 00:35:20,719 Speaker 1: the bottom of a vehicle, you know, four and just 644 00:35:20,760 --> 00:35:23,800 Speaker 1: like you would have four tires, and it would enable 645 00:35:23,880 --> 00:35:26,799 Speaker 1: crazy mobility because you could you could you could really 646 00:35:26,840 --> 00:35:30,200 Speaker 1: just maneuver this thing like an ikea shopping cart. You 647 00:35:30,239 --> 00:35:32,839 Speaker 1: can only the castors on your office chair exactly. Yeah, 648 00:35:32,840 --> 00:35:35,160 Speaker 1: so you could do like all sorts of amazing parallel 649 00:35:35,239 --> 00:35:38,960 Speaker 1: parking and the sky's the limit. But of course you'd 650 00:35:38,960 --> 00:35:42,000 Speaker 1: also need a computer to help drive these things, because 651 00:35:42,160 --> 00:35:44,040 Speaker 1: like an ikea shopping cart, you could the things you 652 00:35:44,080 --> 00:35:47,000 Speaker 1: could just careen out of control, um and then you 653 00:35:47,000 --> 00:35:50,319 Speaker 1: have to you know, flee the store. But but you 654 00:35:50,400 --> 00:35:52,160 Speaker 1: and you'd certainly need a computer to help driving if 655 00:35:52,160 --> 00:35:54,719 Speaker 1: you were doing anything other than just traditional driving, if 656 00:35:54,719 --> 00:35:56,920 Speaker 1: you had it in you know, anything besides just sort 657 00:35:56,920 --> 00:36:00,279 Speaker 1: of typical automobile mode. But the other crazy the thing 658 00:36:00,320 --> 00:36:02,840 Speaker 1: about it is not only the spherical nature of the wheels, 659 00:36:02,840 --> 00:36:06,120 Speaker 1: but the car would essentially float above these tires via 660 00:36:06,200 --> 00:36:10,279 Speaker 1: magnetic levitation, thus the maglev we talked about. So it's 661 00:36:10,320 --> 00:36:14,000 Speaker 1: just another example that yes, we continually reinvent the wheel, 662 00:36:14,080 --> 00:36:17,440 Speaker 1: we continually reinvent tires. I want to see this episode 663 00:36:17,480 --> 00:36:20,680 Speaker 1: lead to a revolution in everyday language. I think people 664 00:36:20,719 --> 00:36:23,720 Speaker 1: should stop using the phrase let's not reinvent the wheel, 665 00:36:24,000 --> 00:36:26,239 Speaker 1: not only because a lot of times when people say it, 666 00:36:26,280 --> 00:36:29,120 Speaker 1: they're actually just like trying not to get you to 667 00:36:29,160 --> 00:36:33,320 Speaker 1: do something that is important, but also because it doesn't 668 00:36:33,400 --> 00:36:36,439 Speaker 1: make sense as a phrase. The wheel is constantly reinvented. 669 00:36:36,600 --> 00:36:39,680 Speaker 1: The wheel and the infrastructure that supports it had to 670 00:36:39,680 --> 00:36:42,560 Speaker 1: be reinvented or we wouldn't have the vehicles we have today. 671 00:36:42,680 --> 00:36:46,440 Speaker 1: It's ridiculous, Robert, this has been really interesting, but obviously 672 00:36:46,440 --> 00:36:48,600 Speaker 1: we've touched on so many things we're gonna have to 673 00:36:48,640 --> 00:36:51,240 Speaker 1: come back to in the future. I think tires. Tires 674 00:36:51,280 --> 00:36:54,440 Speaker 1: are are more fascinating than you might imagine. Yeah, this 675 00:36:54,520 --> 00:36:57,279 Speaker 1: is one of these inventions that really, I mean, it's 676 00:36:57,280 --> 00:37:00,920 Speaker 1: not just one invention, it's multiple inventions, legacy of inventions, 677 00:37:01,000 --> 00:37:03,839 Speaker 1: and then spiraling off from from it are all these 678 00:37:03,880 --> 00:37:09,960 Speaker 1: different diversion technologies and necessary um, you know, supporting technologies. 679 00:37:10,239 --> 00:37:12,960 Speaker 1: So I I I'm pretty sure we're not done with 680 00:37:13,000 --> 00:37:16,760 Speaker 1: the wheel yet. Uh and and neither is is human civilization. 681 00:37:17,840 --> 00:37:23,080 Speaker 1: We are still reinventing the wheel, um constantly. I predict 682 00:37:23,200 --> 00:37:27,839 Speaker 1: that by all human civilizations will have transitioned to motorized 683 00:37:27,880 --> 00:37:31,719 Speaker 1: pogo stick. Well, what wouldn't that be nice? It's hard 684 00:37:31,760 --> 00:37:33,880 Speaker 1: to wage war on a poco stick one of sims. 685 00:37:34,960 --> 00:37:36,680 Speaker 1: All right, Hey, if you want to check out more 686 00:37:36,719 --> 00:37:40,520 Speaker 1: episodes of Invention, head on over to invention pod dot com. 687 00:37:40,600 --> 00:37:43,239 Speaker 1: That's the that's the mothership for this show. That's where 688 00:37:43,280 --> 00:37:46,000 Speaker 1: we find all its various episodes and links out to 689 00:37:46,000 --> 00:37:48,480 Speaker 1: social media accounts. If you want to talk about this 690 00:37:48,480 --> 00:37:52,400 Speaker 1: this series with other listeners, be sure to uh to 691 00:37:52,560 --> 00:37:56,680 Speaker 1: explore the Facebook group Stuff to Blow your Mind Discussion module. 692 00:37:56,920 --> 00:38:00,799 Speaker 1: That's where listeners gather to discuss with episodes of Stuff 693 00:38:00,840 --> 00:38:03,840 Speaker 1: to Blow Your Mind, which is our other show, and Invention, 694 00:38:04,040 --> 00:38:07,479 Speaker 1: where we've already had some some some delightful conversations on there. 695 00:38:07,840 --> 00:38:09,719 Speaker 1: And we have merchandise now, by the way, if you're 696 00:38:09,760 --> 00:38:12,480 Speaker 1: if you're if you're getting to where you really for Invention, 697 00:38:12,520 --> 00:38:15,520 Speaker 1: for Invention, yeah, yeah, there's merchandise. If you're getting to 698 00:38:15,520 --> 00:38:18,759 Speaker 1: the point where you're you're digging the show enough and 699 00:38:18,840 --> 00:38:21,800 Speaker 1: you really like that snazzy logo that we have for Invention, 700 00:38:21,840 --> 00:38:24,920 Speaker 1: which I think is arguably a cooler looking logo than 701 00:38:24,960 --> 00:38:27,160 Speaker 1: Stuff to Blow Your Mind. You can now get it 702 00:38:27,200 --> 00:38:32,520 Speaker 1: on shirts and pillows and stickers and you know iPhone cases. 703 00:38:33,080 --> 00:38:36,120 Speaker 1: You can get a notepad with the logo on it 704 00:38:36,239 --> 00:38:40,120 Speaker 1: in which you can jot down your own inventions. Yes, 705 00:38:40,200 --> 00:38:42,399 Speaker 1: that's where you'll do the design for your death ray, 706 00:38:42,600 --> 00:38:46,640 Speaker 1: but it will be stolen by shadowy authorities from some 707 00:38:46,800 --> 00:38:49,439 Speaker 1: government when your home is burglarized by the Anti Death 708 00:38:49,520 --> 00:38:52,680 Speaker 1: Ray League. That's true, that's always a risk. As always, 709 00:38:52,920 --> 00:38:55,320 Speaker 1: we asked that you rate and review the show wherever 710 00:38:55,320 --> 00:38:56,960 Speaker 1: you have the ability to do so. That is the 711 00:38:57,000 --> 00:39:00,520 Speaker 1: best way to support what we're doing here, and some subscribe. 712 00:39:00,640 --> 00:39:05,360 Speaker 1: Subscribe to Invention wherever you get your podcasts. Huge thanks 713 00:39:05,440 --> 00:39:09,560 Speaker 1: as always to our excellent audio producer, Tori Harrison. If 714 00:39:09,560 --> 00:39:11,360 Speaker 1: you would like to get in touch with us directly 715 00:39:11,440 --> 00:39:14,520 Speaker 1: with feedback on this episode, with a suggestion for a 716 00:39:14,520 --> 00:39:17,240 Speaker 1: future topic, or just to say hello, you can email 717 00:39:17,320 --> 00:39:38,360 Speaker 1: us at contact at invention pod dot com.