1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,680 Speaker 1: Hey, y'all were rerunning two episodes today, which means that 2 00:00:02,759 --> 00:00:06,320 Speaker 1: you'll hear two hosts me and Tracy V. Wilson enjoy 3 00:00:06,400 --> 00:00:13,480 Speaker 1: the show. Welcome to this day in History class. It's July. 4 00:00:14,640 --> 00:00:17,759 Speaker 1: The first International Special Olympics was held on this day 5 00:00:17,760 --> 00:00:21,680 Speaker 1: in At this point in history, it was very common 6 00:00:21,720 --> 00:00:25,279 Speaker 1: for people with disabilities to be housed and institutions, and 7 00:00:25,440 --> 00:00:29,000 Speaker 1: a lot of times these institutions had just appalling conditions. 8 00:00:29,400 --> 00:00:32,199 Speaker 1: Even if they were called a school, it wasn't really 9 00:00:32,280 --> 00:00:36,240 Speaker 1: about educating anyone. It was just about keeping people away 10 00:00:36,360 --> 00:00:39,800 Speaker 1: from the public eye. People who were kept at home 11 00:00:40,040 --> 00:00:42,600 Speaker 1: also tended to be kept out of sight from the 12 00:00:42,600 --> 00:00:45,559 Speaker 1: rest of the community and sometimes even secret. It was 13 00:00:45,680 --> 00:00:48,599 Speaker 1: really rare to see a person with any kind of 14 00:00:48,720 --> 00:00:52,080 Speaker 1: visible disability out in public, both because of all the 15 00:00:52,200 --> 00:00:55,800 Speaker 1: social stigma that surrounded the whole idea and because communities 16 00:00:55,880 --> 00:00:59,120 Speaker 1: just were not accessible. There were some people, though, that 17 00:00:59,320 --> 00:01:03,880 Speaker 1: really started working to change that. This included Unice Kennedy 18 00:01:03,920 --> 00:01:07,840 Speaker 1: Shriver and Anne macgon Burke. Shriver was the sister of 19 00:01:07,959 --> 00:01:11,520 Speaker 1: John F. Robert F and Ted Kennedy, and they also 20 00:01:11,600 --> 00:01:15,120 Speaker 1: had another sister named Rosemary, who had an intellectual disability. 21 00:01:15,160 --> 00:01:18,880 Speaker 1: That was treated with a lobotomy in one Today we 22 00:01:18,959 --> 00:01:21,319 Speaker 1: know that this was not an appropriate treatment for her 23 00:01:21,360 --> 00:01:24,639 Speaker 1: at all, but at the time the lobotomy was often 24 00:01:25,000 --> 00:01:30,400 Speaker 1: recommended as a treatment for arrange of mental and cognitive issues. Shriver, though, 25 00:01:30,640 --> 00:01:34,679 Speaker 1: was the director of the Joseph P. Kennedy Junior Foundation, 26 00:01:34,880 --> 00:01:37,160 Speaker 1: and that was a foundation that began focusing more and 27 00:01:37,200 --> 00:01:40,760 Speaker 1: more of its efforts on people who had cognitive and 28 00:01:40,800 --> 00:01:44,200 Speaker 1: intellectual disabilities. She did a lot of work, and she 29 00:01:44,240 --> 00:01:48,440 Speaker 1: did a lot of advocacy with her brothers, who as politicians, 30 00:01:48,520 --> 00:01:51,440 Speaker 1: had the ability to pass laws that would help this situation. 31 00:01:51,760 --> 00:01:54,920 Speaker 1: She also just wanted to combat all of this social 32 00:01:55,000 --> 00:01:59,640 Speaker 1: stigma and the segregation and isolation of children with intellectual disabilities. 33 00:02:00,000 --> 00:02:01,680 Speaker 1: One of the things that she did was to establish 34 00:02:01,680 --> 00:02:04,200 Speaker 1: a summer camp in nineteen sixty two, and one of 35 00:02:04,240 --> 00:02:05,880 Speaker 1: the goals of this camp was to get a better 36 00:02:05,920 --> 00:02:08,840 Speaker 1: sense of what these children could do instead of focusing 37 00:02:08,880 --> 00:02:11,600 Speaker 1: on what they could not. This led to year round 38 00:02:11,680 --> 00:02:17,080 Speaker 1: athletics programs for young people with intellectual disabilities. While Shriver 39 00:02:17,400 --> 00:02:20,000 Speaker 1: is the person that is most often associated with the 40 00:02:20,040 --> 00:02:25,639 Speaker 1: founding of Special Olympics, Burke was highly instrumental in expanding 41 00:02:25,680 --> 00:02:29,359 Speaker 1: its scope and its scale. In March of nineteen sixty eight, 42 00:02:29,400 --> 00:02:32,720 Speaker 1: Shriver and the Chicago Park District announced the first Olympic 43 00:02:32,800 --> 00:02:37,080 Speaker 1: Games for young people with intellectual disabilities. These first Games 44 00:02:37,080 --> 00:02:39,840 Speaker 1: were held at Soldier Field in Chicago on July thirty, 45 00:02:40,120 --> 00:02:43,239 Speaker 1: nineteen sixty eight. A thousand young athletes from the United 46 00:02:43,240 --> 00:02:46,079 Speaker 1: States and Canada competed, and they competed in more than 47 00:02:46,120 --> 00:02:50,520 Speaker 1: two hundred events. Special Olympics Incorporated was formed later on 48 00:02:50,600 --> 00:02:53,720 Speaker 1: in nineteen sixty eight, and today it's a global organization 49 00:02:53,880 --> 00:02:56,720 Speaker 1: that holds events all over the world and millions of 50 00:02:56,760 --> 00:03:00,960 Speaker 1: young athletes participate. Today. There's some debate about Special Olympics. 51 00:03:01,240 --> 00:03:04,440 Speaker 1: The field of education has moved toward trying to place 52 00:03:04,600 --> 00:03:08,120 Speaker 1: children into the least restrictive environment that still meets their 53 00:03:08,160 --> 00:03:11,480 Speaker 1: needs so as often as possible, placing them in classrooms 54 00:03:11,520 --> 00:03:14,800 Speaker 1: with their non disabled peers instead of in classrooms that 55 00:03:14,840 --> 00:03:17,680 Speaker 1: are segregated from everyone else. So there's a lot of 56 00:03:17,680 --> 00:03:21,680 Speaker 1: discussion about whether it's really helpful to segregate children with 57 00:03:21,720 --> 00:03:25,920 Speaker 1: intellectual disabilities into their own separate event. There are a 58 00:03:25,919 --> 00:03:29,720 Speaker 1: lot of other specific criticisms as well, including whether today 59 00:03:29,960 --> 00:03:35,040 Speaker 1: Special Olympics perpetuates more stereotypes than it helps to dispel. However, 60 00:03:35,280 --> 00:03:38,640 Speaker 1: though it's clear that the Special Olympics and Unice Kennedy 61 00:03:38,640 --> 00:03:42,400 Speaker 1: Shriver's work outside of the Olympics were monumentally important and 62 00:03:42,480 --> 00:03:46,480 Speaker 1: starting to combat some of the stigma surrounding disability. And 63 00:03:46,520 --> 00:03:48,800 Speaker 1: this included advocacy that led to some of the first 64 00:03:48,920 --> 00:03:52,880 Speaker 1: laws that protected people with disabilities and helped guarantee them 65 00:03:52,920 --> 00:03:56,480 Speaker 1: equal access to facilities and education. Thanks so much to 66 00:03:56,520 --> 00:03:59,040 Speaker 1: Eve's Jeff Cote for her research work on today's episode, 67 00:03:59,040 --> 00:04:02,000 Speaker 1: Antatari Harrison for her audio skills on all of his episodes. 68 00:04:02,520 --> 00:04:04,840 Speaker 1: You can subscribe to the Stay in History Class on 69 00:04:04,880 --> 00:04:08,240 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, and wherever else you get your 70 00:04:08,280 --> 00:04:11,720 Speaker 1: podcasts too. DN tomorrow for a show trial that's full 71 00:04:11,760 --> 00:04:23,160 Speaker 1: of monkey business. Hi, everyone, Welcome to this Day in 72 00:04:23,320 --> 00:04:35,080 Speaker 1: History class, where we uncover the remnants of history every day. 73 00:04:37,880 --> 00:04:42,159 Speaker 1: The day was July twentieth, nineteen sixty nine. U S 74 00:04:42,200 --> 00:04:46,440 Speaker 1: astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin buzz Aldrin became the first 75 00:04:46,440 --> 00:04:49,080 Speaker 1: people on the Moon when Apollo eleven landed on its 76 00:04:49,120 --> 00:04:53,120 Speaker 1: surface in the late nineteen fifties. In the nineteen sixties, 77 00:04:53,400 --> 00:04:56,039 Speaker 1: the space race between the US and the Soviet Union 78 00:04:56,080 --> 00:05:00,360 Speaker 1: was in full swing in nineteen sixty one. Not long 79 00:05:00,400 --> 00:05:03,240 Speaker 1: after the Soviet Union and US sent the first people 80 00:05:03,279 --> 00:05:07,640 Speaker 1: into space, US President John F. Kennedy declared before Congress 81 00:05:07,680 --> 00:05:10,760 Speaker 1: his commitment to landing someone on the Moon before the 82 00:05:10,880 --> 00:05:15,280 Speaker 1: end of the decade, so NASA dedicated the Apollo program 83 00:05:15,320 --> 00:05:20,120 Speaker 1: to Kennedy's mission. The first uncrewed Apollo space flight launched 84 00:05:20,160 --> 00:05:23,320 Speaker 1: in nineteen sixty six, and the first crude flight was 85 00:05:23,360 --> 00:05:28,200 Speaker 1: Apollo seven. In October of nineteen sixty eight. Apollo seven 86 00:05:28,320 --> 00:05:31,679 Speaker 1: tested the Apollo Command in Service module in low Earth orbit. 87 00:05:32,279 --> 00:05:35,200 Speaker 1: The Apollo program went on to send astronauts to orbit 88 00:05:35,240 --> 00:05:38,679 Speaker 1: the Moon and tested the lunar module while in Earth orbit. 89 00:05:39,839 --> 00:05:43,040 Speaker 1: In Apollo ten, the Apollo lunar module was flown into 90 00:05:43,080 --> 00:05:45,440 Speaker 1: a descent orbit in a dry run for the first 91 00:05:45,520 --> 00:05:50,080 Speaker 1: Moon landing, which would happened two months later. On the 92 00:05:50,120 --> 00:05:53,960 Speaker 1: morning of July sixteenth, nineteen sixty nine, Apollo eleven launched 93 00:05:53,960 --> 00:05:59,000 Speaker 1: from Cape Kennedy commander Neil Armstrong, Lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin, 94 00:05:59,240 --> 00:06:04,039 Speaker 1: and Command module pilot Michael Collins were aboard. On July seventeenth, 95 00:06:04,320 --> 00:06:07,000 Speaker 1: the first color TV transmission from Apollo was sent to 96 00:06:07,080 --> 00:06:11,640 Speaker 1: Earth On July nineteenth, the spacecraft went into lunar orbit, 97 00:06:12,120 --> 00:06:16,240 Speaker 1: and on July twenties, Armstrong and Aldrin entered the lunar module, 98 00:06:16,520 --> 00:06:19,479 Speaker 1: which separated from the command module, where Collins remained in 99 00:06:19,560 --> 00:06:24,120 Speaker 1: lunar orbit. One and two hours, forty five minutes and 100 00:06:24,160 --> 00:06:27,800 Speaker 1: forty seconds after launch, the lunar module Eagle landed on 101 00:06:27,839 --> 00:06:32,560 Speaker 1: the Moon. Hours after landing, Armstrong left the lunar module 102 00:06:32,600 --> 00:06:35,200 Speaker 1: and stepped onto the Moon, setting up the TV camera 103 00:06:35,240 --> 00:06:40,160 Speaker 1: for transmission back to Earth. About twenty minutes later, Aldrin 104 00:06:40,240 --> 00:06:42,920 Speaker 1: also exited the lunar module and took his first steps 105 00:06:42,920 --> 00:06:46,640 Speaker 1: on the Moon. About six hundred and fifty million people 106 00:06:46,760 --> 00:06:49,839 Speaker 1: watched the mission on television as the astronauts became the 107 00:06:49,880 --> 00:06:53,840 Speaker 1: first ever to walk on the Moon. They took photographs 108 00:06:53,839 --> 00:06:57,000 Speaker 1: of the Moon's surface and the lunar horizon, took samples 109 00:06:57,000 --> 00:06:59,840 Speaker 1: of lunar surface materials, and planted a U S flag. 110 00:07:00,920 --> 00:07:04,400 Speaker 1: They also left behind medallions with astronauts and cosmonauts who 111 00:07:04,440 --> 00:07:07,440 Speaker 1: died in accidents, as well as a silicon disc that 112 00:07:07,520 --> 00:07:12,640 Speaker 1: contained goodwill messages from seventy three countries. The astronauts spoke 113 00:07:12,720 --> 00:07:17,000 Speaker 1: with President Richard Nixon by telephone link. After the two 114 00:07:17,080 --> 00:07:19,960 Speaker 1: astronauts re entered the Lunar module and slept for about 115 00:07:19,960 --> 00:07:23,120 Speaker 1: seven hours, they began their ascent from the lunar surface. 116 00:07:24,320 --> 00:07:27,360 Speaker 1: Aldrin and Armstrong spent twenty one hours and thirty six 117 00:07:27,360 --> 00:07:30,600 Speaker 1: minutes on the surface of the Moon. The Lunar module 118 00:07:30,720 --> 00:07:34,320 Speaker 1: docked with Command Module Columbia, and Armstrong and Aldrin went 119 00:07:34,360 --> 00:07:38,320 Speaker 1: back to the Command Module with Collins. On July, the 120 00:07:38,360 --> 00:07:41,840 Speaker 1: Apollo eleven crew landed in the Pacific Ocean about nine 121 00:07:41,920 --> 00:07:47,600 Speaker 1: hundred miles or fourteen hundred kilometers southwest of Hawaii. The U. S. S. 122 00:07:47,640 --> 00:07:51,800 Speaker 1: Hornet was the primary recovery ship for Apollo eleven. The 123 00:07:51,880 --> 00:07:55,280 Speaker 1: astronauts were sent to the Lunar Receiving Laboratory at NASA's 124 00:07:55,360 --> 00:07:59,800 Speaker 1: Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center for quarantine. The astronauts moon 125 00:08:00,040 --> 00:08:03,520 Speaker 1: ending and returned to Earth was celebrated with parades, a 126 00:08:03,600 --> 00:08:08,000 Speaker 1: state dinner, and a world tour. Collins, Aldrin, and Armstrong 127 00:08:08,120 --> 00:08:12,200 Speaker 1: were each given the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Five later 128 00:08:12,240 --> 00:08:16,720 Speaker 1: Apollo missions also landed astronauts on the Moon. The whole 129 00:08:16,760 --> 00:08:21,120 Speaker 1: Apollo program cost around twenty six billion dollars. Though a 130 00:08:21,160 --> 00:08:24,560 Speaker 1: lot of people celebrated the feat. Many Americans protested the 131 00:08:24,600 --> 00:08:27,960 Speaker 1: allocation of so much money and resources to accomplishing a 132 00:08:28,040 --> 00:08:30,680 Speaker 1: moon landing when they were pressing issues to attend to 133 00:08:30,760 --> 00:08:34,640 Speaker 1: on Earth. I'm Eves, Jeff Code, and hopefully you know 134 00:08:34,760 --> 00:08:38,199 Speaker 1: a little more about history today than you did yesterday. 135 00:08:39,080 --> 00:08:43,239 Speaker 1: Get more Notes from History on Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook. 136 00:08:43,400 --> 00:08:49,000 Speaker 1: At T D I h C podcast tune in tomorrow 137 00:08:49,080 --> 00:08:59,920 Speaker 1: for another Day in History. For more podcasts for my 138 00:09:00,000 --> 00:09:02,640 Speaker 1: heart Radio, visit the i Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 139 00:09:02,720 --> 00:09:04,439 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.