WEBVTT - Got Your Note - Before You Sent It 0:00:00.160 --> 0:00:07.400 Brought to you by Toyota. Let's go places. Welcome to 0:00:07.560 --> 0:00:15.360 Forward Thinking, paything everyone, and welcome to Forward Thinking, the 0:00:15.440 --> 0:00:18.360 podcast that looks at the future and says, don't I 0:00:18.400 --> 0:00:22.320 know you from somewhere? I'm Jonathan Strickland, I'm Lauren Vocalban, 0:00:22.480 --> 0:00:25.000 I'm Joe McCormick. And today we wanted to talk about 0:00:25.040 --> 0:00:28.160 the speed of communication and how that might one day 0:00:28.160 --> 0:00:30.400 be a problem. Have you listened to our previous podcast, 0:00:30.480 --> 0:00:32.720 you probably heard us talk about how we've really kind 0:00:32.720 --> 0:00:36.240 of cracked the speed nut as far as communication goes 0:00:36.280 --> 0:00:39.360 here on Earth. It's more of a throughput or bandwidth 0:00:39.479 --> 0:00:42.880 issue than a speed issue. But when you start looking 0:00:42.920 --> 0:00:46.839 beyond Earth, we still have that speed problem, don't we, 0:00:47.520 --> 0:00:49.760 and cross long enough distances? Yeah. Yeah, And we have 0:00:49.840 --> 0:00:53.040 a fairly recent example of how this can become a 0:00:53.159 --> 0:00:56.640 challenge with the the landing of the Curiosity Rover on 0:00:56.760 --> 0:01:00.280 Mars that happened in right, I was I remember where 0:01:00.320 --> 0:01:02.560 the night this happened, So do I remember I was 0:01:02.600 --> 0:01:06.319 covering it live for this Weekend Tech. Yeah. I was 0:01:06.360 --> 0:01:10.680 just blogging about it on Facebook basically, and uh, and 0:01:10.720 --> 0:01:14.600 I was watching the live stream and uh, which is 0:01:14.640 --> 0:01:17.920 interesting because there were two delays going on. There was 0:01:17.959 --> 0:01:22.800 the delay between what was happening on Mars and the 0:01:22.840 --> 0:01:27.120 people at the actually imported at the NASA JPL finding 0:01:27.120 --> 0:01:29.400 out about it, and then the delay of course between 0:01:29.480 --> 0:01:31.639 them and then me at my house getting the stream. 0:01:32.240 --> 0:01:35.720 Um and so. But when you think about that, it's 0:01:35.760 --> 0:01:40.840 interesting because those are totally two totally different scales of delay. UM. 0:01:40.920 --> 0:01:45.520 One is a very small delay based on throughput, like 0:01:45.560 --> 0:01:48.040 how long does it take the bits of data from 0:01:48.080 --> 0:01:51.320 their transmission to get to my computer so I can 0:01:51.360 --> 0:01:54.480 watch them as pixels on my screen? Um? And And 0:01:54.520 --> 0:01:58.760 that's throughput, like we talked about last time. Yeah, it's nothing. 0:01:59.360 --> 0:02:01.840 It's is trying to squeeze that data into the wire 0:02:01.920 --> 0:02:05.240 fast enough and reconstituted on the other end here. But 0:02:05.360 --> 0:02:12.560 the other one has a really serious, significant physical limit, yes, um. 0:02:12.560 --> 0:02:15.040 And what is that limit? Well, it's the speed of 0:02:15.120 --> 0:02:18.880 light in a vacuum, uh so, which is very fast 0:02:19.000 --> 0:02:23.280 but quite fair. It's like a thousand miles miles per 0:02:23.280 --> 0:02:25.880 second basically, and we think of it as the universal 0:02:25.919 --> 0:02:28.919 speed limit, although more on that later. Yeah, well, well 0:02:29.040 --> 0:02:30.720 we can say that now, right, that's a good thing 0:02:30.760 --> 0:02:35.120 to start with. Actually, um uh Einstein's theory of relativity 0:02:35.160 --> 0:02:39.359 says that essentially nothing with mask can go the speed 0:02:39.360 --> 0:02:42.320 of light or faster. It's it's an absolute limit. And 0:02:42.560 --> 0:02:45.600 the reasons for that are multiple, but basically it would 0:02:45.600 --> 0:02:48.400 take infinite energy and and and by the time that 0:02:48.440 --> 0:02:50.600 you worked up to it, you would have infinite mass 0:02:50.680 --> 0:02:54.519 and everything would be messy. Ye yeah, yeah, that's exactly it. 0:02:54.520 --> 0:02:59.040 It would be impossible to propel yourself because you anyway, yeah, good, 0:02:59.200 --> 0:03:03.160 good way to put that. Um. So uh so we 0:03:03.240 --> 0:03:07.960 think that's the universal speed limit. Um. Well that and 0:03:08.000 --> 0:03:10.959 that's what resulted in the fact that it took us 0:03:11.880 --> 0:03:15.240 so several minutes to learn the right, That's what I 0:03:15.240 --> 0:03:17.960 was getting too. So we're here on Earth and the 0:03:18.000 --> 0:03:20.600 people at I realized, the people of the Jet Propulsion 0:03:20.639 --> 0:03:25.280 Lab didn't know for about fourteen minutes whether the lander 0:03:25.360 --> 0:03:30.239 had succeeded or whether it was you know, like Martians 0:03:30.240 --> 0:03:35.120 had captured it and taken it for their purposes, right, 0:03:35.640 --> 0:03:39.320 um or what We just had no idea, And so 0:03:40.080 --> 0:03:43.760 here it was just an issue of suspense um. Because 0:03:44.040 --> 0:03:47.000 the transmission traveling at the speed of light at the 0:03:47.040 --> 0:03:49.920 maximum speed, takes that long to get to us, and 0:03:50.000 --> 0:03:52.320 we just don't know, but this could actually be a 0:03:52.360 --> 0:03:56.080 real problem for exploring other planets, right, what if you 0:03:56.200 --> 0:03:59.960 needed to control something in real time on another planet 0:04:00.040 --> 0:04:02.440 that the Mars landing was relatively simple, I mean, it's 0:04:02.440 --> 0:04:04.080 we were pretty sure that we weren't crashing it and 0:04:04.160 --> 0:04:06.400 attending any mountains, you know, and that they were we 0:04:06.440 --> 0:04:08.520 were pretty sure there were no giant space lugs out 0:04:08.560 --> 0:04:10.520 there ready to eat it, so it was okay. But 0:04:10.640 --> 0:04:13.440 you know, but if there have been space lugs, or 0:04:13.920 --> 0:04:18.200 if there the planet's surface had been treacherous enough where 0:04:18.480 --> 0:04:20.640 for some reason we thought a human being would be 0:04:20.680 --> 0:04:23.280 more capable of piloting that ship rather than a very 0:04:23.279 --> 0:04:27.400 sophisticated computer than obviously, that would have been an issue 0:04:27.440 --> 0:04:30.160 because there would have been a very long delay from 0:04:30.200 --> 0:04:33.920 the time when the the lander would be able to 0:04:33.960 --> 0:04:36.760 relay that information to you, and then just as long 0:04:36.839 --> 0:04:39.720 for your commands to go back to the land there 0:04:39.800 --> 0:04:41.600 so that it could adjust in any way. And by 0:04:41.600 --> 0:04:44.720 that time conditions will have changed dramatically. I mean you're 0:04:44.720 --> 0:04:47.839 talking half an hour almost, right. So this is a 0:04:47.880 --> 0:04:50.800 weird case where it's not really a problem here on Earth, 0:04:50.839 --> 0:04:53.120 but when you start exploring the galaxy, the speed of 0:04:53.200 --> 0:04:56.919 light just isn't fast enough, so we need something faster 0:04:57.160 --> 0:05:00.400 we do. Is there a way to talk to the 0:05:00.400 --> 0:05:04.120 curiosity lander faster than light can get from one place 0:05:04.160 --> 0:05:06.280 to another. Well, before I give my answer, I think 0:05:06.320 --> 0:05:09.960 we should probably talk about some some potential ways that 0:05:11.000 --> 0:05:13.599 according to give my answer at the end, According to 0:05:13.680 --> 0:05:16.640 star Trek, there these there, there's the subspace that's kind 0:05:16.640 --> 0:05:19.240 of like a parallel dimension that these are these particles 0:05:19.240 --> 0:05:22.599 called called tetrians are floating around, and these these are 0:05:22.600 --> 0:05:26.599 really really random momentum particles, and when they bleed over 0:05:26.600 --> 0:05:28.880 into real space, all kinds of wacky stuff happens that 0:05:28.920 --> 0:05:33.159 makes for really compelling television hopefully. Um right, but but 0:05:33.160 --> 0:05:35.000 but but as far as I can tell, this is 0:05:35.040 --> 0:05:36.840 not this is not one of those things. It's really 0:05:36.839 --> 0:05:39.360 a plot device more so, right, It's than any kind 0:05:39.360 --> 0:05:41.880 of physics. It's say, how do we get around this 0:05:42.000 --> 0:05:46.159 fundamental problem. Let's explain it away with something that doesn't 0:05:46.160 --> 0:05:49.520 really particles, and then we just say, oh, they were 0:05:49.520 --> 0:05:53.840 discovered in two so that way no one can complain 0:05:53.880 --> 0:05:56.240 about the fact that these things don't seem to exist. Well, 0:05:56.240 --> 0:05:59.479 the Vulcans have been using them since Earth Year. The vulcans. 0:05:59.680 --> 0:06:02.880 Are they universes hipsters? We have established that, you know, 0:06:02.960 --> 0:06:06.000 they were. They were using tetrion particles before it was cool. 0:06:06.040 --> 0:06:09.560 They even have the little hipster bangs like they They however, 0:06:09.760 --> 0:06:13.600 have already moved beyond the ironic mustache. Yes, yes, clearly. 0:06:15.040 --> 0:06:18.560 You know. Well, it's funny that the difference essentially between 0:06:18.560 --> 0:06:21.440 science fiction and fantasy is that the magic things in 0:06:21.560 --> 0:06:25.599 fantasy are designed to sound like religious items, and the 0:06:25.640 --> 0:06:28.520 magic things in sci fire design to sound like things 0:06:28.560 --> 0:06:31.120 from a science text book. Well, and of course, and 0:06:31.120 --> 0:06:34.800 and tetrion is really close like obelisks of you know, 0:06:35.160 --> 0:06:41.119 like it's just yeah, well but tetrians is a really 0:06:41.160 --> 0:06:45.040 close word to take on. Yeahh there we go. Well, 0:06:45.240 --> 0:06:49.320 so some people do think that maybe take eons could 0:06:49.360 --> 0:06:52.320 help us talk faster than light, get information from one 0:06:52.320 --> 0:06:56.919 place to another at a superliminal speeds. So so what 0:06:56.920 --> 0:07:00.400 what is a tack eon? Well, attack eon is partically 0:07:00.480 --> 0:07:04.000 Oh yeah, I want to emphasize this, a hypothetical particle 0:07:04.160 --> 0:07:07.600 that means and that's different from a theoretical particle. Um 0:07:07.680 --> 0:07:10.880 theoretical would be one that that's integral, like to some 0:07:11.160 --> 0:07:15.920 theory that yeah, Higgs integral to some theory that we 0:07:16.000 --> 0:07:19.560 have good evidence for hypothetical just means like we can 0:07:19.680 --> 0:07:22.320 posit it and we can sort of talk about it, 0:07:22.320 --> 0:07:24.840 but there's no evidence for it. You can justify it 0:07:24.920 --> 0:07:29.400 in the sense of creating a mathematical expression that that 0:07:29.560 --> 0:07:34.040 where it makes sense, but there's no other evidence whatsoever, right, um, 0:07:34.120 --> 0:07:36.760 And and even the first thing you said, the making 0:07:36.800 --> 0:07:41.200 sense math mathematically is questionable, but we can talk about 0:07:41.200 --> 0:07:45.200 that in a second. So tacons are super liminal particles, 0:07:45.560 --> 0:07:48.680 and that means that they always go faster than the 0:07:48.680 --> 0:07:51.200 speedy We cannot approach the speed of light. They cannot 0:07:51.200 --> 0:07:53.160 slow down that much because it would take again an 0:07:53.200 --> 0:07:55.600 infinite amount of energy, right to slow them down. So 0:07:55.720 --> 0:07:59.760 you sort of imagine, imagine a big X shape, and 0:08:00.120 --> 0:08:02.680 we and all the matter that we know about are 0:08:02.760 --> 0:08:07.280 in the bottom triangle of that X. Right. We live 0:08:07.360 --> 0:08:10.840 down there, and as we and the where the exes 0:08:11.960 --> 0:08:15.040 where the triangles intersect, basically the cross of the X, 0:08:15.200 --> 0:08:17.920 that's the speed of light, alright, So it's the center 0:08:17.960 --> 0:08:20.800 of the X, right, And as we approach that, going 0:08:20.920 --> 0:08:24.600 up towards the top of our little triangle, things start 0:08:24.600 --> 0:08:27.360 getting wonky. Of course, you know that we have time 0:08:27.400 --> 0:08:30.440 dilation and and crazy stuff, and we can't get to 0:08:30.480 --> 0:08:34.640 the apex of that triangle. Um. They live in the 0:08:34.679 --> 0:08:39.199 top triangle. Tachyons are up there, and they're basically an 0:08:39.240 --> 0:08:42.720 inverse of everything that we experience in the bottom half. 0:08:42.920 --> 0:08:46.320 As they approach the speed of light going down towards 0:08:46.440 --> 0:08:51.560 that cross, things get wonky. It stops making sense. But 0:08:52.880 --> 0:08:57.160 they travel faster than light. If they exist, it's possible. 0:08:57.559 --> 0:09:00.520 Some people think that, well, could we harness them to 0:09:00.600 --> 0:09:05.760 communicate faster than light? And there are some serious objections 0:09:05.800 --> 0:09:10.200 I think to this hypothesis. UM. One of them, of course, is, 0:09:10.240 --> 0:09:12.320 as we said, we have no proof that these things 0:09:12.320 --> 0:09:16.040 even exist, so we're talking hypothetically anyway, and that should 0:09:16.040 --> 0:09:21.000 always be noted as a major objection. UM. But number two, Uh, 0:09:21.559 --> 0:09:26.240 you would bring on causality paradoxes if you could really 0:09:26.360 --> 0:09:29.920 use what some some physicists described this device as the 0:09:30.000 --> 0:09:34.440 tachyonic anti telephone. Right. It's a device that allows you 0:09:34.480 --> 0:09:40.120 to call the past as the person who receives your 0:09:40.120 --> 0:09:42.600 message would get it before you had actually sent it, right, 0:09:42.679 --> 0:09:45.880 And and that's actually what Einstein's theory relativity says. Right, 0:09:45.880 --> 0:09:48.360 If if you go faster than the speed of light. 0:09:48.480 --> 0:09:50.760 What it seems to imply is that you would start 0:09:50.760 --> 0:09:54.199 going backward in time, which doesn't make any sense at all, 0:09:54.760 --> 0:09:57.320 at least as far as we can understand, right, And 0:09:57.400 --> 0:10:01.320 so that's another major objection. Uh. Also from what I've read, 0:10:01.440 --> 0:10:04.880 if you if you look at tach eons um, the 0:10:05.040 --> 0:10:09.319 math is really strange to to justify them. So again 0:10:09.400 --> 0:10:13.800 using relativistic equations, what it looks like is that in 0:10:13.920 --> 0:10:17.600 order for attack on to have actual real energy, it 0:10:17.679 --> 0:10:21.400 has to have imaginary mass. Right. I remember seeing an 0:10:21.400 --> 0:10:24.560 example being it would have a mass of the square 0:10:24.679 --> 0:10:28.199 root of negative one. That's exactly right. Imaginary, an imaginary 0:10:28.280 --> 0:10:32.199 number hurt my brain. I'll tell you what's hurting my brain. 0:10:32.480 --> 0:10:34.960 So Joe was talking about this x where all of 0:10:35.000 --> 0:10:38.240 our matters on the bottom and all the tachyon stuffs 0:10:38.240 --> 0:10:40.560 on the top. Who lives on the left and right? 0:10:41.200 --> 0:10:42.960 I think that was the new Trinos from the Teenage 0:10:43.000 --> 0:10:46.720 Mutant Ninja Turtles cartoon series. Okay, all right, well, and 0:10:46.800 --> 0:10:49.360 the street Sharks they're over on the right. I'm back up. 0:10:49.480 --> 0:10:51.560 I'm back up to speed now, but I've been lost 0:10:51.600 --> 0:10:55.199 since then, so sorry. Yeah, relativistic street sharks carry our 0:10:55.320 --> 0:10:59.400 data faster than light, and then we've done it. No. 0:11:00.240 --> 0:11:04.400 But so basically the tachy on business is really complex 0:11:04.440 --> 0:11:09.600 and definitely above my head. But from everything I've read, uh, 0:11:09.760 --> 0:11:12.240 people who know what they're talking about don't seem to 0:11:12.400 --> 0:11:16.400 give this much credibility. They don't think you can do it. Um. 0:11:16.480 --> 0:11:19.400 And one major problem is again you mentioned the two 0:11:19.440 --> 0:11:23.200 different parts of the X. Well, they're two different parts 0:11:23.240 --> 0:11:26.320 of the X. So even if these things exist up there, 0:11:26.920 --> 0:11:29.839 there's no way to know that we can mess with them. 0:11:29.960 --> 0:11:32.360 There may be no way to interact with that at all. 0:11:32.520 --> 0:11:36.160 They could be um what what physicists would call free particles, 0:11:36.200 --> 0:11:41.199 meaning that they just don't interact with our type of matter. Right. Well, uh, 0:11:41.320 --> 0:11:43.760 I have another I have another little hypothetical thing. This 0:11:43.800 --> 0:11:46.760 one's this one, This one's very goofy. Yeah, alright, So 0:11:46.840 --> 0:11:49.840 let's say that Lauren, that you are in a you're 0:11:49.880 --> 0:11:52.560 living in a space station, like yeah, you know what 0:11:52.600 --> 0:11:55.920 You're you're building robots to eventually take over the planet 0:11:56.120 --> 0:11:58.480 around which your space station orbits. I've asked you not 0:11:58.520 --> 0:12:01.120 to talk about this in public. I'm sorry which planet 0:12:01.320 --> 0:12:04.079 it would be for the for this argument's sake, we'll 0:12:04.080 --> 0:12:09.000 say Earth, this is all a certain ringed planet. It 0:12:09.120 --> 0:12:12.800 was all documented in the movie Determinators. Um. And then 0:12:12.880 --> 0:12:15.199 let's say that I'm on a space station that's five 0:12:15.520 --> 0:12:19.400 d light years away. Good okay, and and so no, 0:12:19.600 --> 0:12:21.800 that's not what I mean. This show is going to 0:12:21.880 --> 0:12:25.360 have one less host, one fewer host in a minute. Um. 0:12:25.440 --> 0:12:28.640 So let's say that that I want to send I 0:12:28.679 --> 0:12:31.440 want to get Lauren's attention, but I'm five hundred light 0:12:31.520 --> 0:12:34.480 years away. If I were to send a message uh 0:12:34.679 --> 0:12:37.480 from our respective points of view, that would take five 0:12:37.559 --> 0:12:41.240 hundred years at light speed to go from my my 0:12:41.360 --> 0:12:44.000 station to her station. And in five dred years, Lauren 0:12:44.120 --> 0:12:47.679 might not care so much that I found her old 0:12:47.720 --> 0:12:50.080 cell phone that left in the station. That that that 0:12:50.120 --> 0:12:53.320 that Facebook status update would not be critical. So let's 0:12:53.360 --> 0:12:56.800 say that I've devised an ingenious plan. I have a 0:12:56.880 --> 0:13:01.440 bell installed in Lauren's space station, and attached to that 0:13:01.480 --> 0:13:05.000 bell is a string that's five hundred light years long, 0:13:05.520 --> 0:13:07.920 and the end of that string is inside my space station. 0:13:08.200 --> 0:13:09.880 And so I just grabbed the end of that string 0:13:09.880 --> 0:13:12.240 and I give it a really good tug, so they 0:13:12.240 --> 0:13:15.400 will ring the bell inside Lawrence space Station. Now, wouldn't 0:13:15.440 --> 0:13:18.439 that bell ring the instant I pull that string. Thus 0:13:18.880 --> 0:13:21.680 I am able to communicate. I'm able to get some 0:13:21.760 --> 0:13:26.440 form of information across instantaneously across five hundred light years 0:13:26.679 --> 0:13:28.680 without having to send a message all the way through. No, 0:13:29.000 --> 0:13:31.760 And that would actually be way way slower than a 0:13:31.880 --> 0:13:35.360 normal and light speed because we're talking about sound speed, right. 0:13:35.679 --> 0:13:38.360 A radio transmission travels at the speed of light. A 0:13:38.400 --> 0:13:42.600 wave propagation along a string travels at the speed of sound. Right, Yeah, 0:13:42.640 --> 0:13:44.880 you're talking about the same thing. Might even be slower 0:13:44.920 --> 0:13:48.520 than the SPEEDI that's essentially string speed of sound, speed 0:13:48.520 --> 0:13:50.400 of push or speed of poll is the way a 0:13:50.400 --> 0:13:51.960 lot of people say it. But it's the speed of 0:13:51.960 --> 0:13:56.560 sound through that particular medium. So in other words, uh, like, 0:13:56.600 --> 0:13:58.560 if we were to change that and instead of it 0:13:58.559 --> 0:14:01.600 being a string, it's it's a pole. So it's like 0:14:01.600 --> 0:14:04.079 a metal pole that stretches five hundred light years and 0:14:04.160 --> 0:14:06.439 I start to move my end of the metal pole, 0:14:06.840 --> 0:14:10.040 it would actually take longer than five years for that 0:14:10.080 --> 0:14:12.880 to propagate across the entire length of the pole, so 0:14:12.920 --> 0:14:15.600 that the end that's in Lawrence Space Station would start 0:14:15.600 --> 0:14:19.640 to wiggle. This seems counterintuitive, but it's completely true. It's 0:14:19.800 --> 0:14:23.840 depending completely upon that that that vibration propagating across, that 0:14:23.920 --> 0:14:27.360 wave propagating across and you can see this. There's some 0:14:27.400 --> 0:14:31.520 great videos on YouTube where people have a slinky and 0:14:31.560 --> 0:14:34.440 they're holding one end of the slinky up vertically like 0:14:34.760 --> 0:14:36.760 you know, so that the bottom of the slinky is 0:14:36.800 --> 0:14:39.080 off the ground, and then they let go of the 0:14:39.120 --> 0:14:41.160 top of the slinky and you you watch it in 0:14:41.200 --> 0:14:44.400 slow motion. You can actually watch the wave propagate across 0:14:44.520 --> 0:14:46.840 the length of the slinky. Now, the top of the 0:14:46.880 --> 0:14:51.200 slinky starts falling towards the ground according to gravity, pulling 0:14:51.200 --> 0:14:53.600 it down. It's accelerating at at the speed of gravity, 0:14:53.640 --> 0:14:57.000 but the bottom of the slinky remains in place until 0:14:57.120 --> 0:15:00.400 that wave propagates acrocess. So yeah, you'll actually see like 0:15:00.400 --> 0:15:02.160 the top of the slinky is falling to the ground 0:15:02.280 --> 0:15:04.920 and the bottom of the slinky is still there until 0:15:05.000 --> 0:15:07.320 that wave propagates, and then the bottom of the slinky 0:15:07.360 --> 0:15:11.320 starts to fall. So this is now on on Earth. 0:15:11.600 --> 0:15:14.960 This is so quick that we barely notice it. Right, 0:15:15.160 --> 0:15:20.080 You're going an incredibly long slinky for us to notice 0:15:20.120 --> 0:15:23.520 this when it's not slowed down to super slow speeds, 0:15:23.720 --> 0:15:27.000 but when you're talking about light years. That's a huge distance, 0:15:27.000 --> 0:15:30.360 and it that at that scale this stuff really matters. 0:15:30.520 --> 0:15:33.240 And so that's why you could not just have, you know, 0:15:33.320 --> 0:15:36.280 two cans and a piece of string and and just 0:15:36.440 --> 0:15:40.280 chat across the emptiness of space that way. Expect an 0:15:40.280 --> 0:15:43.760 answer anytime soon. Anyway, So we've established that Tachian is 0:15:44.000 --> 0:15:46.960 probably a no go treehouse telephone, not as good as 0:15:46.960 --> 0:15:51.240 what NASA uses. I tried really hard. So what else 0:15:51.360 --> 0:15:53.520 is left? Are there other ways people might think we 0:15:53.600 --> 0:15:56.520 might be able to go faster than what we've got, Well, 0:15:56.560 --> 0:16:00.240 there's there's here's another theoretical sort of well hypothetical sort 0:16:00.240 --> 0:16:02.560 of thing, but it falls apart once you do the math. 0:16:02.640 --> 0:16:04.360 I don't have a whole lot of detail on it, 0:16:04.400 --> 0:16:06.280 but I just want to kind of give a quick 0:16:06.280 --> 0:16:09.720 shout out to the Casimir effect, which is a small 0:16:10.000 --> 0:16:15.520 but measurable force that exists between two uncharged conducting plates 0:16:15.560 --> 0:16:19.520 when they are incredibly close together, and photons that travel 0:16:19.560 --> 0:16:24.800 across the gap between these two uncharged conducting plates go 0:16:25.080 --> 0:16:28.600 faster than the speed of light by a very very 0:16:28.880 --> 0:16:35.240 very small amount. Yeah, so from based upon measurements, the 0:16:35.240 --> 0:16:38.760 photons are actually moving faster than what photons can move. However, 0:16:38.920 --> 0:16:41.520 once and this is all theory, by the way, but 0:16:41.520 --> 0:16:45.240 but theoretical investigations into this effect to see if this 0:16:45.280 --> 0:16:48.080 would be a way to scale this in any form 0:16:48.160 --> 0:16:51.560 of communication have turned out to show that there's nothing there. 0:16:51.720 --> 0:16:55.560 You can't you can't communicate this way um. Then there's 0:16:55.640 --> 0:17:00.840 quantum entanglement. Quantum entanglement. Speaking of photons, yeah, this photons 0:17:00.840 --> 0:17:02.240 are are one thing you could do. You could do 0:17:02.240 --> 0:17:04.600 with polarization of photons. But quantum entanglement. This is the 0:17:04.640 --> 0:17:06.640 idea that before we get into this, we should say 0:17:06.640 --> 0:17:08.359 that this is the big one, right, this is the 0:17:08.359 --> 0:17:11.000 big kuna. This is the one that people think, they 0:17:11.080 --> 0:17:14.320 really do think maybe there's this one, this one in 0:17:14.400 --> 0:17:16.880 quantum tunneling. These are the two big ones. They're they're 0:17:16.920 --> 0:17:18.920 they're actually talking about setting up a setting up a 0:17:18.960 --> 0:17:23.480 quantum entanglement experiment on the International Space Station. Yeah, so 0:17:23.560 --> 0:17:27.320 let's let's get into ye. So, so quantum entanglement brings 0:17:27.359 --> 0:17:31.919 in some problems with quantum theory, I say problems, Einstein 0:17:32.119 --> 0:17:35.920 said problems. Einstein found this idea of quantum entanglement to 0:17:35.960 --> 0:17:39.159 be really problematic and scary, spooky, yeah, you actually call 0:17:39.160 --> 0:17:44.200 it spooky action at a distance. Well, so, quantum entanglement 0:17:44.240 --> 0:17:46.440 is this concept where you get these two sub atomic 0:17:46.480 --> 0:17:50.280 particles and they are entangled in such a way that 0:17:50.320 --> 0:17:53.159 the behavior of one will tell you something about the 0:17:53.200 --> 0:17:57.159 behavior of the other. So necessarily, like you definitely know 0:17:57.320 --> 0:18:01.760 when they're entangled. Yeah, well, not definitely, notily um, because 0:18:01.800 --> 0:18:05.959 it gets a little complicated. Uh, because Heisenberg's uncertainty principle 0:18:06.000 --> 0:18:10.160 tells us that we cannot know everything about we can 0:18:10.200 --> 0:18:12.920 we can draw a conclusion about something about the other 0:18:12.960 --> 0:18:16.320 particle's behavior. So, for example, we might talk about the 0:18:16.400 --> 0:18:20.680 spin of a subatomic particle. Now, spin can be across 0:18:20.800 --> 0:18:24.119 different axis. It's not just across one axis. But for 0:18:24.200 --> 0:18:27.000 the purposes of this, I'm just going to say we're 0:18:27.040 --> 0:18:29.680 just gonna look at one axis of spin to make 0:18:29.720 --> 0:18:33.240 this a simple example. But please keep in mind that 0:18:33.320 --> 0:18:38.800 this is just as simplified example. It's not how the work. Right. So, 0:18:38.880 --> 0:18:41.960 let's say that you've got two subatomic particles that are entangled, 0:18:42.280 --> 0:18:44.879 and one of them is spinning along an axis in 0:18:44.920 --> 0:18:49.439 a clockwise direction relative to your position. So when you 0:18:49.480 --> 0:18:52.080 observe it, it looks like it's moving in a clockwise position. 0:18:52.400 --> 0:18:56.960 Remember everything's relative. Well, then the other particle, even though 0:18:57.000 --> 0:18:59.520 you haven't even looked at it, you will know that 0:18:59.560 --> 0:19:01.920 because the two are entangled, the other particle is going 0:19:01.960 --> 0:19:04.280 to spin in the opposite direction of the first one. 0:19:04.440 --> 0:19:08.680 So it's spinning in a counterclockwise or witter Shan's direction 0:19:09.640 --> 0:19:14.200 based upon your uh, your perspective, read your Shakespeare Joe 0:19:14.480 --> 0:19:19.320 uh so, so yeah, it's it's clockwise and and and counterclockwise. 0:19:19.400 --> 0:19:22.080 Or as one of my uh one of my my 0:19:22.240 --> 0:19:25.120 directions once said for a fan that I was trying 0:19:25.160 --> 0:19:28.880 to build anti counter clockwise would be the first one, 0:19:29.000 --> 0:19:32.200 and clockwise would be whatever. So we have one starring clockwise, 0:19:32.240 --> 0:19:35.120 the other one string counterclockwise. By observing one, you know 0:19:35.160 --> 0:19:36.960 what the other one is doing. But at that point 0:19:37.040 --> 0:19:39.560 that entanglement breaks down. They are no the behavior of 0:19:39.640 --> 0:19:43.240 one is no longer dependent or entangled with the behavior 0:19:43.240 --> 0:19:45.800 of the other. They're not to be right because you've 0:19:45.800 --> 0:19:48.440 observed it. That system is broken down. That's one of 0:19:48.480 --> 0:19:51.960 the big challenges, or really the big barrier to quantum 0:19:52.040 --> 0:19:58.439 entanglement is that you cannot actually pass information through entanglement. Well, 0:19:58.480 --> 0:20:00.280 wait a minute, I don't know if we said for sure, 0:20:00.400 --> 0:20:02.440 why this would be faster than the speed of light, 0:20:02.480 --> 0:20:05.000 And that would be because you can take these things 0:20:05.200 --> 0:20:07.360 really far apart, right, you can. You could take one 0:20:07.400 --> 0:20:09.960 sub atomic particle to the other end of the universe, 0:20:10.680 --> 0:20:12.920 you know, in theory, and once once even tangled them, 0:20:12.960 --> 0:20:16.879 they're they're entangled, right, It's non localized. It's the locality 0:20:16.920 --> 0:20:18.959 is not an issue at least well locality as we 0:20:19.080 --> 0:20:22.920 understand it in the sense of space. In the quantum world, 0:20:22.960 --> 0:20:26.439 locality means lots of different stuff. So that's it's one 0:20:26.440 --> 0:20:28.080 of those things where part of the problem is just 0:20:28.160 --> 0:20:31.159 the vocabulary and the way that the quantum physicists use 0:20:31.200 --> 0:20:33.919 it as opposed to people like me. It could be 0:20:34.000 --> 0:20:37.040 that these two quanta are actually right next to each 0:20:37.080 --> 0:20:39.359 other in a dimension that we can't even see. That. 0:20:39.560 --> 0:20:41.679 That's one way of looking at it. Yes, so in 0:20:41.720 --> 0:20:43.840 the in the dimension of space, they could be very 0:20:43.840 --> 0:20:45.960 far apart. You could have one on the other side 0:20:45.960 --> 0:20:48.640 of Alpha Centauri, one here on Earth, and by observing 0:20:48.680 --> 0:20:50.200 the one here on Earth, you know what the one 0:20:50.240 --> 0:20:53.800 on Alpha Centauri, what what that one behavior of the 0:20:53.800 --> 0:20:56.280 one in Alpha Centauri was doing. So that's positing the 0:20:56.320 --> 0:21:01.399 transfer of information uh, instantaneous lee or Another thing I 0:21:01.400 --> 0:21:03.320 read was that they think maybe it goes at like 0:21:03.359 --> 0:21:06.080 ten thousand times the speed of lighters. Yeah, that's what 0:21:06.160 --> 0:21:08.720 that's what one professor has come up with. Well recently, 0:21:09.080 --> 0:21:14.040 the Einstein Boris Podolski and Nathan Rosen all thought that 0:21:14.119 --> 0:21:17.600 this was that this was a terrible idea, that that 0:21:17.720 --> 0:21:21.240 it was clearly that the problem was that we just 0:21:21.280 --> 0:21:23.920 didn't understand enough about quantum theory and that this could 0:21:23.960 --> 0:21:28.360 not be possible. They raised what was called well, now 0:21:28.400 --> 0:21:30.960 we do know different things, we do know more, but 0:21:31.400 --> 0:21:34.800 we know we know it's impossible for different reason, for 0:21:34.840 --> 0:21:37.439 a different reason than what they They came up with 0:21:37.520 --> 0:21:39.840 what was called the EPR paradox, which is essentially what 0:21:39.880 --> 0:21:43.000 I was saying, that you know, you cannot transmit information 0:21:43.040 --> 0:21:45.040 faster than the speed of light. And in fact I 0:21:45.040 --> 0:21:48.840 saw a great example Karen Masters that Cornell has a 0:21:48.960 --> 0:21:52.520 has a little uh web page where she was answering 0:21:52.600 --> 0:21:55.159 questions about this sort of stuff, and she said, all right, now, 0:21:55.200 --> 0:21:59.320 imagine this scenario. You've got two friends and they are 0:21:59.359 --> 0:22:03.360 an equal distance away from you on the other side 0:22:03.400 --> 0:22:05.439 of the galaxy, So ones on one direction, ones in 0:22:05.480 --> 0:22:08.679 the other direction, And before they left, you told them 0:22:08.760 --> 0:22:13.840 that you would send a beam of light uh to 0:22:14.280 --> 0:22:16.520 each of them, and the beam for one of them 0:22:16.520 --> 0:22:18.199 would be read and the beam for the other one 0:22:18.240 --> 0:22:20.439 would be blue, and you would send them both at 0:22:20.440 --> 0:22:23.960 the exact same time. So you send those beams, and 0:22:24.200 --> 0:22:26.440 the one on one end of the galaxy ss red, 0:22:26.560 --> 0:22:28.159 so they know that the one on the other end 0:22:28.200 --> 0:22:29.920 of the galaxy is blue. Does that mean that they 0:22:29.920 --> 0:22:33.320