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Speaker 1: Brought to you by the reinvented two thousand twelve Camray.

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Speaker 1: It's ready. Are you welcome to stuff you should know

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Speaker 1: from house Stuff Works dot com? Hey, and welcome to

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Speaker 1: the podcast. I'm Josh Clark with me as always as

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Speaker 1: Charles W. Chucker's fluttered by Bryant. No, I'm a caterpillar

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Speaker 1: and one day I might be a beautiful butterfly. Yes,

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Speaker 1: you're you're an Olympic coal. Yes, but you're going to

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Speaker 1: be a diamond someday, Chuck. Who's saying that? Uh? Originally

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Speaker 1: it was one of those old guys. That's a good one.

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Speaker 1: Widespread panic. Did they cover that really? Yeah? It was

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Speaker 1: like a nineteen minute version. Yeah, right, it went a

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Speaker 1: little long. You could say, how you doing, Chuck? I'm good.

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Speaker 1: I have freshly shaved my head like you. No, mind's

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Speaker 1: not fresh minds shaggy. Well yeah, but we're both kind

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Speaker 1: of onion heads. Now, you look good where I'm usually not.

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Speaker 1: You look pretty. Thank you? Did you take a series

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Speaker 1: of pictures of yourself? No? Not yet? Okay, that's later. So, Chuck,

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Speaker 1: you've heard about this oil spill, right? Yeah? I had

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Speaker 1: a feeling you might tie this in devastation, uh, dead wildlife, UM,

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Speaker 1: injured economies, Obama's Katrina. Yeah, there's one thing that has

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Speaker 1: been conspicuously absent in my um estimation. Beautiful. Nobody's talking

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Speaker 1: about iridescence. No one's talking about how pretty the oil

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Speaker 1: slick is. It's because it's horribly ugly. It is, unless

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Speaker 1: you stay in at a certain angle and then you're like, oh,

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Speaker 1: this is kind of nice. Actually, yeah, I know what

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Speaker 1: you mean. Yeah, we're headed. We're talking about iridescence in

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Speaker 1: this one because the shimmery color changing quality called iridescence

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Speaker 1: that oils bills feature are in common with something called butterflies,

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Speaker 1: the wings of butterflies. And I can tell you that, Um,

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Speaker 1: twenty four hours ago, I had no idea why a butterfly,

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Speaker 1: the butterfly's wings were iridescent. Now I do. This is

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Speaker 1: why I love episodes like this, because it's here, is

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Speaker 1: why there's no maybe it's kind of like this, or

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Speaker 1: we don't really know, so you and I get the

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Speaker 1: conjecture like jackasses all day long? Right, Um, Instead, it's

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Speaker 1: science has figured out why this happens, and you and

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Speaker 1: I are going to explain it to people. So Chuck,

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Speaker 1: let's do that right. Now, let's talk about why a

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Speaker 1: butterfly's wings are iridescent. Well, there's a couple of reasons

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Speaker 1: they have their their striking color. Iridescence is the main one.

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Speaker 1: But we probably need to go ahead and get pigment

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Speaker 1: and just ordinary color out of the way. Let's pigment, Josh,

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Speaker 1: is uh coloring matter do you find in like cells

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Speaker 1: and tissues? And the deal with pigment is it is

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Speaker 1: the same from every angle. You can get up under it,

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Speaker 1: you can get on top of it and sneak it

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Speaker 1: behind it, you can get all up on that, that

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Speaker 1: all up in it, but it always looks the same. Right.

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Speaker 1: That's just called that's what they call it ordinary color.

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Speaker 1: And the reason why is any given pigment um will

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Speaker 1: absorb all colors except one, say, right, like chlorophyll. Sure,

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Speaker 1: chlorophyll absorbs all colors except green, which it reflects, which

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Speaker 1: causes something to look green like a plant a plant,

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Speaker 1: sure is one. Melanine tends to absorb everything but yellow,

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Speaker 1: giving things a brownish color. Right. Well, yeah, and that's

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Speaker 1: albine is um. That means you have no melanin, right,

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Speaker 1: You're lacking a pigment. Same with paints, right. These are

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Speaker 1: all just pigments. These things don't inherently have a color.

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Speaker 1: They just absorb certain colors and reflect others back. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's pretty standard stuff. Did you know redheads um have

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Speaker 1: they think they have an additional um iron based pigment

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Speaker 1: their color. Interesting, they're freak issue poor ginger kids. Man,

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Speaker 1: they are really taking I love redhead stuf, do you well?

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Speaker 1: I mean, okay, yeah, Actually I just like the red,

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Speaker 1: like really red headed people is kind of cool looking

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Speaker 1: to me. I'll just go and go on record with that,

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Speaker 1: like red or orange, because there's a big difference. Man,

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Speaker 1: I'm not talking strawberry blond. I'm talking like really really redheads,

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Speaker 1: shocking red, shocking ginger redheads. You like staring at them?

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Speaker 1: I do? Okay, Um, don't stare too hard, okay. Freaks

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Speaker 1: people blind? Alright. So that's that's pigments. They're pretty standard.

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Speaker 1: One can argue boring stuff, right. Pigments don't give anything

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Speaker 1: iridescence now, they just reflect light. And you know that's

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Speaker 1: that iridescence is uh this kind of super spectacular um

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Speaker 1: reflection of color, almost shimmery. Yes, that changes, Actually the

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Speaker 1: color changes if you move, so your descence is generally

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Speaker 1: relegated to the observer. Depending on where you're standing, that

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Speaker 1: will change the color, how spectacular color is and um

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Speaker 1: again we know why, especially when it comes to butterfly

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Speaker 1: wings right, or you know we should mention just a

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Speaker 1: couple of others before we move on, like the Japanese

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Speaker 1: beetle that green on the wings, Yes, your descent, mother

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Speaker 1: of pearl, seashells, some fish scales and like bubbles, peacock feathers. Pa,

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Speaker 1: Well that's a huge one. Did I tell you that

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Speaker 1: there's a peacock in our neighborhood. No. I was walking

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Speaker 1: with Emily the other day walking the dogs the other

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Speaker 1: morning and we looked up. We heard this weird sound.

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Speaker 1: It sounds like hell yeah. I thought someone was crying

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Speaker 1: for help. And I looked up and literally at the

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Speaker 1: apex of this roof of this house was a full

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Speaker 1: on peacock standing there weird loose or did they keep

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Speaker 1: it in the backyard keep peak? Yeah, the guy has

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Speaker 1: two peacocks because the neighbor. The neighbor was out and

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Speaker 1: I was looking at Yeah, he's got peacocks. I was like,

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Speaker 1: that's staring at it like it was a full on redhead.

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Speaker 1: I was, and I said that's sort of weird, and

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Speaker 1: he went yeah and loud yeah, but so hell yeah yeah.

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Speaker 1: But it was iridescent and it was fascinating. They are

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Speaker 1: they're gorgeous and actually peacock feathers led to um the

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Speaker 1: investigation of iridescence and Newton. Eventually Thomas Boyle was the

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Speaker 1: one who went catching that's the way it happens. So

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Speaker 1: we were talking about Robert Boyle. Sorry, Robert Boyle, thanks,

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Speaker 1: one of the Boil brothers exactly. Um. We were talking

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Speaker 1: about how pigments reflect just one color, right, Transparent objects

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Speaker 1: have the ability to reflect all colors, right, um. With

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Speaker 1: an oil slick with a bubble, you have two surfaces,

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Speaker 1: right you have we'll talk about a bubble. We'll talk

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Speaker 1: about the oil slick. The oil slick is oil floating

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Speaker 1: on water, right, yes, um, you have. So you have

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Speaker 1: the the top film of the oil slick. Lights passing

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Speaker 1: through all the sums bouncing back, which you will see

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Speaker 1: right with your um, and some can make it to

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Speaker 1: the water beneath the stuff that passes through the top

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Speaker 1: film and then can be reflected back and can be

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Speaker 1: reflected back right now, if the light that's reflected from

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Speaker 1: the top is also reflected from the bottom if they're

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Speaker 1: in sync, if the phases match up, right, and it

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Speaker 1: phases the position of the trough and the crest. Because

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Speaker 1: remember light exists on a wavelength, right, so picture it

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Speaker 1: is like a regular wave or like a roller coaster

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Speaker 1: if you're a little more simple, and like you said,

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Speaker 1: if they match up as if they were on top

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Speaker 1: of each other, then you're gonna get your deskce right.

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Speaker 1: So Chuck, follow me on this one to the ends

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Speaker 1: of the Earth. Alright, So go beep boop beep. Okay.

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Speaker 1: So the beep that's a crest, and then the boop

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Speaker 1: that's a trough off trough. Okay, so start going beep

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Speaker 1: boop beepoop. So and this is this is Chuck being

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Speaker 1: a wave of light, a wavelength of light, right um reflecting.

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Speaker 1: He's just reflected the moment he starts. He's reflected off

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Speaker 1: the surface of a transparent object. Bee booepoo. Right. Okay.

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Speaker 1: So now I'm like coming in and I'm going to

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Speaker 1: come in and start after I've just reflected off the

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Speaker 1: bottom surface of say an oil slick, right, all right,

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Speaker 1: So you want me to do this again, So Chuck

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Speaker 1: has already reflected off the top surface. I made it

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Speaker 1: through the bottom surface, and now I'm reflecting awful. Okay,

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Speaker 1: so boo boo. Now let's say I come in and

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Speaker 1: like halftime beepoo beep beep. It's all screwed up. That

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Speaker 1: sounds awful. It does sound awful, and in when you're

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Speaker 1: speaking of light, it sounds like this, right, nothing, they

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Speaker 1: cancel each other out. But if I can't, if if

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Speaker 1: my phase is equal to yours, but say a full

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Speaker 1: measure behind, it sounds like this, go ahead, bee boop

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Speaker 1: bee boo bee boop beep boopy. Right, So it sounded nice.

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Speaker 1: It sounded louder. It didn't sound nice, but it sounded louder.

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Speaker 1: It wasn't all discordant, right, So what just happened was

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Speaker 1: we amplified the beat boop right, right, yeah, yeah, exactly.

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Speaker 1: This is called um what is it? Constructive interference? That's right,

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Speaker 1: and that's I don't want to say good and bad,

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Speaker 1: because it's really scientists would say it is neither good

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Speaker 1: nor bad. But I'm gonna say that's the good kind

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Speaker 1: because that's what gives you iridescence. The bad kind would

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Speaker 1: be destructive interference, and that, like you said, that cancels

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Speaker 1: each other out, making something like less not less iridescent,

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Speaker 1: not iridescent at all. Right, So that's it close, that's

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Speaker 1: not entirely it, right because consider this chuck light. Light

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Speaker 1: as we see it exists on a spectrum. Right. So, Um,

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Speaker 1: on one hand, you have about a wavelength of four

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Speaker 1: nimes violet light. On the other end of the spectrum

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Speaker 1: that we can see is red light, which is has

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Speaker 1: a wavelength about seven nimes. Right, okay, Um, if you

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Speaker 1: go a little beyond the violet, you get bluer than

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Speaker 1: blue a k A ultra violet, which we all love. Right.

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Speaker 1: If you go beyond the red, uh, you have redder

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Speaker 1: than red or infrared. Right. We can't see either of those,

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Speaker 1: but we can't see within that spectrum for violet to red.

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Speaker 1: And it's based on wavelength, if we um, if you

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Speaker 1: take white light right like sunlight, and you put it,

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Speaker 1: if you projected onto a transparent object, all of the colors.

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Speaker 1: Remember the Pink Floyd Dark Side of the Moon album cover.

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Speaker 1: Of course, it's white light going into a prism and

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Speaker 1: then coming out in its separate forms, in all its

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Speaker 1: psychedelic glory. Right now, imagine that that's static, Like it's

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Speaker 1: it's not changing position. If you are shooting a beam

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Speaker 1: of white light onto a bubble, depending on where you stand,

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Speaker 1: the angle of reflection, right of refraction, I'm sorry, Um,

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Speaker 1: depends on what color you're going to see. So if

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Speaker 1: you move across your angle, you're going to see a

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Speaker 1: different color. And hence this explains the color changing of iridescence. Right. So, like,

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Speaker 1: you know, have you ever seen the big bubble wines

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Speaker 1: where they can both the really huge bubbles the huge bubbles. Uh,

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Speaker 1: if you ever do that, do a little experiment and

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Speaker 1: look at it from different angles, jump around, walk around,

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Speaker 1: and you're gonna see some color change. Have you ever

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Speaker 1: seen a bubble pop in SloMo? That Super SloMo? No,

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Speaker 1: but isn't wasn't that an episode of that one show

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Speaker 1: Time Work? Yeah? Yeah, the Discovery Show. It is super cool, dude.

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Speaker 1: If you look at it in slow motion, you like

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Speaker 1: would pop the bubble, and you know, when you see

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Speaker 1: it in regular motion, it looks like it just pops

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Speaker 1: in a big burst, But from where you touch it

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Speaker 1: spreads and an arc all around the whole thing, and

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Speaker 1: you see it slowly popping as it goes around. It's

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Speaker 1: just really cool. Nice. It's neither here nor there though,

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Speaker 1: but it's still pretty like you're a descence. Right. So

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Speaker 1: what we have now is um if if that if

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Speaker 1: light from white light uh hits a transparent object, and

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Speaker 1: it's a multilayered transparent objects, say like oil on type

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Speaker 1: of water, or one side of a bubble and the

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Speaker 1: bottom side of the bubble, some light's gonna reflect off,

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Speaker 1: some's gonna make it through the bottom. Some of that

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Speaker 1: will reflect off, most will will go through. But if

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Speaker 1: the light from the bottom and the top are in

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Speaker 1: phase with one another, in an even phase, right, separated

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Speaker 1: by one two, three four five wave links rather than

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Speaker 1: you know, one point three five wavelengths, they'll be in

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Speaker 1: phase and they'll amplify each other. If it's white light,

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Speaker 1: then we're going to see, depending on our ang goal

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Speaker 1: all the colors of the rainbow. You're in this iridescent state, right. Okay,

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Speaker 1: So what does this have to do with butterfly wings?

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Speaker 1: I'll tell you, buddy. Okay. Butterfly wings are transparent, and

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Speaker 1: the deal is why they look so striking compared to

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Speaker 1: let's say, a bubble, which is pretty but not as

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Speaker 1: striking as a butterfly. It's because there are many, many

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Speaker 1: more layers stacked on top of each other that the

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Speaker 1: light has to go through. When all those are in phase,

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Speaker 1: you get like super iridescence. Right. So with a with

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Speaker 1: a bubble, you have two chances right at the top

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Speaker 1: and the bottom two lousy chances. Right. With a butterfly wing,

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Speaker 1: the the cuticle of the scale of a butterfly wing, say,

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Speaker 1: has maybe a dozen So every every beam of light,

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Speaker 1: every wavelength of light has you know, a dozen chances

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Speaker 1: to reflect back, say half of those are in phase. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and also depending on how because the surfaces. Um, if

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Speaker 1: you look at a butterfly cuticle, it looks kind of

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Speaker 1: like a Christmas tree, right, so there's like a it

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Speaker 1: looks like a Christmas tree, basically like a lego Christmas tree.

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Speaker 1: Will say, but the scales, actually I'm out the scales. Yeah, yeah,

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Speaker 1: the scale cuticles that make up the scales. Yeah, that's kitan.

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Speaker 1: That's the same thing we have in like our hair,

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Speaker 1: it's protein in our fingernails. Nice okay, sorry, Um, So

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Speaker 1: as it goes down the tree, you know, they get wider,

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Speaker 1: These surfaces get wider, and each one can can bounce

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Speaker 1: light back off, but they're spaced evenly. So let's say

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Speaker 1: that the space in between is two d nanimeters and

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Speaker 1: blue light is four hundred nanometers in wavelength. Since the

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Speaker 1: two hundred is half of four hundred, it's going to

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Speaker 1: give blue light a better chance to reflect back in phase,

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Speaker 1: which is why I stay on like the blue morphoe butterfly,

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Speaker 1: which has a space of two between the scales. The

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Speaker 1: space and the scales appears so blue because blue has

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Speaker 1: a likelier chance of reflecting back in phase and being

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Speaker 1: amplifying in this iridescent manner, and the morpho doesn't that

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Speaker 1: actually venture into ultra the ultra violet spectrum? Yeah, remember

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Speaker 1: the angle. Yeah, so if you're looking, let's say, at

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Speaker 1: the right is red and at the left is violet.

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Speaker 1: If you move too far to the left, everything's gone

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Speaker 1: because you've moved out of the visible spectrum of light.

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Speaker 1: And now what you're seeing is the brown pigment, but

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Speaker 1: who can see it is the butterfly. Yeah, the monarchs

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Speaker 1: are actually in their migration, their huge migration every year.

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Speaker 1: They use ultra violet markings. Uh, ultra violet um light

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Speaker 1: for guide posts basically, right, Yes, they do, and uh

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Speaker 1: it Also the other effect or the other reason, um

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Speaker 1: that you have this iridescence and on the scales is

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Speaker 1: it soaks up heat because butterflies are cold blooded, so

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Speaker 1: they rely on like the sun to be able to function.

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Speaker 1: So the fact that they're soaking up this heat from

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Speaker 1: the sun allows them to fly, right, which is pretty cool.

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Speaker 1: And we also remember pigment, don't forget still plays a

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Speaker 1: role in this too, right, So if you have if

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Speaker 1: you have a butterfly scale that's um constructed, contains chlorophyll,

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Speaker 1: so you have um a green pigment. Yes, let's go

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Speaker 1: with blue. Okay, Now let's go with yellow. Okay, say

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Speaker 1: say it's a butterfly scale. It's constructive melanin. So you

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Speaker 1: have yellow already, which it's reflecting back yellow and monochromatic

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Speaker 1: blue light. It's going to it's going to appear to

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Speaker 1: us as green because color mixing still has has an effect, right,

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Speaker 1: So pigment structural color green. Can we talk about the

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Speaker 1: wings for a second too, because I know people are

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Speaker 1: going to write in and say that's really cool, but

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Speaker 1: is it true that butterflies will die if you touch

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Speaker 1: their wings? Sort of not completely? You can touch a

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Speaker 1: butterfly wing. Like, if you've ever touched a butterfly wing,

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Speaker 1: you'll notice you have like powder on your hands. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: those are the scales. Those are the scales. They are

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Speaker 1: that fine that they kind of disintegrate into powder. And

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Speaker 1: in theory, you can touch a butterfly wing without killing them,

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Speaker 1: but if you break it. They have little veins. They're

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Speaker 1: all connected by little veins, So essentially, if you disconnect

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Speaker 1: the veins from the fore wing and the hind wing,

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Speaker 1: that's when the butterfly is gonna die. And they're so

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Speaker 1: tender that it's really easy to happen. So in effect,

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Speaker 1: you probably will kill a butterfly if you mess with

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Speaker 1: their wings, but if you just happen to graze against it,

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Speaker 1: maybe not. No need to squish it after just such

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Speaker 1: a slight intrusion, right, Yeah, And moss, I think get

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Speaker 1: a bum wrap because they're not as pretty. Yeah, because

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Speaker 1: they're mainly mel what what was it, melitan, melanin melanin

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Speaker 1: mainly like brown and yellow, black and white. And they

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Speaker 1: also have a frenulum, which is a spine, and butterflies

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Speaker 1: don't have that. Right. Also, moths tend to be fatter

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Speaker 1: and fly at dusk or at night. Well, yeah, and

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Speaker 1: that's why butterflies get all the credit, because you're out

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Speaker 1: on a nice spring day in the garden and butterflies

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Speaker 1: were everywhere, and then at night you're hanging out by

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Speaker 1: the porch and you're freaked out by the moths everywhere,

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Speaker 1: like going towards the light. Well not only that, um,

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Speaker 1: there's there. The structure of a moth's wing is very,

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Speaker 1: very similar to the structure of butterflies transparent filmy scales.

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Speaker 1: For some reason, I guess it's because they do fly

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Speaker 1: at night. They are not iridescent. They don't appear iridescent,

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Speaker 1: although they would in sunlight. But they're part of the

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Speaker 1: same family scientifically, big happy family. Yeah, what was the family? Uh, Lepidoptera?

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Speaker 1: Was that lepidoptera? Lipidoptera. There's like a hundred and fifty

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Speaker 1: thousand varieties within that family and lepidoptera I means scaled

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Speaker 1: wings boom. Yeah, it's a great place to finish, don't

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Speaker 1: you think? Sure? You got to we recap Oh, I

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Speaker 1: don't think so. The party we explained it, well, I

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Speaker 1: think so, all right, because I feel more confused than

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Speaker 1: I did before. Well, you brought sound into it, but

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Speaker 1: I thought that was a very clever way to go

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Speaker 1: about it. Well, thanks a lot. If you want to

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Speaker 1: learn more about butterfly wings and they're striking colors, type

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Speaker 1: in butterflies striking colors in the handy search bar, how

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Speaker 1: stuff works dot Com brings up a pretty cool article

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Speaker 1: by Jennifer Horton. Hey, Chuck, chucks me from the future.

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Speaker 1: The future are idiot. Past seals have no idea whe're

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Speaker 1: doing this right now, right, but we do because we're

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Speaker 1: from the future, indeed, and you know what we're here

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Speaker 1: to do, don't you. We're interrupting our podcast for a reason.

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Speaker 1: T Shirt Winners announced. This is one of the if

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Speaker 1: you were a winner that you were guaranteed I mentioned

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Speaker 1: on the show, and this fulfills that application. Yes, this

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Speaker 1: is um. We've got the lawyers behind us that their

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Speaker 1: briefcases in bullwhips, right, yes, and uh, Chuck, we picked five.

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Speaker 1: I'm glad we picked five because we had like more

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Speaker 1: than seventy jries, right. I wanted to pick ten. I

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Speaker 1: wanted to pick twenty three. Um, and we actually did

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Speaker 1: have like a top twenty three at one point and

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Speaker 1: finally whittled it down time and time again, and we

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Speaker 1: came up with the five winners and they're announced on

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Speaker 1: the blog. There's an image gallery on how Stuff Works.

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00:20:15,040 --> 00:20:17,000
Speaker 1: You can go onto our blogs at how stuff works

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Speaker 1: dot com and look for the blog post entitled we

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Speaker 1: Got your T shirt. We got your stuff you should

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Speaker 1: Know T shirt contest winners right here, uh, and that'll

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Speaker 1: take you into the site to check them out. You

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Speaker 1: can also get the shirts on the Discovery channel store

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Speaker 1: right yeah, there for sale. Yeah. You just go onto

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Speaker 1: the I Think store dot Discovery dot com and do

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Speaker 1: a search for stuff you Should Know and it brings

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Speaker 1: up all five of these magnificent T shirts. Right. So,

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Speaker 1: the names of the winning designers, the five brilliant individual

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Speaker 1: human beings who created these amazing designs, right, Their names

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Speaker 1: are what chuck Well first, these are in no particular order.

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Speaker 1: By the way, Um, we have Peter Feek or fight

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Speaker 1: Or We've been debating endlessly and he did a really

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Speaker 1: cool design of this old school microphone and it's sort

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Speaker 1: of logo looking. It makes us look like we're really pros. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I call it hot Mike Hot Mike, Yeah, I like it. Uh.

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Speaker 1: And then of course there's Suki Anderson. Yeah, out of Kentucky,

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Speaker 1: I believe, I think, and she made what I think

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Speaker 1: is the coolest picture I've ever seen in my life. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's the baby with the fly on its forehead. Yes,

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Speaker 1: and don't worry. Yeah. I said on the blog that

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Speaker 1: it's it's unsettling and comforting at the same time, and

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Speaker 1: it's very hard to achieve. Agreed. So that was one

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Speaker 1: of our favorite ones. And then we went with Brad

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Speaker 1: Wilson's brain design, which is awesome. Yeah, we got a

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Speaker 1: lot of brain designs, so you guys were thinking along

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Speaker 1: the same lines, which means you're all smart and cool.

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Speaker 1: And that was the brain as as a representation of

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Speaker 1: our show is really, I think, pretty cool, and this

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Speaker 1: was what we thought looked best on a T shirt.

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Speaker 1: Brad nailed it. Yeah, he nailed it definitely. Uh. Matt

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Speaker 1: Stevenson came up with what I've dubbed the wood cut

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Speaker 1: parade right right, Our fans are gonna love this one. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: It's a it's a series of medieval characters I would say, skeleton, bishop,

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Speaker 1: a monk, a jester, um and they are carrying banners

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Speaker 1: let's say s y s K. They're leading the parade.

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Speaker 1: The stuff you should know parade from medieval times. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and I said on the site it looks like a

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Speaker 1: paraded one to hide behind a tree and watch. It's awesome.

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Speaker 1: It's very cool. And then lastly, Chuck, I'm going to

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Speaker 1: leave this one to you because I can't pronounce this

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Speaker 1: guy's last name. Yes, we have Scott y A C

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Speaker 1: y s h Y, and I'm gonna say, yeah, yeah,

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Speaker 1: yakin ya kishin, Scott, whatever your last name, let's try

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Speaker 1: that one to Scott Yukishan if that is you. You

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Speaker 1: are one heck of a designer, my friend. And you

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Speaker 1: did the very cool caricature of Josh and I and

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Speaker 1: from our mouths and balloons. You have different caricatures of

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Speaker 1: different episodes and so much camaraderie between us. You know,

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Speaker 1: we just look like we are having a heck of

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Speaker 1: a time gaining the podcast as a sixties illustration. It's

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Speaker 1: very cool. One of my favorite ones to super awesome.

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Speaker 1: So Scott, Matt, Brad, Suky, Peter, thank you very much

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Speaker 1: to all of you guys, uh and thank you to

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Speaker 1: everybody who sent in. From something created in rich text

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Speaker 1: format to something that was obviously made by a professional

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Speaker 1: graphic designer, we appreciate all of you, guys, and thank

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Speaker 1: you very much for taking the time to lend us

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Speaker 1: your brains and creativity. That's awesome that we were blown away.

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Speaker 1: It was very cool. You're all very talented. Okay, and

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Speaker 1: now let's go back to our stupid um selves from

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Speaker 1: the past. I predict that it's going I'm gonna say

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Speaker 1: some assin I thing about the handy search bar. Watched.

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Speaker 1: Uh that means since I said handy searchbar, Chuck, are

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Speaker 1: you ready for this? Listener mail, Josh, I'm just gonna

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Speaker 1: call this, uh stuff you should know educating prisoner of America.

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Speaker 1: I like this one. This is a good one. Well,

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Speaker 1: prisoners of Virginia. At least, right which is in America?

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Speaker 1: Isn't it still it's a commonwealth. I don't know if

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Speaker 1: it counts. Oh, that's right, weirdos. All right, This from

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Speaker 1: Maria in Amelia, Virginia. I guess you have a prison there. Hi, guys,

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Speaker 1: I thought you might be interested to know that I

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Speaker 1: use your podcasts as a resource to teach writing to

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Speaker 1: inmate students. I'm a G. E. D. Teacher at a

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Speaker 1: men's president in Virginia. Writing is one of the weakest

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Speaker 1: skills for my students, and many of them never learned

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Speaker 1: to write as far as secondary school. Uh, and they

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Speaker 1: were afraid to write as adults, so they're sort of

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Speaker 1: illiterate or completely illiterate in some cases. Well, I mean,

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Speaker 1: think about it, Chuck, WoT is writing if not a

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Speaker 1: series of choices of what you're going to share with people,

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Speaker 1: it can be very intimidating. I burned your podcast to

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Speaker 1: a c D and replay one in class because we

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Speaker 1: don't have internet for obvious reasons. The men listen to

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Speaker 1: your podcast, they take notes, and then they must write

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Speaker 1: an article based on what we said. They practice writing

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Speaker 1: sentence is and paragraphs in this way. The subject matter

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Speaker 1: is of interest to them, some more than others. I'm

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Speaker 1: afraid to play the moonshine one as much as I

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Speaker 1: would like to. I know they would be interested even

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Speaker 1: if I skipped the parts where you make the still

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Speaker 1: and give the general recipe. So she won't do that,

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Speaker 1: because you know they'll build a moonshine still. I'll bet

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Speaker 1: they already know how the menhorns. Yeah, I think so. Uh.

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Speaker 1: Some of these guys have been down a long long time,

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Speaker 1: so they appreciate something to think about that isn't about

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Speaker 1: sentencing and parole hearings. Thank you for your material. My

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Speaker 1: family and I enjoy the podcast and they do a

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Speaker 1: real service to people. So we are actually educating prisoners

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Speaker 1: of a mayor. I know. That's awesome. So if you

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Speaker 1: guys are in prison right now, if you're in the

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Speaker 1: in the pokey in the who scale and you're listening now,

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Speaker 1: we just want to say good luck. You can turn

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Speaker 1: your life around, do your hard time, come out a

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Speaker 1: better person, don't do crimes again, and get your g

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Speaker 1: E D. And you know, get a get a job,

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00:25:57,280 --> 00:25:59,840
Speaker 1: and and good luck to you. That's what I say.

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Speaker 1: And remember when you make a decision writing, don't look back.

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Speaker 1: Really such your advice. Yeah, that is my advice. Actually,

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Speaker 1: all right, you can always write something else. That's a

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00:26:10,240 --> 00:26:13,280
Speaker 1: good point. Yeah, if you want to let us know

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Speaker 1: how we are changing the world for the better with

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Speaker 1: this podcast, and it's an email to stuff podcast at

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Speaker 1: how stuff works dot com for more on this and

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00:26:26,560 --> 00:26:30,040
Speaker 1: thousands of other topics, does it how stuff works dot com.

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Speaker 1: Want more how stuff works, check out our blogs on

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Speaker 1: the house stuff works dot com home page. Brought to

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Speaker 1: you by the Reinvented two thousand twelve camera. It's ready.

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Speaker 1: Are you