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Speaker 1: Hi, everybody. Happy Saturday. We are rolling through COVID one

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Speaker 1: episode at a time every other week with me, your host,

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Speaker 1: COVID Chuck. I had it three times, so I can

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Speaker 1: call myself that. August 4th, 2020, middle of the summer

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Speaker 1: during COVID, people are out and about a little bit

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Speaker 1: as far as getting out into nature at this point

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Speaker 1: because it's summertime, but they're still keeping their distance, hopefully

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Speaker 1: still masking up, and hopefully listening to this episode at

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Speaker 1: the time, wasps, You know what's coming. Colon, not as

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Speaker 1: cute as bees. And you can check that out right now.

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Speaker 2: Welcome to Stuff You Should Know, a production of iHeartRadio. Hey,

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Speaker 2: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark. There's Charles W.

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Speaker 2: Chuck Bryant here. Jerry's out there somewhere, which makes this

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Speaker 2: stuff you should nezzo.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, old school insect dish from Robert Lamb.

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Speaker 2: I know, it's got mouth parts in it, but it's

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Speaker 2: no Tracy Wilson joint.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's Tracy.

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Speaker 2: But it's still good. It's super charming. Robert starts this

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Speaker 2: article out from the perspective of a spider who has

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Speaker 2: been dragged into a wasp's nest and is about to

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Speaker 2: be eaten alive by a wasp larvae.

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Speaker 1: Yeah.

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Speaker 2: It's pretty interesting.

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Speaker 1: Yeah.

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Speaker 2: It's a good article, I guess is what I'm trying

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Speaker 2: to say. And if you are not familiar with Robert Lamb,

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Speaker 2: then friends, you are missing out on not one, but two, no,

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Speaker 2: three really great podcasts that that guy has put out.

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Speaker 2: What is it? Stuff to Blow Your Mind?

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Speaker 1: Of course, the stalwart science tech, well, not tech, sort

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Speaker 1: of science plus show.

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Speaker 2: Yes. Yeah, yeah. In-depth, like super deep rabbit hole, interesting stuff.

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Speaker 2: And then he did one called Transhuman.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that's a fiction, scripted sci-fi. Very cool.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, and then also he and Joe, who he does

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Speaker 2: Stuff to Blow Your Mind With, also do Invention, too,

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Speaker 2: which is kind of an in-depth rabbit hole thing about Invention.

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Speaker 2: So check all those out, everybody.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it was fun to kind of get back to

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Speaker 1: basics with a nice little insect cast on wasps. And, dude,

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Speaker 1: I went outside today on my side deck to let

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Speaker 1: the dogs out, and lo and behold, I looked— Whoop, whoop, whoop. What?

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Speaker 2: You said who let the dogs out.

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Speaker 1: Oh, sorry.

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Speaker 2: You said let the dogs out, so I had to.

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Speaker 1: I thought you were saying wait, wait, wait.

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Speaker 2: No, no, I was saying whoop, whoop, whoop, whoop.

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Speaker 1: Oh, boy. That was a wasp nest on the ground.

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Speaker 2: Okay, good. All right. Sorry, did I knock the legs

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Speaker 2: out from under that story?

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Speaker 1: No, it was just a wasp nest, but it was,

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Speaker 1: you know, the timing of it all. Was it live? Oh,

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Speaker 1: I didn't poke it to see. It was not attached.

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Speaker 1: I think it had fallen, so... My guess is that

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Speaker 1: it did not have any more wasps residing in it.

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Speaker 2: Man, that's got to be a real letdown because it's

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Speaker 2: the middle of summer right now. So they're wanting to

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Speaker 2: like grow. There was probably larva in there. Huh.

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Speaker 1: Yeah.

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Speaker 2: That's really weird. They must have abandoned it then. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: And wasps are, you know, I think, you know, everyone

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Speaker 1: loves the bees now because they should because bees are

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Speaker 1: awesome and bees produce honey and we want bees to

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Speaker 1: stick around. But I think wasps and hornets, which are

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Speaker 1: a type of wasps, are still just so maligned. And

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Speaker 1: they're the ones that people will reach for their can

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Speaker 1: of raid to spray.

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Speaker 2: With no qualms.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and you shouldn't. Don't do it. Let the wasp live.

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Speaker 1: I'll go ahead and say it now. We're going to

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Speaker 1: say it a bunch. But let them live.

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Speaker 2: Totally, Chuck. Thank you. Yeah, we're here to open everyone's

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Speaker 2: eyes to the function and purpose of wasps' existence. They're

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Speaker 2: not like mosquitoes. Remember in the mosquitoes episode, we basically

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Speaker 2: concluded that there's no reason for mosquitoes to be around.

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Speaker 2: And they just are terrible. Wasps are not like that.

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Speaker 2: And I think Robert does a really good job of

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Speaker 2: basically pinning down why wasps get such a bad rap.

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Speaker 2: One is that their stings pack such a wallop compared

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Speaker 2: to other stinging insects.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it hurts.

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Speaker 2: And we'll talk about their stings and the venom that

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Speaker 2: goes along with it. which is so, okay, that's fair.

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Speaker 2: Like nobody wants to be stung by a wasp. It's really,

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Speaker 2: it can ruin your day. And then also the other

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Speaker 2: thing is, is that if you pay attention to wasps,

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Speaker 2: you realize that they live these really brutal, grizzled existences.

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Speaker 2: They're predators. And in fact, in their habitats, they're apex predators.

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Speaker 2: They're like sharks and lions. But for the bugs and

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Speaker 2: sometimes small animals that live around there, Like, I didn't

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Speaker 2: watch any of the videos that I could have because

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Speaker 2: I'm just really over animal death, even if it's nature.

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Speaker 1: Oh, really? Yeah. Yeah, that's Emily.

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Speaker 2: When I was doing The End of the World with

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Speaker 2: Josh Clark, like, I went into it just feeling fine

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Speaker 2: about that. It's just nature. That's the way things work.

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Speaker 2: And then one of the guys I talked to is

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Speaker 2: David Pierce, who you and I talked to actually first

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Speaker 2: in our Super Stuff Guide to Happiness. Oh, yeah. But

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Speaker 2: I went back and interviewed him, and his whole jam

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Speaker 2: is Like, we could actually eventually engineer the biosphere so

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Speaker 2: that there isn't any suffering among animals. And, like, what

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Speaker 2: we take as natural doesn't necessarily have to be that way.

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Speaker 2: And it's really changed how I view, like, violence even

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Speaker 2: among animals. So, anyway, the upshot is I didn't watch

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Speaker 2: any videos. But one of the ones that I saw,

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Speaker 2: the title was Wasp Kills Baby Bird. So that video's

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Speaker 2: out there if you want to see that, but I

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Speaker 2: just can't. I don't like to see that stuff anymore,

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Speaker 2: you know? Yeah. I mean, I didn't really, like, enjoy

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Speaker 2: it before, but now it just downright bothers me.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. I get it. I live with a person who

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Speaker 1: can't watch anything like that, so I get it. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: So there are more than 20,000 species of wasp, and

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Speaker 1: like I said, hornets are a kind of wasp, so

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Speaker 1: if you hear, I mean, you would call a hornet

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Speaker 1: a hornet, but you can't necessarily use them interchangeably, but

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Speaker 1: A hornet is a wasp. And there's a lot of,

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Speaker 1: you know, over that 20,000 species, there are a lot

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Speaker 1: of different kinds and a lot of variety as far

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Speaker 1: as what they look like and what they're shaped like

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Speaker 1: and what color they are and how they like to

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Speaker 1: live their life. But as with every insect cast, we're

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Speaker 1: going to go over those body parts.

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Speaker 2: Sure. Because mouth parts is in there somewhere.

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Speaker 1: And it starts with an exoskeleton, just like all the

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Speaker 1: little insect buddies have that. chitin exoskeleton and in the

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Speaker 1: case of the wasp they are very segmented out they

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Speaker 1: have three segments they get your head which has got

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Speaker 1: those antennae the sensory antennae you got those mouth parts

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Speaker 1: because they lick and they bite and then you have

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Speaker 1: the very cool looking compound eyes and simple eyes these

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Speaker 1: sort of kidney shaped eyes of a wasp that are

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Speaker 1: very sort of signature.

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Speaker 2: What are they known as in your italian accent Ocelli.

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Speaker 2: So in the Italian, if a vowel follows a C,

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Speaker 2: it makes a ch. Yeah, it makes a ch sound.

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Speaker 2: If a C is followed by an H, it makes

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Speaker 2: a ch sound.

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Speaker 1: So is this really pronounced ocelli?

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Speaker 2: Yeah. Okay. I think among biologists, they probably say ocelli.

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Speaker 2: But since you're doing the accent, I wanted to set

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Speaker 2: you up for a lesson in Italian.

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Speaker 1: I appreciate that.

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Speaker 2: Okay, so you've got the head. It has some eyes.

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Speaker 2: It also has a brain, Chuck.

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Speaker 1: Yeah.

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Speaker 2: Which I saw supposedly wasps are among the smarter insects

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Speaker 2: out there. They can recognize each other by face, by

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Speaker 2: facial markings. Did you know that?

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Speaker 1: Yeah. Hey, Steve. How you doing? Sting anyone?

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Speaker 2: I'm doing okay, Ted. Thanks for asking. Just killed a

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Speaker 2: baby bird. Some weirdo was filming it and put it

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Speaker 2: on the internet.

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Speaker 1: Well, actually, Steve would say, no, I didn't sting anyone

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Speaker 1: because I'm a man and I don't sting.

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Speaker 2: Oh, yeah, that's a really great point, Chuck, which we'll

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Speaker 2: talk more about later. You'd find the stinger in the abdomen,

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Speaker 2: which is the third part, the lowest part of the

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Speaker 2: wasp's body, but only in a female, which I think

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Speaker 2: this is true for bees, too, if I'm not mistaken.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I don't remember. We've done a lot of good

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Speaker 1: bee stuff. Yeah, for sure. And then in between those things,

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Speaker 1: you've got the thorax, which has the six little legs,

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Speaker 1: and then those really quick flapping wings. Yeah.

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Speaker 2: So in between the thorax and the abdomen, you have

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Speaker 2: a very narrow waist, which usually is what gives away

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Speaker 2: a wasp. You can look at it and be like,

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Speaker 2: that's a wasp. It's like it's got a corset on.

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Speaker 2: Unless it's a hornet. Hornets are much chunkier, more rotund.

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Speaker 1: Yeah.

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Speaker 2: But they are, like you said, a kind of wasp.

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Speaker 2: And actually, I think the genus that hornets fall under

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Speaker 2: is called Vespa. And Vespa in Italian means wasp. So

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Speaker 2: hornets are wasps in Italian.

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Speaker 1: Okay.

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Speaker 2: Okay.

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Speaker 1: So I think one of the coolest things about the

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Speaker 1: wasp is the history and the evolution of this thing,

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Speaker 1: along with some pretty horrific stuff that's going to follow.

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Speaker 1: But about in the Cretaceous period, about 100 million years ago,

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Speaker 1: you had to kind of take a snapshot of planet

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Speaker 1: Earth to understand how the wasp forms. And back then,

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Speaker 1: they didn't have all these flowering plants like we have now.

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Speaker 1: There were a lot of conifers. And these evergreens depended

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Speaker 1: on the wind to spread their seed around. They weren't

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Speaker 1: counting on the insects to do this kind of thing

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Speaker 1: at this point. And we should also mention that ants

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Speaker 1: are a cousin of the wasp, which makes sense. They

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Speaker 1: look kind of ant-like.

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Speaker 2: Yeah. I think they finally figured out that ants evolved

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Speaker 2: out of mud daubers. They're their closest relative.

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Speaker 1: Okay.

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Speaker 2: Which kind of makes sense. I think they have some

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Speaker 2: ant-like behavior.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, ant-like. So, during the Cretaceous period, these wasps were carnivores.

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Speaker 1: and they preyed on spiders and other insects. And as

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Speaker 1: plants started to evolve, they realized that, Hey, there's a

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Speaker 1: lot of insects flying around, going back and forth. Like

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Speaker 1: we're just using the wind to carry our seed around.

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Speaker 1: Why don't we, why don't we get these insects to

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Speaker 1: work for us basically? And they can do the job.

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Speaker 2: Yeah. So that was the rise of the angiosperms. Um,

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Speaker 2: which is, you know, whenever you think of a flower

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Speaker 2: that the bee visits and moves from place to place

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Speaker 2: carrying pollen, that's what an angiosperm is. Rather than having

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Speaker 2: to just depend on the wind, you can depend on

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Speaker 2: the insects. And so eventually over time, these wasps, these

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Speaker 2: early predators that used to feed exclusively on other insects said, well,

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Speaker 2: you know what, this whole nectar thing and the pollen thing,

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Speaker 2: I can get with this. So they started to change

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Speaker 2: their diet from insects to pollen and nectar. But the

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Speaker 2: weird thing is, is rather than developing a way to

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Speaker 2: feed their young from pollen and nectar, like honeybees, which

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Speaker 2: I think is another reason people like bees and don't

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Speaker 2: really realize it, realize it, is that they're little vegetarian

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Speaker 2: vegan animals.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, maybe.

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Speaker 2: You know, they don't hurt anybody. They'll still defend themselves,

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Speaker 2: but they don't want to go hurt anybody. They're very peaceful.

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Speaker 2: Wasps are not like that because even though they generally,

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Speaker 2: most species of wasp, adults, eat nectar and pollen, they

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Speaker 2: still kill other insects to drag back to their nests

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Speaker 2: to feed their young, to raise their young on. So

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Speaker 2: wasps are technically omnivores. At the beginning of their life,

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Speaker 2: they're carnivores, and then later in life, they grow into herbivores.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, isn't that amazing? It is.

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Speaker 2: Wasps are way more amazing than I realized.

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Speaker 1: Should we take a break and talk about their stinger?

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Speaker 2: Yes.

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Speaker 1: All right. We'll be right back for Stinger Talk. All right.

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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stinger Talk. I'm Chuck.

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Speaker 2: I'm Josh. I'm, wait, no, I'm Ted.

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Speaker 1: I guess that makes me Steve.

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Speaker 2: Yeah.

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Speaker 1: Wasp stings are tough. You kind of mentioned early on, it's,

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Speaker 1: you know, you get a yellow jacket and that doesn't

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Speaker 1: feel great. And obviously we're talking about if you're non-allergic

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Speaker 1: and it's not like a legitimate threat to your health

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Speaker 1: and it's just the pain of the sting that we're

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Speaker 1: rating here. Yellow jacket sting isn't great, but a wasp

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Speaker 1: sting And a hornet sting is really something else. I

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Speaker 1: feel like it hurts more and for longer.

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Speaker 2: And for good reason, because it actually does. Bee venom

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Speaker 2: is its own thing. It shares a lot in common

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Speaker 2: with wasp venom. Wasp venom seems to be this extraordinarily

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Speaker 2: highly developed biological weapon that is this cocktail of different

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Speaker 2: kinds of compounds. that all come together to produce a

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Speaker 2: horrible pain sensation that lasts longer and has a greater

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Speaker 2: impact on your body than anything the actual sting produces.

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Speaker 2: And that's apparently the whole reason behind it, is it

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Speaker 2: makes the wasps seem way less vulnerable than they actually are.

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Speaker 2: It seems like they're way more powerful. And for all

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Speaker 2: intents and purposes, they are. But, like, if you could

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Speaker 2: take the venom out of the sting... the sting would

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Speaker 2: do basically nothing to you. But because the venom is

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Speaker 2: introduced by that sting, that venom is so potent, it's

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Speaker 2: like one of the worst things in the world to

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Speaker 2: get stung by a wasp.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and the actual stinger itself has a pretty remarkable

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Speaker 1: evolutionary story. So here's what happens. In the prehistoric times,

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Speaker 1: this parasitic wasp would use this ovipositor. That's actually the

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Speaker 1: egg-laying organ. They would use this pointy thing to lay

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Speaker 1: the egg On a living insect, like they would lay

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Speaker 1: the egg on the caterpillar, then these little larvae would

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Speaker 1: hatch out, and then they would eat that caterpillar, the

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Speaker 1: larvae would. So at some point, as things are evolving along,

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Speaker 1: Mother Nature says, you know what would be even better

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Speaker 1: than this is if you could saw open that caterpillar

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Speaker 1: with this ovipositor and lay eggs inside of this thing.

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Speaker 1: And that's exactly what happened.

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Speaker 2: Right. which made a lot of sense. And I think

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Speaker 2: there's a lot of wasp species, or there's at least

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Speaker 2: some that still do this. Like rather than build a nest,

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Speaker 2: they just go find an insect host and lay some

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Speaker 2: eggs on it or lay some eggs in it and

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Speaker 2: then just let the larvae eat the inside out. But most,

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Speaker 2: I think, have evolved to kind of use some different techniques,

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Speaker 2: which we'll talk about in a little bit. But the

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Speaker 2: stinger itself stuck around Even after it stopped being used

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Speaker 2: to actually deposit eggs into the insects directly.

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Speaker 1: That's right. And you talked about the venom that's obviously

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Speaker 1: produced in the venom gland, stored in a little venom sack,

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Speaker 1: a little burlap sack inside the wasp body. And then

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Speaker 1: it seeps out. It's a barbless stinger. It's just like

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Speaker 1: a straight little pointy thing. But it seeps out through

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Speaker 1: these little valves and coats the entire stinger. And so

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Speaker 1: they store this stinger inside of a sheath and are–

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Speaker 1: always kind of ready to use it. And, you know,

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Speaker 1: like we said, it's only the females because it was

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Speaker 1: an ovipositor, but the males can pretend like, like they'll

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Speaker 1: rear their little butt your way and say, stay away

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Speaker 1: from me. You don't know if I'm a male or

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Speaker 1: a female, right? You don't want to look too closely, right? Right.

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Speaker 2: Which is just hilarious. But it also, didn't that show

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Speaker 2: like a certain level of intelligence as well?

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Speaker 1: I think so.

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Speaker 2: Or at the very least there's some, yeah, to bluff,

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Speaker 2: you know, that's, that takes intelligence. Um, Which is, I think,

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Speaker 2: another indicator that wasps are amazing.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and like you sort of hinted at, the reason

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Speaker 1: this venom is so powerful is it has a couple

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Speaker 1: of functions. One is just the simple function of paralyzing

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Speaker 1: those insects, and the other is as a defense. It's

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Speaker 1: meant to sting something much, much larger and have that

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Speaker 1: thing hurt so bad that it thinks it's hurt a

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Speaker 1: lot worse than it is and just wants to get

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Speaker 1: out of there, basically.

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Speaker 2: Right. And then that combined with their very, usually very

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Speaker 2: bright colorings, because, you know, usually the more colorful an

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Speaker 2: animal is, the more toxic it is. It's just kind

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Speaker 2: of a universal symbol in nature to just steer clear.

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Speaker 2: And hornets and wasps typically are fairly colorful as far

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Speaker 2: as insects go. So those two things combined can teach

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Speaker 2: a larger animal pretty quickly to just leave them alone.

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Speaker 2: And that's kind of how wasps have made it this long.

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Speaker 2: I mean, They've been around for more than 100 million years,

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Speaker 2: you know?

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Speaker 1: Yeah.

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Speaker 2: That's a pretty successful species or family of insects. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: And that includes humans, obviously. Sure. If you go poking

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Speaker 1: around a hornet's nest or a wasp's nest and you

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Speaker 1: get stung, you're not going to finish the job. You're

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Speaker 1: probably just going to get out of there.

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Speaker 2: Yeah.

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Speaker 1: Yeah.

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Speaker 2: Hopefully. You can learn your lesson that first time, you know?

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Speaker 1: Yeah.

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Speaker 2: Or maybe you don't even have to learn it directly.

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Speaker 2: You can just know to stay away from the wasp.

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Speaker 1: So what's in that venom?

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Speaker 2: Oh, some really good stuff. I actually found even more

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Speaker 2: stuff than Robert included here. There's some peptides and some enzymes.

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Speaker 2: Some of the enzymes include phospholipase A and B. Phospholipase

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Speaker 2: A and B. And these actually break down the membrane

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Speaker 2: lipid coating of cells in your body to basically spill

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Speaker 2: their guts into your bloodstream. And that includes neurons. Neural

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Speaker 2: cells can be spilled into your bloodstream when they encounter

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Speaker 2: this peptide, which sends an excruciating pain notification to your

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Speaker 2: brain saying, alert, alert, you're in a tremendous amount of pain.

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Speaker 2: That's just like step one.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. They also have norepinephrine in there, which stops the

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Speaker 1: blood flow temporarily. And that's why I like that when

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Speaker 1: I said it feels like it lasts longer. I feel

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Speaker 1: like that's the norepinephrine at work because it just sort

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Speaker 1: of sits in one place. And eventually the bloodstream is

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Speaker 1: going to kind of dilute it away, but it kind

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Speaker 1: of hangs out there for a little while.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, that's just mean. There's also acetylcholine, which actually goes

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Speaker 2: to your pain receptors and stimulates them, right?

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Speaker 1: Wow.

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Speaker 2: And there's also histamines. And histamines are released by your body.

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Speaker 2: They're responsible for the inflammatory response. But they also, the

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Speaker 2: venom in a wasp's venom includes histamines directly, too, just

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Speaker 2: to make sure that it gets that inflammation good and primed.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and then there's, I was hoping you would take

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Speaker 1: this part because of that word. You want to try it?

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Speaker 2: Hyaluronidase?

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Speaker 1: Oh, well.

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Speaker 2: I use hyaluronic acid under my eyes. Oh, do you really? Sure.

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Speaker 1: What's that?

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Speaker 2: It's like it's an acid.

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Speaker 1: What's it for?

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Speaker 2: You put it under your eyes.

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Speaker 1: I don't know.

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Speaker 2: I think for bags.

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Speaker 1: Oh, like eye bags?

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Speaker 2: Yeah, yeah, yeah. Just to keep your eyes looking sharp.

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Speaker 1: Oh, wow. I noticed your eyes always look so sharp.

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Speaker 2: I thought you'd notice eventually.

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Speaker 1: So that thing that you just talked about and then

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Speaker 1: something called MCDP, mass cell degranulating peptide. This stuff actually

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Speaker 1: melts through the connective tissue between cells and basically just

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Speaker 1: sort of it destroys those membranes and allows the venom

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Speaker 1: to move a little more freely than it would ordinarily.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, and the mast cell degranulating peptide, degranulating means that

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Speaker 2: it basically goes to your mast cells and squeezes the

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Speaker 2: histamines out of them. So not only does it contain

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Speaker 2: histamines already, not only does it trigger a histamine response

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Speaker 2: or release, it goes and gets it out of the

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Speaker 2: cells that normally carry it around in your immune system.

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Speaker 2: So it's just really mean, nasty stuff. One of the

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Speaker 2: other things I saw that they've just started to kind

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Speaker 2: of pay attention to is called bradykinin. And it's associated

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Speaker 2: with chronic pain. So on top of acute pain production,

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Speaker 2: they're like, how about a little dose of what it

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Speaker 2: feels like to have chronic pain, too, in the mix

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Speaker 2: of all of this stuff. And then, Chuck, tell me

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00:21:20,130 --> 00:21:22,870
Speaker 2: this isn't astounding. I got a couple more. One thing

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00:21:22,910 --> 00:21:26,340
Speaker 2: is just called antigen 5, which is as cryptic as

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Speaker 2: it comes. They don't know exactly what role it plays,

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00:21:28,609 --> 00:21:31,290
Speaker 2: but they know it's a very powerful allergen. And then

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Speaker 2: there's a couple of peptides that are antimicrobial, which prevent

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Speaker 2: the wasp from contracting an infection from a prey that

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Speaker 2: it puts its stinger in.

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Speaker 1: Wow.

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Speaker 2: Yeah. Isn't that amazing? Like, this is some amazing stuff. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: And I didn't see, I saw that hornets can sting

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Speaker 1: again and again and again. But I don't know about

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Speaker 1: the wasp in general. Is that the case?

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Speaker 2: Yes, definitely.

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Speaker 1: Okay.

404
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Speaker 2: Because a hornet is just a type of wasp. So

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Speaker 2: you've got like mud daubers, the kind of wasp. A

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Speaker 2: hornet is a kind of wasp. And there's like many

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Speaker 2: types of hornets, but they're all wasps. That's right. You know?

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00:22:10,859 --> 00:22:13,080
Speaker 2: So yeah, they can sting again and again and again,

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Speaker 2: which apparently is another reason why their sting hurts so bad.

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Speaker 2: They can do this to you and inject this venom

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Speaker 2: into you. I saw one expert interviewed on a different

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Speaker 2: HowStuffWorks article. that said an average of 10 times. Like

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Speaker 2: if you get stung by a wasp, usually you're going

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Speaker 2: to get stung more than once, and it can be

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Speaker 2: 10 times, I guess, on average. I don't know if

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Speaker 2: they just pulled that out of the air, but they

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Speaker 2: were a wasp expert, so hopefully not.

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Speaker 1: Well, you know those murder hornets that are making the

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Speaker 1: news these days in the States? Those things can kill

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Speaker 1: small rodents with a full charge of a sting.

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Speaker 2: Right.

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Speaker 1: The Asian giant hornet, which they found, I think, three

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Speaker 1: of them in the Pacific Northwest that they thought they

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Speaker 1: got rid of last year, but it turns out they

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Speaker 1: survived the winter. A queen did. And, you know, they

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Speaker 1: call them murder hornets because they kill bees. And those,

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Speaker 1: I didn't know this. It was a big, because it

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00:23:08,740 --> 00:23:11,169
Speaker 1: was just sort of a back page thing. But in 2016,

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Speaker 1: a package of murder hornets was intercepted at San Francisco

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Speaker 1: International Airport. And they destroyed that. So it didn't become

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Speaker 1: a thing. But They're a real threat to bees, so

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Speaker 1: that's why people are sort of writing about murder hornets

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Speaker 1: now invading as an invasive species here in the U.S.

434
00:23:30,369 --> 00:23:33,510
Speaker 2: Yeah, and I mean, like, it's really doing an injustice

435
00:23:33,590 --> 00:23:37,450
Speaker 2: to the hornets, unfortunately, because calling them murder hornets, like,

436
00:23:37,490 --> 00:23:39,390
Speaker 2: if you read some of the articles on it, like,

437
00:23:39,490 --> 00:23:42,630
Speaker 2: people will say outright, like, you know, they can kill

438
00:23:42,670 --> 00:23:47,010
Speaker 2: people very easily, and that's just absolutely not true. And

439
00:23:47,030 --> 00:23:48,649
Speaker 2: it makes it sound like they're a threat to humans.

440
00:23:49,010 --> 00:23:51,639
Speaker 2: Like you said, the big threat is to honeybees. And

441
00:23:51,720 --> 00:23:55,820
Speaker 2: specifically it's to European honeybees because they haven't evolved around

442
00:23:57,119 --> 00:24:01,919
Speaker 2: murder hornets or Asian giant hornets. Asian honeybees have, and

443
00:24:01,960 --> 00:24:05,570
Speaker 2: they actually have a defense to where when the giant

444
00:24:05,609 --> 00:24:08,690
Speaker 2: hornets show up, like you were saying, they just, like

445
00:24:08,810 --> 00:24:11,510
Speaker 2: murder hornet is a good term if you're a honeybee.

446
00:24:11,530 --> 00:24:11,790
Speaker 1: Mm-hmm.

447
00:24:12,450 --> 00:24:14,810
Speaker 2: Because just a few of them showing up at a

448
00:24:14,869 --> 00:24:18,350
Speaker 2: hive can just destroy a colony in a few hours.

449
00:24:18,690 --> 00:24:21,990
Speaker 2: And they do it in a really brutal way. They

450
00:24:22,030 --> 00:24:26,609
Speaker 2: decapitate the bees and just kill an entire colony in

451
00:24:26,630 --> 00:24:28,669
Speaker 2: a few hours. And they do it because they're one

452
00:24:28,690 --> 00:24:33,340
Speaker 2: of the few species that they're omnivorous, but most of

453
00:24:33,400 --> 00:24:37,220
Speaker 2: their food comes from meat. They're mostly carnivores. So they're

454
00:24:37,320 --> 00:24:41,580
Speaker 2: eating all these bees, basically. Human babies. Yeah, they just

455
00:24:41,619 --> 00:24:45,480
Speaker 2: carry your baby right off out of its crib. But

456
00:24:45,540 --> 00:24:47,879
Speaker 2: they can wipe out a whole colony like this. If

457
00:24:47,900 --> 00:24:52,550
Speaker 2: they run into an Asian honeybee colony, those bees have

458
00:24:52,590 --> 00:24:55,750
Speaker 2: developed a response where they'll swarm around one of the

459
00:24:55,830 --> 00:24:58,750
Speaker 2: Asian giant hornets and they'll flap their wings a bunch

460
00:24:59,090 --> 00:25:03,110
Speaker 2: and generate heat and they'll cook the hornet alive inside

461
00:25:03,170 --> 00:25:07,119
Speaker 2: the swarm. That's their defense. European honeybees, which make up

462
00:25:07,160 --> 00:25:08,899
Speaker 2: a lot of the honeybees, most of the honeybees in

463
00:25:08,940 --> 00:25:11,379
Speaker 2: the United States, They don't have that defense. So it's

464
00:25:11,420 --> 00:25:14,600
Speaker 2: a big problem if the Asian giant hornet gets a

465
00:25:14,660 --> 00:25:15,360
Speaker 2: foothold here.

466
00:25:16,050 --> 00:25:17,409
Speaker 1: Yeah, and it will pack a lot more of a

467
00:25:17,460 --> 00:25:22,830
Speaker 1: punch too. They have about seven times potency as a

468
00:25:22,990 --> 00:25:26,610
Speaker 1: honeybee's venom. And as far as the pain scale, they

469
00:25:26,650 --> 00:25:31,550
Speaker 1: likened it, getting stung by a murder hornet is, they

470
00:25:31,570 --> 00:25:34,450
Speaker 1: likened it to like between three and ten, like if

471
00:25:34,470 --> 00:25:36,850
Speaker 1: you were to be stung by three to ten yellow

472
00:25:36,890 --> 00:25:37,850
Speaker 1: jackets all at once.

473
00:25:39,130 --> 00:25:41,659
Speaker 2: It's so awful. Yeah. Because the yellow jacket sting is

474
00:25:41,700 --> 00:25:43,580
Speaker 2: nothing to sneeze at either. I mean, that's a kind

475
00:25:43,640 --> 00:25:44,500
Speaker 2: of wasp, you know?

476
00:25:44,760 --> 00:25:46,520
Speaker 1: Yeah. I don't get, I haven't been stung in a long,

477
00:25:46,560 --> 00:25:47,500
Speaker 1: long time. Knock wood.

478
00:25:48,220 --> 00:25:51,040
Speaker 2: Knock on wood. I got stung a couple summers ago.

479
00:25:51,359 --> 00:25:53,660
Speaker 1: I'm not allergic or anything, but, you know, my story,

480
00:25:53,700 --> 00:25:55,760
Speaker 1: I told it back with the bee thing, was when

481
00:25:55,780 --> 00:25:57,940
Speaker 1: I was hiking that time and I got tagged 11

482
00:25:57,940 --> 00:26:00,070
Speaker 1: times in the face and neck.

483
00:26:00,970 --> 00:26:01,610
Speaker 2: Oh, man.

484
00:26:01,670 --> 00:26:04,630
Speaker 1: When I stumbled, it was one of those underground hives

485
00:26:05,670 --> 00:26:08,570
Speaker 1: that I just walked over and, you know, you see it.

486
00:26:08,869 --> 00:26:10,469
Speaker 1: two or three bees, you're like, oh, what's going on?

487
00:26:10,490 --> 00:26:12,670
Speaker 1: Then you see 10 and then all of a sudden

488
00:26:12,910 --> 00:26:16,080
Speaker 1: they're everywhere and you're just running like a moron through

489
00:26:16,100 --> 00:26:19,400
Speaker 1: the woods toward the river basically. But yeah, I got

490
00:26:19,420 --> 00:26:24,460
Speaker 1: hit 11 times and, uh, you know, that could have

491
00:26:24,480 --> 00:26:25,960
Speaker 1: killed me if I was allergic out in the middle

492
00:26:25,980 --> 00:26:27,520
Speaker 1: of nowhere like that. Sure.

493
00:26:27,740 --> 00:26:30,240
Speaker 2: I thought you were allergic. So we just lied on

494
00:26:30,280 --> 00:26:31,800
Speaker 2: the episode of the stuff you.

495
00:26:31,740 --> 00:26:35,219
Speaker 1: Should know TV show. Yeah. It was painful that there

496
00:26:35,240 --> 00:26:38,730
Speaker 1: was one I think that got the deepest on my

497
00:26:39,030 --> 00:26:42,990
Speaker 1: eyebrow bone, my orbital bone. And it went straight through

498
00:26:43,030 --> 00:26:45,350
Speaker 1: and I could almost feel it on my bone. And

499
00:26:45,390 --> 00:26:47,750
Speaker 1: that's the one, like I had a hard time getting

500
00:26:47,790 --> 00:26:50,750
Speaker 1: it out. It was so embedded. And it felt like somebody,

501
00:26:50,869 --> 00:26:55,090
Speaker 1: and I know I used the same analogy back then,

502
00:26:55,170 --> 00:26:58,010
Speaker 1: but it felt like somebody had a tiny little, you know,

503
00:26:58,030 --> 00:27:00,570
Speaker 1: the little nails you hang pictures with. It felt like

504
00:27:00,609 --> 00:27:02,909
Speaker 1: somebody had that poking that bone and they were just

505
00:27:02,950 --> 00:27:06,230
Speaker 1: tapping it with a hammer in this like regular beat.

506
00:27:07,090 --> 00:27:07,730
Speaker 2: That is awful.

507
00:27:07,750 --> 00:27:08,389
Speaker 1: It was terrible.

508
00:27:09,690 --> 00:27:12,840
Speaker 2: Man alive. Yeah, it sounds like you stepped on a

509
00:27:12,940 --> 00:27:16,080
Speaker 2: yellow jacket nest because they nest in the ground.

510
00:27:16,200 --> 00:27:19,220
Speaker 1: And they follow you, too. Like, they were going to

511
00:27:19,240 --> 00:27:20,580
Speaker 1: come after me until I got there.

512
00:27:20,600 --> 00:27:23,160
Speaker 2: Where are you going, huh?

513
00:27:23,369 --> 00:27:25,030
Speaker 1: I think we should take a break, maybe, and talk

514
00:27:25,050 --> 00:27:26,250
Speaker 1: about nesting right after this.

515
00:27:27,490 --> 00:27:51,629
Speaker 2: Yeah. Okay, Chuck, so we're moving on from venom. I

516
00:27:51,670 --> 00:27:55,170
Speaker 2: think we made our point. Venom from wasps is pretty serious.

517
00:27:57,060 --> 00:28:01,000
Speaker 2: And if you want to avoid getting injected with venom

518
00:28:01,060 --> 00:28:03,520
Speaker 2: from wasps, you want to learn to know what a

519
00:28:03,560 --> 00:28:06,000
Speaker 2: wasp nest looks like so you can avoid the wasp

520
00:28:06,040 --> 00:28:10,710
Speaker 2: nest altogether. Because some wasps are more aggressive than others.

521
00:28:11,369 --> 00:28:13,149
Speaker 2: And if you get anywhere near their nest, they're going

522
00:28:13,170 --> 00:28:14,930
Speaker 2: to be like, let me just give you a little

523
00:28:14,970 --> 00:28:18,620
Speaker 2: lesson about getting close to my nest. And they'll sting you, right?

524
00:28:18,880 --> 00:28:19,000
Speaker 1: Yes.

525
00:28:19,040 --> 00:28:23,580
Speaker 2: You want to get away. So the kinds of nests

526
00:28:23,780 --> 00:28:27,659
Speaker 2: that you see hanging from trees, that's a kind of

527
00:28:27,700 --> 00:28:32,390
Speaker 2: wasp nest. That's a paper wasp nest. There's mud dauber nests.

528
00:28:32,910 --> 00:28:35,970
Speaker 2: There's nests in the ground that are yellow jacket nests.

529
00:28:36,340 --> 00:28:38,760
Speaker 2: Wasps make a bunch of different kinds of nests. And

530
00:28:38,800 --> 00:28:40,790
Speaker 2: for you to survive in the world, you have to

531
00:28:40,850 --> 00:28:43,030
Speaker 2: know what each one looks like and be able to

532
00:28:43,230 --> 00:28:45,230
Speaker 2: sense them out with your nose.

533
00:28:46,070 --> 00:28:49,650
Speaker 1: Yeah, when I think of wasp nest, in Georgia at least,

534
00:28:50,270 --> 00:28:54,990
Speaker 1: I think of that honeycomb style where it's just a

535
00:28:55,050 --> 00:28:57,490
Speaker 1: bunch of little tiny holes and it looks like it's

536
00:28:57,580 --> 00:29:00,520
Speaker 1: made out of paper because it kind of is in

537
00:29:00,560 --> 00:29:00,820
Speaker 1: a way.

538
00:29:01,740 --> 00:29:07,040
Speaker 2: Yeah, I think those are bald-faced hornets. Or wasps. I

539
00:29:07,060 --> 00:29:07,870
Speaker 2: can't remember which one.

540
00:29:07,880 --> 00:29:08,900
Speaker 1: I think those are the wasps.

541
00:29:09,630 --> 00:29:12,790
Speaker 2: And they actually chew up wood fragments that they'll get from, say,

542
00:29:12,810 --> 00:29:15,750
Speaker 2: like your deck or if your kid only has those

543
00:29:15,830 --> 00:29:18,230
Speaker 2: old-timey wood toys, they might chew those up if they're

544
00:29:18,250 --> 00:29:20,830
Speaker 2: in the yard. And then they take that and turn

545
00:29:20,850 --> 00:29:23,670
Speaker 2: it into actual pulp, like paper, and they spit it

546
00:29:23,790 --> 00:29:26,810
Speaker 2: out and make basically a papier-mâché nest.

547
00:29:26,850 --> 00:29:27,150
Speaker 1: Yeah.

548
00:29:27,820 --> 00:29:30,440
Speaker 2: Which is pretty impressive. But that's why those things look

549
00:29:30,460 --> 00:29:32,360
Speaker 2: like they're papier-mâché because they basically are.

550
00:29:32,560 --> 00:29:34,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, and they're light like papier-mâché.

551
00:29:34,120 --> 00:29:34,300
Speaker 2: Yeah.

552
00:29:35,300 --> 00:29:37,280
Speaker 1: And they're fairly intricate if you look at them. They have,

553
00:29:37,850 --> 00:29:40,320
Speaker 1: some of them have what looks like little roof eaves

554
00:29:41,400 --> 00:29:44,060
Speaker 1: um they can be they're like i said super light

555
00:29:44,080 --> 00:29:47,740
Speaker 1: so they can be dangling from a really small sort

556
00:29:47,780 --> 00:29:50,770
Speaker 1: of thread like uh i don't even know what you

557
00:29:50,790 --> 00:29:54,850
Speaker 1: would call it just a Thread? Yeah, sort of like thread,

558
00:29:54,870 --> 00:29:55,170
Speaker 1: I guess.

559
00:29:55,830 --> 00:29:56,770
Speaker 2: Suspension cable?

560
00:29:56,990 --> 00:29:58,470
Speaker 1: Yeah, suspension cable, exactly.

561
00:29:58,510 --> 00:30:00,320
Speaker 2: We'll go with that because it sounds like it's a

562
00:30:00,340 --> 00:30:02,800
Speaker 2: little sturdier. Although, is that the kind that you found

563
00:30:02,860 --> 00:30:03,640
Speaker 2: in your yard today?

564
00:30:04,020 --> 00:30:07,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, I found one of those laying on the ground.

565
00:30:08,420 --> 00:30:11,340
Speaker 1: When I was a kid, you know the big hornet's

566
00:30:11,400 --> 00:30:15,620
Speaker 1: nests that are the big sort of, also sort of

567
00:30:15,640 --> 00:30:18,160
Speaker 1: looks like papier-mâché, but it's more gray and it doesn't

568
00:30:18,200 --> 00:30:21,930
Speaker 1: have the little holes. It's just got one central entry point.

569
00:30:22,460 --> 00:30:25,390
Speaker 1: And it's about as big as a football. Yeah. Those

570
00:30:25,410 --> 00:30:28,630
Speaker 1: were sort of like country decor. Did you ever know

571
00:30:28,690 --> 00:30:30,970
Speaker 1: anyone who had one of those in their house? Yes.

572
00:30:31,210 --> 00:30:32,550
Speaker 2: Murderers, serial killers.

573
00:30:33,110 --> 00:30:35,820
Speaker 1: We had one. My dad climbed up a tree to

574
00:30:35,860 --> 00:30:39,140
Speaker 1: get one of these. It was emptied, thank goodness. And

575
00:30:39,160 --> 00:30:41,660
Speaker 1: we had that thing, you know, mounted on a log

576
00:30:41,720 --> 00:30:43,200
Speaker 1: above our fireplace for years.

577
00:30:44,040 --> 00:30:44,420
Speaker 2: Really?

578
00:30:44,480 --> 00:30:45,460
Speaker 1: Yeah. That was weird.

579
00:30:45,480 --> 00:30:49,260
Speaker 2: Wow, that's fascinating. Yeah. I don't remember which kind that is,

580
00:30:49,340 --> 00:30:52,340
Speaker 2: and I mean, I've looked at so much stuff about wasps.

581
00:30:52,360 --> 00:30:55,000
Speaker 1: I think it was the white-faced hornet, if I'm not mistaken.

582
00:30:55,280 --> 00:30:56,660
Speaker 2: Okay, is that who it is? All right, yeah.

583
00:30:56,680 --> 00:30:57,500
Speaker 1: They're very aggressive.

584
00:30:57,540 --> 00:31:02,200
Speaker 2: Those things can get pretty big, and they're big. Like

585
00:31:02,220 --> 00:31:04,090
Speaker 2: you said, the size of a football, their nests can

586
00:31:04,110 --> 00:31:08,810
Speaker 2: get pretty big. But yeah, that's a good one to avoid.

587
00:31:08,870 --> 00:31:10,430
Speaker 2: I didn't realize that they were aggressive, huh?

588
00:31:10,730 --> 00:31:12,850
Speaker 1: Yeah, you don't want to mess around with one of

589
00:31:12,890 --> 00:31:14,890
Speaker 1: those nests. You don't want to go poking it.

590
00:31:15,710 --> 00:31:18,310
Speaker 2: From what I saw though, mud daubers, which actually make

591
00:31:18,390 --> 00:31:20,390
Speaker 2: theirs out of mud, they're the ones that, you know,

592
00:31:20,430 --> 00:31:22,890
Speaker 2: those tubes that usually come down from like the ceiling

593
00:31:22,910 --> 00:31:25,870
Speaker 2: down the wall. Those are actually mud tubes that the

594
00:31:25,930 --> 00:31:29,290
Speaker 2: mud dauber has made. And mud daubers, we should say,

595
00:31:29,310 --> 00:31:33,040
Speaker 2: they're basically two kinds of wasps in the world, wasps

596
00:31:33,080 --> 00:31:37,380
Speaker 2: and hornets. Social and solitary. And solitary is exactly what

597
00:31:37,400 --> 00:31:40,760
Speaker 2: it sounds like. It's just a single wasp, a female,

598
00:31:41,120 --> 00:31:44,220
Speaker 2: living on her own. She'll mate with some male wasp

599
00:31:44,260 --> 00:31:47,680
Speaker 2: and then go off. make her own nest, either burrowing

600
00:31:47,740 --> 00:31:49,740
Speaker 2: into the ground or if she's a mud dauber, she'll

601
00:31:49,780 --> 00:31:51,700
Speaker 2: make a mud nest. So when you see a mud

602
00:31:51,720 --> 00:31:55,200
Speaker 2: dauber's nest, like stop and be like, I respect that

603
00:31:55,340 --> 00:31:58,300
Speaker 2: because that was made by one single wasp on her

604
00:31:58,420 --> 00:32:03,220
Speaker 2: own with zero help whatsoever. She made that nest, which

605
00:32:03,240 --> 00:32:06,850
Speaker 2: I just find extremely impressive by chewing up mud and

606
00:32:06,870 --> 00:32:10,730
Speaker 2: just slowly but surely building it, spinning mud out onto

607
00:32:10,770 --> 00:32:11,130
Speaker 2: the wall.

608
00:32:11,690 --> 00:32:15,230
Speaker 1: Yeah. And if you're a social wasp, you are It's

609
00:32:15,250 --> 00:32:17,550
Speaker 1: sort of bee-like in that they're working for the queen,

610
00:32:18,650 --> 00:32:20,390
Speaker 1: maybe more than one queen even. But you have these

611
00:32:20,470 --> 00:32:24,320
Speaker 1: male drones that are there to mate. And you have

612
00:32:24,340 --> 00:32:27,040
Speaker 1: these female workers who build the nest and they hunt

613
00:32:27,080 --> 00:32:30,580
Speaker 1: for food and tend to these little larvae. But it's

614
00:32:30,620 --> 00:32:34,140
Speaker 1: basically all about getting the queen to live through the

615
00:32:34,200 --> 00:32:37,710
Speaker 1: winter to the next season. Like they will all leave

616
00:32:37,750 --> 00:32:40,090
Speaker 1: the nest. And I think the queen is the only

617
00:32:40,130 --> 00:32:41,690
Speaker 1: thing that overwinters. Isn't that right?

618
00:32:42,570 --> 00:32:42,810
Speaker 2: Yeah.

619
00:32:42,990 --> 00:32:43,190
Speaker 1: Yeah.

620
00:32:43,250 --> 00:32:46,250
Speaker 2: The queen. Yeah. If they raise queen larvae, um, the

621
00:32:46,290 --> 00:32:49,670
Speaker 2: queen will, will live until the next winter and start

622
00:32:50,170 --> 00:32:54,930
Speaker 2: over again, basically creating eggs of, uh, sterile female workers

623
00:32:55,030 --> 00:32:57,710
Speaker 2: to help her to hatch and then help her build

624
00:32:57,750 --> 00:33:02,130
Speaker 2: up the hive, raise, um, male drones or no, is

625
00:33:02,170 --> 00:33:04,990
Speaker 2: the drone, the worker? No drones, a male that's just

626
00:33:05,070 --> 00:33:06,110
Speaker 2: used for reproduction. Right.

627
00:33:06,130 --> 00:33:06,310
Speaker 1: Yeah.

628
00:33:07,270 --> 00:33:11,170
Speaker 2: Um, and then eventually raise little queens. Um, So it's

629
00:33:11,190 --> 00:33:14,990
Speaker 2: pretty interesting, especially as far as social insects go. There

630
00:33:15,010 --> 00:33:19,640
Speaker 2: are very few species of social wasps and hornets, but

631
00:33:19,680 --> 00:33:25,520
Speaker 2: the ones that are, they're highly social, even among social insects.

632
00:33:26,000 --> 00:33:32,010
Speaker 2: They have pretty intricate, complex societies. Some of the social

633
00:33:32,050 --> 00:33:37,110
Speaker 2: wasp nests, I think including yellow jackets, will have multiple queens,

634
00:33:37,650 --> 00:33:40,320
Speaker 2: and there's one head queen that, who has basically beaten

635
00:33:40,400 --> 00:33:44,420
Speaker 2: up other queens to establish her dominance. And then she'll

636
00:33:44,440 --> 00:33:47,440
Speaker 2: have the most eggs. And then the next layer down

637
00:33:47,460 --> 00:33:50,020
Speaker 2: will have the second most eggs and so on and

638
00:33:50,060 --> 00:33:52,320
Speaker 2: so forth. And that takes like a certain amount of

639
00:33:52,380 --> 00:33:57,810
Speaker 2: cooperation to maintain and respect that type of hierarchy to

640
00:33:57,870 --> 00:34:01,210
Speaker 2: keep that society functioning the way it should, especially considering

641
00:34:01,490 --> 00:34:04,870
Speaker 2: you have to reinvent the wheel every year after winter

642
00:34:04,950 --> 00:34:06,030
Speaker 2: comes and goes. Yeah.

643
00:34:06,630 --> 00:34:09,259
Speaker 1: Yeah, absolutely. And they talk to each other, too, in

644
00:34:09,280 --> 00:34:13,700
Speaker 1: a way. They communicate, especially if there's a threat via pheromones.

645
00:34:14,100 --> 00:34:17,700
Speaker 1: So that's why you are more likely to get swarmed

646
00:34:18,280 --> 00:34:21,380
Speaker 1: rather than just like if you're an actual threat to

647
00:34:21,420 --> 00:34:24,740
Speaker 1: a nest. They can send a signal that says, hey, everybody,

648
00:34:24,800 --> 00:34:26,819
Speaker 1: this jerk over here has got a this kid has

649
00:34:26,840 --> 00:34:29,339
Speaker 1: got a stick and he's coming at us. Yeah. Let's

650
00:34:29,360 --> 00:34:29,620
Speaker 1: get them.

651
00:34:29,719 --> 00:34:33,370
Speaker 2: And if they die, actually, they release that. It's like

652
00:34:33,410 --> 00:34:36,489
Speaker 2: a byproduct of their death is releasing that same pheromone.

653
00:34:36,510 --> 00:34:37,350
Speaker 1: Yeah, man down.

654
00:34:37,410 --> 00:34:40,469
Speaker 2: Basically, they turn into like Harry Dean Stanton in Red

655
00:34:40,550 --> 00:34:46,799
Speaker 2: Dawn where they're like, avenge me. I have that one

656
00:34:46,820 --> 00:34:47,680
Speaker 2: written down.

657
00:34:48,880 --> 00:34:51,560
Speaker 1: I guess you didn't see the video then of the

658
00:34:52,160 --> 00:34:55,040
Speaker 1: tarantula hawk since you're not into those.

659
00:34:55,800 --> 00:34:58,100
Speaker 2: No, but I've seen one in person, actually.

660
00:34:58,219 --> 00:35:00,819
Speaker 1: Yeah, the pepsis wasp is known as the tarantula hawk

661
00:35:00,880 --> 00:35:05,560
Speaker 1: because they lay eggs inside of a paralyzed tarantula, and

662
00:35:05,580 --> 00:35:09,379
Speaker 1: the larvae eat the tarantula from the inside out. And

663
00:35:09,580 --> 00:35:11,660
Speaker 1: I was like, I've got to see this. And, of course,

664
00:35:11,719 --> 00:35:16,060
Speaker 1: on YouTube, there is a pepsis wasp battling it out

665
00:35:16,080 --> 00:35:20,180
Speaker 1: with a tarantula, and it's no match. And it paralyzes

666
00:35:20,239 --> 00:35:24,770
Speaker 1: this tarantula and drags him back, like, a great distance.

667
00:35:26,140 --> 00:35:29,240
Speaker 1: You see a wasp pulling this tarantula across the ground.

668
00:35:30,060 --> 00:35:33,730
Speaker 2: Which is much, much, much larger. But the tarantula, like

669
00:35:33,750 --> 00:35:36,610
Speaker 2: you said, is no match. And even among humans, I

670
00:35:36,650 --> 00:35:41,690
Speaker 2: think the tarantula hawk's sting is like a four out

671
00:35:41,730 --> 00:35:45,029
Speaker 2: of four on the Schmidt pain scale. Like it's as

672
00:35:45,070 --> 00:35:45,950
Speaker 2: bad as it gets.

673
00:35:46,230 --> 00:35:48,210
Speaker 1: Because you know why? They ask Mr. Schmidt, how bad

674
00:35:48,230 --> 00:35:50,910
Speaker 1: does it hurt? And he's like, oh, my gosh, it's terrible.

675
00:35:50,950 --> 00:35:56,820
Speaker 2: He said, yeah, ow. But yes, and they're very bright

676
00:35:56,900 --> 00:36:01,280
Speaker 2: blue and orange too, which is another indicator like stay away.

677
00:36:01,300 --> 00:36:04,290
Speaker 2: If you see anything that's really colorful, just assume it

678
00:36:04,310 --> 00:36:05,549
Speaker 2: can mess you up pretty good.

679
00:36:05,630 --> 00:36:06,230
Speaker 1: Yeah, don't lick that.

680
00:36:06,250 --> 00:36:07,509
Speaker 2: With the tarantula hawk, that's the case.

681
00:36:07,550 --> 00:36:08,830
Speaker 1: Don't lick that colorful frog.

682
00:36:09,750 --> 00:36:13,569
Speaker 2: So, but even if it's not a wasp taking down

683
00:36:13,590 --> 00:36:16,660
Speaker 2: a tarantula and laying eggs inside it that eat the

684
00:36:16,780 --> 00:36:20,719
Speaker 2: tarantula from the inside out, almost all wasp species, if

685
00:36:20,800 --> 00:36:24,040
Speaker 2: not 100% of wasp species, Like we said, they raise

686
00:36:24,080 --> 00:36:29,839
Speaker 2: their young by paralyzing other insects, dragging them to their

687
00:36:29,880 --> 00:36:33,090
Speaker 2: nest and laying the eggs nearby, leaving the bug to

688
00:36:33,120 --> 00:36:35,989
Speaker 2: be paralyzed and still alive when the egg hatches and

689
00:36:36,050 --> 00:36:40,230
Speaker 2: larva crawls over and starts eating that bug alive. And

690
00:36:40,250 --> 00:36:42,350
Speaker 2: this is one reason why wasps have such a bad

691
00:36:42,410 --> 00:36:45,930
Speaker 2: rap because it's just such a brutal circle of life.

692
00:36:45,989 --> 00:36:49,510
Speaker 2: It really is. Yeah, especially from the perspective of the insect.

693
00:36:49,870 --> 00:36:53,910
Speaker 2: And apparently Charles Darwin said, when he witnessed this happening

694
00:36:53,930 --> 00:36:56,930
Speaker 2: to a cute little caterpillar, that it made it difficult

695
00:36:56,969 --> 00:37:00,370
Speaker 2: for him to believe in an omnipresent and beneficent God.

696
00:37:01,130 --> 00:37:04,819
Speaker 2: Because what kind of God would allow a cute little

697
00:37:05,180 --> 00:37:08,540
Speaker 2: caterpillar to do that? The thing is, Charles Darwin, I mean,

698
00:37:08,580 --> 00:37:10,940
Speaker 2: he liked to putz around in the garden, but he

699
00:37:10,980 --> 00:37:14,060
Speaker 2: was not a farmer. If you're a farmer, you're probably

700
00:37:14,120 --> 00:37:16,410
Speaker 2: kind of happy to see a wasp larva eating a

701
00:37:16,450 --> 00:37:20,770
Speaker 2: caterpillar because caterpillars eat your crops. And if you ask me...

702
00:37:21,950 --> 00:37:24,250
Speaker 2: this is where we get to the part about the

703
00:37:24,510 --> 00:37:26,810
Speaker 2: roles that wasps play in the ecosystem and why you

704
00:37:26,830 --> 00:37:28,489
Speaker 2: shouldn't just go willy-nilly killing them.

705
00:37:28,830 --> 00:37:31,910
Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean, they'll bring in wasps. Farmers will sometimes

706
00:37:32,510 --> 00:37:36,299
Speaker 1: if they have, like, an insect issue because the wasp

707
00:37:36,360 --> 00:37:38,640
Speaker 1: is going to take care of that naturally and you

708
00:37:38,660 --> 00:37:41,279
Speaker 1: won't have to use, you know, insecticide and stuff like that.

709
00:37:42,140 --> 00:37:45,320
Speaker 2: No, so plus also bees are usually kind of finicky,

710
00:37:45,400 --> 00:37:47,799
Speaker 2: I saw, as far as what they'll pollinate and what

711
00:37:47,840 --> 00:37:51,520
Speaker 2: they won't. Wasps are not at all finicky. They'll pollinate whatever.

712
00:37:51,940 --> 00:37:55,100
Speaker 2: So they're non-selected pollinators, which makes them, like you can

713
00:37:55,180 --> 00:37:57,160
Speaker 2: use them to pollinate any kind of crop, which makes

714
00:37:57,200 --> 00:38:02,850
Speaker 2: them pretty helpful. And so they control other crop-destroying insects,

715
00:38:03,489 --> 00:38:07,130
Speaker 2: and they also pollinate crops too. So they are pretty useful.

716
00:38:07,590 --> 00:38:10,069
Speaker 2: So that means that you shouldn't just go around killing them.

717
00:38:10,110 --> 00:38:11,310
Speaker 2: I think we should say it again.

718
00:38:11,590 --> 00:38:15,390
Speaker 1: No, you shouldn't kill anything except mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks.

719
00:38:16,340 --> 00:38:18,680
Speaker 2: And you also can't say, well, they're a threat to

720
00:38:18,719 --> 00:38:22,200
Speaker 2: humans because I looked up some stats, Chuck. You ready

721
00:38:22,219 --> 00:38:22,560
Speaker 2: for this?

722
00:38:22,780 --> 00:38:24,500
Speaker 1: Yeah. You're not going to get killed from a wasp,

723
00:38:24,580 --> 00:38:24,839
Speaker 1: are you?

724
00:38:25,560 --> 00:38:31,820
Speaker 2: No. I mean, yeah, but no, you're not. So combined, bees, wasps,

725
00:38:31,910 --> 00:38:34,350
Speaker 2: and hornets, and hornets are just another type of wasp.

726
00:38:34,810 --> 00:38:36,210
Speaker 1: Is that so? Yeah.

727
00:38:37,110 --> 00:38:41,830
Speaker 2: I hadn't heard. They kill about 62 Americans every year

728
00:38:42,310 --> 00:38:43,989
Speaker 2: from anaphylactic shock, right?

729
00:38:44,390 --> 00:38:44,750
Speaker 1: Oh, wow.

730
00:38:44,790 --> 00:38:49,010
Speaker 2: By contrast— 300 Americans die from falling off of ladders

731
00:38:49,090 --> 00:38:55,210
Speaker 2: every year. In the UK, get this, between 2006 and 2007,

732
00:38:55,210 --> 00:38:59,700
Speaker 2: eight people died from bees, wasps, or hornet stings. I'm

733
00:38:59,739 --> 00:39:02,840
Speaker 2: including bees here, by the way. And then in Australia,

734
00:39:03,020 --> 00:39:05,239
Speaker 2: where you would guess that half the human population is

735
00:39:05,280 --> 00:39:07,640
Speaker 2: killed off every year by bees and wasps and has

736
00:39:07,660 --> 00:39:11,420
Speaker 2: to regenerate every spring. Now, between 2000 and 2013, there

737
00:39:11,440 --> 00:39:18,840
Speaker 2: were only 27 deaths total For that 13 years from bees, wasps,

738
00:39:18,900 --> 00:39:21,850
Speaker 2: and hornet stings, which is pretty astounding. But it all

739
00:39:21,890 --> 00:39:24,770
Speaker 2: goes to say, like, don't listen to the murder hornet rap.

740
00:39:25,170 --> 00:39:27,170
Speaker 2: The hornets and the wasps aren't out to kill you.

741
00:39:27,510 --> 00:39:29,370
Speaker 2: They don't want you anywhere near their nests.

742
00:39:29,730 --> 00:39:29,850
Speaker 1: But.

743
00:39:29,969 --> 00:39:33,129
Speaker 2: They're not, like, trying to wipe out your family. They

744
00:39:33,150 --> 00:39:35,030
Speaker 2: just want to be left alone, basically.

745
00:39:35,410 --> 00:39:38,350
Speaker 1: The murder hornet rap? Yeah. Now, here is a hornet,

746
00:39:38,410 --> 00:39:41,190
Speaker 1: and it's here to say, I come to kill peace.

747
00:39:41,210 --> 00:39:42,710
Speaker 2: I love fruity pebbles in a major way.

748
00:39:44,750 --> 00:39:46,969
Speaker 1: I think, I can't wait to re-listen to this one,

749
00:39:46,989 --> 00:39:49,979
Speaker 1: because I'm pretty sure you said, that they kill 62

750
00:39:49,980 --> 00:39:53,800
Speaker 1: million Americans every year. No. I think you did. I

751
00:39:54,280 --> 00:39:55,759
Speaker 1: might have been hearing things. It might have been a

752
00:39:55,800 --> 00:39:56,440
Speaker 1: computer glitch.

753
00:39:57,219 --> 00:39:59,779
Speaker 2: Just 62. Okay. Six to the two.

754
00:40:01,180 --> 00:40:04,020
Speaker 1: I really am curious if you said million.

755
00:40:04,840 --> 00:40:05,299
Speaker 2: We'll find out.

756
00:40:05,320 --> 00:40:09,290
Speaker 1: That'll be an Easter egg for us only. So, yeah,

757
00:40:09,350 --> 00:40:11,910
Speaker 1: don't kill the wasps. If you have what you think

758
00:40:11,969 --> 00:40:17,050
Speaker 1: is a wasp problem at your house, You really don't

759
00:40:17,300 --> 00:40:19,259
Speaker 1: unless it's, you know, I mean, if you have a

760
00:40:19,320 --> 00:40:22,680
Speaker 1: really big wasp nest like right above your front door

761
00:40:22,700 --> 00:40:25,819
Speaker 1: or something, I could see maybe a case being made

762
00:40:25,880 --> 00:40:28,360
Speaker 1: for removing it, having it professionally removed.

763
00:40:29,060 --> 00:40:31,020
Speaker 2: Or if your kids are playing out back and there's

764
00:40:31,060 --> 00:40:34,440
Speaker 2: a sinkhole from a Yellow Jackets underground nest where there's

765
00:40:34,660 --> 00:40:35,660
Speaker 2: hundreds of Yellow Jackets.

766
00:40:35,680 --> 00:40:36,239
Speaker 1: And if you're allergic.

767
00:40:36,260 --> 00:40:37,580
Speaker 2: I could see getting that removed too.

768
00:40:37,980 --> 00:40:40,339
Speaker 1: But in general, like wasps aren't after you. They don't

769
00:40:40,360 --> 00:40:43,279
Speaker 1: want anything to do with you. They're not aggressive toward

770
00:40:43,300 --> 00:40:45,820
Speaker 1: humans unless you come poking their thing with a stick.

771
00:40:47,120 --> 00:40:50,069
Speaker 1: I love this. Robert says, and this takes like nerves

772
00:40:50,110 --> 00:40:51,950
Speaker 1: of steel, and he's like, if one lands on you,

773
00:40:53,630 --> 00:40:57,310
Speaker 1: don't panic. Avoid swatting it or making swift movements. Just

774
00:40:57,350 --> 00:41:00,549
Speaker 1: kind of sit there and it'll quickly fly off. Like,

775
00:41:00,670 --> 00:41:02,050
Speaker 1: I don't want to kill a wasp, but if a

776
00:41:02,070 --> 00:41:03,920
Speaker 1: wasp lands on my arm, I'm not going to be like,

777
00:41:04,719 --> 00:41:08,560
Speaker 1: all right, little fella, you're just going to give you

778
00:41:08,580 --> 00:41:09,260
Speaker 1: some time.

779
00:41:09,280 --> 00:41:10,800
Speaker 2: Go mosey along.

780
00:41:10,820 --> 00:41:14,240
Speaker 1: No, I would freak out and flail. I wouldn't swat

781
00:41:14,300 --> 00:41:16,240
Speaker 1: at it because... I feel like I would get stung

782
00:41:16,260 --> 00:41:21,379
Speaker 1: for sure, but I would definitely do a, you know, ah! Right.

783
00:41:21,920 --> 00:41:23,640
Speaker 2: You got to try not to do that. You have

784
00:41:23,660 --> 00:41:25,610
Speaker 2: to listen to Robert and don't panic.

785
00:41:25,640 --> 00:41:26,280
Speaker 1: Good luck.

786
00:41:27,050 --> 00:41:29,290
Speaker 2: Every time I see don't panic in the wild, I

787
00:41:29,350 --> 00:41:31,830
Speaker 2: just assume that it's a reference to the Hitchhiker's Guide

788
00:41:31,850 --> 00:41:33,009
Speaker 2: to the Galaxy. Don't you?

789
00:41:33,190 --> 00:41:35,390
Speaker 1: Yeah, I think so.

790
00:41:35,810 --> 00:41:38,750
Speaker 2: So there's standing still. That's one thing when one lands

791
00:41:38,870 --> 00:41:43,620
Speaker 2: on you. Okay. Okay. That's great. Things you can do

792
00:41:43,660 --> 00:41:45,759
Speaker 2: to keep them from landing on you, though, are to

793
00:41:45,900 --> 00:41:49,280
Speaker 2: not wear white and yellow outdoors. Yeah. Okay?

794
00:41:49,520 --> 00:41:52,520
Speaker 1: I like white and yellow.

795
00:41:52,800 --> 00:41:56,250
Speaker 2: Yellow doesn't look good on me anyway. But those colors

796
00:41:56,270 --> 00:41:59,850
Speaker 2: attract insects. You don't want to wear perfume because you

797
00:41:59,890 --> 00:42:01,770
Speaker 2: may confuse them into thinking you're a flower.

798
00:42:02,230 --> 00:42:02,510
Speaker 1: Sure.

799
00:42:03,570 --> 00:42:07,009
Speaker 2: If you have your garbage can uncovered, don't stand next

800
00:42:07,070 --> 00:42:09,129
Speaker 2: to it. You want to cover your garbage can.

801
00:42:10,460 --> 00:42:14,160
Speaker 1: Yeah, especially if you're us. I always call it the

802
00:42:14,360 --> 00:42:18,140
Speaker 1: stinkiest garbage can in Atlanta. I think it's so nasty.

803
00:42:18,219 --> 00:42:19,410
Speaker 2: Ours is pretty bad too.

804
00:42:20,010 --> 00:42:21,270
Speaker 1: It's a lot of years of cat litter.

805
00:42:22,550 --> 00:42:23,650
Speaker 2: Oh, yeah, that's a stink.

806
00:42:23,690 --> 00:42:24,410
Speaker 1: Dog poop.

807
00:42:25,350 --> 00:42:30,650
Speaker 2: And then you can take down nests yourself if it's

808
00:42:31,010 --> 00:42:35,680
Speaker 2: below 60 degrees Fahrenheit or 15.5 degrees Celsius because they're

809
00:42:35,719 --> 00:42:38,620
Speaker 2: probably dead in there anyway. So it's a good time

810
00:42:38,660 --> 00:42:40,890
Speaker 2: to take it down. But for the most part, we're

811
00:42:40,910 --> 00:42:44,110
Speaker 2: just going to go ahead and say don't take down

812
00:42:44,130 --> 00:42:46,730
Speaker 2: a wasp nest that you want out of your yard

813
00:42:46,790 --> 00:42:49,950
Speaker 2: by yourself. Just don't do it. Hire a professional. There

814
00:42:49,969 --> 00:42:52,910
Speaker 2: are people who will take money in exchange for coming

815
00:42:52,950 --> 00:42:55,890
Speaker 2: to get a nest out of your yard. You can

816
00:42:55,969 --> 00:42:58,900
Speaker 2: give them money for that, and they know what they're doing.

817
00:42:59,020 --> 00:43:02,799
Speaker 2: So you can feel good about that, about hiring them.

818
00:43:03,180 --> 00:43:04,920
Speaker 2: And it also supports local business too.

819
00:43:05,380 --> 00:43:10,420
Speaker 1: Yeah, and don't get that– wasp spray that sprays from, like,

820
00:43:10,420 --> 00:43:13,299
Speaker 1: 20 feet away and just go home and, like, attack

821
00:43:13,340 --> 00:43:16,640
Speaker 1: these nests with poison. Just don't do it.

822
00:43:18,070 --> 00:43:18,250
Speaker 2: No.

823
00:43:18,330 --> 00:43:19,110
Speaker 1: Stop killing things.

824
00:43:21,110 --> 00:43:22,750
Speaker 2: What else you got? I got one more thing. You

825
00:43:22,790 --> 00:43:23,390
Speaker 2: have anything else?

826
00:43:23,430 --> 00:43:23,629
Speaker 1: Nope.

827
00:43:24,550 --> 00:43:28,770
Speaker 2: Okay, so in Japan, it always circles back to Japan,

828
00:43:28,810 --> 00:43:29,470
Speaker 2: doesn't it, Chuck?

829
00:43:29,810 --> 00:43:31,910
Speaker 1: Yeah, if it's quality and good.

830
00:43:32,930 --> 00:43:39,890
Speaker 2: Including the Asian giant wasp as well as yellow jackets

831
00:43:39,950 --> 00:43:43,730
Speaker 2: and some other types of wasps. Japanese culture or culinary

832
00:43:43,790 --> 00:43:48,440
Speaker 2: culture loves wasp larva. But to get wasp larva, you

833
00:43:48,460 --> 00:43:50,820
Speaker 2: have to go out in the wild, find a wasp's

834
00:43:50,900 --> 00:43:53,380
Speaker 2: nest in the summer, and then take it back home

835
00:43:53,640 --> 00:43:58,180
Speaker 2: without getting stung and raise the larva yourself. And then

836
00:43:58,239 --> 00:44:00,529
Speaker 2: when they're ready to go, you harvest them and eat

837
00:44:00,570 --> 00:44:02,969
Speaker 2: them in the fall, which is pretty interesting in and

838
00:44:03,010 --> 00:44:06,569
Speaker 2: of itself, right? Yes. It gets even more interesting than that.

839
00:44:07,000 --> 00:44:10,620
Speaker 2: Because to find a wasp nest in the woods, what

840
00:44:10,640 --> 00:44:13,700
Speaker 2: they do is they take raw fish. Japanese love raw fish,

841
00:44:13,780 --> 00:44:17,100
Speaker 2: but they share some of theirs with wasps. And they

842
00:44:17,140 --> 00:44:18,990
Speaker 2: leave it out as bait. And then when a wasp

843
00:44:19,050 --> 00:44:21,730
Speaker 2: shows up, they'll take chopsticks and a little hunk of

844
00:44:22,130 --> 00:44:25,350
Speaker 2: this fish meat that they have a string tied to.

845
00:44:25,530 --> 00:44:27,490
Speaker 2: And they'll hand it to the wasp. And the wasp

846
00:44:27,530 --> 00:44:29,649
Speaker 2: will fly off with the hunk of fish to take

847
00:44:29,690 --> 00:44:33,280
Speaker 2: back to its larva, its eggs, with the string dangling,

848
00:44:33,410 --> 00:44:35,940
Speaker 2: which makes it easier to follow back to the nest.

849
00:44:36,780 --> 00:44:39,739
Speaker 2: And after doing this a few times, they're probably successful

850
00:44:39,780 --> 00:44:41,520
Speaker 2: enough that they track the wasp all the way back.

851
00:44:41,540 --> 00:44:43,580
Speaker 2: They don't lose it. And they find the nest, and

852
00:44:43,600 --> 00:44:45,239
Speaker 2: then that's when they take it home and tend to

853
00:44:45,260 --> 00:44:47,319
Speaker 2: the larva. And then they eat it in the fall.

854
00:44:47,920 --> 00:44:49,920
Speaker 1: That sounds familiar for some reason. I might have heard

855
00:44:49,940 --> 00:44:50,340
Speaker 1: that before.

856
00:44:50,360 --> 00:44:51,620
Speaker 2: Isn't that cool?

857
00:44:51,640 --> 00:44:52,120
Speaker 1: It's amazing.

858
00:44:53,680 --> 00:44:56,280
Speaker 2: Amazing. Well, that's all I've got for wasp, Chuck.

859
00:44:57,320 --> 00:44:58,120
Speaker 1: Wasp out.

860
00:44:59,820 --> 00:45:02,980
Speaker 2: So since Chuck said wasp out, that means it's time

861
00:45:03,020 --> 00:45:03,899
Speaker 2: for listener mail.

862
00:45:06,080 --> 00:45:10,280
Speaker 1: I'm going to call this, Adam, I think you were wrong,

863
00:45:10,340 --> 00:45:13,210
Speaker 1: and Josh was referencing They Might Be Giants. It's a

864
00:45:13,250 --> 00:45:13,970
Speaker 1: long-winded title.

865
00:45:14,650 --> 00:45:14,910
Speaker 2: Okay.

866
00:45:14,950 --> 00:45:16,610
Speaker 1: Hey, guys, in your episode, How We Almost Got Rid

867
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Speaker 1: of Polio, you read a listener mail that referred to

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Speaker 1: How Flamethrowers Work episode. However, I'm somewhat sad that the

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Speaker 1: reference wasn't made for the They Might Be Giants song. Istanbul,

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Speaker 1: not Constantinople. Josh made the statement, and it was a

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Speaker 1: wonderful wasted opportunity. Well, that's exactly what you're talking about, right?

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Speaker 2: Yeah, I said not Constantinople.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, you were talking about the They Might Be Giants song, right?

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Speaker 2: Yeah, of course. This guy doesn't get me.

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Speaker 1: He just didn't say, hey, by the way, that's the

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Speaker 1: They Might Be Giants song.

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Speaker 2: Hey, everybody, open up for the spoon feeding.

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Speaker 1: Just thought I'd drop you both a line. I love

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Speaker 1: the show and enjoy listening to it daily to and

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00:45:57,190 --> 00:46:00,529
Speaker 1: from work, especially the wit and dry humor. Even though

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Speaker 1: it goes over your head sometimes.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, right.

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Speaker 1: He said, it's very much my style, so much so

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00:46:05,300 --> 00:46:07,859
Speaker 1: that you aren't sure if there was a joke even told. Wow,

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00:46:07,900 --> 00:46:10,840
Speaker 1: this is getting very meta. You both make my commute

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00:46:10,880 --> 00:46:14,520
Speaker 1: tolerable and enjoyable. Thanks, guys. That is from Adam P.

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Speaker 1: in Gulfport, Mississippi.

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Speaker 2: Nice. Adam, for you, from now on, whenever I make

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Speaker 2: a joke, I'm going to add waka waka at the end.

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Speaker 1: That'll do it.

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Speaker 2: That'll be just for Adam. Thanks a lot, Adam. We

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Speaker 2: appreciate that. Thank you for listening to us and for

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Speaker 2: letting us rag on you. We do it lovingly and jokingly.

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Speaker 2: We hope you know.

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Speaker 1: Of course.

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Speaker 2: If you want us to rag on you, well, you

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00:46:37,620 --> 00:46:40,060
Speaker 2: send us an email and see what you get. Look

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00:46:40,120 --> 00:46:43,100
Speaker 2: up and see what you get. You can send it

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Speaker 2: to stuffpodcasts at iheartradio.com.

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Speaker 1: Stuff You Should Know is a production of iHeartRadio. For

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00:46:52,710 --> 00:46:55,569
Speaker 1: more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app.

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00:46:56,000 --> 00:46:57,029
Speaker 2: Apple Podcasts, or

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Speaker 1: Wherever you listen to your favorite shows.