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Speaker 1: thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in the

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Speaker 2: Turn friends and families walking, riding on passing the roads

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Speaker 2: every day. Remember they're real people with loved ones who

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Speaker 2: need them to.

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Speaker 1: Get home safely.

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Speaker 2: Protect our cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too, Go safely.

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Speaker 2: California from the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans.

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Speaker 1: Hey, Jorgey, do you know who was the first person

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Speaker 1: to reach the South Pole?

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Speaker 3: Mm?

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Speaker 4: It's probably a Norwegian, wasn't it? Someone called roll Emendson.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, he's pretty famous. But do you know who the

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Speaker 1: second or third place finishes were?

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Speaker 4: Ooh, I'm gonna guess rolled Emondson junior or roll Emonson

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Speaker 4: the third.

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Speaker 1: I have no idea. You know those people who came

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Speaker 1: in second and third, they risked their lives, literally froze

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Speaker 1: their butts off, and we don't even know who they are.

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Speaker 4: Oh man, Well, in this case it was literally a

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Speaker 4: raise to the bottom of the world. But yeah, you're right,

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Speaker 4: I guess second place doesn't get much attention.

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Speaker 1: And the same is true in science. There's no consolation

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Speaker 1: prize for the Nobel. You don't get a silver Nobel Prize.

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Speaker 1: They should hand out a silver and a bronze, an

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Speaker 1: honorable mention or is it just an honor to be nominated?

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Speaker 2: Hi?

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Speaker 4: I'm Hoarham, a cartoonist and the creator of PhD.

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Speaker 1: Comments, Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist, and if

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Speaker 1: I was in the running for the Nobel Prize, I

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Speaker 1: wouldn't get the silver or the Bronze. I would get

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Speaker 1: the Plywood Nobel Prize. You can get the thanks for

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Speaker 1: Trying coupon. I get the Pina ribbon on him and

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Speaker 1: say thanks.

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Speaker 4: Welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe,

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Speaker 4: a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 1: In which we take it to her of all the

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Speaker 1: incredible things that scientists have won the Nobel Prize for

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Speaker 1: and dived, and all the things that science has not

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Speaker 1: yet figured out, all the things that people want to understand,

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Speaker 1: all those weird mysteries of the universe that nobody has

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Speaker 1: yet figured out. Because it's a.

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Speaker 4: Big, mysterious universe out there and humans are trying to

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Speaker 4: make sense of it and come up with theories about

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Speaker 4: how it all works. But it is after all a

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Speaker 4: human endeavor, and so it's about humans chipping away at

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Speaker 4: the big unknown questions of the universe.

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Speaker 1: And here on the show, we like to talk about

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Speaker 1: the smallest things. We like to break open the universe

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Speaker 1: and find out what it's made out of, what are

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Speaker 1: the smallest things. But another sort of orthogonal way to

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Speaker 1: approach discovery is trying to make matter do weird stuff.

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Speaker 1: Like you're familiar with three states of matter, solids, liquids,

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Speaker 1: and gases, but it turns out there are lots of

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Speaker 1: other really weird things that matter can do.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, there are other states of matter like super hot

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Speaker 4: forms like plasma, and also.

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Speaker 1: Super cold forms.

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Speaker 4: And one of these forms is a pretty well known

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Speaker 4: form that we're going to talk about today.

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Speaker 1: That's right. If you get matter into really weird configurations,

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Speaker 1: it will do strange stuff. And this is a great

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Speaker 1: way to learn about what the rules are, how does

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Speaker 1: it fit together, what are the forces that are involved?

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Speaker 1: And is just fun to make matter be weird? Can

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Speaker 1: you make it shiny? Can you make it jump? Can

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Speaker 1: you make it super conducting? Can you make it super fluid?

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Speaker 1: Can you make it act as a single blob? It's

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Speaker 1: fun to make new kinds of good. Would that be

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Speaker 1: your bumper sticker, Daniel? Keep matter weird, yeah, because one

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Speaker 1: of the basic ways to explore the universe is just

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Speaker 1: to look around you and see what kinds of stuff

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Speaker 1: is there. You know, the very first people to think

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Speaker 1: about what is the universe made out of just sort

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Speaker 1: of organized the stuff around them into like you know, air, fire, earth,

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Speaker 1: and water. And that's reflection that there are different kinds

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Speaker 1: of things. And even though we know that the universe

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Speaker 1: is made fundamentally of tiny little particles, those particles come

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Speaker 1: together in really weird ways. I mean, who could predict

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Speaker 1: solids and gases and all sorts of weird behavior from

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Speaker 1: just the tiny particles. It's complicated. So while it's worthwhile

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Speaker 1: to like dig down deep to the tiny bits, it's

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Speaker 1: also really worthwhile to figure out how those bits play

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Speaker 1: together to make weird stuff. Yeah.

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Speaker 4: So to the end the program, we'll be asking the

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Speaker 4: question what is a Bose Einstein condensate? Now, I'm Daniel.

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Speaker 4: I'm guessing this does not related to BO speakers or

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Speaker 4: being like a Bose.

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Speaker 5: No.

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Speaker 1: I think Bose was an early investor in the Bo's

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Speaker 1: speaker system.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, they're not related either. The Bos family fortune came

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Speaker 4: from physics.

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Speaker 1: No, but they are related to the Higgs boson. It's

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Speaker 1: the same bos, is it?

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Speaker 6: No?

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Speaker 1: Yeah? Yes, absolutely, the Bose Einstein condensate is related to

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Speaker 1: the Higgs boson. It's the same bos. It's a famous

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Speaker 1: Indian physicist whose last name was bos and the kind

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Speaker 1: of particle that we call a boson, a particle will

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Speaker 1: spin one is named after bos Oh. Wow. Also the

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Speaker 1: guy who worked together with Einstein to come up with

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Speaker 1: this idea of a weird state of matter called the

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Speaker 1: Bose Einstein contents. Wow. So he did rocket legabulls. And

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Speaker 1: I don't know if you remember, but after the Higgs

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Speaker 1: boson was discovered, there are a lot of folks in

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Speaker 1: India who are like, hey, how come Higgs is getting

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Speaker 1: all the credit? After all? What about Bo's is important contribution?

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Speaker 1: His name is half of Higgs boson. Why isn't he

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Speaker 1: getting as much credit?

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Speaker 5: Wow?

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Speaker 1: I guess it. Lots OF's brand appealed like Kleenex. Yeah. Well,

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Speaker 1: if you're going to get your name on stuff, you know,

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Speaker 1: you can get your name on one individual particle like Higgs,

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Speaker 1: or you could get your name on like a whole

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Speaker 1: class of particles like bosons. Bosons are anything with integer spin.

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Speaker 1: That's like half the particles out there, photons, w's, z's

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Speaker 1: all these are Boson particles.

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Speaker 4: Right, Well, so today this is about states of matter,

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Speaker 4: and you're right, it is kind of interesting that you know,

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Speaker 4: we can talk about what matter is and what it

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Speaker 4: does and what it looks like, but we can also

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Speaker 4: talk about the ways it can inform itself.

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Speaker 1: Were the ways that it can exist out there? Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and it's incredible that we can sometimes predict this. We

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Speaker 1: can just like write down math on a piece of

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Speaker 1: paper and say, we think if you put these atoms

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Speaker 1: in this weird configuration, they will do this amazing, crazy

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Speaker 1: thing you can't otherwise see. And then it's a game

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Speaker 1: of seeing whether you can do it. You know, it's

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Speaker 1: an experimental challenge. And this is one of those stories

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Speaker 1: where the theorists were decades and decades ahead of the experimentalists.

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Speaker 1: They had this idea in the twenties, really, and it

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Speaker 1: wasn't until the nineties that people figured it out.

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Speaker 4: Wow.

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Speaker 1: That means that it was one of these like plums

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Speaker 1: hanging out there where everybody knew if you could be

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Speaker 1: the first one to do it, you would get a

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Speaker 1: Nobel prize. And there was sort of like, you know,

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Speaker 1: progress for ten years, and then things ground to a

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Speaker 1: halt and nobody had any good ideas, and then a

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Speaker 1: burst of progress and then very late in the game,

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Speaker 1: a quick sprint to the finish line where you know,

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Speaker 1: the people who cross the finish line first, they win

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Speaker 1: the Nobel Prize, and everybody else just has a cold

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Speaker 1: gas of atoms.

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Speaker 4: Oh Man, So only two people are famous, the people

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Speaker 4: who come up with a problem and the people who

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Speaker 4: solve the problem. Everyone in between gets forgotten.

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Speaker 1: That's right. And if you find this kind of story inspiring,

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Speaker 1: you know, there are plenty of other things out there

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Speaker 1: which everybody knows. If you discover them, you would win

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Speaker 1: a Nobel Prize. And maybe we're five years, maybe we're

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Speaker 1: fifty years away from discovering those things and somebody getting

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Speaker 1: the Nobel Prize. But there is plenty of low hanging

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Speaker 1: fruit left in physics.

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Speaker 4: All right, are you making a plug for bananas, Daniel,

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Speaker 4: because they're pretty low hanging In.

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Speaker 1: General, people have discovered bananas already, sorry to first year Noble.

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Speaker 4: Well, such is the case for the bos Einstein conniscant.

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Speaker 4: And as usual we were wondering how many people out

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Speaker 4: there knew what this was or where familiar with what

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Speaker 4: the state of matter is. And so as usual Daniel

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Speaker 4: went out there into the wilds of the Internet to

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Speaker 4: ask people what is a Bose Einstein connocant?

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Speaker 1: That's right, and if you'd like to participate in our

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Speaker 1: random person on the Internet question, please write to us

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Speaker 1: to questions at danielinhorhand dot com. We would love to

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Speaker 1: hear your thoughts for future upcoming episodes. Here's what people

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Speaker 1: had to say.

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Speaker 7: I would imagine something to do with Albert Einstein, though

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Speaker 7: I don't think it has anything to do with bo's audio.

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Speaker 7: I would guess it might have something to do with

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Speaker 7: bosons and condensate means, maybe something with the way they

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Speaker 7: behave at a particular temperature or pressure. Maybe it's a

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Speaker 7: speaker that vibrates water out of the year and then

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Speaker 7: uses the hydrogen to blow.

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Speaker 1: Up your house. Well, I heard about it, but I

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Speaker 1: don't remember. It's some kind of state or I don't know.

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Speaker 5: I think Bose was a fellow that was around before

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Speaker 5: Einstein who came up with the initial concept, and then

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Speaker 5: I think Einstein sweetened the deal a little bit. But

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Speaker 5: this was around something hectic to do with the theory

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Speaker 5: of relativity and the expansion of the universe and universal constants,

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Speaker 5: so I think it was something related to that, but

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Speaker 5: I can't quite remember. I know what was mentioned on

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Speaker 5: the podcast recently.

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Speaker 3: It was for the state of matter. I think, if

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Speaker 3: I'm not wrong, the scientist in the ices lab found

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Speaker 3: it in some cold lab that instaument name and they

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Speaker 3: discovered it. It's been theoretical so far, and there's the

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Speaker 3: first time there's something exists in that state of matter.

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Speaker 4: All right, Well, it sounds like a lot of people

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Speaker 4: knew it was the state of matter.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, except for the folks who thought it was a

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Speaker 1: speaker that vibrates water out of the air and blows

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Speaker 1: up your house.

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Speaker 4: Wow.

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Speaker 1: Where did that one come from?

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Speaker 4: Right?

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Speaker 1: I don't know. That must have been like an awesome

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Speaker 1: installation of massive bows speakers that shattered somebody's windows or something,

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Speaker 1: and I like somebody made that connection to the bosons.

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Speaker 1: Yeah particle, Yeah, exactly. So there's some good general knowledge

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Speaker 1: out there. Good job listeners. H Yeah, so Bose Einstein,

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Speaker 1: Condon said, Daniel, let's dig into it. What is it?

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Speaker 4: I'm guessing it has something to do with Einstein and

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Speaker 4: maybe condensed milk.

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Speaker 1: Is that the sweetened can dense milk? Yeah? Absolutely, It's

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Speaker 1: a recipe for lemon bars by Moose.

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Speaker 4: And only if you get it cold enough and only

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Speaker 4: the first bite.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, So what it is is a new state of matter,

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Speaker 1: another state of matter different from liquid, solid, or gas

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Speaker 1: or even plasma. And as you said before, those are

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Speaker 1: states of matter sort of organized in terms of temperature increasing, right, solid, liquid, gas, plasma.

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Speaker 1: And what happens there is the particles are disassociating. As

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Speaker 1: they get hotter and hotter, they tend to move around more,

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Speaker 1: they have less restrictions. But there are these phase differences. Right.

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Speaker 1: Things don't go smoothly from solid to liquid and liquid

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Speaker 1: to gas. They're these transitions where suddenly things behave different.

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Speaker 4: Wait, isn't there a middle state called the smoothie or

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Speaker 4: a carbonated drink.

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Speaker 1: That's right, it's called the margarita. That's the state of

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Speaker 1: matter you discover after you win the Noga process right

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Speaker 1: at the happy hour. Yeah, made of decorons. So there

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Speaker 1: are these interesting transitions, and that's fascinating, right, that these

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Speaker 1: particles tend to work in one way and then you

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Speaker 1: cross them over a threshold and they tend to work

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Speaker 1: in another way, Like there are different rules for gases

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Speaker 1: and liquids and solids and plasmas, right, And it has

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Speaker 1: something to do with the forces that bind the atoms

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Speaker 1: together and particles together, right, like at some point their

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Speaker 1: energy is more than that bond, and so they start

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Speaker 1: arranging themselves in a different ways exactly, And so you

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Speaker 1: have to understand it from the microscopic. You say, well,

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Speaker 1: what's the dominant force, And just like you said when

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Speaker 1: things get cold, the dominant force is this crystal structure

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Speaker 1: of the atoms that are holding them together. And after that,

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Speaker 1: the dominant energetic contribution is the kinetic energy of the objects.

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Speaker 1: But there's still some bonds, right. The bonds between atoms

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Speaker 1: and a liquid are what give you things like surface

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Speaker 1: pressure and constant volume and stuff. And so you have

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Speaker 1: to understand, like what are the dominant forces and how

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Speaker 1: are they playing together? And so you take these little

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Speaker 1: atoms and you try to think what are their emergent properties?

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Speaker 1: And this is a really hard thing to do to

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Speaker 1: go from the microscopic like I have a few little

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Speaker 1: particles to understanding the whole thing. It's like why hurricanes

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Speaker 1: are difficult. You know, we understand how particles of water

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Speaker 1: moved through the atmosphere, it's not hard, but how do

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Speaker 1: you understand ten trillion of them swirling around in really

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Speaker 1: complex situations. So this kind of theory is very difficult,

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Speaker 1: and Bose and Einstein were playing around with the math

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Speaker 1: and they figured out a new phase. They're like, Ooh,

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Speaker 1: here's a way. If you arrange the particles in this

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Speaker 1: special way, you could get completely different behavior from anything

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Speaker 1: we've seen.

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Speaker 4: Oh well, I guess you're saying it's sort of like

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Speaker 4: an emergent property. That means that it's like how they

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Speaker 4: all behave collectively. And you're saying that it doesn't you know,

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Speaker 4: like you can't talk about one atom being solid, liquid

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Speaker 4: or gas, right, you have to talk about like a

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Speaker 4: collection of them.

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Speaker 1: That's right. You have to talk about the state of

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Speaker 1: like many particles, you know. I think about physics sort

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Speaker 1: of like in layers. Right, we have rules for how

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Speaker 1: the soul system operates, and we think about the planets

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Speaker 1: as like an individual blob. But then we also have

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Speaker 1: rules for how winds move and fluid dynamics, and then

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Speaker 1: we have on another layer we have rules for individual particles,

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Speaker 1: and then deeper down we have rules for like how

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Speaker 1: the quarks move inside those particles. And in principle, all

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Speaker 1: you need to know is the sort of lowest level stuff,

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Speaker 1: the tiniest particles, those really do determine everything. Else. But

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Speaker 1: in practice it's hard. It's a hard way to do stuff,

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Speaker 1: like it's hard to predict how a hurricane works, even

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Speaker 1: if you understand wind and water. And the amazing thing

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Speaker 1: is how much interesting stuff you discover that's not fundamental,

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Speaker 1: like tiny particles, but comes out at the higher levels

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Speaker 1: like hurricanes. And this stuff can be simply described by

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Speaker 1: new laws of physics that work at that higher level,

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Speaker 1: like you don't need to know about particles to understand

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Speaker 1: how canniball flies and have a math formula that describes it.

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Speaker 1: And that's why phases of matter are super fascinating, not

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Speaker 1: because they're fundamental, but because they emerge.

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Speaker 4: All right, So then Einstein got together with this scientist

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Speaker 4: called Bos, and they hung out and worked out the

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Speaker 4: mats together, or how did they work together?

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Speaker 1: I think Bos actually worked out the basic idea first,

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Speaker 1: and then Einstein read his paper and extended it, and

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Speaker 1: the result was this prediction that if you took atoms

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Speaker 1: and you made them not super hot like you would

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Speaker 1: need to get a plasma, but super duper duper cold,

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Speaker 1: then they would do something really interesting. But only if

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Speaker 1: there were a certain kind of particle, a particle called

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Speaker 1: a boson.

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Speaker 3: Oh.

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Speaker 4: I see, so this is not about atoms. It's more

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Speaker 4: like when we were talking about particular particles.

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Speaker 1: Well, there's two kinds of particles. There are fermions and

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Speaker 1: there are bosons. Fermions are particles that have a certain

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Speaker 1: kind of spin half an integer, that can have spin

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Speaker 1: one half or minus one half. And bosons are particles

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Speaker 1: that have spin that are an integer, so they can

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Speaker 1: have spin like one zero or minus one. Now that's

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Speaker 1: not really a big deal, it doesn't really matter. But

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Speaker 1: every atom, for example, is either a fermion or a

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Speaker 1: bos depending on how you build it up out of

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Speaker 1: the little particles. So, for example, rubidium is a boson

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Speaker 1: because of the particles it's made out of. You can

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Speaker 1: also have fermionic atoms. Oh, what are electrons? What are electrons?

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Speaker 1: Electrons are fermions and quarks are bosons. Right, Electrons are

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Speaker 1: fermions and quarks are fermions.

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Speaker 2: Oh.

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Speaker 1: At the particle level, the smallest level, all of the

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Speaker 1: matter particles, quarks and leptons are fermions, while the focet particles, photons,

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Speaker 1: et cetera, are bosons. But you can combine fermions together

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Speaker 1: to make bosons. So like two electrons together can make

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Speaker 1: a bosonic pair because the one has can add up

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Speaker 1: to an integer. And that's why, for example, you can

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Speaker 1: make bosons out of fermions. There's some really complicated spin

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Speaker 1: arithmetic there that we probably don't want to get into.

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Speaker 1: And vocabulary.

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Speaker 4: I feel like you're confusing me with vocabulary again, Dan,

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Speaker 4: But like a Higgs boson, then is made out of

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Speaker 4: other things? Or is it a Higgs boson a boson?

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Speaker 1: Bosons don't have to be made of fermions. They can

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Speaker 1: be fundamental like the higgs. But all the force particles

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Speaker 1: like the Higgs boson, the photon, the W and z

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Speaker 1: fundamentally are bosons.

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Speaker 4: Oh I see, But fermions can get together and become

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Speaker 4: like bosons.

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Speaker 1: Yes, absolutely, you can combine the half spin lego pieces

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Speaker 1: to make integer spin pieces. Oh I see, but they

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Speaker 1: have to come in like in pairs. I guess right. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: you have to combine them the right way. So does

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Speaker 1: it have to do with like if the atom has

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Speaker 1: an even number of electrons or yes, exactly, so you

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Speaker 1: can make bosons. You can make fermions. Every atom can

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Speaker 1: be fermions. You can have bosons, et cetera. But there's

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Speaker 1: an important difference because bosons can do something that fermions

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Speaker 1: cannot do, which is hang out together. You're saying, yes,

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Speaker 1: they can hang out together. So fermions, for a reason

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Speaker 1: that nobody really understands, can never share a quantum state.

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Speaker 1: Like that's the reason why electrons which are fermions don't

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Speaker 1: all lie in the ground state of an atom, Like

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Speaker 1: you have an atom with ten electrons in it. They

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Speaker 1: don't all just lie in the lowest energy level. They

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Speaker 1: stack on top of each other. The energy levels are

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Speaker 1: a ladder. You can only have one electron per layer

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Speaker 1: of the ladder. Because they're fermions. Bosons are happy to

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Speaker 1: all hang out at the bottom level, right like in

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Speaker 1: the nudios. In many configurations, like you can have a laser,

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Speaker 1: which is a bunch of photons which are bosons, all

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Speaker 1: in the same quantum states. And so we have two

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Speaker 1: kinds of particles, bosons and fermions. And we understand sort

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Speaker 1: of mathematically why this happens. It emerges from the math,

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Speaker 1: but we don't really fundamentally, intutively understand why bosons can

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Speaker 1: all hang out in the same state and fermions just

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Speaker 1: will not, Like this is this famous story about how

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Speaker 1: somebody asked Feineman, hey, find me, can you explain this

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Speaker 1: to us why bosons can all hang out in the

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Speaker 1: same state and fermions can't. And he came back and

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Speaker 1: he said, you know, I don't have an explanation that

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Speaker 1: I can use on like eighteen year olds, which means

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Speaker 1: I don't really understand it. That's right.

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Speaker 4: He's famous for saying, nobody understands quantum physics.

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Speaker 1: Right, yeah, exactly, And you know it does come out

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Speaker 1: of the mathematics, but we don't intuitively understand it. It's

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Speaker 1: just a weird fact about the universe, right, But it

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Speaker 1: means that if you put a bunch of boson particles together,

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Speaker 1: they can all hang out in the coldest, lowest quantum state,

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Speaker 1: and that is the Einstein Bose concant Yes, so they

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Speaker 1: predicted that if you get a bunch of these particles together,

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Speaker 1: you get them really cold, they can all be in

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Speaker 1: the same quantum state, and then something really weird would

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Speaker 1: happen that because they'd be so close together and so

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Speaker 1: cold that the size of their quantum wavelength would be

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Speaker 1: larger than the distance between them, and so they would

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Speaker 1: basically merge and all have the same quantum state and

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Speaker 1: act like one big quantum particle.

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Speaker 4: All right, cool, Let's get into it a little bit

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Speaker 4: more and how that all works.

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440
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441
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Speaker 4: All right, we're talking about the Bose Einstein condensate, and

451
00:22:40,240 --> 00:22:43,080
Speaker 4: you're saying that it's related to this idea that bosons

452
00:22:43,160 --> 00:22:46,320
Speaker 4: can hang out together and they can share a quantum state.

453
00:22:47,000 --> 00:22:49,040
Speaker 4: I guess maybe some people might be wondering, what does

454
00:22:49,080 --> 00:22:51,480
Speaker 4: that mean, Like they're sharing a quantum state. Does that

455
00:22:51,520 --> 00:22:54,240
Speaker 4: mean that they have all the same quantum properties and

456
00:22:54,320 --> 00:22:55,560
Speaker 4: are sitting in the same spot.

457
00:22:55,640 --> 00:22:57,400
Speaker 1: Yeah, it means that they sit on top of each other.

458
00:22:57,440 --> 00:22:59,480
Speaker 1: They can be in the same location and they can

459
00:22:59,480 --> 00:23:02,320
Speaker 1: share all the same quantum properties. And this is really

460
00:23:02,320 --> 00:23:05,760
Speaker 1: interesting because usually you have just one particle in a

461
00:23:05,840 --> 00:23:08,640
Speaker 1: quantum state, and you know, we know the quantum state

462
00:23:08,720 --> 00:23:11,560
Speaker 1: is sort of a thing that controls what happens to

463
00:23:11,600 --> 00:23:14,120
Speaker 1: one particle. It's like a list of all the possibilities

464
00:23:14,160 --> 00:23:16,840
Speaker 1: for what that particle can do. But since you only

465
00:23:16,840 --> 00:23:19,200
Speaker 1: ever have one particle in a quantum state, you don't

466
00:23:19,240 --> 00:23:22,359
Speaker 1: really see the full distribution. But if you have a

467
00:23:22,440 --> 00:23:25,200
Speaker 1: bunch of particles and they're all in that same one

468
00:23:25,400 --> 00:23:28,920
Speaker 1: quantum state, then you can see sort of the whole distribution.

469
00:23:29,000 --> 00:23:32,720
Speaker 1: You can like physically look at this thing and see, oh,

470
00:23:32,760 --> 00:23:35,840
Speaker 1: here's the distribution of all the possible things that could

471
00:23:35,880 --> 00:23:38,800
Speaker 1: happen to this particle. Because you have ten million particles

472
00:23:38,840 --> 00:23:41,160
Speaker 1: and they're all in the same quantum states, you get

473
00:23:41,160 --> 00:23:43,800
Speaker 1: to see sort of all the outcomes at once. But

474
00:23:43,960 --> 00:23:45,879
Speaker 1: only if there are a boson. Only if they're a boson,

475
00:23:45,920 --> 00:23:48,679
Speaker 1: because only bosons can do this. Ermeons can only have

476
00:23:48,760 --> 00:23:51,920
Speaker 1: one particle per quantum state. Bosons, you can have any

477
00:23:52,040 --> 00:23:55,280
Speaker 1: number of particles all in the lowest quantum state. Now,

478
00:23:55,480 --> 00:23:57,199
Speaker 1: how do you get a bunch of particles in the

479
00:23:57,240 --> 00:23:59,920
Speaker 1: same quantum state. Well, the only way really to do

480
00:24:00,200 --> 00:24:03,240
Speaker 1: that is to push them up against the wall of temperature. Like,

481
00:24:03,320 --> 00:24:04,920
Speaker 1: you can't get them all in the same quantum state

482
00:24:04,920 --> 00:24:07,159
Speaker 1: if there are at two hundred degrees, because there's a

483
00:24:07,160 --> 00:24:09,679
Speaker 1: billion different quantum states. So what you do is you

484
00:24:09,720 --> 00:24:12,800
Speaker 1: make them really really cold so that there's only one

485
00:24:13,160 --> 00:24:16,000
Speaker 1: of state available to them, the lowest one, and then

486
00:24:16,040 --> 00:24:18,960
Speaker 1: they all pile up in that quantum state. And Einstein

487
00:24:19,000 --> 00:24:21,200
Speaker 1: and Bose predicted that if you did that, you would

488
00:24:21,200 --> 00:24:25,280
Speaker 1: get this blob where the particles sort of lose their individuality.

489
00:24:25,440 --> 00:24:29,159
Speaker 1: They become a macroscopically sized like you could see it

490
00:24:29,600 --> 00:24:31,639
Speaker 1: quantum mechanically behaving on objects.

491
00:24:31,640 --> 00:24:33,720
Speaker 4: I guess maybe I'm getting tripped up because I'm thinking

492
00:24:33,760 --> 00:24:37,239
Speaker 4: of these things as particles, as like little things. But

493
00:24:37,320 --> 00:24:39,360
Speaker 4: maybe you know, if you think of them as waves,

494
00:24:39,400 --> 00:24:42,840
Speaker 4: then it maybe makes more sense. Like you know, fermions,

495
00:24:42,880 --> 00:24:44,800
Speaker 4: you can't have a wave on top of another wave,

496
00:24:44,840 --> 00:24:47,800
Speaker 4: but bosons they're happy to stack together as waves.

497
00:24:47,840 --> 00:24:49,720
Speaker 1: Is that kind of what you're saying. Yeah, And every

498
00:24:49,760 --> 00:24:51,480
Speaker 1: time you think about these things, you should not be

499
00:24:51,480 --> 00:24:54,399
Speaker 1: thinking about a tiny little spinning ball of matter, right,

500
00:24:54,440 --> 00:24:56,560
Speaker 1: because that's not what they are. They are weird quantum

501
00:24:56,600 --> 00:24:59,800
Speaker 1: mechanical objects, and the intuition you usually have about how

502
00:25:00,200 --> 00:25:03,800
Speaker 1: article a little thing moves through space doesn't work. But

503
00:25:03,800 --> 00:25:06,640
Speaker 1: you're right. You can apply that intuition to the waves

504
00:25:06,680 --> 00:25:09,680
Speaker 1: because the waves follow all those rules like waves are

505
00:25:09,720 --> 00:25:13,040
Speaker 1: deterministic and their future can be predicted and actually move

506
00:25:13,160 --> 00:25:16,280
Speaker 1: through space. So yes, you can imagine all those bosonic

507
00:25:16,359 --> 00:25:18,200
Speaker 1: waves sort of stacking on top of each other. They're

508
00:25:18,240 --> 00:25:19,439
Speaker 1: all doing the same thing.

509
00:25:19,440 --> 00:25:22,360
Speaker 4: Right, whereas like a Fermion bunch of waves, they would

510
00:25:22,359 --> 00:25:23,480
Speaker 4: all sort of avoid each other.

511
00:25:23,560 --> 00:25:26,359
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, like droplets that repel each other. Yeah, or

512
00:25:26,440 --> 00:25:28,000
Speaker 1: sort of like a game of Connect four. You know,

513
00:25:28,040 --> 00:25:30,560
Speaker 1: you slide the pieces in and they stack on top

514
00:25:30,640 --> 00:25:32,879
Speaker 1: of each other, and once you got one in a slot,

515
00:25:32,920 --> 00:25:35,240
Speaker 1: you can't get another one in a slot. Whereas bosons

516
00:25:35,240 --> 00:25:37,360
Speaker 1: they just like slide right past each other and they're

517
00:25:37,359 --> 00:25:39,879
Speaker 1: all happy to go down to the very lowest level.

518
00:25:40,119 --> 00:25:42,040
Speaker 1: So you couldn't play Connect four with bosons.

519
00:25:42,080 --> 00:25:44,879
Speaker 4: Oh they're all stack at the bottom. That would be

520
00:25:44,880 --> 00:25:45,640
Speaker 4: a hard game to win.

521
00:25:45,680 --> 00:25:48,840
Speaker 1: Then that's right, unless it's Connect one, in which case

522
00:25:48,840 --> 00:25:50,560
Speaker 1: it's over instantly.

523
00:25:50,560 --> 00:25:52,639
Speaker 4: All right, So I stand and bos figured out that

524
00:25:52,680 --> 00:25:55,520
Speaker 4: if you cool atoms, you make them cold enough, then

525
00:25:55,880 --> 00:25:59,159
Speaker 4: with bosons, then they all sort of like merge together,

526
00:25:59,240 --> 00:26:01,480
Speaker 4: all their wave on I think you were telling me that,

527
00:26:01,960 --> 00:26:05,040
Speaker 4: like you go over some threshold, like their quantum wave

528
00:26:05,080 --> 00:26:06,720
Speaker 4: functions starts to overlap.

529
00:26:06,840 --> 00:26:08,959
Speaker 1: The key thing is to get them so cold that

530
00:26:09,080 --> 00:26:12,000
Speaker 1: the size of their wave function, the thing that controls

531
00:26:12,040 --> 00:26:15,440
Speaker 1: where they are, is about the same as the mean

532
00:26:15,600 --> 00:26:19,440
Speaker 1: difference in the spacing between them, so their wave functions

533
00:26:19,520 --> 00:26:22,280
Speaker 1: actually overlap. So you have like atom number one over

534
00:26:22,320 --> 00:26:24,560
Speaker 1: here and autom number two over there. They're not literally

535
00:26:24,600 --> 00:26:27,000
Speaker 1: on top of each other, but their wave functions are

536
00:26:27,040 --> 00:26:29,399
Speaker 1: now overlapping. And the more you can get them on

537
00:26:29,440 --> 00:26:31,720
Speaker 1: top of each other the better. But there's this sort

538
00:26:31,760 --> 00:26:34,840
Speaker 1: of threshold where their wave functions are now overlapping, and

539
00:26:34,840 --> 00:26:37,439
Speaker 1: they think that's when the phase transition occurs, and you

540
00:26:37,480 --> 00:26:40,840
Speaker 1: get this new weird kind of blob that should behave

541
00:26:40,960 --> 00:26:43,840
Speaker 1: differently and will dig into exactly what this thing can do,

542
00:26:44,200 --> 00:26:48,480
Speaker 1: but it should behave differently than liquids or gases or solids.

543
00:26:48,520 --> 00:26:51,080
Speaker 4: Oh, I see, it's kind of like normally the particles

544
00:26:51,320 --> 00:26:53,840
Speaker 4: or the atoms are bouncing around, they're moving too fast,

545
00:26:53,960 --> 00:26:56,280
Speaker 4: really far apart from each other. But once you cool it,

546
00:26:56,320 --> 00:26:59,520
Speaker 4: they start to come together, and at some point they're

547
00:26:59,560 --> 00:27:03,320
Speaker 4: wavefundunctions overlap, they synchronize, I guess is a good way

548
00:27:03,560 --> 00:27:03,960
Speaker 4: to put it.

549
00:27:04,160 --> 00:27:06,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, they synchronize. They all follow the same rules. They're

550
00:27:06,960 --> 00:27:09,800
Speaker 1: all in the same state. They can have different actual

551
00:27:09,840 --> 00:27:12,760
Speaker 1: outcomes because remember there's still a random element there, but

552
00:27:12,760 --> 00:27:15,840
Speaker 1: they all have the same wave functions. They're all determined

553
00:27:16,160 --> 00:27:19,920
Speaker 1: by the same fundamental dynamics. Wait, there's like one overall

554
00:27:19,920 --> 00:27:22,640
Speaker 1: wave function that sort of controls all of them. Yeah,

555
00:27:22,640 --> 00:27:24,920
Speaker 1: that's right. And you know, there's nothing stopping you from

556
00:27:24,960 --> 00:27:27,520
Speaker 1: writing a wave function down for two particles that have

557
00:27:27,600 --> 00:27:30,359
Speaker 1: nothing to do with each other. But those wave functions factorize.

558
00:27:30,400 --> 00:27:32,600
Speaker 1: It's just like a product of the two. But when

559
00:27:32,600 --> 00:27:35,119
Speaker 1: they overlap, when they synchronize, like you said, then you

560
00:27:35,119 --> 00:27:38,720
Speaker 1: have a single wave function that describes both particles. And

561
00:27:38,760 --> 00:27:40,840
Speaker 1: so if you get a bunch of particles you cool them,

562
00:27:41,040 --> 00:27:43,159
Speaker 1: they will start to overlap. And certainly it's like you

563
00:27:43,160 --> 00:27:46,000
Speaker 1: have a giant particle. Right, that's kind of the idea.

564
00:27:46,080 --> 00:27:49,360
Speaker 1: And they're all sort of like moving together, but they're

565
00:27:49,400 --> 00:27:51,439
Speaker 1: not really moving, they're just sort of existing in a

566
00:27:51,520 --> 00:27:55,399
Speaker 1: quantum way together. Yes, and then together they can do

567
00:27:55,560 --> 00:27:58,960
Speaker 1: quantum things that you usually can only see a tiny

568
00:27:59,040 --> 00:28:03,000
Speaker 1: microscopic particle, But now you can see a giant, millimeter

569
00:28:03,119 --> 00:28:05,560
Speaker 1: sized blob doing these quantum things.

570
00:28:05,560 --> 00:28:09,879
Speaker 4: A giant like a millimeter size quantum object. That's yes, huge,

571
00:28:10,280 --> 00:28:14,000
Speaker 4: that's huge, Yeah, I mean in a literal and also significance.

572
00:28:14,320 --> 00:28:16,359
Speaker 1: Yeah. And it's not like it has great you know,

573
00:28:16,480 --> 00:28:19,760
Speaker 1: military applications or it's going to revolutionize the Internet. You're

574
00:28:19,760 --> 00:28:22,479
Speaker 1: not going to see like Bose Einstein computing or whatever.

575
00:28:22,720 --> 00:28:25,560
Speaker 1: It's mostly just cool, like, can we make a new

576
00:28:25,600 --> 00:28:29,639
Speaker 1: weird kind of goo, especially one that reveals the fundamental

577
00:28:29,680 --> 00:28:32,119
Speaker 1: quantum nature of the universe in a way that's just

578
00:28:32,520 --> 00:28:35,920
Speaker 1: totally unambiguous. Yeah, and observable, I guess because you can

579
00:28:35,960 --> 00:28:38,040
Speaker 1: look at it. Yeah. People like to see stuff, and

580
00:28:38,120 --> 00:28:40,760
Speaker 1: so here this is quantum mechanics. You can see. And

581
00:28:40,920 --> 00:28:42,560
Speaker 1: so what kind of weird stuff can it do? Can

582
00:28:42,600 --> 00:28:48,080
Speaker 1: it like teleport or well, it can interfere. So you

583
00:28:48,080 --> 00:28:51,320
Speaker 1: can have like two of these things with different wave

584
00:28:51,360 --> 00:28:53,760
Speaker 1: functions and then you sort of overlap them and you

585
00:28:53,840 --> 00:28:57,480
Speaker 1: see an interference pattern, like rather than having a single

586
00:28:57,480 --> 00:28:59,640
Speaker 1: particle and it's got a probability going here or there,

587
00:28:59,800 --> 00:29:02,720
Speaker 1: you get these waves in the blob. You get these

588
00:29:02,920 --> 00:29:06,360
Speaker 1: interference patterns, these patterns of darkened light in the single blob,

589
00:29:07,720 --> 00:29:09,720
Speaker 1: and you can do quantum mechanical tunneling. Yeah.

590
00:29:09,720 --> 00:29:12,800
Speaker 4: That's what I mean by teleporting, is that they can

591
00:29:12,840 --> 00:29:14,120
Speaker 4: cross impossible barriers.

592
00:29:14,200 --> 00:29:16,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, a single particle can have a wave function that

593
00:29:16,640 --> 00:29:19,720
Speaker 1: exists on both sides of a barrier, right, like in

594
00:29:19,800 --> 00:29:23,000
Speaker 1: a potential well, and across a barrier to the other

595
00:29:23,040 --> 00:29:25,400
Speaker 1: side of the well. So it can't be in between,

596
00:29:25,440 --> 00:29:27,200
Speaker 1: but has a possibility to be on the left and

597
00:29:27,240 --> 00:29:29,840
Speaker 1: the right. We did a whole fun podcast episode about

598
00:29:30,000 --> 00:29:32,760
Speaker 1: quantum tunneling, right, and the reason that that can happen

599
00:29:32,840 --> 00:29:34,720
Speaker 1: is that the particle has a probability to be on

600
00:29:34,760 --> 00:29:36,680
Speaker 1: the left and a probability to be on the right.

601
00:29:36,760 --> 00:29:40,080
Speaker 1: And particles aren't limited to classical paths. They don't have

602
00:29:40,120 --> 00:29:42,640
Speaker 1: to go from where they were to where they are.

603
00:29:42,840 --> 00:29:45,400
Speaker 1: They just have these snapshots. So if your probability to

604
00:29:45,440 --> 00:29:47,440
Speaker 1: be on the left and then on the right later,

605
00:29:47,760 --> 00:29:50,000
Speaker 1: that's no problem. You can do that. That's quantum tunnel

606
00:29:50,120 --> 00:29:52,360
Speaker 1: So that's what would happen with the blob. It would

607
00:29:52,520 --> 00:29:54,880
Speaker 1: suddenly appear on the other side of a wall. Yeah,

608
00:29:54,960 --> 00:29:56,480
Speaker 1: you're can have part of the blob on the left

609
00:29:56,480 --> 00:29:58,400
Speaker 1: and then suddenly have part of the blob on the right,

610
00:29:58,720 --> 00:30:01,880
Speaker 1: even though it can't go in tween, so it can teleport,

611
00:30:02,120 --> 00:30:06,160
Speaker 1: so it can do weird Yeah, yeah, quantum teleportation. Sure,

612
00:30:06,720 --> 00:30:08,560
Speaker 1: So you just have to be cool and you can

613
00:30:08,560 --> 00:30:12,800
Speaker 1: teleport super duper cool like nano cool.

614
00:30:12,840 --> 00:30:15,320
Speaker 4: All right, And are there any other interesting things that

615
00:30:15,400 --> 00:30:18,680
Speaker 4: can do or interesting applications we can use these four.

616
00:30:18,520 --> 00:30:20,760
Speaker 1: Well, we talked about this once that you can do

617
00:30:20,800 --> 00:30:24,160
Speaker 1: weird stuff to light. Bose Einstein condensate, because of its

618
00:30:24,200 --> 00:30:27,880
Speaker 1: weird properties, can slow down light to like the speed

619
00:30:28,000 --> 00:30:31,480
Speaker 1: of a bicycle. Usually light travels, you know, three hundred

620
00:30:31,600 --> 00:30:35,440
Speaker 1: million meters per second, but you can slow down light

621
00:30:35,520 --> 00:30:38,880
Speaker 1: if it goes into various media and Bose Einstein contentsates

622
00:30:38,880 --> 00:30:41,160
Speaker 1: can slow it down to like the speed of somebody

623
00:30:41,240 --> 00:30:43,760
Speaker 1: riding a bicycle. And there's a group of Harvard that

624
00:30:43,840 --> 00:30:47,640
Speaker 1: even was able to stop light inside a Bose Einstein contensate.

625
00:30:47,800 --> 00:30:50,200
Speaker 4: Right, Yeah, we talked about light going in and then

626
00:30:50,480 --> 00:30:53,720
Speaker 4: bouncing around kind of or interacting with the Bose Einstein

627
00:30:53,760 --> 00:30:56,080
Speaker 4: constant and essentially slowing down light.

628
00:30:56,280 --> 00:30:58,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, slowing down light or even stopping it like they

629
00:30:58,680 --> 00:31:01,480
Speaker 1: can have a laser pulse go into the Bose Einstein

630
00:31:01,480 --> 00:31:03,760
Speaker 1: condensate and then they can just wait and they can

631
00:31:03,760 --> 00:31:05,680
Speaker 1: move it somewhere else and then they can have it

632
00:31:05,720 --> 00:31:08,920
Speaker 1: re emit the exact same laser pulse. Wow, So that's

633
00:31:08,960 --> 00:31:11,800
Speaker 1: kind of cool. They're working on using Bose Einstein common

634
00:31:11,880 --> 00:31:14,520
Speaker 1: SATs to build an atom laser. So usually you have

635
00:31:14,560 --> 00:31:17,360
Speaker 1: a laser made of photons, right, You're shooting beams of

636
00:31:17,440 --> 00:31:21,040
Speaker 1: light made of tiny little photons. But people are interested

637
00:31:21,080 --> 00:31:24,120
Speaker 1: in shooting beams of atoms, atoms that are all in

638
00:31:24,160 --> 00:31:26,920
Speaker 1: the same quantum state, and that can do the same

639
00:31:27,000 --> 00:31:29,920
Speaker 1: kind of thing as a laser, like enhance and resonate

640
00:31:29,960 --> 00:31:32,680
Speaker 1: with each other. And that has all sorts of weird applications.

641
00:31:32,760 --> 00:31:35,800
Speaker 1: Plus it just seems kind of cool. And so people

642
00:31:35,800 --> 00:31:38,840
Speaker 1: are building atom lasers using Bose Einstein condenses.

643
00:31:39,000 --> 00:31:42,120
Speaker 4: That is a really weird thing that matter can do, right.

644
00:31:42,160 --> 00:31:44,960
Speaker 4: I guess it's all because of quantum mechanics, Like you know,

645
00:31:45,120 --> 00:31:49,280
Speaker 4: solid gas, liquid plasma. Those you can sort of imagine

646
00:31:49,680 --> 00:31:53,280
Speaker 4: from classical physics, right, but this one is like a

647
00:31:53,400 --> 00:31:55,480
Speaker 4: very unique quantum state of matter.

648
00:31:55,640 --> 00:31:58,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, this one you couldn't do if matter really was

649
00:31:58,960 --> 00:32:02,440
Speaker 1: tiny little classical balls. So you really need a microscopic

650
00:32:02,520 --> 00:32:05,160
Speaker 1: quantum understanding to make any sense of this. And it's

651
00:32:05,160 --> 00:32:07,240
Speaker 1: sort of awesome that they just use the map to

652
00:32:07,320 --> 00:32:10,000
Speaker 1: predict it, right, to say, like, ooh, here's how we

653
00:32:10,040 --> 00:32:12,000
Speaker 1: think this should work. I'm really in all of those

654
00:32:12,040 --> 00:32:12,920
Speaker 1: kinds of accomplishments.

655
00:32:13,000 --> 00:32:15,400
Speaker 4: This is a really interesting story. And so let's get

656
00:32:15,400 --> 00:32:18,920
Speaker 4: into that. Einstein and bos figured out this possible quantum

657
00:32:19,000 --> 00:32:22,440
Speaker 4: state of matter and then it took seventy years to

658
00:32:22,600 --> 00:32:23,920
Speaker 4: actually sort of do it.

659
00:32:24,080 --> 00:32:26,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, it took seventy years, and the reason is that

660
00:32:26,920 --> 00:32:29,719
Speaker 1: they knew it had to be really, really cold, and

661
00:32:29,800 --> 00:32:33,840
Speaker 1: so this basically just traces the technology available to make

662
00:32:33,920 --> 00:32:38,520
Speaker 1: stuff super duper cold. A story of refrigerations. What you're saying, Yeah,

663
00:32:38,720 --> 00:32:41,320
Speaker 1: it's like the Race to the South Pole in that sense, right,

664
00:32:41,320 --> 00:32:43,520
Speaker 1: It's a race to the bottom of the temperature scale.

665
00:32:44,200 --> 00:32:46,080
Speaker 1: How cold did it need to be? It needed to

666
00:32:46,080 --> 00:32:50,080
Speaker 1: be down to like nano kelvin, like really nano kelvin,

667
00:32:50,440 --> 00:32:56,280
Speaker 1: like zero point zero zero zero twelve zeros one kelvin. Yeah,

668
00:32:56,400 --> 00:32:58,480
Speaker 1: and very early on in the race, people were able

669
00:32:58,520 --> 00:33:00,880
Speaker 1: to do stuff like get down to a few degrees

670
00:33:00,960 --> 00:33:03,440
Speaker 1: kelvin you know, tens of degrees calvin, and you can

671
00:33:03,480 --> 00:33:07,680
Speaker 1: do things like superfluid helium, which we think now has

672
00:33:07,720 --> 00:33:11,239
Speaker 1: a small element of Bose Einstein condensate in it, but

673
00:33:11,280 --> 00:33:14,240
Speaker 1: people really wanted to get like a pure Bose Einstein

674
00:33:14,320 --> 00:33:17,640
Speaker 1: condensate something where most of the atoms were in that state,

675
00:33:17,720 --> 00:33:20,680
Speaker 1: so it was like unambiguous, and for that to happen,

676
00:33:20,720 --> 00:33:22,920
Speaker 1: you really have to get the whole thing down to

677
00:33:23,160 --> 00:33:25,520
Speaker 1: really really cold temperature, to nanokelvin.

678
00:33:26,000 --> 00:33:27,920
Speaker 4: And so you're saying then that even in the twenties

679
00:33:27,920 --> 00:33:30,000
Speaker 4: and thirties they could go down to a few calvin,

680
00:33:30,280 --> 00:33:33,960
Speaker 4: but I guess you needed like a super special technology

681
00:33:33,960 --> 00:33:34,840
Speaker 4: to go even further.

682
00:33:35,000 --> 00:33:38,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, And so fast forward to like the nineties and

683
00:33:38,080 --> 00:33:40,760
Speaker 1: people have been trying to do this and using various techniques,

684
00:33:40,760 --> 00:33:43,000
Speaker 1: and you know, we had atomic physics and you could

685
00:33:43,000 --> 00:33:47,479
Speaker 1: trap individual atoms and do clever stuff. But people were struggling, right,

686
00:33:47,520 --> 00:33:49,640
Speaker 1: They sort of hit a wall. And there was a

687
00:33:49,720 --> 00:33:52,720
Speaker 1: lab at MIT that was trying to use hydrogen. They're like,

688
00:33:52,800 --> 00:33:55,640
Speaker 1: let's just start with hydrogen. And this is Dan Klepner,

689
00:33:55,880 --> 00:33:58,040
Speaker 1: his lab at MIT, and he sort of hit a

690
00:33:58,080 --> 00:34:01,160
Speaker 1: wall in the nineties and couldn't really make much more progress.

691
00:34:01,520 --> 00:34:03,920
Speaker 1: But that's when the breakthrough happened. He couldn't teleport to

692
00:34:03,960 --> 00:34:08,360
Speaker 1: the other side. Yeah, then people made two really big advances,

693
00:34:08,400 --> 00:34:11,839
Speaker 1: and it's actually his students that made these advances. Two

694
00:34:11,880 --> 00:34:17,000
Speaker 1: advances were laser cooling and magnetic evaporation. Is the two

695
00:34:17,040 --> 00:34:21,319
Speaker 1: technologies that let them super cool these atoms down to

696
00:34:21,320 --> 00:34:22,239
Speaker 1: the levels they need to.

697
00:34:22,719 --> 00:34:26,600
Speaker 4: All great combinations of words that you sound impressive of

698
00:34:26,640 --> 00:34:30,640
Speaker 4: physic sense, magnetic evaporation and laser cooling. Yeah, all right,

699
00:34:30,680 --> 00:34:33,520
Speaker 4: let's get into the details of how they finally found

700
00:34:33,520 --> 00:34:36,960
Speaker 4: the Bose Einstein consate and let's talk about what awesome

701
00:34:37,000 --> 00:34:38,920
Speaker 4: things we can do with it. But first, let's take

702
00:34:38,960 --> 00:34:39,760
Speaker 4: another quick break.

703
00:34:44,000 --> 00:34:45,800
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

704
00:34:45,920 --> 00:34:49,040
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

705
00:34:49,080 --> 00:34:53,120
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

706
00:34:53,160 --> 00:34:55,760
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are US. Dairy

707
00:34:55,840 --> 00:34:59,760
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being green

708
00:35:00,200 --> 00:35:02,719
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

709
00:35:02,760 --> 00:35:05,080
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

710
00:35:05,160 --> 00:35:09,359
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions take water.

711
00:35:09,440 --> 00:35:12,520
Speaker 1: For example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four

712
00:35:12,560 --> 00:35:16,040
Speaker 1: times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes

713
00:35:16,080 --> 00:35:18,880
Speaker 1: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy

714
00:35:18,880 --> 00:35:22,640
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases. Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn

715
00:35:22,680 --> 00:35:26,600
Speaker 1: the methane from maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

716
00:35:26,640 --> 00:35:28,719
Speaker 1: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a

717
00:35:28,719 --> 00:35:30,759
Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know

718
00:35:30,840 --> 00:35:33,520
Speaker 1: that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using

719
00:35:33,560 --> 00:35:37,040
Speaker 1: the latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense

720
00:35:37,160 --> 00:35:39,879
Speaker 1: dairy products we love with less of an impact. Visit

721
00:35:39,960 --> 00:35:42,759
Speaker 1: us dairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

722
00:35:43,800 --> 00:35:47,320
Speaker 2: There are children, friends, and families walking, riding on passing

723
00:35:47,320 --> 00:35:49,759
Speaker 2: the roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved

724
00:35:49,760 --> 00:35:51,960
Speaker 2: ones who need them to get home safely. Protect our

725
00:35:52,000 --> 00:35:55,520
Speaker 2: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too. Go safely, California

726
00:35:55,560 --> 00:35:57,840
Speaker 2: From the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans.

727
00:35:57,960 --> 00:36:01,200
Speaker 9: We're just days away from our twenty twenty four I

728
00:36:01,360 --> 00:36:04,440
Speaker 9: heard radio music festival precedent by Capital on.

729
00:36:04,840 --> 00:36:08,040
Speaker 10: The biggest headliners in live music will be taking over

730
00:36:08,160 --> 00:36:10,160
Speaker 10: to Mobile Arena, Las Vegas.

731
00:36:10,000 --> 00:36:12,600
Speaker 6: Lost some special surprises, the moments you are not going

732
00:36:12,680 --> 00:36:13,720
Speaker 6: to want to miss.

733
00:36:13,840 --> 00:36:17,960
Speaker 11: Stream only on Hulu the iHeartRadio Music Festival and listen

734
00:36:18,080 --> 00:36:22,080
Speaker 11: on iHeartRadio the most anticipated live music events of.

735
00:36:22,440 --> 00:36:26,040
Speaker 10: The year this Friday and Saturday, starting at ten thirty

736
00:36:26,080 --> 00:36:27,880
Speaker 10: pm Eastern, seven thirty Pacific.

737
00:36:36,880 --> 00:36:40,759
Speaker 4: Okay, so there's a raise Daniel to get the coldest

738
00:36:40,960 --> 00:36:43,840
Speaker 4: thing possible so that it can snap into the Bose

739
00:36:43,880 --> 00:36:49,000
Speaker 4: Einstein state of matter concate, and so they figured out

740
00:36:49,000 --> 00:36:51,279
Speaker 4: how to do magnetic evaporation to do that.

741
00:36:51,480 --> 00:36:53,360
Speaker 1: What does that mean? Well, what that means is you

742
00:36:53,440 --> 00:36:55,560
Speaker 1: have a bunch of atoms and you want to get

743
00:36:55,600 --> 00:36:58,319
Speaker 1: it colder. How do you do that? Well, one way

744
00:36:58,480 --> 00:37:02,279
Speaker 1: is to actually make all the atoms each individually slow down.

745
00:37:02,920 --> 00:37:05,399
Speaker 1: Another way is to just sort of like take out

746
00:37:05,440 --> 00:37:09,439
Speaker 1: its kinetic energy. Yeah, because remember temperature is basically kinetic energy.

747
00:37:09,480 --> 00:37:12,480
Speaker 1: The faster these things are moving, the hotter the gas is.

748
00:37:13,160 --> 00:37:15,000
Speaker 1: The Other way to do it is to start with

749
00:37:15,040 --> 00:37:18,240
Speaker 1: a larger sample and then just pick out the slower

750
00:37:18,280 --> 00:37:22,359
Speaker 1: moving ones like boil off the hot parts. Selectively pick

751
00:37:22,400 --> 00:37:24,560
Speaker 1: out the slow ones then you end up with something

752
00:37:24,600 --> 00:37:27,799
Speaker 1: which is on average colder than what you started, right.

753
00:37:27,880 --> 00:37:29,680
Speaker 4: That's kind of what happens to a glass of water

754
00:37:29,719 --> 00:37:31,600
Speaker 4: when you leave it out right, Like it's actually a

755
00:37:31,600 --> 00:37:35,120
Speaker 4: little bit colder than ambient temperature because all the hot

756
00:37:35,120 --> 00:37:36,759
Speaker 4: water atoms fly off.

757
00:37:36,880 --> 00:37:38,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, I think that's true. Or it's sort of like

758
00:37:39,000 --> 00:37:40,799
Speaker 1: you know, say you had a glass of ice water

759
00:37:41,120 --> 00:37:43,359
Speaker 1: and you wanted it colder. Well, one thing you do

760
00:37:43,400 --> 00:37:45,759
Speaker 1: is put it in the freezer actually cool it all down.

761
00:37:45,800 --> 00:37:47,800
Speaker 1: The other thing is you could just fish the ice

762
00:37:47,840 --> 00:37:49,400
Speaker 1: out of it and be like, oh, look now I

763
00:37:49,520 --> 00:37:52,360
Speaker 1: have ice, right, and you just leave the hot parts behind.

764
00:37:52,960 --> 00:37:56,040
Speaker 1: So magnetic evaporations sort of works like that. It says,

765
00:37:56,239 --> 00:37:58,920
Speaker 1: let's just pick out the coldest bits, so start with

766
00:37:58,960 --> 00:38:02,040
Speaker 1: more than you need, right, And it has a distribution.

767
00:38:02,160 --> 00:38:04,319
Speaker 1: Some are hot, summer cold, and you pick out the

768
00:38:04,360 --> 00:38:06,319
Speaker 1: cold bits. And the way they do it is they

769
00:38:06,400 --> 00:38:08,920
Speaker 1: put it in a magnetic bowl. So they put it

770
00:38:08,920 --> 00:38:10,680
Speaker 1: in a bowl so that you need to have enough

771
00:38:10,800 --> 00:38:13,040
Speaker 1: energy to get out of the bowl, and you just

772
00:38:13,120 --> 00:38:15,000
Speaker 1: let it sit there for a little while and the

773
00:38:15,040 --> 00:38:17,240
Speaker 1: hot ones will get over the lip of the bowl

774
00:38:17,360 --> 00:38:19,320
Speaker 1: and the cold ones will get stuck in the bottom

775
00:38:19,440 --> 00:38:23,120
Speaker 1: and eventually you're left with only the cold one. Gradually

776
00:38:23,200 --> 00:38:25,520
Speaker 1: lower the sides of the bowl and so they can

777
00:38:25,600 --> 00:38:27,560
Speaker 1: tune the temperature that they get cool.

778
00:38:27,560 --> 00:38:29,719
Speaker 4: So that's one way to cool a sample. And then

779
00:38:29,760 --> 00:38:31,440
Speaker 4: you also say that they can use lasers.

780
00:38:31,520 --> 00:38:33,879
Speaker 1: Yeah, they use lasers. And this is sort of mind

781
00:38:33,880 --> 00:38:36,239
Speaker 1: blowing because you imagine, if you're going to cool something down,

782
00:38:36,360 --> 00:38:39,959
Speaker 1: you probably shouldn't shoot it with high energy lasers, right, Yeah,

783
00:38:40,160 --> 00:38:41,920
Speaker 1: so this is really counterte it if. I don't know

784
00:38:41,960 --> 00:38:44,439
Speaker 1: how anybody came up with this idea, but the way

785
00:38:44,440 --> 00:38:47,320
Speaker 1: it works is that you shoot a laser at these atoms,

786
00:38:47,560 --> 00:38:50,080
Speaker 1: and you shoot a laser at them at just above

787
00:38:50,160 --> 00:38:53,799
Speaker 1: the energy that they like to absorb. Remember, atoms can't

788
00:38:53,840 --> 00:38:57,120
Speaker 1: just absorb any photon. They have to absorb photons of

789
00:38:57,239 --> 00:39:00,399
Speaker 1: certain energies to have this spectrum that they can jump

790
00:39:00,480 --> 00:39:03,000
Speaker 1: up and down to. So they need a photon that

791
00:39:03,040 --> 00:39:05,759
Speaker 1: has exactly the right gap between the energy level they're

792
00:39:05,800 --> 00:39:08,400
Speaker 1: at and the one they can go to. So if

793
00:39:08,440 --> 00:39:11,960
Speaker 1: you shine an arbitrary energy laser through a gas, probably

794
00:39:12,000 --> 00:39:14,440
Speaker 1: won't even absorb anything. You have to sort of tune

795
00:39:14,520 --> 00:39:18,279
Speaker 1: the laser to where the gas likes to drink its light.

796
00:39:18,880 --> 00:39:21,480
Speaker 4: But wouldn't that make it absorb then the light? How

797
00:39:21,480 --> 00:39:23,360
Speaker 4: does that make it give off energy?

798
00:39:23,440 --> 00:39:25,239
Speaker 1: So what they do is they tune the laser to

799
00:39:25,480 --> 00:39:29,160
Speaker 1: just above where it likes to absorb the light. And

800
00:39:29,200 --> 00:39:32,600
Speaker 1: what this means is that atoms moving towards the laser

801
00:39:33,080 --> 00:39:36,440
Speaker 1: will see the laser Doppler shifted. It will change the

802
00:39:36,440 --> 00:39:38,600
Speaker 1: wavelength of the light to be the one that they

803
00:39:38,760 --> 00:39:41,879
Speaker 1: like to absorb. So atoms moving towards the laser will

804
00:39:41,920 --> 00:39:45,280
Speaker 1: preferentially absorb this laser light, which will slow them down

805
00:39:45,719 --> 00:39:48,279
Speaker 1: because they're moving towards the laser. So you pick the

806
00:39:48,320 --> 00:39:50,719
Speaker 1: ones that are moving towards the light and you give

807
00:39:50,760 --> 00:39:53,120
Speaker 1: them a push and that basically slows them.

808
00:39:53,000 --> 00:39:55,600
Speaker 4: Down a little lea ohoh, and then the opposite happens

809
00:39:55,640 --> 00:39:57,399
Speaker 4: for the atoms going the other way.

810
00:39:57,520 --> 00:39:59,640
Speaker 1: Yes, And so what you do is you shoot laser

811
00:39:59,680 --> 00:40:02,839
Speaker 1: beams at this thing slightly above the wavelength that they

812
00:40:02,840 --> 00:40:06,120
Speaker 1: should absorb, and that preferentially slows down the atoms moving

813
00:40:06,200 --> 00:40:08,360
Speaker 1: away from the center of the blob. Wow, it's like

814
00:40:08,400 --> 00:40:13,160
Speaker 1: a quantum hack. It's really cool. It's mind blowing. And

815
00:40:13,239 --> 00:40:15,520
Speaker 1: you know, they do absorb this and then they give

816
00:40:15,560 --> 00:40:17,600
Speaker 1: off the light, and so they slow back down, but

817
00:40:17,640 --> 00:40:19,840
Speaker 1: they end up going in a different direction. And so

818
00:40:19,880 --> 00:40:22,960
Speaker 1: you've taken a particle which was shooting towards the laser

819
00:40:23,000 --> 00:40:25,680
Speaker 1: and you've modified its angle a little bit, and that

820
00:40:25,840 --> 00:40:28,840
Speaker 1: in effect slows it down because the overall magnitude of

821
00:40:28,880 --> 00:40:31,360
Speaker 1: its velocity is now smaller. I see. It's kind of

822
00:40:31,360 --> 00:40:33,439
Speaker 1: like a wall that slows an atom down, but only

823
00:40:33,440 --> 00:40:35,279
Speaker 1: in one direction. Yeah, it's like you got a bunch

824
00:40:35,280 --> 00:40:37,239
Speaker 1: of sheep and you got you know, a dog on

825
00:40:37,280 --> 00:40:39,840
Speaker 1: each side, and it's like finding the single sheep that

826
00:40:39,880 --> 00:40:41,440
Speaker 1: are running away from the herd and sort of like

827
00:40:41,520 --> 00:40:43,840
Speaker 1: turning them around and pushing them back in, and eventually

828
00:40:43,840 --> 00:40:46,959
Speaker 1: the sheep come together and make a bose Einstein conden sheep.

829
00:40:49,320 --> 00:40:52,880
Speaker 4: That's such a bad joke, Danny, all right. So the

830
00:40:53,200 --> 00:40:55,840
Speaker 4: race was on to be the coolest physicist on the

831
00:40:55,880 --> 00:40:59,400
Speaker 4: planet to get the close Einstein condescent going. And so

832
00:40:59,400 --> 00:41:03,200
Speaker 4: we were am I and then somebody discovered these two techniques.

833
00:41:03,280 --> 00:41:05,799
Speaker 1: Yes, the Dan Kleppner was doing it at hydrogen with

834
00:41:06,000 --> 00:41:08,680
Speaker 1: MIT but sort of hit a wall. And then his

835
00:41:08,800 --> 00:41:12,600
Speaker 1: students went out to NIST and to UC Boulder and

836
00:41:12,640 --> 00:41:15,760
Speaker 1: they started a lab out there. These are Cornell and Wyman.

837
00:41:16,480 --> 00:41:19,759
Speaker 4: I believe it's CU Boulder. Then I just want to

838
00:41:19,800 --> 00:41:21,480
Speaker 4: insult the whole campus as people.

839
00:41:21,520 --> 00:41:23,560
Speaker 1: Thank you. Yeah, I'm biased because I'm at the Universe

840
00:41:23,560 --> 00:41:26,000
Speaker 1: of California, so I think U see. And they had

841
00:41:26,000 --> 00:41:29,520
Speaker 1: an idea to try heavier atoms instead of using hydrogen,

842
00:41:29,800 --> 00:41:32,640
Speaker 1: which had this certain interaction between them that made it

843
00:41:32,719 --> 00:41:35,200
Speaker 1: hard for them to stay in the magnetic trap. They said, well,

844
00:41:35,280 --> 00:41:38,160
Speaker 1: let's use rubidium. Rubidium is still a boson, but it's

845
00:41:38,160 --> 00:41:42,160
Speaker 1: a little heavier. And so people hadn't tried these heavier

846
00:41:42,200 --> 00:41:46,720
Speaker 1: alkali atoms before, and so they made a better magnetic trap.

847
00:41:47,040 --> 00:41:50,520
Speaker 1: And they had this cool idea to use really cheap lasers,

848
00:41:50,880 --> 00:41:53,120
Speaker 1: like other folks were trying to get their lasers to

849
00:41:53,160 --> 00:41:55,440
Speaker 1: work and buying like one hundred and fifty thousand dollars

850
00:41:55,480 --> 00:41:58,000
Speaker 1: laser systems. But you know, this is the era when

851
00:41:58,040 --> 00:42:00,600
Speaker 1: you could buy like a laser for two dollars because

852
00:42:00,640 --> 00:42:04,319
Speaker 1: they were in CD players, right and DVD readers. Laser pointers, yeah,

853
00:42:04,400 --> 00:42:07,399
Speaker 1: laser pointers. So lasers have become really cheap, and they

854
00:42:07,400 --> 00:42:09,400
Speaker 1: figured out a way to use really cheap lasers and

855
00:42:09,400 --> 00:42:12,200
Speaker 1: that combine them in this cool way to make it

856
00:42:12,320 --> 00:42:14,920
Speaker 1: very flexible but very powerful. So it's sort of like

857
00:42:14,960 --> 00:42:18,520
Speaker 1: this experimental cleverness and they were the first ones to

858
00:42:18,560 --> 00:42:22,760
Speaker 1: do it. They combined this magnetic evaporation with this laser cooling,

859
00:42:23,280 --> 00:42:25,600
Speaker 1: and it was in nineteen ninety five that they were

860
00:42:25,600 --> 00:42:28,239
Speaker 1: able to get this thing down to one hundred and

861
00:42:28,280 --> 00:42:32,520
Speaker 1: seventy nanokelvin and they actually saw this Bose Einstein conen

862
00:42:32,600 --> 00:42:35,600
Speaker 1: state in their device. Wow, what did it look like like?

863
00:42:35,600 --> 00:42:37,400
Speaker 1: Does it look like a blog? Yeah, it looks like

864
00:42:37,440 --> 00:42:39,120
Speaker 1: a blog. Can you actually see it or is it

865
00:42:39,160 --> 00:42:41,600
Speaker 1: too small? You can actually see it? It looks like

866
00:42:41,640 --> 00:42:44,760
Speaker 1: a blob. It's like millimeters across. It lasted for about

867
00:42:44,800 --> 00:42:49,239
Speaker 1: fifteen seconds. It had like two thousand atoms in it.

868
00:42:49,800 --> 00:42:51,880
Speaker 1: And you know what happens is it's getting colder and

869
00:42:51,880 --> 00:42:54,399
Speaker 1: colder and colder, and each atom is sort of doing

870
00:42:54,480 --> 00:42:56,160
Speaker 1: its own thing. And when you have a bunch of

871
00:42:56,200 --> 00:42:58,200
Speaker 1: atoms doing their own thing, you get like a distribution,

872
00:42:58,320 --> 00:43:00,560
Speaker 1: like some are a little faster, some a little slower.

873
00:43:00,840 --> 00:43:02,960
Speaker 1: All of a sudden, when they crossed this threshold, this

874
00:43:03,000 --> 00:43:06,359
Speaker 1: temperature threshold, they all snapped into place, and we're all

875
00:43:06,360 --> 00:43:09,080
Speaker 1: doing the same thing, Like they all had the same

876
00:43:09,200 --> 00:43:11,640
Speaker 1: velocity and they were in the same place and they

877
00:43:11,960 --> 00:43:15,600
Speaker 1: acted like one megaparticle. And you can see this in

878
00:43:15,680 --> 00:43:17,719
Speaker 1: their paper. They show like there's a blob, there's a

879
00:43:17,760 --> 00:43:20,200
Speaker 1: blog boom, there's a spike in the middle, and that's

880
00:43:20,239 --> 00:43:23,000
Speaker 1: a phase transition. That's when it matters, like doing something

881
00:43:23,080 --> 00:43:26,160
Speaker 1: really different. That's when it clicks. That's when it clicks. Yeah,

882
00:43:26,560 --> 00:43:28,400
Speaker 1: the sort of tragic thing is you can see it,

883
00:43:28,440 --> 00:43:31,080
Speaker 1: but the only way to see it is to shine

884
00:43:31,080 --> 00:43:33,080
Speaker 1: a laser at it. Right, this is really small and

885
00:43:33,160 --> 00:43:35,640
Speaker 1: really cold, can just like see it with your naked eye.

886
00:43:35,960 --> 00:43:37,520
Speaker 1: So they had to shine a laser at it, which

887
00:43:37,600 --> 00:43:40,520
Speaker 1: destroys it, so they can prove that it's there, but

888
00:43:40,600 --> 00:43:41,960
Speaker 1: only by destroying it.

889
00:43:42,080 --> 00:43:44,280
Speaker 4: Oh man, And is that why it only lasts fifteen

890
00:43:44,320 --> 00:43:46,040
Speaker 4: seconds because you're trying to look at it at the

891
00:43:46,040 --> 00:43:47,880
Speaker 4: same time or what's the time limit here?

892
00:43:47,960 --> 00:43:49,600
Speaker 1: The time limit is just how long they can keep

893
00:43:49,640 --> 00:43:52,840
Speaker 1: this thing cold and trapped. Eventually the atoms will fall

894
00:43:52,920 --> 00:43:55,480
Speaker 1: out of their trap. And the way they made their

895
00:43:55,520 --> 00:43:57,840
Speaker 1: magnetic bowl has a bit of a hole in the

896
00:43:57,880 --> 00:44:00,440
Speaker 1: bottom they had they were struggling with that a little bit,

897
00:44:00,680 --> 00:44:02,000
Speaker 1: and so it was hard for them to get a

898
00:44:02,040 --> 00:44:03,840
Speaker 1: lot of atoms in there and for it to last

899
00:44:03,880 --> 00:44:06,160
Speaker 1: a long time. It's a leaky bowl, a little bit

900
00:44:06,200 --> 00:44:07,839
Speaker 1: of a leaky bowl. But hey, they were the first

901
00:44:07,880 --> 00:44:10,400
Speaker 1: ones to do it because at MIT there was a

902
00:44:10,440 --> 00:44:13,880
Speaker 1: follow up lab, a lab led by Wolfgang Ketderly that

903
00:44:14,040 --> 00:44:16,839
Speaker 1: was sort of inheriting what Kleppner had done and also

904
00:44:16,840 --> 00:44:19,120
Speaker 1: trying to use heavier atoms. And there was a race

905
00:44:19,400 --> 00:44:23,040
Speaker 1: between this lab at UC Boulder and this lab at MIT,

906
00:44:23,400 --> 00:44:26,080
Speaker 1: and then also a lab at Rice University where I

907
00:44:26,239 --> 00:44:28,960
Speaker 1: was happened to be an undergraduate at this very moment.

908
00:44:28,960 --> 00:44:31,000
Speaker 4: Right, you were telling me you knew one of the

909
00:44:31,040 --> 00:44:33,440
Speaker 4: scientists in this race trying to get it to work first.

910
00:44:33,560 --> 00:44:35,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, So everybody sort of figured this out, and everybody

911
00:44:35,960 --> 00:44:37,759
Speaker 1: knew that like this was going to happen, and it

912
00:44:37,800 --> 00:44:40,480
Speaker 1: was going to happen soon. Really, like everyone knew that

913
00:44:40,480 --> 00:44:42,080
Speaker 1: they were close to the finish line. Yeah, because they'd

914
00:44:42,080 --> 00:44:45,400
Speaker 1: be giving presentations at conferences and these ideas have been

915
00:44:45,440 --> 00:44:48,080
Speaker 1: sort of coalescing, and these guys were the leaders in

916
00:44:48,120 --> 00:44:50,600
Speaker 1: the field, and it was really about like making it

917
00:44:50,680 --> 00:44:53,160
Speaker 1: work and getting it done. So the ideas were out there.

918
00:44:53,160 --> 00:44:55,120
Speaker 1: Everybody knew how to do it. There were a few

919
00:44:55,280 --> 00:44:58,160
Speaker 1: slightly different approaches, like the guys at MIT had a

920
00:44:58,160 --> 00:45:01,200
Speaker 1: cool way to plug the whole the bottom of their

921
00:45:01,239 --> 00:45:04,359
Speaker 1: magnetic well using another laser, and the guys at Rice

922
00:45:04,480 --> 00:45:06,760
Speaker 1: of course, and the guys at Rice were using lithium

923
00:45:07,160 --> 00:45:09,520
Speaker 1: to try to get it done. And I remember at

924
00:45:09,520 --> 00:45:12,920
Speaker 1: this time because I was taking thermodynamics as a physics

925
00:45:12,920 --> 00:45:16,600
Speaker 1: major and the person teaching it was Professor Randy Hewlett,

926
00:45:16,640 --> 00:45:19,440
Speaker 1: and he was engaged in this three way race for

927
00:45:19,480 --> 00:45:21,920
Speaker 1: the Nobel Prize. These three labs are all trying to

928
00:45:21,920 --> 00:45:24,240
Speaker 1: make this happen at the same time. Wow. I remember

929
00:45:24,320 --> 00:45:28,200
Speaker 1: specifically because he almost never showed up to class. He

930
00:45:28,280 --> 00:45:30,320
Speaker 1: was off giving talks, or he was in the labor

931
00:45:30,560 --> 00:45:33,160
Speaker 1: he sent his grad student, or he canceled lecture, And

932
00:45:33,239 --> 00:45:35,160
Speaker 1: the time I was like, what is this guy doing

933
00:45:35,200 --> 00:45:37,920
Speaker 1: these things? He's so important. He was racing. He was

934
00:45:38,040 --> 00:45:40,960
Speaker 1: racing to get the Nobel Prize. He was on the clock.

935
00:45:41,120 --> 00:45:43,520
Speaker 1: He was on the clock where you know, days and

936
00:45:43,640 --> 00:45:46,680
Speaker 1: weeks make a difference between winning the Nobel Prize and

937
00:45:46,760 --> 00:45:50,400
Speaker 1: just being like also mentioned on the podcast years later.

938
00:45:52,040 --> 00:45:55,160
Speaker 4: By one of your students that you ignored. Oh no,

939
00:45:55,560 --> 00:45:58,200
Speaker 4: but if the people at TU Boulder did it first,

940
00:45:58,719 --> 00:45:59,800
Speaker 4: who got the Nobel Prize.

941
00:46:00,080 --> 00:46:02,840
Speaker 1: Cu Boulder did it first, and then Mit did it

942
00:46:02,920 --> 00:46:05,400
Speaker 1: a couple of months later, and they put out their paper.

943
00:46:05,480 --> 00:46:07,200
Speaker 1: I think this is so Mit they put out their

944
00:46:07,200 --> 00:46:10,560
Speaker 1: paper the Monday after Thanksgiving, which means they must have

945
00:46:10,600 --> 00:46:15,920
Speaker 1: worked all Thanksgiving break. No turkey for them. Yeah, it

946
00:46:15,960 --> 00:46:18,440
Speaker 1: was a few months later, but it was a lot bigger,

947
00:46:18,480 --> 00:46:20,719
Speaker 1: Like they plugged that hole, and they were able to

948
00:46:20,760 --> 00:46:23,839
Speaker 1: get a lot of atoms, like, you know, many many

949
00:46:23,880 --> 00:46:26,560
Speaker 1: more atoms that lasted a lot longer than the Cu

950
00:46:26,600 --> 00:46:28,520
Speaker 1: Boulder one. So it was really like a big step

951
00:46:28,520 --> 00:46:32,000
Speaker 1: forward in another demonstration. And then you know, Rice did

952
00:46:32,040 --> 00:46:34,799
Speaker 1: it also in lithium, but it was later, and so

953
00:46:35,200 --> 00:46:37,799
Speaker 1: they didn't get included in the Nobel Prize. They went

954
00:46:37,840 --> 00:46:41,400
Speaker 1: to Mit and Cu Boulder, but Rice just got a

955
00:46:41,440 --> 00:46:45,000
Speaker 1: cold gas. Well, but Rice did it.

956
00:46:45,040 --> 00:46:47,960
Speaker 4: They just did it even later, and so the Nobel

957
00:46:47,960 --> 00:46:50,080
Speaker 4: price commantee said all right, we'll cut it off at

958
00:46:50,239 --> 00:46:51,920
Speaker 4: a couple of months after the discovery.

959
00:46:52,800 --> 00:46:55,480
Speaker 1: It seem a little totally arbitrary, but there is this

960
00:46:55,640 --> 00:46:58,160
Speaker 1: rule about Nobel prizes you can only share it among

961
00:46:58,239 --> 00:47:01,600
Speaker 1: three people, and so there are two pis leading the

962
00:47:01,680 --> 00:47:04,640
Speaker 1: lab at Cu Boulder Slash NIST and one leading the

963
00:47:04,719 --> 00:47:06,800
Speaker 1: lab at MIT and so that was sort of a

964
00:47:06,880 --> 00:47:11,279
Speaker 1: natural cutoff. Yeah, oh man, I know. So you know,

965
00:47:11,320 --> 00:47:13,359
Speaker 1: if those grad students in the lab at Rice had

966
00:47:13,400 --> 00:47:16,400
Speaker 1: just worked over Thanksgiving or giving up their Christmas break

967
00:47:16,600 --> 00:47:18,799
Speaker 1: or not taking vacation, or if they didn't have to

968
00:47:18,840 --> 00:47:21,959
Speaker 1: teach your class, maybe they didn't have to grade.

969
00:47:22,120 --> 00:47:23,480
Speaker 4: Like, oh, I almost got it, but I got to

970
00:47:23,520 --> 00:47:25,600
Speaker 4: go teach this freshman physics class.

971
00:47:25,719 --> 00:47:28,560
Speaker 1: I got a great this sloppy homework. Man, I can't

972
00:47:28,560 --> 00:47:30,520
Speaker 1: even read this writing. Was up all night trying to

973
00:47:30,520 --> 00:47:31,800
Speaker 1: decipher this kid's homework.

974
00:47:32,280 --> 00:47:34,839
Speaker 4: So basically, Daniel, your claim to fame is that not

975
00:47:34,880 --> 00:47:38,120
Speaker 4: only did you know the second place finisher for the

976
00:47:38,160 --> 00:47:42,920
Speaker 4: both Eceland contents, that you were maybe a participant slowing

977
00:47:42,960 --> 00:47:43,680
Speaker 4: this person down.

978
00:47:44,120 --> 00:47:47,239
Speaker 1: I definitely had interactions with this person. No, I know

979
00:47:47,600 --> 00:47:50,600
Speaker 1: Randy Hewett. He's a great physicist and I admire him,

980
00:47:50,640 --> 00:47:53,400
Speaker 1: and he's a great teacher, and I think it's exciting

981
00:47:53,480 --> 00:47:55,360
Speaker 1: to be on the forefront and so close to the

982
00:47:55,400 --> 00:47:58,120
Speaker 1: cutting edge. I do have some sympathy for being so

983
00:47:58,239 --> 00:48:01,800
Speaker 1: close and not quite being included in the upper echelon

984
00:48:01,840 --> 00:48:03,280
Speaker 1: of folks who win the Nobel Prize.

985
00:48:03,360 --> 00:48:05,759
Speaker 4: Yeah, I mean it seems kind of arbitrary, right, Like

986
00:48:05,960 --> 00:48:08,040
Speaker 4: you get the Nobel Prize, you don't get the Noble Prize.

987
00:48:08,040 --> 00:48:09,640
Speaker 1: But they were all sort of in it together. Yeah,

988
00:48:09,640 --> 00:48:11,719
Speaker 1: and what's really the difference between a few months here

989
00:48:11,800 --> 00:48:13,400
Speaker 1: or there. I think a lot of times people in

990
00:48:13,400 --> 00:48:16,400
Speaker 1: science make way too big a deal about somebody who's

991
00:48:16,440 --> 00:48:18,879
Speaker 1: one day ahead or the second day. You know, it's

992
00:48:18,880 --> 00:48:21,839
Speaker 1: important that everybody has done their own individual work. If

993
00:48:21,880 --> 00:48:24,040
Speaker 1: somebody has published a result and you just go out

994
00:48:24,080 --> 00:48:27,400
Speaker 1: and replicate it, that's not the same thing as individual

995
00:48:27,480 --> 00:48:31,520
Speaker 1: independent contribution. These are different lines of research, different ideas,

996
00:48:31,800 --> 00:48:35,759
Speaker 1: different strategies, really independent efforts that were in parallel. Sure

997
00:48:35,880 --> 00:48:38,160
Speaker 1: one finished a few weeks or months ahead of the other,

998
00:48:38,480 --> 00:48:41,080
Speaker 1: but they all made contributions around the same time. So

999
00:48:41,719 --> 00:48:44,040
Speaker 1: in a better world, we would have recognized all of them.

1000
00:48:44,120 --> 00:48:46,480
Speaker 4: Yeah, and think about his accomplishments. I mean, he taught you,

1001
00:48:46,719 --> 00:48:49,799
Speaker 4: and now here you are teaching thousands and thousands and

1002
00:48:49,840 --> 00:48:50,640
Speaker 4: thousands of people.

1003
00:48:51,000 --> 00:48:53,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's a I hope that's enough for him. You

1004
00:48:53,120 --> 00:48:55,080
Speaker 1: didn't get to meet the King of Sweden. You got

1005
00:48:55,080 --> 00:48:57,040
Speaker 1: to be talked about on my podcast.

1006
00:48:56,680 --> 00:48:59,160
Speaker 4: All right, Well, that was pretty exciting for such a

1007
00:48:59,160 --> 00:49:01,560
Speaker 4: cool topic, such a chill topic.

1008
00:49:02,800 --> 00:49:05,759
Speaker 1: Yeah, and so people are continuing and now they make

1009
00:49:05,800 --> 00:49:08,440
Speaker 1: Bose Einstein condensates all the time. They even made it

1010
00:49:08,480 --> 00:49:10,160
Speaker 1: once on the space station.

1011
00:49:09,960 --> 00:49:13,640
Speaker 4: No kidding, Like you can make a Bose Einstein maker

1012
00:49:13,960 --> 00:49:15,040
Speaker 4: that you can take to space.

1013
00:49:15,120 --> 00:49:17,719
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. They put together a lab on the International

1014
00:49:17,760 --> 00:49:21,240
Speaker 1: Space Station that made a Bose Einstein condensate in space,

1015
00:49:21,760 --> 00:49:24,600
Speaker 1: which is pretty cool. Could they also make mark readers

1016
00:49:25,400 --> 00:49:28,799
Speaker 1: and smoothies only on Fridays? It's very cool that Bos

1017
00:49:28,840 --> 00:49:31,080
Speaker 1: and Einderstein thought of this and that it actually came

1018
00:49:31,160 --> 00:49:33,680
Speaker 1: to pass. That's pretty awesome. And now it gives us

1019
00:49:33,719 --> 00:49:35,920
Speaker 1: a new window, a new kind of stuff to poke

1020
00:49:36,000 --> 00:49:38,319
Speaker 1: and to play with. And you know, now we can

1021
00:49:38,360 --> 00:49:40,279
Speaker 1: make these things and they last a long time, so

1022
00:49:40,320 --> 00:49:42,960
Speaker 1: you can do things like stir them and make vortices

1023
00:49:43,000 --> 00:49:47,120
Speaker 1: in them and watch quantum vortices be created and overlap

1024
00:49:47,160 --> 00:49:50,200
Speaker 1: them and launch them into each other and see interference

1025
00:49:50,239 --> 00:49:53,400
Speaker 1: effects on macroscopic objects. So you can recreate a lot

1026
00:49:53,440 --> 00:49:56,319
Speaker 1: of the cool quantum mechanical experiments that used to only

1027
00:49:56,400 --> 00:50:00,319
Speaker 1: work on tiny, invisible microscopic particles. Now you can them

1028
00:50:00,320 --> 00:50:03,720
Speaker 1: on macroscopic blobs of stuff. That's pretty amazing.

1029
00:50:03,880 --> 00:50:05,759
Speaker 4: So are there any other states of matter we should

1030
00:50:05,800 --> 00:50:07,880
Speaker 4: be looking out for or that we might discover in

1031
00:50:07,880 --> 00:50:08,320
Speaker 4: the future.

1032
00:50:08,400 --> 00:50:10,200
Speaker 1: You know, there are lots of other states of matter

1033
00:50:10,200 --> 00:50:13,880
Speaker 1: that people theorize about, you know, tetra quarks and hexaquarks

1034
00:50:13,920 --> 00:50:17,920
Speaker 1: and all sorts of weird combinations. Because matter is complex

1035
00:50:17,960 --> 00:50:20,920
Speaker 1: and it has lots of really complicated interactions and in

1036
00:50:21,000 --> 00:50:24,319
Speaker 1: various configurations and pressure and density. You know, you can

1037
00:50:24,320 --> 00:50:26,680
Speaker 1: do all sorts of weird stuff, like we've talked about

1038
00:50:26,760 --> 00:50:29,720
Speaker 1: quark matter and strange matter. You know what might happen

1039
00:50:29,719 --> 00:50:32,439
Speaker 1: in the core of a neutron star. And I'm sure

1040
00:50:32,480 --> 00:50:35,040
Speaker 1: there are lots of things we haven't even imagined. One day,

1041
00:50:35,040 --> 00:50:37,759
Speaker 1: I hope we'll discover something before we think about it,

1042
00:50:37,800 --> 00:50:40,839
Speaker 1: so we'll have a triumph for experimental physics rather than

1043
00:50:40,880 --> 00:50:42,080
Speaker 1: just for theoretical physics.

1044
00:50:42,080 --> 00:50:44,000
Speaker 4: Well, and maybe somebody out there listening could be the

1045
00:50:44,000 --> 00:50:46,200
Speaker 4: person to discover this new state of matter.

1046
00:50:46,360 --> 00:50:49,320
Speaker 1: That's right, there's lots more to discover, lots more weird

1047
00:50:49,440 --> 00:50:52,080
Speaker 1: kinds that do that we can make matter do. And

1048
00:50:52,239 --> 00:50:55,359
Speaker 1: hopefully you'll start a lab and zap matter into doing

1049
00:50:55,440 --> 00:50:59,520
Speaker 1: something weird and then chill out with your Nobel Prize

1050
00:50:59,640 --> 00:51:02,560
Speaker 1: and Margarita.

1051
00:51:02,200 --> 00:51:04,920
Speaker 4: And or your silver Noble Prize. What did you call it?

1052
00:51:05,560 --> 00:51:12,319
Speaker 4: Plywood Nobel Prize Plywood not as valuable, but very tough.

1053
00:51:12,360 --> 00:51:13,719
Speaker 4: It's very hearty, that's right.

1054
00:51:13,880 --> 00:51:16,239
Speaker 1: Yeah, and it's got the description written in a sharpie.

1055
00:51:17,000 --> 00:51:17,359
Speaker 1: All right.

1056
00:51:17,440 --> 00:51:19,360
Speaker 4: Well, we hope you enjoyed that, and we hope that

1057
00:51:19,440 --> 00:51:23,000
Speaker 4: you joined this amazing race to discover new kinds of matter.

1058
00:51:23,120 --> 00:51:25,719
Speaker 1: And thanks for listening. If you're interested in hearing more

1059
00:51:25,719 --> 00:51:27,920
Speaker 1: about this kind of stuff, please send us a suggestion

1060
00:51:28,000 --> 00:51:30,879
Speaker 1: to questions at Daniel and Jorge dot com and come

1061
00:51:30,920 --> 00:51:33,640
Speaker 1: interact with us. We're on Twitter at Daniel and Jorge

1062
00:51:33,760 --> 00:51:36,640
Speaker 1: where we answer questions and make jokes, so come and

1063
00:51:36,719 --> 00:51:39,520
Speaker 1: check us out. Thanks for joining us, see you next time.

1064
00:51:47,239 --> 00:51:50,040
Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain

1065
00:51:50,120 --> 00:51:54,080
Speaker 1: the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts

1066
00:51:54,120 --> 00:51:58,760
Speaker 1: from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio Apple Apple Podcasts, or wherever

1067
00:51:58,840 --> 00:52:12,600
Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows. When you pop a

1068
00:52:12,600 --> 00:52:14,920
Speaker 1: piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not thinking

1069
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1070
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1077
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1078
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1079
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1080
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Speaker 2: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too.

1081
00:52:53,320 --> 00:52:53,880
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1082
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Speaker 2: California From the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans.

1083
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Speaker 10: T Mobile Arena, Las.

1087
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Speaker 6: Vegas lost some special surprises in moments you are not

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Speaker 6: going to want to miss. Stream only on Hulu iHeartRadio

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Speaker 6: Music Festival.

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Speaker 11: And listen on iHeartRadio the most anticipated live music events

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Speaker 11: of the

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Speaker 10: Year This Friday and Saturday, starting at ten thirty pm Eastern,

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Speaker 10: seven thirty Pacific,