1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,599 Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, Eve's here. We're doubling up today with two 2 00:00:02,640 --> 00:00:06,640 Speaker 1: events in history on with the show. Hi, I'm Eves 3 00:00:07,080 --> 00:00:10,360 Speaker 1: and welcome to this Day in History Class, a show 4 00:00:10,520 --> 00:00:21,599 Speaker 1: that on covers history one day at a time. The 5 00:00:21,720 --> 00:00:26,160 Speaker 1: day was made twelve, nineteen ten. Dorothy Hodgkin was born 6 00:00:26,280 --> 00:00:30,560 Speaker 1: Dorothy Mary Crowfoot in Cairo, Egypt, to Grace Mary Crowfoot 7 00:00:30,640 --> 00:00:34,560 Speaker 1: and John Winter Crowfoot. Hodgkin would go on to become 8 00:00:34,600 --> 00:00:40,000 Speaker 1: a Nobel Prize winning chemist and dedicated humanitarian. Dorothy had 9 00:00:40,040 --> 00:00:43,200 Speaker 1: three sisters, all younger than her. When the First World 10 00:00:43,200 --> 00:00:46,599 Speaker 1: War broke out in nineteen fourteen, Dorothy and her siblings 11 00:00:46,600 --> 00:00:48,920 Speaker 1: went to England, where they lived in the care of 12 00:00:48,920 --> 00:00:53,159 Speaker 1: a caretaker and their paternal grandparents. Her parents worked in 13 00:00:53,200 --> 00:00:56,720 Speaker 1: North Africa and the Middle East in education and archaeology. 14 00:00:57,240 --> 00:00:59,920 Speaker 1: Though they lived and worked abroad, they would visit their 15 00:01:00,040 --> 00:01:03,560 Speaker 1: family in England every year. Around the age of ten, 16 00:01:03,840 --> 00:01:07,880 Speaker 1: Dorothy became interested in chemistry and crystals. One of her 17 00:01:07,920 --> 00:01:11,880 Speaker 1: father's friends, Dr A. F. Joseph, encouraged this interest by 18 00:01:11,920 --> 00:01:15,840 Speaker 1: giving her chemicals and helped her analyze minerals. When she 19 00:01:15,920 --> 00:01:18,600 Speaker 1: was a teenager, her mother gave her the book concerning 20 00:01:18,640 --> 00:01:22,080 Speaker 1: The Nature of Things by William Henry Bragg, in which 21 00:01:22,120 --> 00:01:26,120 Speaker 1: the author discussed seeing individual adams and molecules using X rays. 22 00:01:27,200 --> 00:01:30,960 Speaker 1: Dorothy was intrigued. While she attended the Sir John Lehman 23 00:01:31,040 --> 00:01:34,600 Speaker 1: School at Beccle's in England, she and another student named 24 00:01:34,640 --> 00:01:38,240 Speaker 1: Nora were allowed to take chemistry classes, which were normally 25 00:01:38,240 --> 00:01:43,119 Speaker 1: only for boys. Dorothy's early enthusiasm for chemistry would turned 26 00:01:43,160 --> 00:01:47,760 Speaker 1: into a lifelong profession and passion. After brushing up on 27 00:01:47,840 --> 00:01:53,520 Speaker 1: Latin and botany, Dorothy got into Oxford University. From nineteen 28 00:01:53,560 --> 00:01:57,640 Speaker 1: thirty two, Dorothy went to Somerville College, Oxford, earning a 29 00:01:57,680 --> 00:02:02,080 Speaker 1: first class honors degree in chemistry. While she was at Somerville, 30 00:02:02,240 --> 00:02:05,760 Speaker 1: she decided to work on X ray crystallography. She would 31 00:02:05,800 --> 00:02:09,280 Speaker 1: crystallize substances, shoot X rays at them, and study the 32 00:02:09,280 --> 00:02:12,840 Speaker 1: way X rays diffracted off of the crystals. After she 33 00:02:12,960 --> 00:02:16,440 Speaker 1: graduated from Somerville, Dorothy moved on to get her doctorate 34 00:02:16,480 --> 00:02:19,760 Speaker 1: at Cambridge University, where she did research in the Department 35 00:02:19,800 --> 00:02:25,240 Speaker 1: of Mineralogy with British physicist John Desmond Bernal. In that lab, 36 00:02:25,480 --> 00:02:29,760 Speaker 1: Dorothy studied steriles, which are solid steroid alcohols, and the 37 00:02:29,919 --> 00:02:33,040 Speaker 1: X ray diffraction of PEPs in the enzyme and gastric 38 00:02:33,120 --> 00:02:37,200 Speaker 1: juice that breaks down proteins into polypeptides. She went back 39 00:02:37,200 --> 00:02:40,120 Speaker 1: to Somerville in nineteen thirty four after the college gave 40 00:02:40,160 --> 00:02:44,120 Speaker 1: her a research fellowship. In nineteen thirty six, she was 41 00:02:44,200 --> 00:02:48,040 Speaker 1: awarded a permanent fellowship at Somerville College. She got her 42 00:02:48,080 --> 00:02:52,000 Speaker 1: PhD in nineteen thirty seven. That same year, Dorothy married 43 00:02:52,040 --> 00:02:57,360 Speaker 1: historian Thomas Hodgkin. The couple had three children together, but 44 00:02:57,480 --> 00:03:01,840 Speaker 1: Dorothy Hodgkin is most known for her work with penicillin, insulin, 45 00:03:02,040 --> 00:03:05,960 Speaker 1: and vitamin B twelve. In nineteen forty six, she and 46 00:03:06,000 --> 00:03:09,919 Speaker 1: her graduate student Barbara Lowe figured out the structure of penicillin, 47 00:03:10,320 --> 00:03:13,840 Speaker 1: notably using one of the first IBM analog computers to 48 00:03:13,880 --> 00:03:18,880 Speaker 1: help with the analysis. This helped manufacturers create semisynthetic penicillin. 49 00:03:19,760 --> 00:03:22,920 Speaker 1: Hodgkin and a team of researchers published the structure of 50 00:03:22,960 --> 00:03:26,959 Speaker 1: B twelve in nineteen fifty seven. In nineteen sixty four, 51 00:03:27,280 --> 00:03:31,400 Speaker 1: Hodgkin won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her quote 52 00:03:31,800 --> 00:03:35,560 Speaker 1: determinations by X ray techniques of the structures of important 53 00:03:35,560 --> 00:03:40,600 Speaker 1: biochemical substances. The next year, she received Britain's Order of 54 00:03:40,640 --> 00:03:44,720 Speaker 1: Merit which recognizes people for their service in science, literature 55 00:03:44,840 --> 00:03:48,480 Speaker 1: and other fields. And by nineteen sixty nine, when X 56 00:03:48,560 --> 00:03:51,200 Speaker 1: ray diffraction in high speed computing had advanced to the 57 00:03:51,200 --> 00:03:53,760 Speaker 1: point where she needed it to be, Hodgkin and a 58 00:03:53,800 --> 00:03:58,360 Speaker 1: team of researchers discovered the structure of insulin. In nineteen 59 00:03:58,360 --> 00:04:03,280 Speaker 1: seventy seven, Hodgkin retired from her Wolfson Research Professorship, which 60 00:04:03,280 --> 00:04:06,640 Speaker 1: she had obtained in nineteen sixty But outside of her 61 00:04:06,680 --> 00:04:10,600 Speaker 1: scientific work, she was also involved in various organizations and 62 00:04:10,760 --> 00:04:15,280 Speaker 1: social activism. She was the president of the British Association 63 00:04:15,360 --> 00:04:18,479 Speaker 1: for the Advancement of Science for a year and the 64 00:04:18,600 --> 00:04:22,799 Speaker 1: chancellor of Bristol University for nearly two decades. She also 65 00:04:22,839 --> 00:04:26,280 Speaker 1: spoke out against nuclear weapons and the Vietnam War, and 66 00:04:26,360 --> 00:04:29,039 Speaker 1: was president of the pub Wasash Conferences on Science and 67 00:04:29,080 --> 00:04:33,680 Speaker 1: World Affairs, an international organization that aims to find solutions 68 00:04:33,720 --> 00:04:37,920 Speaker 1: and global security, reduced arm conflict, and promote policy development. 69 00:04:38,760 --> 00:04:41,480 Speaker 1: Her work with peace organizations did get her in trouble 70 00:04:41,560 --> 00:04:45,559 Speaker 1: sometimes because of her affiliation with the communist friendly groups 71 00:04:45,600 --> 00:04:48,919 Speaker 1: Science for Peace. Hodgkin had been denied a visa to 72 00:04:48,960 --> 00:04:52,359 Speaker 1: the US in nineteen fifty three, only to be allowed 73 00:04:52,360 --> 00:04:56,039 Speaker 1: into the country later with special permission, and to finally 74 00:04:56,080 --> 00:05:00,360 Speaker 1: have her visa restriction lifted in nineteen ninety. In nineteen 75 00:05:00,440 --> 00:05:04,280 Speaker 1: eight seven, Hodgkin was awarded the Order of Linen, which 76 00:05:04,320 --> 00:05:08,520 Speaker 1: was given for achievements in art, research, technology or economics 77 00:05:08,560 --> 00:05:11,320 Speaker 1: and was the highest civilian award in the Soviet Union. 78 00:05:12,480 --> 00:05:15,480 Speaker 1: Hodgkin had been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis when she was 79 00:05:15,520 --> 00:05:18,520 Speaker 1: in her twenties, but in her later years her medical 80 00:05:18,560 --> 00:05:23,240 Speaker 1: condition interfered with her ability to work. Dorothy Hodgkin died 81 00:05:23,279 --> 00:05:28,520 Speaker 1: in nineteen after having a stroke. Her work and understanding 82 00:05:28,560 --> 00:05:31,960 Speaker 1: the structure of biological molecules had a major effect on 83 00:05:32,000 --> 00:05:36,960 Speaker 1: biochemistry and modern medicine. I'm Eve step Coote and hopefully 84 00:05:37,080 --> 00:05:39,839 Speaker 1: you know a little more about history today than you 85 00:05:39,880 --> 00:05:44,919 Speaker 1: did yesterday. And here's one more fun fact. Hodgkin was 86 00:05:45,040 --> 00:05:48,720 Speaker 1: former UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's tutor in chemistry at 87 00:05:48,720 --> 00:05:52,400 Speaker 1: Somerville College and the two stayed friends throughout their lives. 88 00:05:53,920 --> 00:05:57,840 Speaker 1: You can follow us on Twitter, Instagram and Facebook at 89 00:05:58,080 --> 00:06:03,520 Speaker 1: t d I h SEE Podcast. Thank you again for 90 00:06:03,600 --> 00:06:18,920 Speaker 1: listening and we'll see you here tomorrow. Hello everyone, I'm 91 00:06:18,920 --> 00:06:22,200 Speaker 1: Eves and welcome to this stand history Class, a podcast 92 00:06:22,279 --> 00:06:32,800 Speaker 1: that brings the past to the president. The day was 93 00:06:32,839 --> 00:06:38,160 Speaker 1: May twelfth, ninety one. German civil engineer and inventor Conrad 94 00:06:38,320 --> 00:06:43,840 Speaker 1: Susa unveiled the first fully functional programmable computer, the Z three. 95 00:06:45,080 --> 00:06:48,600 Speaker 1: Susa worked in Nazi Germany during World War Two, and 96 00:06:48,760 --> 00:06:52,159 Speaker 1: his work wasn't widely known outside of Germany until after 97 00:06:52,200 --> 00:06:55,760 Speaker 1: the war. Susa got his degree in civil engineering in 98 00:06:55,800 --> 00:07:00,120 Speaker 1: Germany and nine five. Once he graduated, he began working 99 00:07:00,200 --> 00:07:04,839 Speaker 1: at the Henschel Aircraft factory. They're human computers with desk 100 00:07:04,920 --> 00:07:10,360 Speaker 1: calculating machines performed all the calculations necessary for work. Susa 101 00:07:10,400 --> 00:07:15,080 Speaker 1: became interested in designing a programmable mechanical calculator for engineers, 102 00:07:15,560 --> 00:07:18,120 Speaker 1: and he began working on his own time to build one. 103 00:07:19,080 --> 00:07:22,040 Speaker 1: He called his first attempt at a mechanical computer the 104 00:07:22,120 --> 00:07:25,840 Speaker 1: V one, later renamed the Z one. He built the 105 00:07:25,920 --> 00:07:29,160 Speaker 1: Z one in his parents home using metal plates, pins, 106 00:07:29,240 --> 00:07:34,640 Speaker 1: and discarded movie film. His former classmate Helmut Schreyer helped 107 00:07:34,680 --> 00:07:37,760 Speaker 1: him build the computer, which was completed in ninety eight. 108 00:07:38,400 --> 00:07:41,920 Speaker 1: Schreyer was a member of the Nazi Party. Susa was 109 00:07:41,960 --> 00:07:44,600 Speaker 1: not a Nazi Party member, but he also has not 110 00:07:44,680 --> 00:07:48,840 Speaker 1: been documented opposing working for the Nazi war effort. The 111 00:07:48,960 --> 00:07:54,680 Speaker 1: Z one was completely mechanical and binary. It could compute addition, subtraction, multiplication, 112 00:07:54,800 --> 00:08:00,240 Speaker 1: and division, but it was pretty slow and unreliable. In line. 113 00:08:00,320 --> 00:08:03,040 Speaker 1: When World War two broke out, SUSA was drafted into 114 00:08:03,040 --> 00:08:05,880 Speaker 1: the infantry, but he was allowed to keep working on 115 00:08:05,960 --> 00:08:10,000 Speaker 1: his machines. He soon built his next prototype machine, the 116 00:08:10,120 --> 00:08:13,080 Speaker 1: Z two. It had mechanical memory like the Z one, 117 00:08:13,320 --> 00:08:17,560 Speaker 1: but it used electrical relays. The Z three, though improved 118 00:08:17,600 --> 00:08:21,160 Speaker 1: on the Z two machine. The German government supported German 119 00:08:21,200 --> 00:08:25,480 Speaker 1: Research Institute for Aviation, partially funded the computer. The Z 120 00:08:25,680 --> 00:08:28,880 Speaker 1: three was built with telephone relays. On top of the 121 00:08:28,920 --> 00:08:32,520 Speaker 1: four arithmetic operations, the Z three could also compute the 122 00:08:32,600 --> 00:08:35,360 Speaker 1: square root of a number. It was able to work 123 00:08:35,360 --> 00:08:37,880 Speaker 1: with infinite numbers, and it was more reliable than the 124 00:08:37,880 --> 00:08:41,560 Speaker 1: previous machines since it could work for hours without mechanical 125 00:08:41,600 --> 00:08:44,959 Speaker 1: parts getting stuck. The Z three read its programs off 126 00:08:45,000 --> 00:08:50,079 Speaker 1: of punched film. On May twelve nine, SUSA presented the 127 00:08:50,120 --> 00:08:52,960 Speaker 1: computer to the public in Berlin. The Z three was 128 00:08:53,080 --> 00:08:57,280 Speaker 1: used to help calculate aerodynamics and aircraft design. Though the 129 00:08:57,320 --> 00:09:00,800 Speaker 1: government gave SUSA some support, it denied funding for some 130 00:09:00,880 --> 00:09:04,520 Speaker 1: of his research when they deemed it unimportant. In the 131 00:09:04,520 --> 00:09:08,560 Speaker 1: early nineteen forties, British code breakers were developing the Colossus 132 00:09:08,559 --> 00:09:12,360 Speaker 1: Mark one, which was a different computer designed to decipher 133 00:09:12,400 --> 00:09:15,800 Speaker 1: the messages not sea sent during World War Two. The 134 00:09:15,880 --> 00:09:19,840 Speaker 1: Mark one was a general purpose electro mechanical computer conceived 135 00:09:19,880 --> 00:09:23,480 Speaker 1: by Howard Aiken and designed and built by IBM in 136 00:09:23,520 --> 00:09:27,040 Speaker 1: the US. It was also developed in the early nineteen forties, 137 00:09:27,559 --> 00:09:29,880 Speaker 1: but the Z three is considered to be the world's 138 00:09:30,000 --> 00:09:35,800 Speaker 1: first programmable, fully automatic computer. The Z four, the first 139 00:09:35,800 --> 00:09:39,320 Speaker 1: commercial digital computer, was the next machine in the series. 140 00:09:39,840 --> 00:09:43,040 Speaker 1: Susa sold an option on his patent rights to IBM, 141 00:09:43,040 --> 00:09:46,640 Speaker 1: but the sale was never completed. He continued to work 142 00:09:46,679 --> 00:09:50,560 Speaker 1: on computers, wrote the programming language plank call cool, and 143 00:09:50,800 --> 00:09:54,440 Speaker 1: later received several awards for his work, but his work 144 00:09:54,520 --> 00:09:58,359 Speaker 1: was not widely recognized outside of Germany until the nineteen sixties, 145 00:09:58,840 --> 00:10:01,160 Speaker 1: and his early machines did not have much of an 146 00:10:01,200 --> 00:10:04,560 Speaker 1: influence on the field of computing. The Z one and 147 00:10:04,679 --> 00:10:07,240 Speaker 1: Z three were destroyed in World War Two, but in 148 00:10:07,280 --> 00:10:10,800 Speaker 1: the nineteen sixties Susa and other engineers and his company 149 00:10:11,000 --> 00:10:15,000 Speaker 1: built a reconstruction of the Z three. Susa's legacy as 150 00:10:15,040 --> 00:10:17,680 Speaker 1: an inventor in the history of computers is now more 151 00:10:17,760 --> 00:10:21,160 Speaker 1: recognized than it was in the past, but it carries 152 00:10:21,200 --> 00:10:24,640 Speaker 1: the weight of affiliation with Nazi Germany during World War Two. 153 00:10:25,960 --> 00:10:28,839 Speaker 1: I'm Eve Jeff Cote and hopefully you know a little 154 00:10:28,880 --> 00:10:32,400 Speaker 1: more about history today than you did yesterday. And if 155 00:10:32,400 --> 00:10:35,080 Speaker 1: you have any comments are suggestions, you can send them 156 00:10:35,120 --> 00:10:38,079 Speaker 1: to us at this day at iHeart media dot com. 157 00:10:38,120 --> 00:10:40,640 Speaker 1: If you prefer social media, you can't hit us up 158 00:10:40,720 --> 00:10:43,880 Speaker 1: or follow us on Facebook, Twitter, our Instagram at t 159 00:10:44,280 --> 00:10:47,480 Speaker 1: D I h C podcast. Thanks again for listening to 160 00:10:47,520 --> 00:10:54,480 Speaker 1: the show and we'll see you tomorrow. For more podcasts 161 00:10:54,480 --> 00:10:56,480 Speaker 1: from My Heart Radio, visit the I Heart Radio app, 162 00:10:56,559 --> 00:10:59,200 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.