1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,040 Speaker 1: Hey everyone. Technically you're getting two days in History today 2 00:00:03,120 --> 00:00:05,680 Speaker 1: because we were running two episodes from the History Vault. 3 00:00:05,840 --> 00:00:08,879 Speaker 1: You'll also here two hosts, me and Tracy V. Wilson. 4 00:00:09,200 --> 00:00:13,080 Speaker 1: Hope you enjoy Welcome to this Day in History Class 5 00:00:13,160 --> 00:00:15,600 Speaker 1: from how Stuff Works dot Com and from the desk 6 00:00:15,640 --> 00:00:17,799 Speaker 1: of Stuff you Missed in History Class. It's the show 7 00:00:17,800 --> 00:00:20,160 Speaker 1: where we explore the past one day at a time 8 00:00:20,239 --> 00:00:27,240 Speaker 1: with a quick look at what happened today in history. Hello, 9 00:00:27,320 --> 00:00:30,040 Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson, and 10 00:00:30,040 --> 00:00:34,200 Speaker 1: it's December seven. Japan bombed the U. S. Naval base 11 00:00:34,240 --> 00:00:38,159 Speaker 1: at Pearl Harbor on this day in This is what 12 00:00:38,240 --> 00:00:41,520 Speaker 1: drew the United States into World War Two, but its 13 00:00:41,560 --> 00:00:44,960 Speaker 1: origins are from well, well before World War Two. You 14 00:00:45,000 --> 00:00:48,720 Speaker 1: began in Europe. We have to start with Japan. Japan 15 00:00:49,120 --> 00:00:52,120 Speaker 1: is a tiny island nation. It just doesn't have a 16 00:00:52,120 --> 00:00:55,840 Speaker 1: lot of land or natural resources. So in the early 17 00:00:55,880 --> 00:01:00,240 Speaker 1: twentieth century, Japan became really increasingly aggressive toward its names 18 00:01:00,680 --> 00:01:03,720 Speaker 1: in an attempt to get access to the resources that 19 00:01:03,760 --> 00:01:08,080 Speaker 1: those neighbors had. This goal was to build a massive 20 00:01:08,200 --> 00:01:12,400 Speaker 1: and very wealthy empire that spanned the Pacific and Asia, 21 00:01:13,040 --> 00:01:15,800 Speaker 1: and at first, a lot of this was focused on China. 22 00:01:16,360 --> 00:01:20,720 Speaker 1: Active warfare between China and Japan began in nineteen thirty seven, 23 00:01:20,760 --> 00:01:26,200 Speaker 1: but that followed years of Japanese aggression against China, including 24 00:01:26,240 --> 00:01:30,120 Speaker 1: the occupation of Manchuria six years before. And this was 25 00:01:30,160 --> 00:01:33,280 Speaker 1: not just a matter of an international dispute or of 26 00:01:33,360 --> 00:01:38,320 Speaker 1: one nation trying to colonize another. China's treatment at the 27 00:01:38,360 --> 00:01:42,800 Speaker 1: hands of the Japanese Imperial Army was absolutely brutal and destructive. 28 00:01:43,480 --> 00:01:46,560 Speaker 1: It had led for calls for the United States to 29 00:01:46,600 --> 00:01:50,200 Speaker 1: intervene long before the United States became part of any 30 00:01:50,240 --> 00:01:53,680 Speaker 1: of this, So the United States was trying not to 31 00:01:53,760 --> 00:01:56,480 Speaker 1: get involved in the nineteen thirties. After World War One, 32 00:01:56,680 --> 00:01:59,840 Speaker 1: there was a lot of isolationism in the United States, 33 00:02:00,400 --> 00:02:05,200 Speaker 1: but even so, afterwards spread of war crimes and atrocities 34 00:02:05,240 --> 00:02:08,160 Speaker 1: being committed by Japan and Asia, there were more and 35 00:02:08,200 --> 00:02:11,760 Speaker 1: more calls for the United States to do something. Rather 36 00:02:11,800 --> 00:02:15,880 Speaker 1: than taking direct military action, the United States started implementing 37 00:02:15,919 --> 00:02:19,480 Speaker 1: sanctions against Japan. This included a trade embargo that cut 38 00:02:19,520 --> 00:02:23,000 Speaker 1: off most of Japan's access to things like oil, which 39 00:02:23,120 --> 00:02:27,840 Speaker 1: Japan needed especially in wartime. By December of nine one, 40 00:02:27,880 --> 00:02:30,000 Speaker 1: after these sanctions had been in place for a while. 41 00:02:30,080 --> 00:02:33,160 Speaker 1: The United States Naval Fleet was stationed at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, 42 00:02:33,919 --> 00:02:36,920 Speaker 1: and the general perception was this was a pretty safe 43 00:02:37,000 --> 00:02:39,760 Speaker 1: place for the fleet to be. It was thousands of 44 00:02:39,760 --> 00:02:42,240 Speaker 1: miles from the continent of United States and from Japan, 45 00:02:43,080 --> 00:02:46,880 Speaker 1: so while the United States was expecting some kind of attack, 46 00:02:47,120 --> 00:02:50,400 Speaker 1: the relations with Japan had reached that point, it definitely 47 00:02:50,480 --> 00:02:53,560 Speaker 1: wasn't expecting that attack to happen at Pearl Harbor, so 48 00:02:53,600 --> 00:02:57,200 Speaker 1: the naval base there was relatively undefended. Even though the 49 00:02:57,240 --> 00:03:00,359 Speaker 1: war seemed increasingly likely, the military hadn't taken that many 50 00:03:00,400 --> 00:03:03,559 Speaker 1: steps to fortify the base or to expand their reconnaissance 51 00:03:03,560 --> 00:03:08,360 Speaker 1: activities around Hawaii. All this meant that when the attack 52 00:03:08,400 --> 00:03:11,359 Speaker 1: did happen at about eight am on December seven, that 53 00:03:11,480 --> 00:03:15,480 Speaker 1: came as a total surprise, and the results were absolutely devastating, 54 00:03:16,200 --> 00:03:19,440 Speaker 1: and less than two hours, every battleship in Pearl Harbor 55 00:03:19,520 --> 00:03:23,560 Speaker 1: was significantly damaged. Two of them were completely lost. More 56 00:03:23,600 --> 00:03:26,799 Speaker 1: than three hundred airplanes were damaged or destroyed, and more 57 00:03:26,800 --> 00:03:30,520 Speaker 1: than two hundred people were killed. More than a thousand 58 00:03:30,560 --> 00:03:36,400 Speaker 1: were wounded, and this included soldiers, sailors, and civilians. Although 59 00:03:36,400 --> 00:03:40,400 Speaker 1: this was catastrophic, and it's often remembered as a total 60 00:03:40,560 --> 00:03:44,040 Speaker 1: loss for the United States Naval fleet. In reality, the 61 00:03:44,160 --> 00:03:48,480 Speaker 1: United States naval strategy had evolved beyond the use of battleships. 62 00:03:48,960 --> 00:03:51,040 Speaker 1: The battleships were the ships that were mostly in the 63 00:03:51,080 --> 00:03:54,200 Speaker 1: harbor at Pearl Harbor. Instead, by this point, the United 64 00:03:54,200 --> 00:03:58,520 Speaker 1: States was making extensive use of aircraft carriers, and the 65 00:03:58,600 --> 00:04:01,920 Speaker 1: aircraft carrier fleet was not in Pearl Harbor that day. 66 00:04:02,120 --> 00:04:05,120 Speaker 1: In fact, there were no aircraft carriers in Pearl Harbor 67 00:04:05,160 --> 00:04:07,960 Speaker 1: on December seven, so the aircraft carriers that at that 68 00:04:08,000 --> 00:04:11,720 Speaker 1: point were so central to military strategy were not affected 69 00:04:11,720 --> 00:04:15,560 Speaker 1: by the bombing. At this point, though, the United States 70 00:04:15,560 --> 00:04:19,240 Speaker 1: population had been really divided in terms of whether to 71 00:04:19,279 --> 00:04:23,440 Speaker 1: go to war. Public opinion had been gradually shifting over 72 00:04:23,520 --> 00:04:25,760 Speaker 1: the previous few years, but there was still a huge 73 00:04:25,800 --> 00:04:28,760 Speaker 1: strain of isolationism and a lot of people who just 74 00:04:28,839 --> 00:04:31,240 Speaker 1: did not want the United States to become involved in 75 00:04:31,279 --> 00:04:34,919 Speaker 1: another war at all. But after the bombing of Pearl 76 00:04:34,920 --> 00:04:37,880 Speaker 1: Harbor that completely changed, and the public and the government 77 00:04:37,920 --> 00:04:40,839 Speaker 1: alike were united behind the idea of going to war 78 00:04:40,880 --> 00:04:45,120 Speaker 1: against Japan. After the United States declared war on Japan 79 00:04:45,200 --> 00:04:47,800 Speaker 1: in response to the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Germany and 80 00:04:47,880 --> 00:04:50,480 Speaker 1: Italy declared war on the United States not long after. 81 00:04:51,120 --> 00:04:53,359 Speaker 1: That brought the United States into World War Two in 82 00:04:53,480 --> 00:04:57,160 Speaker 1: both Europe and the Pacific. Thanks to Casey Pigraham and 83 00:04:57,240 --> 00:05:00,240 Speaker 1: Chandler Mayze for their audio work on this show, you 84 00:05:00,240 --> 00:05:03,039 Speaker 1: can subscribe to the Stay in History Class on Apple Podcasts, 85 00:05:03,040 --> 00:05:06,840 Speaker 1: Google podcast, the I Heart Radio app, and wherever your podcasts. 86 00:05:07,360 --> 00:05:09,479 Speaker 1: Tune in tomorrow for the birth of a woman who 87 00:05:09,520 --> 00:05:20,880 Speaker 1: was called a king. Hello everybody, I'm Eves and you're 88 00:05:20,920 --> 00:05:23,960 Speaker 1: tuned into This Day in History Class, a show where 89 00:05:24,000 --> 00:05:26,600 Speaker 1: we travel back in time, one day at a time. 90 00:05:35,600 --> 00:05:40,240 Speaker 1: The day was December seven, nineteen sixty three. Instant replay 91 00:05:40,240 --> 00:05:43,800 Speaker 1: debut during the CBS broadcast of the Army Navy football 92 00:05:43,839 --> 00:05:49,039 Speaker 1: game in Philadelphia. George ritz Laugh, the producer for the 93 00:05:49,040 --> 00:05:52,680 Speaker 1: broadcast Hockey Night in Canada, used a wet film or 94 00:05:52,760 --> 00:05:56,719 Speaker 1: kinescope replay on a goal. The replay was not instant 95 00:05:56,760 --> 00:05:59,599 Speaker 1: and he never used the process again, but it was 96 00:05:59,680 --> 00:06:03,400 Speaker 1: a me morble moment in sports broadcasting. But in nineteen 97 00:06:03,440 --> 00:06:07,320 Speaker 1: sixty three, Tony Verna, a director at CBS, wanted to 98 00:06:07,360 --> 00:06:10,640 Speaker 1: try out a new videotape instant replay system at the 99 00:06:10,680 --> 00:06:13,680 Speaker 1: college football game between the Army black Knights and the 100 00:06:13,760 --> 00:06:17,240 Speaker 1: Navy Midshipman. He wanted to be able to fill in 101 00:06:17,360 --> 00:06:20,560 Speaker 1: lulls in action and to give viewers a better view 102 00:06:20,600 --> 00:06:24,400 Speaker 1: of what was actually happening on the field. Eager to 103 00:06:24,440 --> 00:06:28,400 Speaker 1: improve the at home audiences viewing experience, Verna developed a 104 00:06:28,440 --> 00:06:32,320 Speaker 1: system that used a videotape machine to produce an instant replay. 105 00:06:32,920 --> 00:06:35,240 Speaker 1: The Army Navy game was supposed to take place a 106 00:06:35,240 --> 00:06:38,960 Speaker 1: week earlier, but it was postponed because of the assassination 107 00:06:39,240 --> 00:06:42,760 Speaker 1: of US President John F. Kennedy. Kennedy had been slated 108 00:06:42,800 --> 00:06:46,520 Speaker 1: to attend the Army Navy game. Verna was not sure 109 00:06:46,560 --> 00:06:49,240 Speaker 1: whether the system would work during the game, and he 110 00:06:49,320 --> 00:06:52,200 Speaker 1: didn't tell the CBS crew about his plans to try 111 00:06:52,240 --> 00:06:55,640 Speaker 1: it out until the day of the game. The tape 112 00:06:55,640 --> 00:06:59,040 Speaker 1: machine that Verna used was an Ampex VTR one thousand. 113 00:06:59,600 --> 00:07:02,400 Speaker 1: The it replay device relied on tape decks that weighed 114 00:07:02,440 --> 00:07:06,400 Speaker 1: around twelve hundred pounds and where the size of refrigerators. 115 00:07:06,600 --> 00:07:10,440 Speaker 1: It was housed in a truck. There were technical difficulties 116 00:07:10,480 --> 00:07:13,160 Speaker 1: as he tried to get the right footage Because Verna 117 00:07:13,200 --> 00:07:15,720 Speaker 1: couldn't get a new role of videotape, he had to 118 00:07:15,800 --> 00:07:18,040 Speaker 1: use tape that had an episode of I Love Lucy 119 00:07:18,120 --> 00:07:21,440 Speaker 1: on it. Some of the replay tests showed flashes of 120 00:07:21,520 --> 00:07:25,840 Speaker 1: Lucille ball space, but in the fourth quarter, Army quarterback 121 00:07:25,920 --> 00:07:29,720 Speaker 1: Carl Rowley Stitchway scored on a one yard touchdown run. 122 00:07:30,240 --> 00:07:33,720 Speaker 1: Seconds after the touchdown happened, Verna played the footage again. 123 00:07:34,560 --> 00:07:37,880 Speaker 1: Announcer Lindsay Nelson, concerned that viewers would be confused by 124 00:07:37,880 --> 00:07:41,400 Speaker 1: the replay, confirmed that Army had not actually scored. Again. 125 00:07:42,760 --> 00:07:46,040 Speaker 1: The original tape that stored the footage has since been lost. 126 00:07:47,160 --> 00:07:51,440 Speaker 1: The technology was prohibitively expensive for some schools, but more 127 00:07:51,520 --> 00:07:56,000 Speaker 1: broadcasts began using instant replay, and slow motion and freeze 128 00:07:56,040 --> 00:08:00,400 Speaker 1: frame were introduced. Instant replay also began to be used 129 00:08:00,400 --> 00:08:04,080 Speaker 1: by sports officials for plays or calls that were dubious. 130 00:08:05,240 --> 00:08:08,679 Speaker 1: This use of the technology has proven controversial at times, 131 00:08:09,000 --> 00:08:12,240 Speaker 1: and different sports leagues have different rules on how replay 132 00:08:12,320 --> 00:08:15,960 Speaker 1: can be used during a game. I'm Eve Steffcote, and 133 00:08:15,960 --> 00:08:18,560 Speaker 1: hopefully you know a little more about history today than 134 00:08:18,640 --> 00:08:21,880 Speaker 1: you did yesterday. I want to impress your Internet crush, 135 00:08:22,280 --> 00:08:25,239 Speaker 1: show them your history Smarts by sharing something you learned 136 00:08:25,280 --> 00:08:28,000 Speaker 1: on the show. Don't forget to tag us at t 137 00:08:28,520 --> 00:08:32,719 Speaker 1: D I HC Podcast, or if you want to get 138 00:08:32,720 --> 00:08:35,040 Speaker 1: a little more fancy, you can send us an email 139 00:08:35,160 --> 00:08:39,240 Speaker 1: at this day at I heart media dot com. Thanks 140 00:08:39,280 --> 00:08:42,240 Speaker 1: for tuning in and we'll catch you tomorrow, same place.