WEBVTT - COVID-19 Chapter 7: Spillover 0:00:01.320 --> 0:00:04.600 There are tents outside our hospitals. Every time I see them, 0:00:04.640 --> 0:00:08.280 I stop startled. Their drab and dirty flaps seems so 0:00:08.360 --> 0:00:11.760 out of place against the grand facades of world class hospitals. 0:00:12.520 --> 0:00:16.000 Desperate times, desperate measures. The last time I worked in 0:00:16.040 --> 0:00:18.639 a tent was West Africa in twenty fourteen, during the 0:00:18.640 --> 0:00:23.360 able outbreak. In those same tents, I saw too much pain, loneliness, 0:00:23.360 --> 0:00:27.520 and death, people dying alone. I never thought I'd have 0:00:27.600 --> 0:00:30.760 to see or experience that ever again. I never wanted to. 0:00:31.320 --> 0:00:35.040 Once was painful enough. There's no way to describe what 0:00:35.120 --> 0:00:39.199 we're seeing. Our new reality is unreal. The people and 0:00:39.280 --> 0:00:42.720 places we've known so long and so well have been transformed, 0:00:43.200 --> 0:00:48.120 our ears, our ICUs. Everything looks, sounds, and feels different. 0:00:48.840 --> 0:00:51.839 Just one week and it's a whole different world. The 0:00:51.880 --> 0:00:55.160 patients I normally see are nowhere to be found. Every 0:00:55.520 --> 0:01:00.720 single patient I see has COVID nineteen. Every single patient 0:01:01.520 --> 0:01:04.600 working in the er means walking through a corridor of coughing, 0:01:05.120 --> 0:01:08.479 each a slightly different pitch and different frequency, but all 0:01:08.520 --> 0:01:11.960 caused by the same exact thing. It's not just the 0:01:12.080 --> 0:01:16.400 volume of patients that's hitting us, it's the severity respiratory arrest, 0:01:16.760 --> 0:01:22.640 respiratory arrest. Respiratory arrest. Each takes six to eight professionals, nurses, 0:01:22.840 --> 0:01:28.080 respiratory texts, er docs, anthesiologists. Each takes an hour or more, 0:01:28.600 --> 0:01:32.200 back to back, all shift long. And it's not just 0:01:32.280 --> 0:01:36.199 the unrelenting severity. We're being asked to do things we've 0:01:36.240 --> 0:01:39.520 never done before. Run a code as your goggles fog 0:01:39.560 --> 0:01:41.840 and you can't decipher the vital signs on the monitor. 0:01:42.240 --> 0:01:44.720 Try to predict which COVID patient will crash if you 0:01:44.760 --> 0:01:48.040 send them home and which won't. Talk to palliative care, 0:01:48.280 --> 0:01:52.840 talk to family members, long discussions about likely outcomes. Listen 0:01:52.920 --> 0:01:55.720 as family members sob. They can't be here when they 0:01:55.800 --> 0:01:58.560 ask to withdraw care. We face time so they can 0:01:58.600 --> 0:02:02.520 say goodbye. We stop, turn off the ventilator and wait. 0:02:03.920 --> 0:02:07.680 Your hands upon theirs. You think of their family at home, sobbing. 0:02:08.400 --> 0:02:11.160 Someone starts saying a prayer. You can't help but cry. 0:02:11.960 --> 0:02:15.640 This isn't what we do. You stand by you wait, 0:02:16.320 --> 0:02:19.760 This isn't what we do. You stand by you wait. 0:02:20.440 --> 0:02:24.880 Time of death, seven nineteen pm. I know what my 0:02:24.960 --> 0:02:28.360 colleagues are feeling. I see it on their faces. We 0:02:28.480 --> 0:02:33.920 are exhausted. Hours in goggles, gowns, and masks feel like days. 0:02:34.480 --> 0:02:37.400 But we are only at the beginning. The mental exhaustion 0:02:37.639 --> 0:02:40.760 is only starting to set in the things we do, 0:02:41.040 --> 0:02:45.240 the things we see. This isn't what we do. I 0:02:45.360 --> 0:02:48.800 worry about my colleagues. Every day someone calls me crying. 0:02:49.400 --> 0:02:52.639 How long will they hold? How long will I hold? 0:02:53.120 --> 0:02:56.119 I remember how this anxiety gnawed at me every day 0:02:56.160 --> 0:02:59.280 in Guinea during abola. Would today be the day I 0:02:59.320 --> 0:03:02.720 got infected? Won't know for a week. The days add up, 0:03:03.080 --> 0:03:07.359 the worry adds up. I've never seen my colleagues so afraid, 0:03:07.760 --> 0:03:10.960 so unsettled. But I've also never seen them all work 0:03:11.200 --> 0:03:15.919 so well together. I've never seen us more unified, more focused, 0:03:16.240 --> 0:03:21.600 more sincere. Yes we worry about Ppe, Yes we worry 0:03:21.639 --> 0:03:25.800 about lack of medications. Yes we worry about one another. 0:03:26.680 --> 0:03:29.760 But I've never seen so much sense of purpose, so 0:03:29.880 --> 0:03:33.280 much honor to do this job. We didn't sign up 0:03:33.320 --> 0:03:37.200 for this, but we will show up for this. Every day. 0:03:38.400 --> 0:03:40.960 I think of this when I finally get home, close 0:03:41.000 --> 0:03:45.080 in a bag, hot shower, look in the mirror, indentations 0:03:45.080 --> 0:03:48.000 of goggles still deep in my face, blisters on the 0:03:48.000 --> 0:04:38.239 bridge of my nose. How long will we hold Jesus? Wow? 0:04:38.520 --> 0:04:43.160 Yeah, So that was. 0:04:44.640 --> 0:04:48.279 How Long will we Doctors Last? By Craig Spencer, published 0:04:48.320 --> 0:04:51.400 in The Washington Post on April third of this year. 0:04:52.440 --> 0:04:55.600 Craig Spencer is the Director of Global Health in Emergency 0:04:55.640 --> 0:05:00.600 Medicine at New York Presbyterian Columbia University Medical Center. Also, 0:05:00.720 --> 0:05:03.640 if you want to read this and more from him, 0:05:03.680 --> 0:05:07.040 he has another really nice thread on his Twitter account 0:05:07.360 --> 0:05:10.120 describing what day to day life has been like for 0:05:10.160 --> 0:05:12.680 an er doctor during this pandemic. 0:05:13.200 --> 0:05:19.640 That's yeah, it's incredible and so difficult to imagine. 0:05:20.120 --> 0:05:24.479 Yeah, it's it's horrific. Erin Yeah, yep. 0:05:26.240 --> 0:05:29.360 Well, Hi, I'm Aaron Welsh. 0:05:28.839 --> 0:05:32.000 And I'm Erin alman Updyke and this is this podcast 0:05:32.040 --> 0:05:32.640 will kill you. 0:05:33.200 --> 0:05:34.320 Yeah. 0:05:34.600 --> 0:05:38.520 So this episode is a continuation of our Anatomy of 0:05:38.600 --> 0:05:41.800 a Pandemic series, which is our series on COVID nineteen. 0:05:42.360 --> 0:05:45.160 In each of these episodes, we address different aspects of 0:05:45.200 --> 0:05:48.160 the pandemic with the help of experts in the field, 0:05:48.360 --> 0:05:50.479 because hey, we're not experts. 0:05:50.640 --> 0:05:51.800 We're not experts. 0:05:52.440 --> 0:05:56.080 Our first six episodes covered things like from the virus's 0:05:56.160 --> 0:06:00.479 biology to clinical disease, from control efforts to do mental 0:06:00.520 --> 0:06:01.880 health coping strategies. 0:06:02.640 --> 0:06:04.760 As you might be able to guess from the title 0:06:04.800 --> 0:06:07.920 of this episode, we're going to talk today about how 0:06:08.040 --> 0:06:11.560 spillover events happen and why. We'll talk about what we 0:06:11.600 --> 0:06:15.000 currently know about where SARS COVID two came from, and 0:06:15.160 --> 0:06:17.680 how we can use this pandemic to be better prepared 0:06:17.720 --> 0:06:20.880 to stop another. We were fortunate enough to speak with 0:06:21.000 --> 0:06:25.440 doctor JOHNA. Mazette, an incredible disease ecologists whose specialty lies 0:06:25.520 --> 0:06:28.600 in identifying emerging pathogens of public health concern. 0:06:29.640 --> 0:06:32.280 But before we get to that, we do have a 0:06:32.320 --> 0:06:36.559 couple of pieces of business to go over. First. Let's 0:06:36.640 --> 0:06:40.320 talk first hand accounts. Yes, so, we are working on 0:06:40.400 --> 0:06:43.480 more episodes of this series covering things like how the 0:06:43.520 --> 0:06:48.840 pandemic has impacted the economy, or education or marginalized populations, 0:06:49.320 --> 0:06:52.480 as well as update episodes on topics we've already covered. 0:06:52.960 --> 0:06:55.920 And for these update episodes, we want to hear from you. 0:06:56.240 --> 0:06:59.120 We want to hear how this pandemic has affected your life, 0:06:59.480 --> 0:07:03.680 your job, your family, your friends, etc. If you are 0:07:03.720 --> 0:07:06.400 willing to share your story with us for inclusion as 0:07:06.440 --> 0:07:09.160 a possible first hand account in one of these episodes, 0:07:09.560 --> 0:07:12.600 please go to our website this podcast willkill you dot 0:07:12.640 --> 0:07:16.960 com and click on COVID nineteen firsthand at the top 0:07:17.000 --> 0:07:19.240 of the page, and then that'll take you to a 0:07:19.280 --> 0:07:21.360 form that you can fill out and then we can 0:07:21.440 --> 0:07:24.000 get back to you with more details real quick. 0:07:24.080 --> 0:07:26.560 Another thing we wanted to say about first hand accounts, 0:07:26.640 --> 0:07:29.320 it's kind of like what everyone says in their Twitter 0:07:29.400 --> 0:07:34.040 bio retweets are not endorsements. There are so many people 0:07:34.240 --> 0:07:37.440 that are having so many different experiences and different perspectives 0:07:37.520 --> 0:07:40.680 during this pandemic. One of our goals with presenting these 0:07:40.760 --> 0:07:44.160 first hand accounts is to show just how huge the 0:07:44.240 --> 0:07:48.600 diversity is in how this pandemic is affecting people. So 0:07:48.680 --> 0:07:51.040 we hope that by hearing these stories, it's a way 0:07:51.040 --> 0:07:53.920 for us all to increase our understanding and empathy during 0:07:53.960 --> 0:07:58.600 these horrible, stressful times. We recognize that no single experience 0:07:58.760 --> 0:07:59.960 is going to be universal. 0:08:00.600 --> 0:08:08.480 So yeah, exactly, Okay. Another piece of business alcohol free episodes. 0:08:09.800 --> 0:08:12.400 So a little bit ago, we posted on our social 0:08:12.480 --> 0:08:16.760 media about alcohol free episodes now being available and so 0:08:17.000 --> 0:08:19.840 let me tell you what these are. So some educators 0:08:19.880 --> 0:08:23.480 reached out to us to ask whether there were versions 0:08:23.520 --> 0:08:27.640 of episodes that didn't contain the quarantine talk, and if 0:08:27.680 --> 0:08:30.840 there weren't, whether they could actually edit those portions out 0:08:30.840 --> 0:08:34.600 themselves for use in the classroom. And so, instead of 0:08:34.640 --> 0:08:39.160 having a bunch of people doing the same obnoxious work 0:08:39.640 --> 0:08:42.800 over and over again editing out the quarantine talk, we thought, 0:08:42.840 --> 0:08:44.679 you know, it's going to be easier to have them 0:08:44.720 --> 0:08:47.920 all in one place, available for whoever wants to use 0:08:47.960 --> 0:08:50.360 it for whatever reason. And so what we did is 0:08:50.400 --> 0:08:53.400 we edited out all the quarantiny talks from our past 0:08:53.440 --> 0:08:57.760 episodes and put these quote alcohol free episodes in a 0:08:57.800 --> 0:09:02.040 playlist on a page on our website called alcohol Free Episodes, 0:09:02.080 --> 0:09:04.240 which you can find under the episode tab. 0:09:05.000 --> 0:09:08.040 Are regular episodes like the one that you're currently listening to. 0:09:08.360 --> 0:09:11.079 Even though this is a little irregular for a regular 0:09:11.120 --> 0:09:15.400 episode that you get from your normal podcast sources, we 0:09:15.480 --> 0:09:20.000 will still have quarantines and plusy burtas, so you don't 0:09:20.000 --> 0:09:23.599 need to worry about losing those. These edited versions of 0:09:23.640 --> 0:09:25.960 our episodes is just an attempt for us to be 0:09:26.000 --> 0:09:28.920 more inclusive and accessible, because we recognize that a lot 0:09:28.960 --> 0:09:31.199 of teachers could get in trouble for sharing a podcast 0:09:31.280 --> 0:09:34.040 with their students that has a good amount of alcohol talk, 0:09:34.360 --> 0:09:37.120 and also maybe people who are in recovery or just 0:09:37.200 --> 0:09:39.640 don't want to listen to might find it difficult to 0:09:39.679 --> 0:09:43.640 listen to. This isn't about censorship or being sheltered or 0:09:43.679 --> 0:09:46.040 anything like that, and there's definitely no need for some 0:09:46.080 --> 0:09:48.560 of the harsh words that we've seen on social media 0:09:48.600 --> 0:09:49.079 about this. 0:09:50.840 --> 0:09:55.360 No, please, guys, let's just kind be kind, especially during 0:09:55.360 --> 0:09:58.160 this time. We all need it, right, we do, we do. 0:09:58.679 --> 0:10:01.720 And as we said, you do not need to worry 0:10:01.760 --> 0:10:04.559 that we're going to stop doing Quarantiny recipes because we're 0:10:04.600 --> 0:10:08.360 going to every single episode and we're about to in 0:10:08.400 --> 0:10:11.040 this one. So nothing is changing about the podcast. We're 0:10:11.160 --> 0:10:13.599 just providing an additional resource for people who want to 0:10:13.720 --> 0:10:18.199 use it. And frankly, we're flattered that some educators want 0:10:18.240 --> 0:10:21.240 to use our podcast in their classroom, like that's thrilling. 0:10:21.760 --> 0:10:22.719 Yes, it really is. 0:10:23.320 --> 0:10:26.480 So if you do not wish to hear quarantine Y Talk, 0:10:26.880 --> 0:10:29.920 you can find the edited quarantine Free versions under the 0:10:29.960 --> 0:10:33.160 episodes tab of our website, and there's also a disclaimer 0:10:33.240 --> 0:10:36.080 there at the top of that page that says that 0:10:36.120 --> 0:10:39.520 there might still be some references to alcohol throughout the 0:10:39.600 --> 0:10:42.560 episodes that we just haven't found, and so if you 0:10:43.120 --> 0:10:45.400 find one, of those and you want us to remove it, 0:10:45.880 --> 0:10:49.080 please send us the timestamp and the context of the mention. 0:10:49.880 --> 0:10:53.760 And if you do wish to hear quarantiny talk, just 0:10:53.880 --> 0:10:54.920 keep listening. 0:10:55.240 --> 0:10:57.320 Because it's quarantiny time. 0:10:57.559 --> 0:11:02.120 It's quarantiney time. What are we drinking this time? 0:11:02.920 --> 0:11:05.280 This time we're drinking Quarantini seven. 0:11:06.040 --> 0:11:07.160 Such a classic name. 0:11:07.360 --> 0:11:12.480 It is one for the ages. Quarantiny seven has rum, 0:11:12.679 --> 0:11:17.000 orange liquor, lemon juice, and cinnamon simple syrup. Demorros simple 0:11:17.040 --> 0:11:18.520 syrup also works pretty. 0:11:18.280 --> 0:11:20.000 Well too, fabulous. 0:11:21.200 --> 0:11:24.120 As always, we'll post the recipe for this quarantini and 0:11:24.240 --> 0:11:27.719 the non alcoholic plus e burrita on all of our 0:11:27.760 --> 0:11:31.320 social media pages and on our website. I wanted to 0:11:31.360 --> 0:11:32.719 say that very clo you. 0:11:32.800 --> 0:11:39.520 Enunciated that one that time. Okay, now that that's out 0:11:39.559 --> 0:11:42.320 of the way, let's go over a few things before 0:11:42.360 --> 0:11:46.640 we dive into the interview with doctor Mazette. First of all, masks. 0:11:47.480 --> 0:11:50.160 Oh gosh, if you've been following the news at all, 0:11:50.280 --> 0:11:53.880 you may have seen that the CDC has now recommended 0:11:54.080 --> 0:11:57.959 people wear masks under certain circumstances. So let's talk about 0:11:58.000 --> 0:12:02.920 that decision. Earlier episode of this series, we went into 0:12:02.960 --> 0:12:05.480 masks a little bit, and we had repeated the CDC's 0:12:05.559 --> 0:12:09.760 previous recommendations for masks and why those recommendations were made 0:12:09.840 --> 0:12:13.960 a quick recap. So previously, wearing a mask was not 0:12:14.120 --> 0:12:16.720 advised for those who were not sick, and there were 0:12:16.760 --> 0:12:20.800 a number of reasons stated for this. One that maybe 0:12:20.880 --> 0:12:23.760 the most important one, masks are in very short supply 0:12:23.960 --> 0:12:26.680 and should be reserved for healthcare workers who are battling 0:12:26.679 --> 0:12:31.320 with this virus on a daily basis. Number two, most masks, 0:12:31.440 --> 0:12:34.960 especially those that are the most effective, require proper fitting 0:12:35.000 --> 0:12:38.600 in order to work. Number three, masks can lead to 0:12:38.720 --> 0:12:41.360 you touching your face more to adjust them or pull 0:12:41.400 --> 0:12:44.240 them down or to the side, And if that mask 0:12:44.280 --> 0:12:47.520 has viral particles on it, that's an easy way to 0:12:47.679 --> 0:12:51.959 become infected yourself, or if you're already infected, you can 0:12:52.000 --> 0:12:55.080 easily contaminate your hands and then other surfaces that you 0:12:55.200 --> 0:12:59.199 touch after adjusting your mask. And number four, it can 0:12:59.360 --> 0:13:03.200 in some case maybe give people a false sense of 0:13:03.240 --> 0:13:06.840 security and lead to less hand washing or physical distancing. 0:13:08.080 --> 0:13:08.840 So as of. 0:13:08.760 --> 0:13:13.040 April third of this year, the CDC is now recommending 0:13:13.080 --> 0:13:17.760 that people wear masks in certain situations, so kind of 0:13:17.800 --> 0:13:21.840 more broadly is now their recommendation. So the question is 0:13:21.840 --> 0:13:27.080 why is that what has changed? Quite honestly great question. 0:13:27.480 --> 0:13:31.640 According to the CDC website, it's because we know that 0:13:31.679 --> 0:13:34.199 a good chunk of people, we don't know exactly how many, 0:13:34.400 --> 0:13:36.920 but a good chunk of people can be infected with 0:13:37.000 --> 0:13:40.079 the virus, not show any symptoms, but still be able 0:13:40.120 --> 0:13:44.240 to transmit the virus asymptomatic transmission. Anyone who's listened to 0:13:44.320 --> 0:13:48.080 this podcast has known that for quite some time. Right, 0:13:48.160 --> 0:13:52.240 we've talked about that. Yeah, there's also evidence that people 0:13:52.280 --> 0:13:56.320 can transmit the virus before they start showing symptoms, even 0:13:56.320 --> 0:13:59.360 if they do eventually become symptomatic. And of course, if 0:13:59.400 --> 0:14:02.760 you have a mile infection, you can still transmit the virus. 0:14:04.200 --> 0:14:08.439 So none of this is new, brand new information discovered 0:14:08.520 --> 0:14:09.440 in the past week. 0:14:09.720 --> 0:14:10.520 No, not at all. 0:14:11.120 --> 0:14:15.640 So these things asymptomatic transmission, infections before showing symptoms, We've 0:14:15.640 --> 0:14:19.000 known about these things, or at least highly suspected them 0:14:19.160 --> 0:14:22.520 for a while. And we meaning like the broader scientific community, 0:14:22.600 --> 0:14:23.640 not just like Aaron and. 0:14:23.680 --> 0:14:25.920 Aaron all the deeds. 0:14:25.960 --> 0:14:28.840 No, we didn't, We're our experts. Do we need to 0:14:28.840 --> 0:14:29.400 say it again? 0:14:30.120 --> 0:14:30.560 Uh So? 0:14:30.720 --> 0:14:34.080 But why has this recommendation changed now, and we don't 0:14:34.120 --> 0:14:37.360 know exactly because we're not in the room where these 0:14:37.440 --> 0:14:41.520 policy changes are being discussed and where these decisions are made. 0:14:42.000 --> 0:14:44.680 If anyone who's in those rooms wants to come on 0:14:44.720 --> 0:14:46.760 the podcast and talk to us about it, we would 0:14:46.920 --> 0:14:49.240 love to hear from you, because this is also a 0:14:49.360 --> 0:14:52.880 very interesting like, these are difficult things coming up with 0:14:52.920 --> 0:14:55.920 these policies and recommendation, So it would be fascinating to 0:14:55.960 --> 0:14:58.120 get to talk to somebody who actually does that. We 0:14:58.160 --> 0:15:03.240 don't do that, no, nope, So let's talk about what 0:15:03.240 --> 0:15:07.320 these new recommendations are exactly. On the CDC website as 0:15:07.360 --> 0:15:10.680 of April fourth, this is what it says. The CDC 0:15:10.800 --> 0:15:14.000 recommends wearing cloth face coverings in public settings where other 0:15:14.120 --> 0:15:17.880 social distancing measures are difficult to maintain, for example, grocery 0:15:17.880 --> 0:15:22.800 stores pharmacies, especially in areas of significant community based transmission. 0:15:23.280 --> 0:15:27.200 It is critical to emphasize that maintaining six feet social 0:15:27.280 --> 0:15:31.240 distancing remains important to slowing the spread of the virus. 0:15:31.840 --> 0:15:35.240 CDC is additionally advising the use of simple cloth face 0:15:35.320 --> 0:15:37.840 coverings to slow the spread of the virus and help 0:15:37.880 --> 0:15:39.800 people who may have the virus and do not know 0:15:39.880 --> 0:15:43.560 it from transmitting it to others. The cloth face coverings 0:15:43.640 --> 0:15:47.680 recommended are not surgical masks or N ninety five respirators. 0:15:48.080 --> 0:15:50.800 Those are critical supplies that must continue to be reserved 0:15:50.840 --> 0:15:54.440 for healthcare workers and other medical first responders, as recommended 0:15:54.440 --> 0:16:00.200 by current CDC guidance end quote. So there is they're 0:16:00.200 --> 0:16:02.920 basically saying, wear a mask if you absolutely have to 0:16:02.920 --> 0:16:06.120 go out to help prevent transmitting this virus to other people, 0:16:06.720 --> 0:16:10.720 But masks are no replacement for staying at home. Also 0:16:11.040 --> 0:16:14.560 washing your hands and never touching your mask with dirty hands, 0:16:15.000 --> 0:16:15.760 does that make sense? 0:16:16.080 --> 0:16:18.360 And also washing your hands after touching your. 0:16:18.280 --> 0:16:23.000 Mask, yes, just washing your hands every time your hands 0:16:23.040 --> 0:16:23.960 go anywhere near your. 0:16:23.880 --> 0:16:27.880 Face for sure. Yeah, okay, okay, But this is an 0:16:27.920 --> 0:16:30.920 ongoing thing, and so there's going to be more information 0:16:31.000 --> 0:16:32.880 and we'd love to do a deeper dive into it 0:16:32.880 --> 0:16:36.600 with someone who is working first hand on this. 0:16:36.880 --> 0:16:37.840 Knows more than we do. 0:16:38.080 --> 0:16:40.360 Yeah yeah, yeah. 0:16:40.040 --> 0:16:43.040 All right. Are we ready to talk about spillover events? 0:16:43.240 --> 0:16:43.520 Oh? 0:16:43.560 --> 0:16:43.960 I sure? 0:16:44.000 --> 0:16:44.720 Am okay. 0:16:46.440 --> 0:16:50.640 I think the listeners of this podcast maybe don't need 0:16:50.640 --> 0:16:53.400 a whole lot of setup for this particular topic, because 0:16:53.400 --> 0:16:56.520 if you've listened to us before, you've heard us talk 0:16:56.560 --> 0:17:00.480 about spillover events and what they are, and diseasy collegy 0:17:00.640 --> 0:17:04.680 and what that is. So let's get right to it 0:17:05.320 --> 0:17:06.119 right after. 0:17:05.960 --> 0:17:06.800 This short break. 0:17:31.960 --> 0:17:32.920 I'm Jonah Mazette. 0:17:32.920 --> 0:17:36.520 I'm a professor of epidemiology and disease ecollege at the 0:17:36.640 --> 0:17:39.800 University of California Davis in the Veterinary School and the 0:17:39.920 --> 0:17:44.199 University of California, San Francisco in the Medical School, and 0:17:44.240 --> 0:17:47.400 I'm the executive director of the UC Davis One Health 0:17:47.440 --> 0:17:52.520 Institute there. I use one Health in everything I do 0:17:52.720 --> 0:17:55.919 and that our big team does, and what that means 0:17:55.960 --> 0:18:02.520 is we're looking at interconnectedness human, animal, plant, and environmental 0:18:02.520 --> 0:18:07.080 health and bringing together multidisciplinary teams to work on those 0:18:07.119 --> 0:18:12.960 really complex problems like this COVID nineteen situation. I've been 0:18:13.000 --> 0:18:18.280 the principal investigator for the Predict project that's been working 0:18:18.320 --> 0:18:23.000 in thirty five countries all over the world to identify dangerous, 0:18:23.200 --> 0:18:28.359 potentially pathogenic viruses that could spill over from animals into 0:18:28.440 --> 0:18:32.240 people and build the systems that are needed to be 0:18:32.280 --> 0:18:35.720 able to respond quickly and be ready for just the 0:18:35.760 --> 0:18:38.560 scenario that we have. And I've been doing that for 0:18:38.640 --> 0:18:43.439 ten years leading that team, and we detected and discovered 0:18:43.480 --> 0:18:46.840 one hundred and sixty novel coronaviruses through PREDICT when just 0:18:46.880 --> 0:18:50.959 a handful we're known, and as importantly, we learned about 0:18:51.720 --> 0:18:55.720 their hosts and the interfaces. And more importantly, I think 0:18:55.760 --> 0:18:59.480 we trained about sixty eight hundred people in this approach 0:18:59.560 --> 0:19:01.400 so that the world it can be better. 0:19:01.480 --> 0:19:03.240 I just wish more of them were here. 0:19:03.920 --> 0:19:04.200 Now. 0:19:04.280 --> 0:19:08.240 I'm the director of the One Health Workforce Next Generation, 0:19:08.520 --> 0:19:12.960 which is the logical follow on from PREDICT, meaning that 0:19:13.840 --> 0:19:17.679 we want this trained workforce to be expanded in the 0:19:17.720 --> 0:19:22.640 most likely hot spots for spillover, so that academics all 0:19:22.640 --> 0:19:23.840 over the world. 0:19:23.600 --> 0:19:25.080 Can be training. 0:19:24.720 --> 0:19:29.080 People to be the workforce for hopefully to prevent anything 0:19:29.160 --> 0:19:30.760 like this ever happening again. 0:19:31.480 --> 0:19:33.520 And finally, I'm also on. 0:19:33.480 --> 0:19:36.760 The board of the directors of the new Global Viral Project, 0:19:36.880 --> 0:19:41.360 which really grew out of the PREDICT project. PREDICT provided 0:19:41.400 --> 0:19:44.359 the proof of concept that we don't need to wait 0:19:44.560 --> 0:19:50.240 for the next epidemic or tragically pandemic. We can get 0:19:50.280 --> 0:19:54.159 in front of the curve, in front of the wave. 0:19:54.400 --> 0:19:59.000 We can't understand viruses and know where they are sort 0:19:59.000 --> 0:20:01.520 of lurking and availab ble to spill over into people. 0:20:01.960 --> 0:20:04.000 We can know what they are, we can know how 0:20:04.040 --> 0:20:08.240 to detect them, we can know how to prevent our 0:20:08.320 --> 0:20:11.480 own risky behaviors that put us in harm's way. 0:20:12.040 --> 0:20:14.359 Awesome, so many different things that you're working on. 0:20:14.480 --> 0:20:16.800 I'm sorry, No, it doesn't apologue. 0:20:18.200 --> 0:20:18.920 It's amazing. 0:20:20.560 --> 0:20:23.159 Wow, that's incredible, and it sounds like, I mean, some 0:20:23.240 --> 0:20:26.359 of these things sound like really fascinating. And you know 0:20:26.440 --> 0:20:30.960 you mentioned predict and you mentioned doing surveillance for emerging pathogens, 0:20:31.280 --> 0:20:33.159 and so can you take us through sort of a 0:20:33.240 --> 0:20:36.560 step by step of how that's done, Because there's like 0:20:36.680 --> 0:20:42.119 logistics involved with these working across international borders, and then 0:20:42.160 --> 0:20:44.240 there's the people in the field doing the sampling to 0:20:44.320 --> 0:20:47.639 then how do you group all of this information together 0:20:47.720 --> 0:20:49.800 and then disperse it to the people that need it. 0:20:49.960 --> 0:20:50.800 How does that work? 0:20:51.400 --> 0:20:55.800 Yeah, there's a lot of minutia and not sexy work 0:20:55.880 --> 0:21:00.240 involved there, and a lot of it also qualifies or 0:21:00.720 --> 0:21:03.120 for being highlighted on dirty jobs. 0:21:03.200 --> 0:21:04.080 We swab a lot. 0:21:03.920 --> 0:21:09.000 Of butts on throats and noses. So I can take 0:21:09.040 --> 0:21:12.120 you through it. But the way that we begin is 0:21:12.160 --> 0:21:15.240 we begin with math. We begin with looking at the 0:21:15.280 --> 0:21:18.960 best science and pulling it together mathematically to identify hot 0:21:18.960 --> 0:21:23.720 spots that might be the places most likely for spillover 0:21:23.840 --> 0:21:28.320 to occur. And once we identify those countries, if they 0:21:28.440 --> 0:21:32.840 overlap with our funders for the PREDICT project, USA ID 0:21:33.160 --> 0:21:36.879 or US Agency for International Development where they want and 0:21:36.960 --> 0:21:40.200 can work, then we can approach the governments in those 0:21:40.240 --> 0:21:44.280 countries and ask if they'd like to participate. And the 0:21:44.280 --> 0:21:47.840 PREDICT Project was the first time I'd ever started an 0:21:47.840 --> 0:21:53.159 international effort where every single government that we talked to 0:21:53.680 --> 0:21:56.080 said absolutely, yes, this is critically important. 0:21:56.119 --> 0:21:57.320 We want to get in front of this. 0:21:57.760 --> 0:22:00.760 It's not we don't have the resource to do this, 0:22:00.960 --> 0:22:04.719 but we've loved a partner, so that was really refreshing. 0:22:04.760 --> 0:22:08.399 So we immediately had a collaborative process. But we in 0:22:08.480 --> 0:22:14.240 those initial government meetings, we brought together the ministries of Environment, Health, 0:22:14.760 --> 0:22:19.439 and Agriculture where the veterinary sector usually lives, so that 0:22:19.520 --> 0:22:23.360 we could apply the one health approach in those countries 0:22:23.400 --> 0:22:26.439 to really identify on the ground the best hotspots to 0:22:26.520 --> 0:22:29.959 target our work and then really get out there and 0:22:30.000 --> 0:22:34.720 collaboratively look at it from the animal side, the environmental side, 0:22:34.760 --> 0:22:37.360 as well as the human side. So we brought those 0:22:37.400 --> 0:22:39.920 teams together. I can talk to you more if you 0:22:40.119 --> 0:22:44.480 like about how that went. But once we found those 0:22:44.560 --> 0:22:48.200 hot spots to investigate, then we needed to train folks 0:22:48.240 --> 0:22:53.040 to be really safe biosafety and biosecurity number one, even 0:22:53.160 --> 0:22:57.800 including how to pack and ship samples. And before anybody 0:22:57.800 --> 0:22:59.679 could go out in the field, they needed to have 0:22:59.720 --> 0:23:03.560 a clearances for working with people and animals so that 0:23:03.800 --> 0:23:06.359 we knew that we could conduct the work in the 0:23:06.400 --> 0:23:09.760 most appropriate way. Then you have to get with the communities, 0:23:09.800 --> 0:23:12.560 because most communities, if you show up in white suits, 0:23:12.640 --> 0:23:16.240 even my house, if someone showed up in my front 0:23:16.320 --> 0:23:19.160 yard in a white suit trying to sample the birds 0:23:19.160 --> 0:23:22.080 in my yard, or in some of the communities where 0:23:22.119 --> 0:23:25.359 we work their food in the market, that would be 0:23:25.400 --> 0:23:28.359 horrifying to anyone. So we work with the communities and 0:23:28.400 --> 0:23:30.679 talk to them about what we're going to do, have 0:23:30.840 --> 0:23:34.240 them help us target exactly what kind of high risk 0:23:34.320 --> 0:23:38.320 interfaces they're seeing in their areas, and they become the 0:23:38.520 --> 0:23:44.440 really great informational partner and operational partners for us. Finally, 0:23:44.480 --> 0:23:47.080 then you can do the more sexy stuff, the stuff 0:23:47.119 --> 0:23:52.000 people like to film on the Discovery Channel of sampling 0:23:52.040 --> 0:23:56.160 the bats, sampling the non human primates, and getting sort 0:23:56.160 --> 0:23:59.199 of down into the mud, getting with the rodents and 0:23:59.240 --> 0:24:03.320 the shrews people's houses and trying to find the virus safely. 0:24:04.640 --> 0:24:06.560 Those samples didn't have to go to the laboratory. And 0:24:06.600 --> 0:24:11.520 we had to strengthen the capabilities for molecular virology in 0:24:11.640 --> 0:24:14.359 almost every place we work, because we were working in 0:24:14.440 --> 0:24:18.960 the least resource countries of the world most times, and 0:24:19.200 --> 0:24:22.640 most of them did not have the technology, they had 0:24:22.640 --> 0:24:27.120 the will to do this work, especially for wildlife. They 0:24:27.119 --> 0:24:30.119 didn't have places to do the wildlife virology. So we 0:24:30.200 --> 0:24:33.199 had to help build that up, and our teams at 0:24:33.280 --> 0:24:37.280 Davis and Columbia University were amazing and coming up with 0:24:37.880 --> 0:24:44.240 a low cost platform to really discover many, many, you know, more. 0:24:44.080 --> 0:24:45.800