1 00:00:00,080 --> 00:00:02,320 Speaker 1: Support for stuff you missed in History class comes from 2 00:00:02,320 --> 00:00:05,000 Speaker 1: our friends at Rocket Mortgage. By Quick and Loans. You're 3 00:00:05,040 --> 00:00:07,120 Speaker 1: confident when it comes to your work in your life, 4 00:00:07,320 --> 00:00:09,840 Speaker 1: Rocket Mortgage gives you that same confidence when it comes 5 00:00:09,840 --> 00:00:13,480 Speaker 1: to refinancing your existing mortgage or buying a home. It 6 00:00:13,560 --> 00:00:15,880 Speaker 1: enables you to understand all of the details so you 7 00:00:15,920 --> 00:00:18,440 Speaker 1: can be confident that you are getting the correct mortgage 8 00:00:18,480 --> 00:00:21,680 Speaker 1: for you. Go to Rocket mortgage dot com slash history. 9 00:00:21,920 --> 00:00:27,120 Speaker 1: That's Rocket mortgage dot com slash history. Welcome to stuff 10 00:00:27,120 --> 00:00:36,720 Speaker 1: you missed in History Class from how Stuff Works dot com. 11 00:00:36,760 --> 00:00:39,360 Speaker 1: Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Holly Frying and 12 00:00:39,520 --> 00:00:43,360 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson, and we're doing an episode that 13 00:00:43,520 --> 00:00:46,920 Speaker 1: is uh, you know, selfish because something I wanted to 14 00:00:46,960 --> 00:00:49,960 Speaker 1: talk about for a long time, which is roses. Uh 15 00:00:50,000 --> 00:00:52,680 Speaker 1: because I love roses, but I am admittedly a total 16 00:00:52,720 --> 00:00:55,520 Speaker 1: amateur in the garden. Our house when we bought it 17 00:00:55,560 --> 00:00:58,840 Speaker 1: came with a lot of roses, some of which are entertainingly. 18 00:00:59,400 --> 00:01:02,240 Speaker 1: They have reviewed themselves to me to be poorly chosen 19 00:01:02,280 --> 00:01:05,880 Speaker 1: for the spots there is whoops, but like they're lovely. 20 00:01:05,920 --> 00:01:09,720 Speaker 1: We have the most beautiful red roses that bloom like 21 00:01:09,880 --> 00:01:13,320 Speaker 1: crazy every spring and summer and right into fall that 22 00:01:13,640 --> 00:01:16,319 Speaker 1: are right next to the steps on either side of 23 00:01:16,360 --> 00:01:19,200 Speaker 1: the railings. But they're climbing roses, and so in the 24 00:01:19,280 --> 00:01:22,319 Speaker 1: summer we literally have to cut them back almost every 25 00:01:22,360 --> 00:01:25,200 Speaker 1: day because they just keep coming into the walkway. And 26 00:01:25,240 --> 00:01:27,920 Speaker 1: it's like, these are so beautiful and they're so hearty 27 00:01:27,959 --> 00:01:29,880 Speaker 1: and healthy, and I really love them. But whoever picked 28 00:01:29,920 --> 00:01:33,360 Speaker 1: them maybe didn't realize what kind they were. Um, and 29 00:01:33,400 --> 00:01:37,640 Speaker 1: then I add to our little collection periodically. I'm I'm 30 00:01:37,680 --> 00:01:39,919 Speaker 1: a lady who does not know that much about my roses, 31 00:01:39,959 --> 00:01:41,640 Speaker 1: but I love them dearly. I've bought a few of 32 00:01:41,680 --> 00:01:45,160 Speaker 1: the the fun hybrids of late in the past few years. So, 33 00:01:45,520 --> 00:01:47,520 Speaker 1: but I also had to wait until now all of 34 00:01:47,520 --> 00:01:50,360 Speaker 1: this is saying to do this episode one June is 35 00:01:50,360 --> 00:01:52,560 Speaker 1: a very prolific time for roses, so it's kind of 36 00:01:52,560 --> 00:01:55,520 Speaker 1: thematically right. But um, I knew that if we did 37 00:01:55,520 --> 00:01:58,160 Speaker 1: this episode two early in the spring, that I would 38 00:01:58,160 --> 00:02:01,080 Speaker 1: be tempted to buy a lot more this as a consequence, 39 00:02:01,120 --> 00:02:03,080 Speaker 1: and I'm already kind of out of space for places 40 00:02:03,120 --> 00:02:05,720 Speaker 1: to put them. So I had to wait until we 41 00:02:05,760 --> 00:02:08,359 Speaker 1: were at the point when growers and nurseries won't ship 42 00:02:08,400 --> 00:02:10,840 Speaker 1: to us anymore because we're out of the planting season. 43 00:02:12,480 --> 00:02:14,400 Speaker 1: So you're getting this in late June so that I 44 00:02:14,440 --> 00:02:18,920 Speaker 1: can manage my own online shopping problems. That seems legitimate 45 00:02:19,240 --> 00:02:25,840 Speaker 1: the history of RUSS. I conversely have an episode that 46 00:02:25,880 --> 00:02:28,680 Speaker 1: I've been wanting to do for a while that has 47 00:02:28,760 --> 00:02:34,680 Speaker 1: just been painful to work on, and I still have 48 00:02:34,840 --> 00:02:38,880 Speaker 1: not finished it and it's been weeks. So we'll surprise 49 00:02:38,919 --> 00:02:42,280 Speaker 1: everyone with which episodes those are slash that is, when 50 00:02:42,680 --> 00:02:45,120 Speaker 1: they come out. Yeah, sometimes Tracy and I had to 51 00:02:45,160 --> 00:02:49,160 Speaker 1: be careful about how we manage our own subjects. Uh 52 00:02:49,240 --> 00:02:50,959 Speaker 1: And just as a caveat, I kind of said a 53 00:02:51,000 --> 00:02:54,679 Speaker 1: similar thing at the beginning of our History of Veterinary Medicine. 54 00:02:55,040 --> 00:02:57,280 Speaker 1: This is, you know, definitely an overview. A lot has 55 00:02:57,280 --> 00:03:01,000 Speaker 1: happened in the literal millions of years since roses have 56 00:03:01,160 --> 00:03:04,840 Speaker 1: existed on this planet. Uh. So we can't cover every 57 00:03:04,880 --> 00:03:07,399 Speaker 1: bit of minutia, but we're giving you the broad strokes 58 00:03:07,720 --> 00:03:10,680 Speaker 1: of like the key moments. And on that note, In 59 00:03:10,680 --> 00:03:14,520 Speaker 1: a history of Roses prepared for the American Rose Society, 60 00:03:14,720 --> 00:03:19,000 Speaker 1: historian Jerry Haynes wrote, quote, Roses are incredibly complex and 61 00:03:19,040 --> 00:03:22,799 Speaker 1: many Rosarians are opinionated. That makes for a which is 62 00:03:22,919 --> 00:03:27,880 Speaker 1: brew of nonaligned thinking and some downright nasty disagreements. You 63 00:03:27,919 --> 00:03:29,880 Speaker 1: may have heard the saying that I went to a 64 00:03:29,919 --> 00:03:33,240 Speaker 1: fight and a rose meeting broke out. This is because 65 00:03:33,280 --> 00:03:36,560 Speaker 1: there is a lot of room for conjecture, angry opinions, 66 00:03:36,800 --> 00:03:41,360 Speaker 1: and wild guesses. This sort of made me laugh one 67 00:03:41,560 --> 00:03:44,200 Speaker 1: because I had never heard that expression, but it's quite 68 00:03:44,320 --> 00:03:47,080 Speaker 1: delightful and too. It made me think of Doubton Abbey, 69 00:03:47,880 --> 00:03:54,640 Speaker 1: where there's some rose drama on the show. I actually 70 00:03:54,720 --> 00:03:58,000 Speaker 1: have a Doubton Abbey rose in my garden now, which 71 00:03:58,040 --> 00:04:01,400 Speaker 1: is named for violet. But this one genus of plant 72 00:04:01,480 --> 00:04:04,000 Speaker 1: is perhaps the most famed in human history. I would 73 00:04:04,040 --> 00:04:05,480 Speaker 1: go so far as to say it is, but I'm 74 00:04:05,480 --> 00:04:09,480 Speaker 1: always a little bit reticent about superlatives. But it's the 75 00:04:09,560 --> 00:04:13,040 Speaker 1: most famous. It's revered for its beauty, it's used symbolically. 76 00:04:13,080 --> 00:04:15,760 Speaker 1: Of course, it's made into consumables. There is a war 77 00:04:15,920 --> 00:04:18,240 Speaker 1: named after them. We'll touch on that briefly. And in 78 00:04:19,200 --> 00:04:22,640 Speaker 1: President Ronald Reagan made the rose the national floral emblem 79 00:04:22,720 --> 00:04:26,400 Speaker 1: of the United States. But roses predate civilization as we 80 00:04:26,440 --> 00:04:29,440 Speaker 1: know it by a significant margin. Yeah, they've existed for 81 00:04:29,520 --> 00:04:32,159 Speaker 1: literally millions of years, but the image of the rose 82 00:04:32,200 --> 00:04:34,640 Speaker 1: that you probably think of doesn't look much like the 83 00:04:34,680 --> 00:04:37,800 Speaker 1: ones blooming in Asia as far back as an estimated 84 00:04:38,080 --> 00:04:41,840 Speaker 1: seventy million years ago, or in North America thirty five 85 00:04:41,920 --> 00:04:47,200 Speaker 1: million years ago. Ancient wild roses were fairly simple as 86 00:04:47,240 --> 00:04:49,479 Speaker 1: some wild roses still today are, but even more simple 87 00:04:49,520 --> 00:04:52,960 Speaker 1: than that. Many had only five pedals that bloomed into 88 00:04:52,960 --> 00:04:57,200 Speaker 1: sort of a disc like shape. And curiously, roses are 89 00:04:57,600 --> 00:05:02,240 Speaker 1: Northern Hemisphere natives. It's not yet understood why they are 90 00:05:02,440 --> 00:05:06,160 Speaker 1: native to more than one continent in the Northern Hemisphere 91 00:05:06,200 --> 00:05:10,760 Speaker 1: but not to the Southern Hemisphere. Yeah, I think you can, 92 00:05:10,839 --> 00:05:13,800 Speaker 1: probably if you're a very good gardener, transplant sum but 93 00:05:13,880 --> 00:05:18,120 Speaker 1: in terms of naturally growing, they just have never sprung 94 00:05:18,200 --> 00:05:22,560 Speaker 1: up there. The oldest of roses are considered the species roses, 95 00:05:22,600 --> 00:05:25,119 Speaker 1: So these are varieties of roses that developed in nature 96 00:05:25,160 --> 00:05:28,839 Speaker 1: without human intervention. So those ancient ancient ones as well 97 00:05:28,880 --> 00:05:31,760 Speaker 1: as as more recent ones but that are still uncultivated, 98 00:05:32,000 --> 00:05:35,000 Speaker 1: and those became the basis of all cultivated roses. But 99 00:05:35,120 --> 00:05:37,400 Speaker 1: for a long time they did just find on their own, 100 00:05:37,800 --> 00:05:40,359 Speaker 1: and there are some species rose groups that continue to 101 00:05:40,400 --> 00:05:42,920 Speaker 1: grow today and that you can even purchase, as well 102 00:05:42,960 --> 00:05:44,880 Speaker 1: as some that are just growing in the wild. And 103 00:05:44,920 --> 00:05:47,279 Speaker 1: in addition to their simple blooms, they had some of 104 00:05:47,320 --> 00:05:50,480 Speaker 1: the hallmarks of roses, so thorns, sepals, and hips, just 105 00:05:50,520 --> 00:05:52,840 Speaker 1: like your modern roses, but they looked a little different. 106 00:05:53,760 --> 00:05:57,200 Speaker 1: Roses have appeared in art and Minoan crete dating back 107 00:05:57,240 --> 00:06:01,880 Speaker 1: to se b C. And Egypti floral reade stated Circle 108 00:06:01,920 --> 00:06:06,120 Speaker 1: one seventy CE feature a species of roses actually still 109 00:06:06,200 --> 00:06:09,880 Speaker 1: living today. This is the Rosa ricardi, also known as 110 00:06:09,920 --> 00:06:13,480 Speaker 1: the Rosa sancta, and it's colloquially known as the Holy 111 00:06:13,640 --> 00:06:17,720 Speaker 1: rose of Abyssinia. In the fifth century b c. Herodotus 112 00:06:17,720 --> 00:06:20,960 Speaker 1: wrote of a garden in Macedonia that housed roses, but 113 00:06:21,040 --> 00:06:23,400 Speaker 1: what exact kinds of roses were there remains a matter 114 00:06:23,440 --> 00:06:27,560 Speaker 1: of guesswork. There are also Biblical references to roses, but similarly, 115 00:06:27,600 --> 00:06:31,600 Speaker 1: it's unclear if those references are correctly translated, or if 116 00:06:31,600 --> 00:06:34,039 Speaker 1: the flowers in the text were actually something else, and 117 00:06:34,080 --> 00:06:36,640 Speaker 1: then in translation rose kind of got subbed in for 118 00:06:36,680 --> 00:06:41,040 Speaker 1: a flowering plant. Humans began cultivating roses starting roughly five 119 00:06:41,160 --> 00:06:44,520 Speaker 1: thousand years ago. The oldest species of rose that continues 120 00:06:44,560 --> 00:06:47,000 Speaker 1: today is the Rosa gallica, which is also called a 121 00:06:47,040 --> 00:06:50,359 Speaker 1: French rose, that dates back to twelve hundred BC and 122 00:06:50,400 --> 00:06:53,320 Speaker 1: has been growing in Asia and parts of Europe since 123 00:06:53,360 --> 00:06:56,239 Speaker 1: that time. Yeah, a lot of roses invoke French names, 124 00:06:56,279 --> 00:06:59,000 Speaker 1: just f y I, they're not all the same. The 125 00:06:59,120 --> 00:07:02,880 Speaker 1: Damas grows, known by its Latin name Rosa demascena and 126 00:07:02,960 --> 00:07:05,760 Speaker 1: named for Damascus, is a descendant of that French rose. 127 00:07:05,920 --> 00:07:09,680 Speaker 1: It has been around since at least nine Variations of 128 00:07:09,720 --> 00:07:13,520 Speaker 1: the Damas groves developed through cross breeding became common eventually, 129 00:07:13,560 --> 00:07:17,440 Speaker 1: and as the Roman Empire came into power, roses really 130 00:07:17,480 --> 00:07:21,560 Speaker 1: really benefited. In the eastern parts of the Roman Empire, 131 00:07:21,720 --> 00:07:24,880 Speaker 1: roses became incredibly popular, not just for their beauty, but 132 00:07:24,960 --> 00:07:28,480 Speaker 1: for a wide range of other uses. So important was 133 00:07:28,520 --> 00:07:32,360 Speaker 1: the rose and Roman culture that massive public rose gardens 134 00:07:32,400 --> 00:07:35,320 Speaker 1: were established, and of course, fragrant roses were used to 135 00:07:35,320 --> 00:07:39,360 Speaker 1: create perfumes. Various parts of the plants were and still 136 00:07:39,400 --> 00:07:43,160 Speaker 1: are commonly used as curatives, and rose petals were used 137 00:07:43,160 --> 00:07:45,960 Speaker 1: in Roman times to create natural confetti, which is sort 138 00:07:45,960 --> 00:07:49,880 Speaker 1: of a lovely image. Throughout the Mediterranean during the Roman Empire, 139 00:07:50,040 --> 00:07:53,200 Speaker 1: rose based products, as well as the plants themselves were 140 00:07:53,240 --> 00:07:56,800 Speaker 1: bartered among various cultures as they traveled their usual trade routes. 141 00:07:57,080 --> 00:08:00,360 Speaker 1: The first known catalog of roses in the Western world 142 00:08:00,400 --> 00:08:04,080 Speaker 1: was compiled circus three BC by a Greek scientist and 143 00:08:04,120 --> 00:08:09,800 Speaker 1: philosopher name Theophrastus, a student of Aristotle. Theophrastus is sometimes 144 00:08:09,840 --> 00:08:13,160 Speaker 1: called the father of botany for his extensive writing on plants, 145 00:08:13,160 --> 00:08:17,520 Speaker 1: and his rose related research provides some of the earliest 146 00:08:17,520 --> 00:08:21,240 Speaker 1: detailed analyzes of their physical composition. And in the first 147 00:08:21,280 --> 00:08:24,440 Speaker 1: century Pliny the Elder wrote about roses. He talked of 148 00:08:24,480 --> 00:08:27,600 Speaker 1: them being manipulated into blooming in the off season, sometimes 149 00:08:27,600 --> 00:08:30,640 Speaker 1: over and over in various locations, because those multi blooms 150 00:08:30,640 --> 00:08:33,160 Speaker 1: we're going to talk about later, we're not naturally occurring. 151 00:08:34,160 --> 00:08:37,480 Speaker 1: As roses have been cultivated by humans, they've also taken 152 00:08:37,480 --> 00:08:42,599 Speaker 1: on various symbolic associations, including meanings based on their colors. 153 00:08:42,720 --> 00:08:45,560 Speaker 1: Of course, during the War of the Roses, York was 154 00:08:45,640 --> 00:08:49,439 Speaker 1: represented by white roses and Lancaster by red. The white 155 00:08:49,520 --> 00:08:53,199 Speaker 1: York rose Rosa alba, dates back to the second century on. 156 00:08:53,280 --> 00:08:58,520 Speaker 1: These roses continue to exist today, flourishing in naturally colder climates. Yeah, 157 00:08:58,559 --> 00:09:02,360 Speaker 1: they need a little winter to actually succeed. This is 158 00:09:02,400 --> 00:09:05,840 Speaker 1: a thing about roses that I was completely misinformed on 159 00:09:05,920 --> 00:09:09,480 Speaker 1: and understood only much more recently. Like in my head, 160 00:09:09,800 --> 00:09:15,360 Speaker 1: roses were much more delicate and required pretty uh temperate 161 00:09:15,840 --> 00:09:20,000 Speaker 1: climate year round. And then my first springtime in Boston 162 00:09:20,080 --> 00:09:21,880 Speaker 1: and I would walk through our neighborhood and they would 163 00:09:21,920 --> 00:09:26,280 Speaker 1: just be these beautiful roses flourishing everywhere. I did not 164 00:09:26,400 --> 00:09:29,640 Speaker 1: know that was possible, And then I felt ignorant. If 165 00:09:29,679 --> 00:09:31,760 Speaker 1: you haven't been around him, Uh yeah, I mean a 166 00:09:31,800 --> 00:09:33,719 Speaker 1: lot of roses are very very hearty. It's one of 167 00:09:33,720 --> 00:09:37,439 Speaker 1: the reasons they've become so popular globally is that, again, 168 00:09:37,480 --> 00:09:40,400 Speaker 1: if you're living in the northern hemisphere, they often do 169 00:09:40,559 --> 00:09:43,200 Speaker 1: very well with very very little effort on the part 170 00:09:43,240 --> 00:09:46,920 Speaker 1: of amateur gardeners. Almost anyone can grow rose. Uh. And 171 00:09:46,960 --> 00:09:49,559 Speaker 1: one rose in particular that's noted in Europe in the 172 00:09:49,640 --> 00:09:53,400 Speaker 1: late fift hundreds is the rosa centifolia, and santifolia means 173 00:09:53,400 --> 00:09:55,880 Speaker 1: one hundred leaves, and these flowers are also known as 174 00:09:55,920 --> 00:09:59,560 Speaker 1: cabbage roses because of their round, thickly petaled blooms. At 175 00:09:59,600 --> 00:10:02,920 Speaker 1: that point, leaves is actually probably referring to pebbles. That 176 00:10:03,120 --> 00:10:06,640 Speaker 1: nomenclature didn't really exist, but Plyby and the Aphrastus both 177 00:10:06,640 --> 00:10:09,320 Speaker 1: wrote about roses with a hundred leaves, but there was 178 00:10:09,360 --> 00:10:13,080 Speaker 1: no clear evidence of such roses existing until the late 179 00:10:13,120 --> 00:10:15,800 Speaker 1: sixteenth century. Like, we had these two writings that referenced them, 180 00:10:15,960 --> 00:10:18,240 Speaker 1: but we didn't really have anything that resembled the hundred 181 00:10:18,320 --> 00:10:21,679 Speaker 1: leaf rose until we started seeing them pretty commonly in 182 00:10:21,720 --> 00:10:24,840 Speaker 1: the sixteenth century. There is reference to a rose in 183 00:10:24,880 --> 00:10:29,600 Speaker 1: the book herbal written by John Garrard, and that describes 184 00:10:29,760 --> 00:10:32,800 Speaker 1: roses that seemed to align with these hundred leaved flowers 185 00:10:32,840 --> 00:10:35,520 Speaker 1: that were described in older writings. It didn't get the 186 00:10:35,600 --> 00:10:39,640 Speaker 1: nickname cabbage rose until the seventeen hundreds, though. And coming up, 187 00:10:39,679 --> 00:10:42,680 Speaker 1: we're going to talk about the roses of seventeenth century Europe. 188 00:10:42,720 --> 00:10:44,440 Speaker 1: But first we're gonna take a little break so we 189 00:10:44,440 --> 00:10:50,040 Speaker 1: can hear from one of our sponsors. This episode of 190 00:10:50,040 --> 00:10:52,560 Speaker 1: stuff you missed in history classes brought to you by Casper. 191 00:10:53,200 --> 00:10:55,000 Speaker 1: I've said before, I have sort of a love hate 192 00:10:55,000 --> 00:10:57,800 Speaker 1: relationship with sleep, Like sleep feels great, but I wish 193 00:10:57,800 --> 00:10:59,480 Speaker 1: I didn't have to do it. However, I have to 194 00:10:59,520 --> 00:11:01,760 Speaker 1: admit this, since I got a Casper, I'm way more 195 00:11:01,760 --> 00:11:04,480 Speaker 1: into sleep than I used to be. I all caps 196 00:11:04,559 --> 00:11:06,880 Speaker 1: love my Casper. It has made such a huge change 197 00:11:06,880 --> 00:11:08,960 Speaker 1: in my life and the quality of the sleeps that 198 00:11:09,000 --> 00:11:11,280 Speaker 1: I get. And what's really really great is that buying 199 00:11:11,280 --> 00:11:14,640 Speaker 1: your Casper can be super easy. You just order it online. 200 00:11:14,800 --> 00:11:17,280 Speaker 1: It comes right to your door in a compact box. 201 00:11:17,360 --> 00:11:20,160 Speaker 1: It is fun to unfurl it, and you get free 202 00:11:20,160 --> 00:11:22,880 Speaker 1: shipping and free returns, and in addition, once you have it, 203 00:11:22,960 --> 00:11:24,640 Speaker 1: you get to spend a hundred nights with it to 204 00:11:24,679 --> 00:11:27,000 Speaker 1: make sure that it is absolutely the mattress for you. 205 00:11:27,080 --> 00:11:28,400 Speaker 1: And if you don't love it, they will pick it 206 00:11:28,480 --> 00:11:31,400 Speaker 1: up and refund you everything. It's available in the US 207 00:11:31,480 --> 00:11:34,320 Speaker 1: and Canada and now in the UK. And considering that 208 00:11:34,360 --> 00:11:36,720 Speaker 1: we spend one third of our lives on a mattress, 209 00:11:36,800 --> 00:11:39,240 Speaker 1: it is so important to truly sleep on a mattress 210 00:11:39,280 --> 00:11:42,120 Speaker 1: before committing. And that's why Casper gives you that hundred 211 00:11:42,200 --> 00:11:45,559 Speaker 1: night triumph. Right now, get fifty dollars toward any mattress 212 00:11:45,600 --> 00:11:48,920 Speaker 1: purchase by visiting casper dot com, slash history Stuff and 213 00:11:49,040 --> 00:11:52,360 Speaker 1: using history Stuff as your promo code. Terms and conditions 214 00:11:52,360 --> 00:12:02,760 Speaker 1: apply almost a hundred and fifty years after the conclusion 215 00:12:02,800 --> 00:12:06,200 Speaker 1: of the conflict between York and Lancaster, Charles, the first 216 00:12:06,240 --> 00:12:09,160 Speaker 1: of England's royal botanist, wrote of English white roses in 217 00:12:09,240 --> 00:12:14,160 Speaker 1: six nine. That botanist John Parkinson described two kinds of 218 00:12:14,200 --> 00:12:17,080 Speaker 1: white roses, one thicker and more abundant with flowers than 219 00:12:17,080 --> 00:12:19,840 Speaker 1: the other, although he noted the differences could be caused 220 00:12:19,840 --> 00:12:23,319 Speaker 1: by environmental factors, saying quote, some do judge these to 221 00:12:23,400 --> 00:12:26,480 Speaker 1: be but one kind, the diversity happening by the air 222 00:12:26,679 --> 00:12:30,160 Speaker 1: or ground, or both. Parkinson wrote as well, of a 223 00:12:30,200 --> 00:12:34,160 Speaker 1: carnation rose, using the Latin rosa incarnata, and at this 224 00:12:34,200 --> 00:12:37,079 Speaker 1: point the use of the word carnation was associated with 225 00:12:37,120 --> 00:12:40,160 Speaker 1: basically the scan tone of white people, so it's likely 226 00:12:40,280 --> 00:12:44,080 Speaker 1: that he was writing of a pale, pinkish bloom. Throughout 227 00:12:44,120 --> 00:12:47,479 Speaker 1: the sixteen hundreds, roses went through a massive surge in popularity, 228 00:12:47,600 --> 00:12:50,360 Speaker 1: and they were so valued that roses and even rose 229 00:12:50,400 --> 00:12:53,800 Speaker 1: water were sometimes used as currency in Europe, and by 230 00:12:53,840 --> 00:12:56,920 Speaker 1: that time they were also very common as part of 231 00:12:57,000 --> 00:13:01,360 Speaker 1: medical treatments. Paradisis terrestris, one of Parkinson's books, is the 232 00:13:01,400 --> 00:13:05,160 Speaker 1: first English book to discuss roses as garden plants rather 233 00:13:05,200 --> 00:13:08,520 Speaker 1: than as medicinal plants. Roses had, of course, has been 234 00:13:08,559 --> 00:13:10,960 Speaker 1: grown for their beauty before that time, both in England 235 00:13:10,960 --> 00:13:13,640 Speaker 1: and elsewhere, but most writing about them had a lot 236 00:13:13,679 --> 00:13:16,360 Speaker 1: more to do with their practical uses instead of their 237 00:13:16,480 --> 00:13:20,360 Speaker 1: visual appeal. Initially, even roses grown in the garden setting 238 00:13:20,480 --> 00:13:23,040 Speaker 1: weren't really the focal point of any landscape plan. They 239 00:13:23,080 --> 00:13:25,679 Speaker 1: tended to be relegated to the edges. But eventually they 240 00:13:25,679 --> 00:13:29,040 Speaker 1: came into uses hedges and its accents, and then slowly 241 00:13:29,120 --> 00:13:31,679 Speaker 1: kind of moved to be the center of some gardens. 242 00:13:31,920 --> 00:13:35,439 Speaker 1: The writings about roses being used medicinal ng are also 243 00:13:35,600 --> 00:13:40,040 Speaker 1: clouded by poor nomenclature and classification. For example, the word 244 00:13:40,200 --> 00:13:43,320 Speaker 1: rose or rosa became so commonly used that it started 245 00:13:43,320 --> 00:13:45,679 Speaker 1: to apply to other plants or flowers that were not 246 00:13:45,840 --> 00:13:50,000 Speaker 1: actually roses. Additionally, the plants were often described with less 247 00:13:50,000 --> 00:13:53,000 Speaker 1: than ideal to tail, for modern readers to figure out 248 00:13:53,040 --> 00:13:56,679 Speaker 1: just what specific plant the writer might have been talking about. 249 00:13:56,920 --> 00:13:59,600 Speaker 1: I know I ran into that difficulty when I was 250 00:13:59,640 --> 00:14:03,440 Speaker 1: looking artwork to go with this episode, and I just, Uh, 251 00:14:03,480 --> 00:14:06,040 Speaker 1: the farther that I went back in art, the more 252 00:14:06,080 --> 00:14:10,600 Speaker 1: I was like, I'm not sure that's actually a rose. Yeah, yeah, 253 00:14:10,640 --> 00:14:12,640 Speaker 1: there are some that, like you said, they just got 254 00:14:12,640 --> 00:14:16,160 Speaker 1: subedright in that's a very pretty cuss of petals called 255 00:14:16,280 --> 00:14:20,400 Speaker 1: rose uh. Incidentally, Parkinson was also the first writer to 256 00:14:20,440 --> 00:14:24,080 Speaker 1: describe a native North American rose species being grown in Europe, 257 00:14:24,120 --> 00:14:26,920 Speaker 1: so it had traveled across the Atlantic and back. In 258 00:14:27,000 --> 00:14:30,080 Speaker 1: sixty he wrote Theatrum botanic Um, and he said in 259 00:14:30,120 --> 00:14:33,880 Speaker 1: it quote, the Virginia briar rose hath diverse as great 260 00:14:33,920 --> 00:14:37,480 Speaker 1: stems and branches as any other rose, whose young are 261 00:14:37,560 --> 00:14:41,000 Speaker 1: green and the elder grayish, set with many small prickles 262 00:14:41,000 --> 00:14:43,800 Speaker 1: and a few great thorns among them. The leaves are 263 00:14:43,920 --> 00:14:47,880 Speaker 1: very green and shining, small and almost round, many set 264 00:14:47,920 --> 00:14:50,640 Speaker 1: on a middle rib, one against the other, somewhat like 265 00:14:50,720 --> 00:14:54,280 Speaker 1: unto the single yellow rose. The flower stand at the 266 00:14:54,320 --> 00:14:57,400 Speaker 1: tops of the branches, consisting of five small leaves or 267 00:14:57,440 --> 00:15:00,920 Speaker 1: a pale purple or deep incarnate color like unto those 268 00:15:01,040 --> 00:15:05,040 Speaker 1: the sweetbriar, which fall away quickly as those and others do. 269 00:15:05,560 --> 00:15:09,280 Speaker 1: In the mid sixteen hundreds, herbalist Nicholas Culpepper wrote a 270 00:15:09,280 --> 00:15:12,720 Speaker 1: book titled herbal And which he discussed the many health 271 00:15:12,760 --> 00:15:16,280 Speaker 1: benefits roses had to offer. He wrote, quote, the white 272 00:15:16,280 --> 00:15:19,000 Speaker 1: and red roses are cooling and drying, and yet the 273 00:15:19,040 --> 00:15:22,080 Speaker 1: white is taken to exceed red in both the properties 274 00:15:22,080 --> 00:15:25,640 Speaker 1: but as seldom used inwardly in any medicine. The bitterness 275 00:15:25,640 --> 00:15:29,160 Speaker 1: and the roses when they are fresh, especially the juice purges, 276 00:15:29,240 --> 00:15:33,200 Speaker 1: color and watery humors. But being dried and the heat 277 00:15:33,240 --> 00:15:36,440 Speaker 1: which caused the bitterness being consumed, they have then a 278 00:15:36,640 --> 00:15:41,840 Speaker 1: binding and a stringent quality. Culpepper was full of ideas 279 00:15:41,880 --> 00:15:45,760 Speaker 1: about roses medicinal qualities. UH. He suggested that an extract 280 00:15:45,840 --> 00:15:48,320 Speaker 1: made from red roses could be combined with wine to 281 00:15:48,360 --> 00:15:52,160 Speaker 1: treat headaches, ear ache, soreris, sore throat, or irritated gums. 282 00:15:52,520 --> 00:15:54,160 Speaker 1: I will confess that part of me is like, are 283 00:15:54,200 --> 00:15:57,880 Speaker 1: you maybe just drunk and you don't feel sick anymore? Um, 284 00:15:57,920 --> 00:16:02,080 Speaker 1: that's the case with so many patent men UH. For 285 00:16:02,320 --> 00:16:05,320 Speaker 1: chest pain, he prescribed a similar formula, still with the 286 00:16:05,440 --> 00:16:08,480 Speaker 1: roses in it uh, presumably to make something more like 287 00:16:08,480 --> 00:16:10,480 Speaker 1: a poultice or a pace that you would apply on 288 00:16:10,480 --> 00:16:13,560 Speaker 1: the area over your heart. That same compound could be 289 00:16:13,600 --> 00:16:16,040 Speaker 1: applied to the abdomen for belly aches. And he also 290 00:16:16,120 --> 00:16:18,560 Speaker 1: said that a powder made from the yellow strings from 291 00:16:18,560 --> 00:16:21,560 Speaker 1: the middle of the rose quote drank in the distilled 292 00:16:21,600 --> 00:16:26,120 Speaker 1: water of quinces stays the overflowing of women's courses. He 293 00:16:26,200 --> 00:16:29,200 Speaker 1: really thought basically that red roses were full of uses, 294 00:16:29,240 --> 00:16:31,920 Speaker 1: and he even stated quote to write at large of 295 00:16:32,000 --> 00:16:34,600 Speaker 1: every one of these would make my book swell too big, 296 00:16:34,800 --> 00:16:37,520 Speaker 1: it being sufficient for a volume of itself to speak 297 00:16:37,520 --> 00:16:40,000 Speaker 1: fully of them. But just the same, he really did 298 00:16:40,000 --> 00:16:43,200 Speaker 1: talk a lot about roses, and specifically red roses, and 299 00:16:43,280 --> 00:16:44,920 Speaker 1: what you could do with them to improve your health 300 00:16:44,960 --> 00:16:48,680 Speaker 1: in his book, and the late sevente century, grafting was 301 00:16:48,720 --> 00:16:52,200 Speaker 1: being used as a way to manipulate roses. Was common 302 00:16:52,440 --> 00:16:56,640 Speaker 1: for gardeners to graft roses onto briars to sculpt blooming plants. 303 00:16:57,160 --> 00:17:00,640 Speaker 1: Multiple different roses were sometimes grafted on so one roots 304 00:17:00,680 --> 00:17:05,480 Speaker 1: stock to create unique and visually spectacular garden features. Yeah, 305 00:17:05,480 --> 00:17:07,639 Speaker 1: there are some writings where you'll see them, counting the 306 00:17:07,680 --> 00:17:10,400 Speaker 1: many numbers of different kinds of roses that are blossoming 307 00:17:10,400 --> 00:17:14,960 Speaker 1: on a single uh briar. Similarly, there was not much 308 00:17:15,200 --> 00:17:17,160 Speaker 1: in the way of documentation of the work that had 309 00:17:17,160 --> 00:17:20,280 Speaker 1: been done along the Mediterranean and then throughout Europe to 310 00:17:20,400 --> 00:17:23,399 Speaker 1: cross breed and cultivate roses. It really wasn't until the 311 00:17:23,480 --> 00:17:26,520 Speaker 1: nineteenth century that records of the work that was being 312 00:17:26,520 --> 00:17:29,159 Speaker 1: done in greenhouses and gardens in relation to the genus 313 00:17:29,240 --> 00:17:33,520 Speaker 1: Rosa started to be kind of consistent. The earliest organized 314 00:17:33,600 --> 00:17:37,639 Speaker 1: breeding program that's fully documented began in Perth, Scotland. In 315 00:17:39,520 --> 00:17:42,200 Speaker 1: wild Scotch roses were brought into the Dixon and Brown 316 00:17:42,320 --> 00:17:45,280 Speaker 1: Nursery and one of those plants produced flowers with a 317 00:17:45,359 --> 00:17:48,240 Speaker 1: hint of red in them. From that plant, a new 318 00:17:48,280 --> 00:17:51,560 Speaker 1: one was bred with double flowers, and they selectively bred 319 00:17:51,600 --> 00:17:54,600 Speaker 1: from that and so on until the nursery had cultivated 320 00:17:54,680 --> 00:17:59,120 Speaker 1: eight different double roses. And selective breeding had most certainly 321 00:17:59,160 --> 00:18:01,720 Speaker 1: been done before the including in China and the Middle East. 322 00:18:01,720 --> 00:18:03,800 Speaker 1: And we're gonna talk a lot more about China in 323 00:18:03,840 --> 00:18:05,600 Speaker 1: a minute, but this marks the first time that we 324 00:18:05,680 --> 00:18:08,879 Speaker 1: know of that careful records of that process were kept 325 00:18:09,240 --> 00:18:13,520 Speaker 1: and survive for us to read today. And roses from 326 00:18:13,600 --> 00:18:17,639 Speaker 1: China really changed everything once they were introduced to Europe. 327 00:18:17,680 --> 00:18:20,840 Speaker 1: But this aspect of rose history, like so many others, 328 00:18:20,920 --> 00:18:24,679 Speaker 1: is not always clear. For one thing, as roses moved 329 00:18:24,720 --> 00:18:27,600 Speaker 1: along trading routes, they would sometimes be attributed not to 330 00:18:27,640 --> 00:18:30,359 Speaker 1: their place of origin, which was China, but to another 331 00:18:30,440 --> 00:18:33,680 Speaker 1: stop on the trade route, which was India. And as 332 00:18:33,720 --> 00:18:37,160 Speaker 1: corrections were attempted in this record. Sometimes that just meant 333 00:18:37,200 --> 00:18:40,280 Speaker 1: the same plant was described as coming from China, India 334 00:18:40,320 --> 00:18:44,800 Speaker 1: and Bengal, depending on whose account you read. Yeah. And 335 00:18:44,840 --> 00:18:48,359 Speaker 1: then like there would be roses that were traded maybe 336 00:18:48,359 --> 00:18:50,760 Speaker 1: in India, and they had started in China, but then 337 00:18:50,800 --> 00:18:54,879 Speaker 1: they led to different uh cultivations native to India. And 338 00:18:54,920 --> 00:18:57,840 Speaker 1: because a lot of people were creating similar things or 339 00:18:58,240 --> 00:19:00,600 Speaker 1: seeing similar plants but at different points on the curve, 340 00:19:00,680 --> 00:19:04,320 Speaker 1: there are some roses that have multiple different names. Rose 341 00:19:04,440 --> 00:19:08,760 Speaker 1: naming is a very tricky arena with a lot of duplicates, 342 00:19:08,760 --> 00:19:11,639 Speaker 1: and you'll see sometimes the same exact plant given to 343 00:19:11,760 --> 00:19:14,800 Speaker 1: different names, and that's part of why. But in any case, 344 00:19:14,840 --> 00:19:18,159 Speaker 1: while there were some Chinese roast species in Europe by 345 00:19:18,160 --> 00:19:21,160 Speaker 1: the mid eighteenth century, it wasn't until the late seventeen 346 00:19:21,200 --> 00:19:24,560 Speaker 1: hundreds that trade relations were established between Britain and China, 347 00:19:25,240 --> 00:19:29,439 Speaker 1: and China's horticultural expertise completely changed the Western world's knowledge 348 00:19:29,440 --> 00:19:33,200 Speaker 1: of the possibilities of roses. Chinese gardeners had been working 349 00:19:33,200 --> 00:19:36,080 Speaker 1: with roses for thousands of years at that point, but 350 00:19:36,200 --> 00:19:38,520 Speaker 1: as we said, little record of that work that was 351 00:19:38,560 --> 00:19:41,879 Speaker 1: done to breed them was preserved. While there were a 352 00:19:42,000 --> 00:19:46,200 Speaker 1: number of cultivated and wild roses from China introduced into Europe. 353 00:19:46,480 --> 00:19:50,320 Speaker 1: Four eventually arrived that caused a huge shift in the 354 00:19:50,359 --> 00:19:54,640 Speaker 1: genetic possibilities that were open to cultivators. These are referred 355 00:19:54,680 --> 00:19:59,000 Speaker 1: to as the four stud China's. This reminds me of 356 00:19:59,080 --> 00:20:02,800 Speaker 1: like the foundation sires from horse breeding that we talked 357 00:20:02,800 --> 00:20:06,359 Speaker 1: about in the Kentucky Derby episode. It's exactly the same idea, 358 00:20:06,440 --> 00:20:10,199 Speaker 1: except what's interesting is that since like we talk or 359 00:20:10,240 --> 00:20:12,920 Speaker 1: if you read any books about roses in their their 360 00:20:12,960 --> 00:20:15,840 Speaker 1: historical cultivation, they talk about the four stud China's, like, 361 00:20:16,520 --> 00:20:19,800 Speaker 1: you know, with great reverence and import but we don't 362 00:20:19,840 --> 00:20:22,920 Speaker 1: know exactly how those were even developed. So there's it's 363 00:20:23,000 --> 00:20:24,960 Speaker 1: kind of funny to me that this whole foundation is 364 00:20:24,960 --> 00:20:28,840 Speaker 1: built on a thing we can't quite identify. The lineage 365 00:20:28,840 --> 00:20:31,280 Speaker 1: of the first though of the four stud China's as 366 00:20:31,280 --> 00:20:34,080 Speaker 1: a pink rose called Old Blessed China. It also had 367 00:20:34,080 --> 00:20:37,119 Speaker 1: an older nickname, which was Parsons Pink China, and it 368 00:20:37,160 --> 00:20:40,040 Speaker 1: was described by one English writer as quote the most 369 00:20:40,119 --> 00:20:44,080 Speaker 1: elegant rose and also quote justly considered as one of 370 00:20:44,080 --> 00:20:48,240 Speaker 1: the greatest ornaments ever introduced to this country. The second 371 00:20:48,320 --> 00:20:51,359 Speaker 1: of the four stud China's to arrive in Europe was 372 00:20:51,400 --> 00:20:54,920 Speaker 1: called Slater's Crimson and was, as you might surmise read, 373 00:20:55,320 --> 00:20:58,880 Speaker 1: had large flowers and bloomed year round. It didn't require 374 00:20:59,080 --> 00:21:02,400 Speaker 1: much care, and it was described in Curtis's Botanical Magazine 375 00:21:02,400 --> 00:21:05,320 Speaker 1: has a plant which quote maybe reared almost in a 376 00:21:05,440 --> 00:21:09,320 Speaker 1: coffee cup, is kept with the least possible trouble, and 377 00:21:09,400 --> 00:21:13,680 Speaker 1: propagated without difficulty. Both it and the Parsons pink China 378 00:21:13,720 --> 00:21:15,879 Speaker 1: were being grown in European gardens by the end of 379 00:21:15,880 --> 00:21:20,400 Speaker 1: the seventeen hundreds. In the early eighteen hundreds, humes blushed 380 00:21:20,480 --> 00:21:23,399 Speaker 1: tea scented China joined the stud China's and it was 381 00:21:23,440 --> 00:21:26,840 Speaker 1: alleged as that name indicates, to have a fragrance of tea, 382 00:21:26,920 --> 00:21:29,119 Speaker 1: although there is a bit of debate that goes on 383 00:21:29,160 --> 00:21:31,560 Speaker 1: and on as to whether or not that characterization of 384 00:21:31,600 --> 00:21:35,960 Speaker 1: scent is accurate. That rose initially traveled to Europe via 385 00:21:36,000 --> 00:21:38,560 Speaker 1: the East India Company, and there are sums that have 386 00:21:38,640 --> 00:21:41,280 Speaker 1: speculated that it may have taken on the scent of 387 00:21:41,320 --> 00:21:43,199 Speaker 1: the teas that were imported at the same time, and 388 00:21:43,200 --> 00:21:46,960 Speaker 1: that that's what people were smelling and not a pleasant 389 00:21:46,960 --> 00:21:50,200 Speaker 1: odor produced by the bloom. The fourth of the Stud 390 00:21:50,280 --> 00:21:52,800 Speaker 1: China's was the Park of Yellow, which people were extremely 391 00:21:52,840 --> 00:21:57,000 Speaker 1: excited about because it was yellow. Yeah, there had been 392 00:21:57,040 --> 00:22:02,000 Speaker 1: a lot of effort to cultivate healthy yellow roses for 393 00:22:02,080 --> 00:22:04,440 Speaker 1: quite some time, but it was really tricky to get 394 00:22:04,480 --> 00:22:07,760 Speaker 1: like a really true saturated color with it. So this 395 00:22:07,880 --> 00:22:11,200 Speaker 1: like opened up the genetic possibilities in a huge way 396 00:22:11,200 --> 00:22:14,320 Speaker 1: and people were very excited about it. Uh. And next up, 397 00:22:14,320 --> 00:22:17,160 Speaker 1: we're going to talk about how Empress Josephine Bonaparte helped 398 00:22:17,200 --> 00:22:19,560 Speaker 1: the cause of roses in Europe. But before we do 399 00:22:19,640 --> 00:22:28,000 Speaker 1: list pause, we'll have a little sponsor break. Once the 400 00:22:28,040 --> 00:22:31,879 Speaker 1: four Stud China roses were incorporated into breeding programs in 401 00:22:31,920 --> 00:22:36,639 Speaker 1: Europe and North America, rose varieties almost literally exploded in number. 402 00:22:36,720 --> 00:22:38,600 Speaker 1: Like you just could not keep up with all of 403 00:22:38,640 --> 00:22:41,840 Speaker 1: the cross breeding that people were doing. As these exciting 404 00:22:41,840 --> 00:22:44,800 Speaker 1: new plants were making their collective debut in the Western world, 405 00:22:45,000 --> 00:22:48,760 Speaker 1: Napoleon Bonaparte's wife became one of the roses greatest champions 406 00:22:49,400 --> 00:22:53,600 Speaker 1: west of Paris. At her chateau New mademoisean Empress Josephine 407 00:22:53,600 --> 00:22:57,680 Speaker 1: Bonaparte had a massive rose garden planted. She was so 408 00:22:57,880 --> 00:23:00,600 Speaker 1: enamored of roses and so dedicated to them that she 409 00:23:00,680 --> 00:23:03,840 Speaker 1: wanted a sample of every known rose in the world 410 00:23:03,920 --> 00:23:07,800 Speaker 1: in her collection. She hired expert gardeners to tend and 411 00:23:07,880 --> 00:23:11,680 Speaker 1: develop them, and she amassed more than two hundred fifty 412 00:23:11,840 --> 00:23:15,520 Speaker 1: species in her garden. Knowing that the winters would be 413 00:23:15,600 --> 00:23:18,840 Speaker 1: hard on some of her beloved plants, she had greenhouses 414 00:23:18,880 --> 00:23:22,399 Speaker 1: built with their own coal burning heat sources, which is 415 00:23:22,400 --> 00:23:25,919 Speaker 1: amazing and horticulturally really cool because at that point plenty 416 00:23:25,960 --> 00:23:30,879 Speaker 1: of humans are not living as well as her plants. Yeah, 417 00:23:30,880 --> 00:23:35,159 Speaker 1: it's cool from a horticultural standpoint, but from a human 418 00:23:35,359 --> 00:23:38,919 Speaker 1: one exactly. I have this like mental image and I 419 00:23:38,960 --> 00:23:41,960 Speaker 1: have no like historical documentation to back this up, but 420 00:23:42,000 --> 00:23:44,800 Speaker 1: I just had this mental image of like impoverished people 421 00:23:44,880 --> 00:23:48,359 Speaker 1: staring at these greenhouses, like where the plants are being 422 00:23:48,359 --> 00:23:52,600 Speaker 1: heated in winter, and thinking, are you kidding me? That 423 00:23:52,640 --> 00:23:55,040 Speaker 1: would be really nice for us to not be cold. 424 00:23:56,240 --> 00:24:00,159 Speaker 1: Botanical illustrator Peter Joseph Dot who was an artist who 425 00:24:00,240 --> 00:24:03,760 Speaker 1: served in the court of Louis the sixteenth and Marie Antoinette, 426 00:24:03,800 --> 00:24:06,280 Speaker 1: and also managed to continue to be successful throughout the 427 00:24:06,280 --> 00:24:10,159 Speaker 1: French Revolution. He did not become victimized by his associations 428 00:24:10,600 --> 00:24:15,040 Speaker 1: published a collection of watercolor simply titled Rose in three 429 00:24:15,160 --> 00:24:18,439 Speaker 1: volumes over the course of eighteen seventeen to eighteen twenty four, 430 00:24:18,920 --> 00:24:21,399 Speaker 1: and the illustrations that he included in that collection are 431 00:24:21,440 --> 00:24:24,840 Speaker 1: generally seen as his finest work. Many continue to be 432 00:24:24,880 --> 00:24:28,040 Speaker 1: reprinted today, both in books and as just prints that 433 00:24:28,040 --> 00:24:30,600 Speaker 1: you can purchase. And his research for that art was 434 00:24:30,640 --> 00:24:34,640 Speaker 1: conducted in the garden planted by Empress Josephine. Napoleon's wife 435 00:24:34,640 --> 00:24:38,359 Speaker 1: had been re Dute's patron for years, but unfortunately she 436 00:24:38,400 --> 00:24:40,760 Speaker 1: did not live to see his work in her garden 437 00:24:40,840 --> 00:24:43,200 Speaker 1: come to fruition. He started publishing a few years after 438 00:24:43,240 --> 00:24:46,600 Speaker 1: her death. In eighteen sixty seven. The first hybrid tea 439 00:24:46,840 --> 00:24:50,200 Speaker 1: rose was introduced by a French nurseryman named John Baptiste 440 00:24:50,320 --> 00:24:54,960 Speaker 1: Yo and it was called La France, which tickles me, 441 00:24:55,720 --> 00:24:58,639 Speaker 1: but it was part of a contest. It still tickles me. 442 00:24:59,640 --> 00:25:02,960 Speaker 1: He Roses refers to plants that had been bred using 443 00:25:03,240 --> 00:25:07,200 Speaker 1: humes blush and parks double yellow, and the tea set 444 00:25:07,520 --> 00:25:10,399 Speaker 1: vanished in the breeding, but this name has remained. I 445 00:25:10,440 --> 00:25:14,080 Speaker 1: didn't know that that was where the name came from. Yeah, 446 00:25:14,160 --> 00:25:15,880 Speaker 1: I think a lot of people and I certainly did 447 00:25:15,880 --> 00:25:17,239 Speaker 1: this for a long time. You kind of make up 448 00:25:17,240 --> 00:25:19,480 Speaker 1: associations in your head, like, oh, that would be lovely 449 00:25:19,520 --> 00:25:21,360 Speaker 1: on a tea table. That must be why these are called. 450 00:25:22,600 --> 00:25:25,920 Speaker 1: I thought they are small and delicate like teacups. That's why. 451 00:25:26,320 --> 00:25:30,440 Speaker 1: See it's the same thing. Uh. Incidentally, I poked around online. 452 00:25:30,480 --> 00:25:31,840 Speaker 1: Like I said at the top of this show, I 453 00:25:31,880 --> 00:25:34,439 Speaker 1: have a bad habit of getting excited about things we 454 00:25:34,480 --> 00:25:36,680 Speaker 1: talked about, wanting to purchase them. So I looked around 455 00:25:36,680 --> 00:25:39,240 Speaker 1: for La France and I did find a nursery that 456 00:25:39,320 --> 00:25:41,240 Speaker 1: claims to have them, but they're not in season right 457 00:25:41,280 --> 00:25:43,320 Speaker 1: now to sell. But you better believe next year, I'm 458 00:25:43,320 --> 00:25:46,840 Speaker 1: gonna look for him uh and find a place in 459 00:25:46,840 --> 00:25:49,520 Speaker 1: the yard. I will make a place, will make it happen. 460 00:25:49,960 --> 00:25:52,159 Speaker 1: The La France rose, which as I just said, is 461 00:25:52,160 --> 00:25:55,119 Speaker 1: still produced today, was a massive step forward in rose breeding. 462 00:25:55,280 --> 00:25:57,199 Speaker 1: So up to that point, there had been many efforts 463 00:25:57,280 --> 00:26:00,280 Speaker 1: to create a repeat flowering rose instead of one that 464 00:26:00,359 --> 00:26:03,679 Speaker 1: just bloomed once during its blooming season and then not again. 465 00:26:04,359 --> 00:26:07,000 Speaker 1: But La France was the first success in this. Not 466 00:26:07,119 --> 00:26:09,679 Speaker 1: only are it soft pink flowers which look very creamy 467 00:26:09,680 --> 00:26:13,160 Speaker 1: and beautiful, lush and full, but it produces them over 468 00:26:13,240 --> 00:26:15,520 Speaker 1: and over in its blooming season instead of just one 469 00:26:15,560 --> 00:26:18,679 Speaker 1: time and then done. And it was initially difficult to 470 00:26:18,720 --> 00:26:22,240 Speaker 1: breed La France because it had a chromosomal abnormality, so 471 00:26:22,280 --> 00:26:24,760 Speaker 1: when other people try to use it to create their own, 472 00:26:24,760 --> 00:26:27,480 Speaker 1: they had some problems, but it inspired a great deal 473 00:26:27,520 --> 00:26:31,639 Speaker 1: of additional breeding work and research to create similarly prolific bloomers. 474 00:26:32,680 --> 00:26:36,560 Speaker 1: The moment of La Frances unveiling is commonly used as 475 00:26:36,640 --> 00:26:40,160 Speaker 1: the dividing line between what are known as old garden 476 00:26:40,320 --> 00:26:44,800 Speaker 1: roses and modern roses. The American Rose Society uses these 477 00:26:44,800 --> 00:26:48,520 Speaker 1: two groups plus species roses to sort out all of 478 00:26:48,560 --> 00:26:52,960 Speaker 1: the many, many varieties of rose. And that's tricky, anybody 479 00:26:53,040 --> 00:26:55,440 Speaker 1: will tell you. Even the lines of those groups are 480 00:26:55,480 --> 00:26:59,119 Speaker 1: not always consistent. Uh, there are some fuzzy spots in 481 00:26:59,119 --> 00:27:01,360 Speaker 1: the middle, or some overlap each other a little bit. 482 00:27:01,920 --> 00:27:05,560 Speaker 1: And as we mentioned when discussing roses ancient origins, species 483 00:27:05,680 --> 00:27:09,400 Speaker 1: roses are those that existed naturally. Old garden roses are, 484 00:27:09,440 --> 00:27:14,000 Speaker 1: in very basic terms, hybrids developed through cross pollinating species roses. 485 00:27:14,440 --> 00:27:17,880 Speaker 1: The old garden group includes white alba roses, which can 486 00:27:17,960 --> 00:27:20,639 Speaker 1: include shades of creamy whites that also have some hints 487 00:27:20,680 --> 00:27:24,520 Speaker 1: of soft pink damask roses and China roses, and then 488 00:27:24,600 --> 00:27:28,880 Speaker 1: modern roses include hybrid tea roses, Flora bundas, and grande flora's, 489 00:27:28,920 --> 00:27:30,760 Speaker 1: and we're going to talk about those types in just 490 00:27:30,880 --> 00:27:35,639 Speaker 1: a moment. Gio made another significant contribution to rose history 491 00:27:35,680 --> 00:27:39,560 Speaker 1: in eighteen seventy five when he introduced a polyantha rose, 492 00:27:39,600 --> 00:27:42,560 Speaker 1: which was a small compact plant that produced very tightly 493 00:27:42,640 --> 00:27:46,159 Speaker 1: packed blooms. The Guillo family, by the way, continues to 494 00:27:46,200 --> 00:27:48,960 Speaker 1: grow roses from their families history, as well as breed 495 00:27:49,080 --> 00:27:53,440 Speaker 1: new roses in their nursery in France. Yeah, they're in 496 00:27:53,560 --> 00:27:56,840 Speaker 1: Urche's near the Belgian border. And all of this work 497 00:27:56,920 --> 00:28:00,440 Speaker 1: done to create new plants with lush, multi layered blooms 498 00:28:00,480 --> 00:28:03,760 Speaker 1: also resulted in plants that needed less shaping through pruning. 499 00:28:04,440 --> 00:28:07,480 Speaker 1: Old garden roses were generally very hardy. They could survive 500 00:28:07,520 --> 00:28:09,480 Speaker 1: in a lot of different soil conditions, and they could 501 00:28:09,520 --> 00:28:13,639 Speaker 1: resist many pests and fungus, but newer roses continued to 502 00:28:13,720 --> 00:28:16,639 Speaker 1: improve on those qualities, and as we just mentioned, modern 503 00:28:16,760 --> 00:28:20,439 Speaker 1: roses also produced more flowers, whereas most old garden roses 504 00:28:20,720 --> 00:28:24,120 Speaker 1: only bloomed in one season per year. The modern era 505 00:28:24,200 --> 00:28:28,760 Speaker 1: of hybridization also led to advancements in color variation, so 506 00:28:28,800 --> 00:28:32,600 Speaker 1: whereas shades in the spectrum of white to red where 507 00:28:32,640 --> 00:28:36,200 Speaker 1: the most common, and the rose population hybridization leads to 508 00:28:36,320 --> 00:28:39,400 Speaker 1: more and more colors. Yellow roses had been sought after 509 00:28:39,440 --> 00:28:42,320 Speaker 1: in Europe for centuries, and there was some success in 510 00:28:42,400 --> 00:28:46,040 Speaker 1: developing through grafting and improving a species from Turkey to 511 00:28:46,160 --> 00:28:49,880 Speaker 1: produce double flowers. Today, for example, you can find roses 512 00:28:49,920 --> 00:28:55,080 Speaker 1: and shades of orange and apricot, dark purples, multicolor varieties, 513 00:28:55,400 --> 00:28:59,240 Speaker 1: and some that even approached black, although no true black 514 00:28:59,360 --> 00:29:03,760 Speaker 1: rose has and created yet. Now they're definitely nursery is 515 00:29:03,800 --> 00:29:06,120 Speaker 1: hard at work on it. I guarantee you right this minute, 516 00:29:06,640 --> 00:29:08,400 Speaker 1: because it's one of those things that people want. We 517 00:29:08,440 --> 00:29:11,080 Speaker 1: all want a little gothic garden. I do. I have 518 00:29:11,200 --> 00:29:13,960 Speaker 1: some very dark purples that I love, love, love, but 519 00:29:14,000 --> 00:29:17,600 Speaker 1: they don't quite get black. Old garden roses really did 520 00:29:17,640 --> 00:29:21,080 Speaker 1: have one particular area where they outpaced their hybridized modern 521 00:29:21,120 --> 00:29:23,440 Speaker 1: cousins for quite some time, though, and that was with 522 00:29:23,520 --> 00:29:26,480 Speaker 1: their aromatic sense. While the modern breeding of roses has 523 00:29:26,520 --> 00:29:29,719 Speaker 1: produced flowers that smell like the seven scents that are 524 00:29:29,760 --> 00:29:34,200 Speaker 1: normally associated with roses that include citrus, clove tea, violet apple, 525 00:29:34,240 --> 00:29:38,360 Speaker 1: and nasturtium. The classic rose scent of old garden roses, 526 00:29:38,360 --> 00:29:41,920 Speaker 1: in particular, was stronger than what you would smell necessarily 527 00:29:42,000 --> 00:29:44,960 Speaker 1: in most rose scented flowers today like that smell that 528 00:29:45,000 --> 00:29:48,080 Speaker 1: you associate with roses, although there is ongoing work to 529 00:29:48,120 --> 00:29:50,440 Speaker 1: produce more and more fragrant roses. For a while in 530 00:29:50,520 --> 00:29:54,120 Speaker 1: breeding beautiful things, a roma was less important, but a 531 00:29:54,160 --> 00:29:56,000 Speaker 1: lot of home gardeners have made it known that they 532 00:29:56,000 --> 00:29:58,640 Speaker 1: would really like to have beautiful smelling flowers as well 533 00:29:58,680 --> 00:30:01,680 Speaker 1: as beautiful looking flowers, so there is more breeding work 534 00:30:01,720 --> 00:30:06,040 Speaker 1: going on to produce more fragrant blooms. Today, it is 535 00:30:06,120 --> 00:30:10,240 Speaker 1: unknown how many different species of rose exist. Wild roses 536 00:30:10,240 --> 00:30:12,400 Speaker 1: are difficult to track, and we don't know how many 537 00:30:12,480 --> 00:30:16,720 Speaker 1: have survived through time, how many naturally hybridized and created 538 00:30:16,720 --> 00:30:22,240 Speaker 1: new species, etcetera. Additionally, some species change genetically over time 539 00:30:22,280 --> 00:30:27,000 Speaker 1: without hybridization, and some varieties raise a great deal of 540 00:30:27,160 --> 00:30:31,120 Speaker 1: debate because they are so close to others, and people 541 00:30:31,320 --> 00:30:34,840 Speaker 1: argue about whether they should be considered separate species. And 542 00:30:35,560 --> 00:30:37,680 Speaker 1: working back to the passage we read at the beginning 543 00:30:37,680 --> 00:30:41,360 Speaker 1: of the episode, things can get incredibly contentious in the 544 00:30:41,480 --> 00:30:45,160 Speaker 1: rose expert community. Yeah. Also, I mean, I don't even 545 00:30:45,320 --> 00:30:47,160 Speaker 1: I'm sure there are people that do such things, but 546 00:30:47,160 --> 00:30:48,920 Speaker 1: I don't even know how you would begin to try 547 00:30:48,960 --> 00:30:52,400 Speaker 1: to catalog all of the existing roses on Earth. Hybrid 548 00:30:52,440 --> 00:30:54,800 Speaker 1: t roses make up the majority of roses that are 549 00:30:54,840 --> 00:30:57,760 Speaker 1: grown in gardens today. The other groups of rose are 550 00:30:57,760 --> 00:31:00,480 Speaker 1: the Flora bunda roses, which are crosses of ybrid tea 551 00:31:00,560 --> 00:31:04,600 Speaker 1: roses and pollyanthus, and Granda flora roses, which are crossbreeds 552 00:31:04,600 --> 00:31:08,000 Speaker 1: of hybrid tea roses and Flora bundus. Roses. Of course 553 00:31:08,040 --> 00:31:12,000 Speaker 1: also come in climbing varieties and shrubs and miniatures, but 554 00:31:12,160 --> 00:31:15,200 Speaker 1: hybrid tea roses are the hardy ones that most gardens 555 00:31:15,240 --> 00:31:16,520 Speaker 1: are going to have a lot of. If you have 556 00:31:16,560 --> 00:31:19,360 Speaker 1: a home garden, you probably have that if you have roses. 557 00:31:19,800 --> 00:31:22,600 Speaker 1: We're gonna talk a bit about roses and food and 558 00:31:22,640 --> 00:31:25,960 Speaker 1: medicine today. Rose Hips have been used as an edible 559 00:31:26,040 --> 00:31:29,239 Speaker 1: for hundreds of years across many cultures. The hips are 560 00:31:29,240 --> 00:31:31,760 Speaker 1: those bulbous, fruit like bumps that form at the end 561 00:31:31,800 --> 00:31:34,160 Speaker 1: of a bloom after the petals have fallen off, and 562 00:31:34,200 --> 00:31:37,360 Speaker 1: that's where the seeds develop. They start off green and 563 00:31:37,360 --> 00:31:40,480 Speaker 1: they usually turn red as they make sure. Rose hips 564 00:31:40,480 --> 00:31:43,840 Speaker 1: are used to make tea, jelly and other foods, and 565 00:31:43,840 --> 00:31:46,880 Speaker 1: then rose syrups are usually made from the oil distilled 566 00:31:46,920 --> 00:31:50,040 Speaker 1: from the rose petals. Yeah, I'm gonna make rose jelly 567 00:31:50,080 --> 00:31:53,360 Speaker 1: this year. I decided, Oh, that sounds because I have 568 00:31:53,400 --> 00:31:56,680 Speaker 1: a lot of rose bushes at this pot, and I 569 00:31:56,800 --> 00:31:58,560 Speaker 1: might as well. But I had to do more research 570 00:31:58,720 --> 00:32:02,280 Speaker 1: because like the the seeds you want to pull out 571 00:32:03,160 --> 00:32:04,560 Speaker 1: one of the things that will come up if you 572 00:32:04,600 --> 00:32:08,520 Speaker 1: look up whether or not roses or poisonous. They're generally not. 573 00:32:08,800 --> 00:32:11,560 Speaker 1: Some people will mention that there is a minute amount 574 00:32:11,560 --> 00:32:14,680 Speaker 1: of cyanide and the seeds, similar to the way there 575 00:32:14,720 --> 00:32:16,840 Speaker 1: is a minute amount of cyanide in an apple seed. 576 00:32:17,440 --> 00:32:19,640 Speaker 1: It's very scary when you see the word cyanide, but 577 00:32:19,720 --> 00:32:23,280 Speaker 1: really there they're one. You are not eating the seeds 578 00:32:23,280 --> 00:32:26,280 Speaker 1: theoretically too, if you did, it's a very tiny, tiny amount, 579 00:32:26,360 --> 00:32:28,120 Speaker 1: but even so, be careful and take care of you. 580 00:32:28,280 --> 00:32:31,040 Speaker 1: But I'm totally making rose jelly. But the other thing 581 00:32:31,040 --> 00:32:33,200 Speaker 1: it's interesting about rose hips is that they are naturally 582 00:32:33,480 --> 00:32:35,720 Speaker 1: very high in vitamin C, and so they are often 583 00:32:35,800 --> 00:32:38,080 Speaker 1: used in cold and flu remedies. But there is a 584 00:32:38,120 --> 00:32:41,000 Speaker 1: trick here because the process of drying the hips to 585 00:32:41,120 --> 00:32:44,560 Speaker 1: produce medicine destroys a lot of their vitamin C content. 586 00:32:44,760 --> 00:32:49,280 Speaker 1: So if you're purchasing like a rose hip based vitamin 587 00:32:49,640 --> 00:32:53,360 Speaker 1: C item, a lot of the time they're supplemented with 588 00:32:53,400 --> 00:32:55,920 Speaker 1: other sources because even after they're dried and made into 589 00:32:55,960 --> 00:32:58,360 Speaker 1: a thing, the vitamin C that comes from the rose 590 00:32:58,440 --> 00:33:04,120 Speaker 1: hips degrades pretty rapidly. It's also unclear how beneficial vitamin 591 00:33:04,160 --> 00:33:08,040 Speaker 1: C really is, right, Uh. I know when I was 592 00:33:08,120 --> 00:33:12,760 Speaker 1: in massage school slash working as a massage therapist, there 593 00:33:12,760 --> 00:33:17,360 Speaker 1: were lots of complimentary and alternative medicine uses for roses 594 00:33:17,400 --> 00:33:20,719 Speaker 1: and for rose oil and for rose water, and a 595 00:33:20,720 --> 00:33:26,080 Speaker 1: lot of them had to do with like your menstrual 596 00:33:26,200 --> 00:33:34,040 Speaker 1: cycle or childbirth. Uh. Yeah. I find rose things also 597 00:33:34,120 --> 00:33:39,880 Speaker 1: just very very delicious, Like a good rose syrup in 598 00:33:39,960 --> 00:33:43,479 Speaker 1: a cocktail is heaven to me. Heaven. I love it. Yeah. 599 00:33:43,520 --> 00:33:47,320 Speaker 1: I love the fragrance of roses a lot, uh and 600 00:33:47,400 --> 00:33:50,880 Speaker 1: it I find it to be very calming. It is. 601 00:33:51,080 --> 00:33:54,640 Speaker 1: I like all of the cookie smelling roses, Like we 602 00:33:54,680 --> 00:33:57,720 Speaker 1: have one that smells very heavily of clove and one 603 00:33:57,840 --> 00:34:01,800 Speaker 1: that smells very heavily of sit dress and I just 604 00:34:01,880 --> 00:34:04,320 Speaker 1: love them because they're so sort of I had not 605 00:34:04,440 --> 00:34:07,520 Speaker 1: known prior to owning this house and those plants, one 606 00:34:07,520 --> 00:34:09,319 Speaker 1: of which came with the house, that I was like, rose, 607 00:34:09,400 --> 00:34:11,680 Speaker 1: This rose smells like oranges. What is that? I had 608 00:34:11,719 --> 00:34:14,120 Speaker 1: never been exposed to a roses smell like oranges before 609 00:34:14,160 --> 00:34:18,000 Speaker 1: seven years ago. I need to somehow make a chip 610 00:34:18,000 --> 00:34:22,200 Speaker 1: to Atlanta. When your roses are blooming, then uh yeah, 611 00:34:22,280 --> 00:34:26,080 Speaker 1: that one, we're right in the middle, like it hit 612 00:34:26,200 --> 00:34:28,000 Speaker 1: threw a bunch of blooms, and then you know, I 613 00:34:28,040 --> 00:34:32,359 Speaker 1: deadhead them because you pull the the bloomed bits off 614 00:34:33,600 --> 00:34:36,239 Speaker 1: because if you have read I need to do the 615 00:34:36,239 --> 00:34:38,040 Speaker 1: science to back this up, but this is what I've 616 00:34:38,040 --> 00:34:41,680 Speaker 1: read that if you let them develop their hips, they 617 00:34:41,719 --> 00:34:44,160 Speaker 1: will stop blooming as much. So we pull the heads 618 00:34:44,200 --> 00:34:46,680 Speaker 1: off and they're not. The plant is is getting the 619 00:34:46,719 --> 00:34:49,440 Speaker 1: message that it should continue to bloom because it you know, 620 00:34:49,520 --> 00:34:52,399 Speaker 1: plants want to produce fruit. That's what it's doing. Wants 621 00:34:52,440 --> 00:34:55,160 Speaker 1: to to seed and propagate. But if all of this 622 00:34:55,239 --> 00:34:57,840 Speaker 1: talk has inspired you to create your own rose, that 623 00:34:57,960 --> 00:35:00,360 Speaker 1: is actually a thing that you can do. U amateur 624 00:35:00,400 --> 00:35:03,480 Speaker 1: gardeners can cross breed. The San Francisco Gate actually has 625 00:35:03,520 --> 00:35:06,839 Speaker 1: a really nice guide for amateur hybrid breeders that walks 626 00:35:06,880 --> 00:35:08,640 Speaker 1: you through the whole process, and we're going to include 627 00:35:08,640 --> 00:35:11,040 Speaker 1: that in the show notes. So if you think you 628 00:35:11,040 --> 00:35:14,960 Speaker 1: would like to develop your own rooms, you can. Although 629 00:35:14,960 --> 00:35:18,200 Speaker 1: there are lots and lots of expert gardeners and nurseries 630 00:35:18,239 --> 00:35:21,200 Speaker 1: around the world constantly coming up with new and really 631 00:35:21,200 --> 00:35:24,480 Speaker 1: beautiful and amazing roses, so probably you will not be 632 00:35:24,520 --> 00:35:26,560 Speaker 1: competing with them, but you can make your own unique 633 00:35:26,600 --> 00:35:31,120 Speaker 1: hybrid at home if you are patient. It's not a 634 00:35:31,200 --> 00:35:33,879 Speaker 1: quickie deal. Do you have some listener mail for us? 635 00:35:34,200 --> 00:35:36,399 Speaker 1: I do. It's also about flowers. I just figured i'd 636 00:35:36,400 --> 00:35:39,239 Speaker 1: theme the whole thing. This is actually in reference to 637 00:35:39,360 --> 00:35:43,319 Speaker 1: our Maria Sibuya Marian episode uh, And it is from 638 00:35:43,400 --> 00:35:46,799 Speaker 1: our listener Tofur, who does a science podcast, and he 639 00:35:46,880 --> 00:35:49,080 Speaker 1: was saying that we accidentally gave him a through line 640 00:35:49,080 --> 00:35:53,560 Speaker 1: for his episodes. He is doing one on caterpillar metamorphosis, 641 00:35:53,600 --> 00:35:58,120 Speaker 1: and then wasp that parasities caterpillars, etcetera, etcetera. He kind 642 00:35:58,120 --> 00:35:59,600 Speaker 1: of goes through all of these. But what he was 643 00:35:59,719 --> 00:36:02,520 Speaker 1: righting to tell us about is the tulips that I 644 00:36:02,600 --> 00:36:06,719 Speaker 1: mentioned that Jacob Morrell painted that had the stripes in 645 00:36:06,800 --> 00:36:09,120 Speaker 1: them with the peppermint stripes, and he says, those tulips 646 00:36:09,160 --> 00:36:12,120 Speaker 1: you like that Morrell painted with the peppermint stripes actually 647 00:36:12,160 --> 00:36:15,360 Speaker 1: looked like that and were caused by the tulip breaking virus. 648 00:36:15,840 --> 00:36:18,759 Speaker 1: The one you described was the simper Augustus tulip. And 649 00:36:18,800 --> 00:36:20,600 Speaker 1: in my research I found that some of the early 650 00:36:20,640 --> 00:36:23,800 Speaker 1: illustrations of caterpillars that I'd seen were done by Maria 651 00:36:23,880 --> 00:36:27,400 Speaker 1: Sibilia Marian. She had also done some of the illustrations 652 00:36:27,440 --> 00:36:30,000 Speaker 1: of broken tulips that I had found. Anyway, I had 653 00:36:30,040 --> 00:36:33,120 Speaker 1: to share I love that I didn't know that that 654 00:36:33,160 --> 00:36:35,080 Speaker 1: was because of a tulip virus, but it sure made 655 00:36:35,080 --> 00:36:38,200 Speaker 1: beautiful things happen. And I also wanted to follow up 656 00:36:38,520 --> 00:36:40,680 Speaker 1: and read this one because I thought that I should 657 00:36:40,719 --> 00:36:43,239 Speaker 1: mention for sure that I had said, like, one of 658 00:36:43,280 --> 00:36:45,640 Speaker 1: the things I really love about Jacob Morrell's paintings is 659 00:36:45,680 --> 00:36:48,200 Speaker 1: that he painted a lot of those peppermint stripe tulips. 660 00:36:48,280 --> 00:36:50,680 Speaker 1: He is certainly not the only Dutch Golden Age painter 661 00:36:50,719 --> 00:36:52,200 Speaker 1: that was doing that. They show up in a lot 662 00:36:52,239 --> 00:36:54,840 Speaker 1: of Dutch Golden Age paintings the future flowers. So I 663 00:36:54,920 --> 00:36:58,440 Speaker 1: just just for clarity, uh, they were very popular in 664 00:36:58,440 --> 00:37:00,960 Speaker 1: that time and paintings because they are very unique and 665 00:37:00,960 --> 00:37:03,640 Speaker 1: pretty looking. But he's not the only one that did them. 666 00:37:04,040 --> 00:37:05,920 Speaker 1: So thank you tofur because I didn't realize that was 667 00:37:05,920 --> 00:37:08,480 Speaker 1: a virus now I know. Uh. If you would like 668 00:37:08,520 --> 00:37:10,120 Speaker 1: to write to us, you can do so at History 669 00:37:10,160 --> 00:37:12,440 Speaker 1: Podcast at house to works dot com. You can also 670 00:37:12,520 --> 00:37:15,440 Speaker 1: find us across the spectrum of social media as missed 671 00:37:15,440 --> 00:37:18,160 Speaker 1: in History. That means on Twitter, at Facebook dot com, 672 00:37:18,200 --> 00:37:21,520 Speaker 1: slash missed in History on Instagram, as missed in History, 673 00:37:22,080 --> 00:37:25,080 Speaker 1: We're on Tumblr, We're on Pinterest, We're all over the place, 674 00:37:25,080 --> 00:37:26,719 Speaker 1: so you should come and visit us. You can also 675 00:37:26,800 --> 00:37:28,680 Speaker 1: visit us at our parents site, which is how stuff 676 00:37:28,680 --> 00:37:31,200 Speaker 1: Works dot com. You can type in almost anything you're 677 00:37:31,239 --> 00:37:33,239 Speaker 1: curious about in the search bar there and you will 678 00:37:33,280 --> 00:37:37,320 Speaker 1: find so much information to keep you busy, occupied, and entertained. 679 00:37:37,360 --> 00:37:40,360 Speaker 1: You can also visit me and Tracy at missed in 680 00:37:40,520 --> 00:37:43,400 Speaker 1: History dot com, where there's an archive of every episode 681 00:37:43,440 --> 00:37:46,480 Speaker 1: of the show ever from way before we were involved, 682 00:37:47,000 --> 00:37:49,040 Speaker 1: as well as show notes on any of the episodes 683 00:37:49,120 --> 00:37:51,919 Speaker 1: that we have worked on together. Those are now consolidated 684 00:37:51,960 --> 00:37:53,920 Speaker 1: into the actual show page and not on a separate 685 00:37:53,920 --> 00:37:55,960 Speaker 1: show notes page, so you can just go to one 686 00:37:55,960 --> 00:37:58,399 Speaker 1: place and get all your info. So kind of visit 687 00:37:58,440 --> 00:38:00,520 Speaker 1: us at missed in history dot com and stop works 688 00:38:00,520 --> 00:38:07,160 Speaker 1: dot com for more on this a thousands of other topics. 689 00:38:07,400 --> 00:38:17,799 Speaker 1: Is it how staff works dot com. Hi, I'm Lauren 690 00:38:17,840 --> 00:38:20,560 Speaker 1: vocal Bam. I'm Annie Reese. We are the co host 691 00:38:20,719 --> 00:38:24,080 Speaker 1: of a house staff Works podcast called food Stuff sceince 692 00:38:24,080 --> 00:38:28,520 Speaker 1: you know products have added sweeteners. The sugar lobbies campaign 693 00:38:28,719 --> 00:38:32,200 Speaker 1: to blame saturated fats basically created the food pyramid that 694 00:38:32,239 --> 00:38:34,640 Speaker 1: we know and love today, and you can learn all 695 00:38:34,719 --> 00:38:37,520 Speaker 1: about this in our episode called Sugar and Your Health. 696 00:38:37,600 --> 00:38:39,400 Speaker 1: If you want to learn all about this, you can 697 00:38:39,440 --> 00:38:42,120 Speaker 1: find us on Apple Podcasts, and you know, go ahead 698 00:38:42,120 --> 00:38:43,800 Speaker 1: and subscribes that you know if I miss an episode, 699 00:38:43,840 --> 00:38:46,000 Speaker 1: and you can also find his wherever else you find 700 00:38:46,000 --> 00:38:46,600 Speaker 1: your podcast