1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,040 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you missed in History Class, the production 2 00:00:04,120 --> 00:00:13,039 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hello, and welcome 3 00:00:13,039 --> 00:00:16,840 Speaker 1: to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. 4 00:00:17,040 --> 00:00:20,320 Speaker 1: In January of this year, which is if you're listening 5 00:00:20,360 --> 00:00:22,640 Speaker 1: to old back episodes at some point in the future, 6 00:00:23,440 --> 00:00:26,599 Speaker 1: Virginia became the thirty eight state to ratify the Equal 7 00:00:26,680 --> 00:00:29,000 Speaker 1: Rights Amendment, and that's the number of states that are 8 00:00:29,040 --> 00:00:32,440 Speaker 1: needed to add that amendment to the US Constitution. So 9 00:00:32,600 --> 00:00:35,920 Speaker 1: as of when we're recording this, that's really recent news. 10 00:00:36,520 --> 00:00:39,919 Speaker 1: But the effort to add this amendment or one like 11 00:00:40,040 --> 00:00:42,360 Speaker 1: it to the Constitution has been going on for a 12 00:00:42,520 --> 00:00:46,480 Speaker 1: really long time. A different version of it was first 13 00:00:46,560 --> 00:00:50,320 Speaker 1: proposed almost a hundred years ago, and it was reintroduced 14 00:00:50,360 --> 00:00:54,560 Speaker 1: in every congressional session between n and nineteen seventy two. 15 00:00:55,720 --> 00:00:59,080 Speaker 1: I found this amazing statistic that about ten percent of 16 00:00:59,120 --> 00:01:02,960 Speaker 1: the Constitution amendments that have been proposed in Congress have 17 00:01:03,200 --> 00:01:07,000 Speaker 1: been the Equal Rights Amendment or something related, and the 18 00:01:07,040 --> 00:01:09,800 Speaker 1: effort to get it ratified has gone on for almost 19 00:01:09,840 --> 00:01:13,200 Speaker 1: fifty years. Virginia became the thirty eight state to ratify 20 00:01:13,360 --> 00:01:15,600 Speaker 1: just a few weeks ago, but the deadline to do 21 00:01:15,640 --> 00:01:19,600 Speaker 1: that passed decades ago. This has just been lingering for 22 00:01:19,640 --> 00:01:23,160 Speaker 1: so long. This amendment has been through cycles of support 23 00:01:23,240 --> 00:01:25,800 Speaker 1: and opposition. But one thing that has held true is 24 00:01:25,840 --> 00:01:28,880 Speaker 1: that the loudest voices on both sides have been women. 25 00:01:29,440 --> 00:01:32,560 Speaker 1: So that's the story we're gonna tell today. The U. 26 00:01:32,680 --> 00:01:36,399 Speaker 1: S Constitution is the supreme law of the United States. 27 00:01:36,440 --> 00:01:39,000 Speaker 1: It sets up the framework for the nation's government, and 28 00:01:39,040 --> 00:01:43,080 Speaker 1: it also establishes a set of fundamental rights. The Constitution 29 00:01:43,160 --> 00:01:46,120 Speaker 1: also includes a process for how to make changes to it, 30 00:01:46,160 --> 00:01:49,600 Speaker 1: which is in Article five, unless two thirds of the 31 00:01:49,640 --> 00:01:53,440 Speaker 1: states call for a constitutional convention. This starts in Congress 32 00:01:53,560 --> 00:01:57,160 Speaker 1: with proposed amendments, requiring two thirds of both the Senate 33 00:01:57,240 --> 00:02:00,680 Speaker 1: and the House of Representatives to vote in favor. After 34 00:02:00,720 --> 00:02:03,880 Speaker 1: getting that approval, amendments have to be ratified by three 35 00:02:04,000 --> 00:02:07,040 Speaker 1: quarters of the states. Most of the time, this also 36 00:02:07,160 --> 00:02:10,880 Speaker 1: happens through voting in the state legislatures, and it's only 37 00:02:10,919 --> 00:02:14,440 Speaker 1: been not through voting one time, and that's when prohibition 38 00:02:14,760 --> 00:02:18,160 Speaker 1: was repealed. So getting two thirds of Congress and then 39 00:02:18,200 --> 00:02:20,639 Speaker 1: the legislatures of three quarters of the states to all 40 00:02:20,639 --> 00:02:23,720 Speaker 1: agree on something is pretty challenging, and that is on 41 00:02:23,840 --> 00:02:27,480 Speaker 1: purpose The framers of the Constitution recognized that it was 42 00:02:27,520 --> 00:02:30,240 Speaker 1: a work in progress and that the world changes, so 43 00:02:30,320 --> 00:02:33,160 Speaker 1: there needed to be a way to change the Constitution. 44 00:02:33,840 --> 00:02:36,519 Speaker 1: But it had also taken a lot of work to 45 00:02:36,600 --> 00:02:39,760 Speaker 1: get the Constitution written and ratified in the first place, 46 00:02:39,840 --> 00:02:42,440 Speaker 1: and a lot of that negotiation was really built on 47 00:02:42,520 --> 00:02:46,040 Speaker 1: the idea that the next wave of legislators wouldn't be 48 00:02:46,080 --> 00:02:48,639 Speaker 1: able to just come in and rewrite the whole thing 49 00:02:48,680 --> 00:02:52,720 Speaker 1: on a whim. The framers also thought that if changes 50 00:02:52,760 --> 00:02:56,160 Speaker 1: to the Constitution were too frequent or too massive, it 51 00:02:56,200 --> 00:02:59,040 Speaker 1: would lead to all kinds of social and economic and 52 00:02:59,040 --> 00:03:03,959 Speaker 1: political instability, and possibly just threatened the entire thing. As 53 00:03:04,000 --> 00:03:07,239 Speaker 1: of when we are recording this, the Constitution has twenty 54 00:03:07,240 --> 00:03:10,279 Speaker 1: seven amendments, and neither the main body of the Constitution 55 00:03:10,720 --> 00:03:13,880 Speaker 1: nor any of the amendments specify that U s citizens 56 00:03:13,919 --> 00:03:17,960 Speaker 1: have equal rights regardless of their sex. The Fourteenth Amendment, 57 00:03:18,000 --> 00:03:20,480 Speaker 1: which was added after the Civil War, does include an 58 00:03:20,480 --> 00:03:23,840 Speaker 1: equal protection clause, which says that no state can quote 59 00:03:24,080 --> 00:03:27,600 Speaker 1: deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection 60 00:03:27,680 --> 00:03:31,360 Speaker 1: of the laws. But when the Fourteenth Amendment was drafted, 61 00:03:31,480 --> 00:03:34,360 Speaker 1: it rested on the assumption that there were two classes, 62 00:03:34,760 --> 00:03:38,320 Speaker 1: black and white, who should have equal protection into the laws. 63 00:03:38,360 --> 00:03:41,280 Speaker 1: It has only been in relatively recent years that the 64 00:03:41,320 --> 00:03:44,880 Speaker 1: Supreme Court has interpreted the fourteenth Amendment as applying to 65 00:03:44,960 --> 00:03:48,680 Speaker 1: other races or ethnicities, or to sex or gender. The 66 00:03:48,760 --> 00:03:51,480 Speaker 1: effort to add an equal rights amendment to the Constitution 67 00:03:51,680 --> 00:03:55,880 Speaker 1: started just after the ratification of the nineteenth Amendment. That 68 00:03:55,960 --> 00:03:58,600 Speaker 1: amendment reads, quote, the right of citizens of the United 69 00:03:58,600 --> 00:04:02,200 Speaker 1: States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by 70 00:04:02,240 --> 00:04:05,320 Speaker 1: the United States or by any State on account of sex. 71 00:04:06,000 --> 00:04:08,760 Speaker 1: Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by 72 00:04:08,800 --> 00:04:13,280 Speaker 1: appropriate legislation. The National Women's Party had been established in 73 00:04:13,320 --> 00:04:16,599 Speaker 1: the nineteen teens to fight for women's suffrage, including fighting 74 00:04:16,600 --> 00:04:19,159 Speaker 1: for this amendment, and then after the nineteenth Amendment was 75 00:04:19,320 --> 00:04:23,279 Speaker 1: ratified on August eighteenth of nineteen twenty, the NWP turned 76 00:04:23,279 --> 00:04:26,400 Speaker 1: its attention toward a new amendment, and that was one 77 00:04:26,440 --> 00:04:29,800 Speaker 1: that would guarantee equal rights between the sexes in general, 78 00:04:29,920 --> 00:04:32,560 Speaker 1: not just for voting. Members of the n w P 79 00:04:32,800 --> 00:04:35,919 Speaker 1: proposed various wording and the version that was presented to 80 00:04:35,960 --> 00:04:39,599 Speaker 1: Congress in nineteen three was written primarily by Alice Paul 81 00:04:39,680 --> 00:04:43,359 Speaker 1: and Crystal Eastman. They called it the Mott Amendment in 82 00:04:43,400 --> 00:04:47,000 Speaker 1: honor of Lucretia Mott. It was introduced by Senator Charles 83 00:04:47,000 --> 00:04:50,240 Speaker 1: Curtis and Representative Daniel Anthony Jr. Who was Susan B. 84 00:04:50,360 --> 00:04:54,279 Speaker 1: Anthony's nephew. A joint resolution on this was introduced on 85 00:04:54,320 --> 00:04:58,719 Speaker 1: December twenty three, and it read quote resolved by the 86 00:04:58,760 --> 00:05:01,200 Speaker 1: Senate and House of represent Senatives of the United States 87 00:05:01,240 --> 00:05:04,280 Speaker 1: of America in Congress assembled two thirds of each House, 88 00:05:04,320 --> 00:05:07,800 Speaker 1: concurring therein that the following article is proposed as an 89 00:05:07,800 --> 00:05:10,480 Speaker 1: amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which shall 90 00:05:10,520 --> 00:05:13,320 Speaker 1: be valid to all intents and purposes as part of 91 00:05:13,360 --> 00:05:17,359 Speaker 1: the Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths 92 00:05:17,360 --> 00:05:21,040 Speaker 1: of the several States. Men and women shall have equal 93 00:05:21,120 --> 00:05:24,240 Speaker 1: rights throughout the United States and every place subject to 94 00:05:24,279 --> 00:05:27,880 Speaker 1: its jurisdiction. Congress shall have the power to enforce this 95 00:05:28,040 --> 00:05:32,920 Speaker 1: article by appropriate legislation. Introducing a joint resolution is just 96 00:05:33,040 --> 00:05:36,400 Speaker 1: the first step in the process of amending the Constitution. 97 00:05:37,200 --> 00:05:39,760 Speaker 1: A joint resolution is a bill, and before a bill 98 00:05:39,760 --> 00:05:42,320 Speaker 1: gets voted on, it goes to a committee which can 99 00:05:42,360 --> 00:05:46,440 Speaker 1: research the matter, discuss and make changes. The committee can 100 00:05:46,480 --> 00:05:48,719 Speaker 1: then send the revised bill to the House or the 101 00:05:48,760 --> 00:05:52,240 Speaker 1: Senate for further debate and discussion, or they can send 102 00:05:52,240 --> 00:05:55,840 Speaker 1: it to a subcommittee for yet more research. It's only 103 00:05:55,880 --> 00:05:58,719 Speaker 1: after both the House and the Senate that have actually 104 00:05:58,800 --> 00:06:02,040 Speaker 1: debated and voted on the joint resolution and passed it 105 00:06:02,080 --> 00:06:04,479 Speaker 1: by a two thirds majority that it goes to the 106 00:06:04,520 --> 00:06:09,279 Speaker 1: states for ratification. So when Senator Curtis and Representative Anthony 107 00:06:09,440 --> 00:06:12,080 Speaker 1: introduced the Joint Resolution on the Equal Rights Amendment in 108 00:06:13,680 --> 00:06:16,160 Speaker 1: it was not voted on or sent to the states 109 00:06:16,160 --> 00:06:18,880 Speaker 1: for ratification at that time. It went to the House 110 00:06:18,880 --> 00:06:23,039 Speaker 1: and Senate judiciary committees, and it stayed there. It's easy 111 00:06:23,120 --> 00:06:26,080 Speaker 1: to imagine that what happened next was almost fifty years 112 00:06:26,160 --> 00:06:30,080 Speaker 1: of bogged down bureaucracy or legislative foot dragging over what 113 00:06:30,120 --> 00:06:32,839 Speaker 1: seems like a pretty basic question of whether citizens of 114 00:06:32,839 --> 00:06:35,520 Speaker 1: the United States have equal rights regardless of their sex. 115 00:06:36,400 --> 00:06:39,960 Speaker 1: But really, the women's movement was divided over this amendment. 116 00:06:40,560 --> 00:06:44,120 Speaker 1: Legislators were hearing from constituents who opposed this amendment before 117 00:06:44,120 --> 00:06:46,720 Speaker 1: it was even introduced, and a lot of that opposition 118 00:06:46,920 --> 00:06:49,960 Speaker 1: came from women. We're gonna talk about this more after 119 00:06:50,000 --> 00:06:52,920 Speaker 1: we pause for a sponsor break. It's a little early 120 00:06:52,960 --> 00:06:55,280 Speaker 1: in the show for a break. We now we want 121 00:06:55,320 --> 00:07:04,919 Speaker 1: to keep all this part together. Throughout the history of 122 00:07:04,960 --> 00:07:08,680 Speaker 1: the Equal Rights Amendment, some of its support and opposition 123 00:07:08,920 --> 00:07:11,960 Speaker 1: has been connected to the idea of what a woman 124 00:07:12,080 --> 00:07:15,320 Speaker 1: is supposed to be and really broad strokes. People who 125 00:07:15,360 --> 00:07:18,360 Speaker 1: have believed that a woman's places at the home being 126 00:07:18,400 --> 00:07:20,960 Speaker 1: a wife and a mother, they've been more likely to 127 00:07:21,000 --> 00:07:23,880 Speaker 1: oppose the amendment, while people who believe that a woman 128 00:07:23,920 --> 00:07:26,720 Speaker 1: should be able to pursue any vocation that she chooses, 129 00:07:27,080 --> 00:07:30,640 Speaker 1: they've been more likely to support the amendment. But regardless 130 00:07:30,680 --> 00:07:35,280 Speaker 1: of whether those opinions have been rooted in religion or biology, 131 00:07:35,360 --> 00:07:38,440 Speaker 1: or in some other factor, it has never been only 132 00:07:38,600 --> 00:07:41,680 Speaker 1: about this kind of ideology. In the beginning, a lot 133 00:07:41,720 --> 00:07:44,600 Speaker 1: of women's opposition to the amendment was because of labor 134 00:07:44,720 --> 00:07:47,840 Speaker 1: rights and specific rights that women were afraid they were 135 00:07:47,880 --> 00:07:51,520 Speaker 1: going to lose if the amendment passed. Between about eighteen 136 00:07:51,600 --> 00:07:55,560 Speaker 1: nine and ninety, working women had lobbied for and one 137 00:07:55,720 --> 00:07:59,440 Speaker 1: a number of workplace protections in many states. This included 138 00:07:59,480 --> 00:08:04,160 Speaker 1: minimum age laws, maximum our laws, and laws prohibiting women 139 00:08:04,200 --> 00:08:07,960 Speaker 1: from being assigned to overnight shifts or dangerous work. These 140 00:08:08,040 --> 00:08:11,560 Speaker 1: laws applied to women only. Men were not perceived as 141 00:08:11,640 --> 00:08:15,320 Speaker 1: needing this kind of protection, and the US Supreme Court 142 00:08:15,400 --> 00:08:19,000 Speaker 1: had issued decisions supporting the idea that these kind of 143 00:08:19,080 --> 00:08:22,920 Speaker 1: laws were constitutional. For example, there was its nineteen o 144 00:08:23,040 --> 00:08:27,240 Speaker 1: eight ruling in Mueller versus Oregon, and Oregon at the time, 145 00:08:27,320 --> 00:08:30,040 Speaker 1: it was illegal for women working in factories to have 146 00:08:30,080 --> 00:08:33,720 Speaker 1: a work day that was longer than ten hours. Kurt Muller, 147 00:08:33,800 --> 00:08:37,280 Speaker 1: who owned a laundry business, was fined when he violated 148 00:08:37,320 --> 00:08:39,760 Speaker 1: that law, and he took them out of court. The 149 00:08:39,880 --> 00:08:44,040 Speaker 1: question before the Supreme Court was whether Oregon's law violated 150 00:08:44,080 --> 00:08:47,640 Speaker 1: the Fourteenth Amendments equal protection claws, and the court's opinion 151 00:08:47,760 --> 00:08:50,760 Speaker 1: was that no, it did not. Because women could bear 152 00:08:50,840 --> 00:08:53,880 Speaker 1: children and were socially expected to raise and care for 153 00:08:53,920 --> 00:08:57,360 Speaker 1: those children, it was within the state's interest to limit 154 00:08:57,400 --> 00:09:00,800 Speaker 1: their hours at work. I do to point out that 155 00:09:00,880 --> 00:09:04,480 Speaker 1: not every woman can or does want to bear children 156 00:09:04,559 --> 00:09:06,640 Speaker 1: and raise them, but like that was the court's argument. 157 00:09:07,040 --> 00:09:10,440 Speaker 1: Labor reformers thought correctly that if the mom Amendment were 158 00:09:10,480 --> 00:09:14,000 Speaker 1: added to the Constitution, these types of laws would be abolished, 159 00:09:14,120 --> 00:09:16,840 Speaker 1: stripping women of protections that they had worked to secure. 160 00:09:17,720 --> 00:09:20,560 Speaker 1: And the women most likely to be affected didn't feel 161 00:09:20,600 --> 00:09:23,679 Speaker 1: like the national Women's Party was listening to or understanding 162 00:09:23,720 --> 00:09:27,040 Speaker 1: their concerns about that. In the words of Melinda Scott 163 00:09:27,080 --> 00:09:30,760 Speaker 1: of United Textile Workers, the nw P quote does not 164 00:09:31,000 --> 00:09:33,200 Speaker 1: know what it is to work ten or twelve hours 165 00:09:33,200 --> 00:09:35,480 Speaker 1: a day in a factory, so they do not know 166 00:09:35,520 --> 00:09:37,720 Speaker 1: what it means to lose an eight hour day or 167 00:09:37,760 --> 00:09:42,199 Speaker 1: a nine hour day. Law the working women do know. Conversely, 168 00:09:42,400 --> 00:09:45,600 Speaker 1: a lot of members of the NWP were pretty affluent, 169 00:09:45,840 --> 00:09:49,480 Speaker 1: highly educated women, most of them were white. Many either 170 00:09:49,600 --> 00:09:52,920 Speaker 1: worked in more prestigious fields or didn't need to work 171 00:09:52,960 --> 00:09:55,960 Speaker 1: at all. Alice Paul was the daughter of a wealthy 172 00:09:56,040 --> 00:09:59,600 Speaker 1: businessman who had a bachelor's degree from Swarthmore College. She 173 00:09:59,640 --> 00:10:02,359 Speaker 1: had a man master's degree from what's now Columbia University 174 00:10:02,480 --> 00:10:06,400 Speaker 1: and a PhD from the University of Pennsylvania. Crystal Eastman 175 00:10:06,559 --> 00:10:09,320 Speaker 1: was the daughter of two ministers, and she'd gotten degrees 176 00:10:09,360 --> 00:10:12,720 Speaker 1: from Bassar and Columbia before getting a law degree from 177 00:10:12,720 --> 00:10:15,560 Speaker 1: the New York University Law School. In the view of 178 00:10:15,559 --> 00:10:18,160 Speaker 1: the n WP and other supporters of the mot Amendment, 179 00:10:18,240 --> 00:10:22,000 Speaker 1: these protectionary laws were not really protecting women. They were 180 00:10:22,040 --> 00:10:24,480 Speaker 1: forcing women to stay in roles where they had to 181 00:10:24,520 --> 00:10:27,880 Speaker 1: have a man's support to survive. Women were kept out 182 00:10:27,880 --> 00:10:30,880 Speaker 1: of more lucrative work if it was perceived as dangerous. 183 00:10:31,360 --> 00:10:34,079 Speaker 1: They couldn't advance in the workplace because of the restrictions 184 00:10:34,080 --> 00:10:36,920 Speaker 1: on their shifts and hours, and the very idea that 185 00:10:36,960 --> 00:10:40,480 Speaker 1: women needed protection through These kinds of laws reinforced the 186 00:10:40,520 --> 00:10:43,600 Speaker 1: idea that women were not as capable as men. Although 187 00:10:43,720 --> 00:10:46,960 Speaker 1: labor organizations were a big part of the opposition to 188 00:10:47,000 --> 00:10:51,400 Speaker 1: the mot amendment, women's legal protections also went beyond the workplace. 189 00:10:51,920 --> 00:10:54,680 Speaker 1: Most states had laws on the books that required a 190 00:10:54,800 --> 00:10:59,640 Speaker 1: husband and father specifically to provide for his wife and children. Women, 191 00:11:00,120 --> 00:11:03,600 Speaker 1: not men, were entitled to alimony after a divorce, and 192 00:11:03,640 --> 00:11:06,640 Speaker 1: there were also concerns about what this amendment could mean 193 00:11:06,960 --> 00:11:10,120 Speaker 1: for men, that if employers couldn't pay women less, they 194 00:11:10,120 --> 00:11:12,360 Speaker 1: would have to pay men less in order to make 195 00:11:12,360 --> 00:11:16,679 Speaker 1: things equal. Here's how in nine pamphlet outlining arguments for 196 00:11:16,920 --> 00:11:20,560 Speaker 1: and against the amendment summed all of this up. Arguments 197 00:11:20,600 --> 00:11:23,240 Speaker 1: for the amendment were written by Alice Paul, who wrote 198 00:11:23,280 --> 00:11:26,360 Speaker 1: that the amendment would be more inclusive, more permanent, and 199 00:11:26,400 --> 00:11:31,080 Speaker 1: more dignified than individual state legislation on the subject. She wrote, quote, 200 00:11:31,240 --> 00:11:34,720 Speaker 1: the amendment will win for all women equal control of 201 00:11:34,760 --> 00:11:38,440 Speaker 1: their children, equal control of their property, equal control of 202 00:11:38,480 --> 00:11:43,160 Speaker 1: their earnings, equal right to make contracts, equal citizenship rights, 203 00:11:43,480 --> 00:11:47,840 Speaker 1: equal inheritance rights, equal control of national, state, and local government. 204 00:11:48,480 --> 00:11:54,040 Speaker 1: Equal opportunities in schools and universities, equal opportunities in government service, 205 00:11:54,480 --> 00:11:59,480 Speaker 1: equal opportunities in professions and industries, equal pay for equal work. 206 00:12:00,200 --> 00:12:03,720 Speaker 1: Arguments against the amendment in this brochure came from Benjamin 207 00:12:03,760 --> 00:12:07,640 Speaker 1: Loring Young of the Massachusetts House of Representatives. He noted 208 00:12:07,640 --> 00:12:09,680 Speaker 1: that there were states that did need work in the 209 00:12:09,720 --> 00:12:12,400 Speaker 1: area of women's rights, but he objected to the Equal 210 00:12:12,480 --> 00:12:15,440 Speaker 1: Rights Amendment becoming the supreme law of the land. Quote. 211 00:12:15,960 --> 00:12:19,320 Speaker 1: Under the law in Massachusetts, women here have many rights 212 00:12:19,360 --> 00:12:22,720 Speaker 1: not accorded to men. The amendment would destroy these rights. 213 00:12:23,080 --> 00:12:25,800 Speaker 1: It would level down as well as level up. The 214 00:12:25,920 --> 00:12:28,840 Speaker 1: legal obligation of the husband to support the wife would 215 00:12:28,880 --> 00:12:32,760 Speaker 1: be nullified. In the criminal statutes and divorce laws based 216 00:12:32,800 --> 00:12:35,720 Speaker 1: upon this right to support would no longer be enforced. 217 00:12:36,679 --> 00:12:40,800 Speaker 1: Our law does not contain any reciprocal provision compelling the 218 00:12:40,880 --> 00:12:44,720 Speaker 1: wife to support the husband. Such rights and obligations must 219 00:12:44,720 --> 00:12:47,400 Speaker 1: be made identical under the theory of equal rights, or 220 00:12:47,400 --> 00:12:50,800 Speaker 1: they ceased to exist. Young went on to detail many 221 00:12:50,880 --> 00:12:53,240 Speaker 1: of the other protections that we have already mentioned before, 222 00:12:53,400 --> 00:12:56,920 Speaker 1: continuing quote, each woman as a potential mother must be 223 00:12:57,000 --> 00:13:00,760 Speaker 1: safeguarded against overstrain and not regard it merely as an 224 00:13:00,800 --> 00:13:04,560 Speaker 1: economic unit. More generally, he argued that the amendment would 225 00:13:04,600 --> 00:13:08,080 Speaker 1: raise quote thousands of difficult legal questions in every state, 226 00:13:08,480 --> 00:13:12,400 Speaker 1: which would completely overwhelm the legal system. I like how 227 00:13:12,480 --> 00:13:16,199 Speaker 1: his statement objects to the idea of regarding women merely 228 00:13:16,240 --> 00:13:20,280 Speaker 1: as an economic unit, but really doesn't have a problem 229 00:13:20,280 --> 00:13:23,840 Speaker 1: regarding women as potential mothers and having that be like 230 00:13:23,880 --> 00:13:27,600 Speaker 1: the definition of the status. Well, that's because they he 231 00:13:27,679 --> 00:13:31,400 Speaker 1: was making the case that motherhood was more valuable, which 232 00:13:31,480 --> 00:13:39,600 Speaker 1: is a choice that a dude is making. Um their problems. Yeah, So, anyway, 233 00:13:40,040 --> 00:13:43,760 Speaker 1: Aside from this debate about whether the amendment would really 234 00:13:43,800 --> 00:13:46,480 Speaker 1: make things better for women, there was also another thread 235 00:13:46,520 --> 00:13:49,880 Speaker 1: to this discussion among people who oppose the amendment, and 236 00:13:49,920 --> 00:13:52,400 Speaker 1: that was that the fight for women's suffrage was not 237 00:13:52,600 --> 00:13:56,079 Speaker 1: really over yet. Although the nineteenth Amendment had not made 238 00:13:56,120 --> 00:13:59,559 Speaker 1: any distinctions based on race and practice, many states had 239 00:13:59,600 --> 00:14:02,880 Speaker 1: implement into discriminatory voting laws that made it far more 240 00:14:02,960 --> 00:14:06,200 Speaker 1: difficult for people of color to register to vote and 241 00:14:06,240 --> 00:14:09,200 Speaker 1: to exercise their right to vote, especially in the South, 242 00:14:09,679 --> 00:14:13,080 Speaker 1: Black women were still largely disenfranchised, and the same was 243 00:14:13,120 --> 00:14:16,720 Speaker 1: true of Hispanic women in the West and Southwest. Asian 244 00:14:16,720 --> 00:14:20,080 Speaker 1: immigrants were not permitted to become citizens and consequently could 245 00:14:20,080 --> 00:14:25,120 Speaker 1: not vote. The connections between indigenous citizenship and tribal sovereignty 246 00:14:25,160 --> 00:14:29,000 Speaker 1: are complicated, but when the nineteenth Amendment was ratified, many 247 00:14:29,080 --> 00:14:32,480 Speaker 1: Indigenous women were not considered US citizens and didn't have 248 00:14:32,520 --> 00:14:35,560 Speaker 1: the right to vote either. So many women of color 249 00:14:35,640 --> 00:14:38,200 Speaker 1: felt like it wasn't yet time for the women's movement 250 00:14:38,240 --> 00:14:41,440 Speaker 1: to turn its attention to another issue rather than making 251 00:14:41,440 --> 00:14:45,000 Speaker 1: sure all women could access their right to vote. After 252 00:14:45,080 --> 00:14:50,200 Speaker 1: that first introduction in nine the My Amendment was reintroduced 253 00:14:50,200 --> 00:14:53,720 Speaker 1: that every legislative session. For the most part, it did 254 00:14:53,720 --> 00:14:55,680 Speaker 1: not make it out of committee, and it was not 255 00:14:55,800 --> 00:14:59,920 Speaker 1: actually voted on for the next two decades. In general, 256 00:15:00,280 --> 00:15:04,280 Speaker 1: trade unions, including the United Automobile Workers and the International 257 00:15:04,320 --> 00:15:08,160 Speaker 1: Ladies Garment Workers Union opposed or refused to endorse the bill. 258 00:15:08,880 --> 00:15:11,760 Speaker 1: So did the National Consumers League, the National Council of 259 00:15:11,840 --> 00:15:16,800 Speaker 1: Jewish Women, and the National Council of Negro Women, among others. Meanwhile, 260 00:15:16,960 --> 00:15:22,520 Speaker 1: professional associations of women dentists, lawyers, business professionals, and others 261 00:15:22,680 --> 00:15:28,000 Speaker 1: endorsed the amendment. Then in President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed 262 00:15:28,000 --> 00:15:32,120 Speaker 1: the Fair Labor Standards Act into law. This legislation grew 263 00:15:32,120 --> 00:15:34,560 Speaker 1: out of the Great Depression and the New Deal. It 264 00:15:34,640 --> 00:15:36,720 Speaker 1: was much smaller in scope than it is today, but 265 00:15:36,800 --> 00:15:40,120 Speaker 1: it established a minimum wage and overtime pay, as well 266 00:15:40,160 --> 00:15:44,520 Speaker 1: as banning child labor in industries that practiced interstate commerce. 267 00:15:45,160 --> 00:15:48,080 Speaker 1: At this point, opposition to the mot Amendment in organized 268 00:15:48,120 --> 00:15:51,560 Speaker 1: labor started to wane, as the types of workplace protections 269 00:15:51,600 --> 00:15:54,240 Speaker 1: that had been applied only to women were now at 270 00:15:54,320 --> 00:15:57,600 Speaker 1: least starting to be applied to everyone. Yeah, the first 271 00:15:57,720 --> 00:15:59,880 Speaker 1: version of the Fair Labor Standards Act only applied to 272 00:16:00,080 --> 00:16:02,480 Speaker 1: thing like a fifth of all workers, but it was 273 00:16:02,560 --> 00:16:07,479 Speaker 1: still like a starting point. In nineteen forty the Republican 274 00:16:07,560 --> 00:16:11,960 Speaker 1: Party's platform included this quote, we favor submission by Congress 275 00:16:11,960 --> 00:16:14,840 Speaker 1: to the States of an amendment to the Constitution providing 276 00:16:14,880 --> 00:16:18,520 Speaker 1: for equal rights for men and women. The Democratic Party 277 00:16:18,560 --> 00:16:21,560 Speaker 1: followed suit in nineteen forty four with the addition of quote, 278 00:16:21,600 --> 00:16:25,040 Speaker 1: we recommend to Congress the submission of a constitutional amendment 279 00:16:25,040 --> 00:16:28,480 Speaker 1: on equal rights for women. Both parties had some kind 280 00:16:28,480 --> 00:16:31,360 Speaker 1: of statements supporting an amendment for equal rights regardless of 281 00:16:31,400 --> 00:16:35,440 Speaker 1: sex or specifically equal rights for women in their platforms 282 00:16:35,480 --> 00:16:38,920 Speaker 1: for the next few decades. Also in the forties, President 283 00:16:38,920 --> 00:16:42,480 Speaker 1: Harry Truman became the first of seven consecutive presidents to 284 00:16:42,720 --> 00:16:45,760 Speaker 1: endorse the idea of an equal rights amendment. In nineteen 285 00:16:45,800 --> 00:16:49,200 Speaker 1: forty three, the Mott Amendment was revised to reflect language 286 00:16:49,240 --> 00:16:53,680 Speaker 1: of other existing constitutional amendments. Now known as the Alice 287 00:16:53,760 --> 00:16:57,240 Speaker 1: Paul Amendment, it read quote equality of rights under the 288 00:16:57,320 --> 00:17:00,320 Speaker 1: Law shall not be denied or abridged by the United 289 00:17:00,400 --> 00:17:03,560 Speaker 1: States or by any state on account of sex. For 290 00:17:03,600 --> 00:17:06,639 Speaker 1: the first time, that Alice Pauliamenment came to a vote, 291 00:17:06,720 --> 00:17:10,520 Speaker 1: but failed in nineteen forty six. There was another attempt 292 00:17:10,560 --> 00:17:14,040 Speaker 1: to pass it in nineteen fifty with various writers being 293 00:17:14,119 --> 00:17:17,359 Speaker 1: added on that we're supposed to exempt the protective laws 294 00:17:17,440 --> 00:17:20,400 Speaker 1: that we talked about that protected women in the workplace, 295 00:17:20,400 --> 00:17:23,600 Speaker 1: and we're still on the books. But that effort also failed. 296 00:17:23,960 --> 00:17:27,640 Speaker 1: But the amendment kept being introduced year after year. Things 297 00:17:27,680 --> 00:17:30,119 Speaker 1: shifted once again in the nineteen sixties, and we're going 298 00:17:30,160 --> 00:17:32,600 Speaker 1: to get into that after we pause for a sponsor 299 00:17:32,680 --> 00:17:43,440 Speaker 1: break between the first introduction of the amendment and the 300 00:17:43,520 --> 00:17:46,719 Speaker 1: nineteen sixties, the United States had been through two World 301 00:17:46,720 --> 00:17:50,320 Speaker 1: wars and the Great Depression. Throughout that there had been 302 00:17:50,359 --> 00:17:54,440 Speaker 1: ongoing shifts and what was considered acceptable for women. Then 303 00:17:54,440 --> 00:17:57,480 Speaker 1: in nineteen sixty three, President John F. Kennedy signed the 304 00:17:57,520 --> 00:18:00,719 Speaker 1: Equal Pay Act of nineteen sixty three. That was an 305 00:18:00,720 --> 00:18:03,440 Speaker 1: amendment to the Fair Labor Standards Act, and it made 306 00:18:03,440 --> 00:18:06,880 Speaker 1: it illegal to pay men and women different wages if 307 00:18:06,920 --> 00:18:11,280 Speaker 1: their jobs had quote equal skill, effort, and responsibility, and 308 00:18:11,359 --> 00:18:15,919 Speaker 1: which are performed under similar working conditions. In nineteen sixty four, 309 00:18:16,000 --> 00:18:19,480 Speaker 1: President Lyndon Baines Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act into law. 310 00:18:20,240 --> 00:18:24,400 Speaker 1: It outlawed racial segregation in businesses like restaurants and movie theaters, 311 00:18:24,760 --> 00:18:29,480 Speaker 1: and it also outlawed employment discrimination due to race, color, religion, sex, 312 00:18:29,560 --> 00:18:33,760 Speaker 1: or national origin. Ironically, opponents to the Act had added 313 00:18:33,800 --> 00:18:35,840 Speaker 1: sex to that list with the hopes that it would 314 00:18:35,880 --> 00:18:39,480 Speaker 1: cause it to fail. Combined with the Fair Labor Standards Act, 315 00:18:39,600 --> 00:18:43,640 Speaker 1: these two pieces of legislation largely removed labor organizers objections 316 00:18:43,840 --> 00:18:47,199 Speaker 1: to the Equal Rights Amendment. It either gave everybody the 317 00:18:47,240 --> 00:18:50,080 Speaker 1: same protections, or it already made the protections they were 318 00:18:50,119 --> 00:18:54,440 Speaker 1: trying to keep illegal like that was done now. At 319 00:18:54,440 --> 00:18:58,240 Speaker 1: about the same time, the women's liberation movement was growing 320 00:18:58,280 --> 00:19:01,040 Speaker 1: in the United States. In nineteen sixty three, Betty Freed 321 00:19:01,080 --> 00:19:04,159 Speaker 1: Dan published her best selling book, The Feminine Mystique, and 322 00:19:04,200 --> 00:19:06,240 Speaker 1: in nineteen sixty six she became one of the co 323 00:19:06,359 --> 00:19:10,639 Speaker 1: founders of the National Organization for Women or Now Now, 324 00:19:10,720 --> 00:19:14,000 Speaker 1: and others in the women's liberation movement started advocating for 325 00:19:14,040 --> 00:19:16,680 Speaker 1: the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment, which was still 326 00:19:16,720 --> 00:19:21,639 Speaker 1: being introduced in Congress every session. Then Representative Martha Griffiths, 327 00:19:21,640 --> 00:19:25,439 Speaker 1: a Democrat from Michigan, finally broke the ongoing cycle of 328 00:19:25,440 --> 00:19:28,879 Speaker 1: the Equal Rights Amendments introduction and getting stuck in committee. 329 00:19:29,440 --> 00:19:32,040 Speaker 1: She filed a discharge petition, which is a way of 330 00:19:32,080 --> 00:19:35,560 Speaker 1: forcing installed bill out of committee and onto the House 331 00:19:35,600 --> 00:19:39,040 Speaker 1: floor for debate and voting. It's not used very often 332 00:19:39,080 --> 00:19:42,320 Speaker 1: because it requires someone together signatures from two hundred and 333 00:19:42,400 --> 00:19:44,760 Speaker 1: eighteen of the four hundred thirty five members of the 334 00:19:44,760 --> 00:19:49,159 Speaker 1: House of Representatives. Griffiths did this in nineteen seventy. The 335 00:19:49,280 --> 00:19:53,840 Speaker 1: House debated and passed the Equal Rights Amendment on August nine, seventy, 336 00:19:53,880 --> 00:19:56,000 Speaker 1: but this time the amendment did not make it out 337 00:19:56,000 --> 00:19:59,159 Speaker 1: of the Senate. Senators wanted to add some kind of 338 00:19:59,200 --> 00:20:02,600 Speaker 1: a clause would exempt women from the military draft, and 339 00:20:02,640 --> 00:20:06,720 Speaker 1: the scot bogged down in committee again, so Griffiths reintroduced 340 00:20:06,720 --> 00:20:09,760 Speaker 1: the amendment again in the next session. It passed the 341 00:20:09,800 --> 00:20:12,760 Speaker 1: House on October twelfth, nine seventy one, with a vote 342 00:20:12,760 --> 00:20:15,639 Speaker 1: of three hundred fifty four to twenty three, and the 343 00:20:15,720 --> 00:20:18,920 Speaker 1: Senate on March twenty two, nineteen seventy two, with a 344 00:20:19,000 --> 00:20:22,600 Speaker 1: vote of eighty four to eight. It read Section one, 345 00:20:22,840 --> 00:20:25,600 Speaker 1: Equality of rights under the Law shall not be denied 346 00:20:25,720 --> 00:20:28,359 Speaker 1: or abridged by the United States or by any State 347 00:20:28,680 --> 00:20:32,679 Speaker 1: on account of sex. Section two, the Congress shall have 348 00:20:32,720 --> 00:20:36,359 Speaker 1: the power to enforce by appropriate legislation, the provisions of 349 00:20:36,359 --> 00:20:40,600 Speaker 1: this article. In Section three, this Amendment shall take effect 350 00:20:40,720 --> 00:20:44,600 Speaker 1: two years after the date of ratification. Congress gave the 351 00:20:44,640 --> 00:20:48,520 Speaker 1: states seven years to ratify the bill. Hawaii was the 352 00:20:48,520 --> 00:20:50,840 Speaker 1: first to do it on March twenty two of nineteen 353 00:20:50,840 --> 00:20:55,400 Speaker 1: seventy two. Within nine months, twenty two of the required 354 00:20:55,440 --> 00:20:59,720 Speaker 1: thirty eight states had ratified the amendment. In nineteen seventy three, 355 00:21:00,119 --> 00:21:04,359 Speaker 1: American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations or 356 00:21:04,400 --> 00:21:07,040 Speaker 1: a f l c i O endorsed it. By the 357 00:21:07,119 --> 00:21:10,760 Speaker 1: end of nineteen seventy four, thirty three states had ratified 358 00:21:10,800 --> 00:21:14,480 Speaker 1: the amendment, with only five left to go. According to 359 00:21:14,560 --> 00:21:19,080 Speaker 1: Gallup polls, about three quarters of Americans supported the amendment, 360 00:21:19,240 --> 00:21:23,600 Speaker 1: so with just five states and five years left, it 361 00:21:23,640 --> 00:21:28,399 Speaker 1: seemed like a short thing. However, a vocal backlash against 362 00:21:28,440 --> 00:21:31,240 Speaker 1: the amendment had been developing, which was tied in to 363 00:21:31,359 --> 00:21:35,159 Speaker 1: an overall conservative movement in the United States. Some of 364 00:21:35,160 --> 00:21:38,280 Speaker 1: the opposition to the amendment was connected to abortion rights. 365 00:21:38,640 --> 00:21:41,640 Speaker 1: In nineteen seventy three, the Supreme Court had issued its 366 00:21:41,640 --> 00:21:45,240 Speaker 1: decision in Row versus Wade, saying that the Fourteenth Amendments 367 00:21:45,280 --> 00:21:49,080 Speaker 1: Due Process clause included a fundamental right to privacy and 368 00:21:49,119 --> 00:21:51,760 Speaker 1: that the right to privacy extended to the decision to 369 00:21:51,880 --> 00:21:56,080 Speaker 1: terminate a pregnancy. Opponents worried that the Equal Rights Amendment 370 00:21:56,119 --> 00:21:59,560 Speaker 1: could expand access to abortion and make it impossible for 371 00:21:59,560 --> 00:22:02,320 Speaker 1: the Court to overturn Roe versus Wade in the future. 372 00:22:03,160 --> 00:22:05,560 Speaker 1: Opponents to the e r A also worried that it 373 00:22:05,600 --> 00:22:08,080 Speaker 1: would force women to register for the draft and serve 374 00:22:08,160 --> 00:22:11,240 Speaker 1: in combat, something that was very high on people's minds 375 00:22:11,240 --> 00:22:15,520 Speaker 1: given the United States involvement in the war in Vietnam. Much, 376 00:22:15,640 --> 00:22:18,200 Speaker 1: but not all, of the opposition to the Equal Rights 377 00:22:18,240 --> 00:22:21,600 Speaker 1: Amendment came from religious groups. Members of the Church of 378 00:22:21,680 --> 00:22:24,879 Speaker 1: Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints were incredibly active and 379 00:22:25,040 --> 00:22:29,240 Speaker 1: campaigning against the amendment. At the time, roughly half of 380 00:22:29,359 --> 00:22:33,200 Speaker 1: church members lived in just three states. Those were Utah, Nevada, 381 00:22:33,240 --> 00:22:37,600 Speaker 1: and Idaho. Idaho had already ratified the amendment by the 382 00:22:37,640 --> 00:22:40,320 Speaker 1: time the church took a public stance on the amendment, 383 00:22:40,480 --> 00:22:46,040 Speaker 1: but voted to repeal its ratification afterward. Utah and Nevada 384 00:22:46,119 --> 00:22:49,280 Speaker 1: did not ratify the amendment. There were also about twenty 385 00:22:49,359 --> 00:22:52,960 Speaker 1: six thousand church members living in Virginia, mostly in the 386 00:22:53,000 --> 00:22:56,800 Speaker 1: suburbs of Washington, d C. And they heavily lobbied their legislators. 387 00:22:57,440 --> 00:23:00,720 Speaker 1: Virginia also did not ratify the amendment of or the deadline, 388 00:23:01,040 --> 00:23:03,159 Speaker 1: As had been the case in the earlier life of 389 00:23:03,160 --> 00:23:06,400 Speaker 1: the Equal Rights Amendment, the most visible faces on both 390 00:23:06,440 --> 00:23:10,720 Speaker 1: sides were relatively affluent white women. In terms of the opposition, 391 00:23:10,880 --> 00:23:14,400 Speaker 1: that face was Philish Lafley, a conservative Roman Catholic from 392 00:23:14,400 --> 00:23:17,879 Speaker 1: Illinois who started a campaign called stop e r A 393 00:23:18,200 --> 00:23:22,840 Speaker 1: in nine two that stood for stop taking Our Privileges 394 00:23:22,960 --> 00:23:26,920 Speaker 1: Equal Rights amendment. She later founded the conservative interest group 395 00:23:27,119 --> 00:23:31,000 Speaker 1: Eagle Forum. Schlafly described that the r A as anti 396 00:23:31,119 --> 00:23:33,960 Speaker 1: family and as something that would force women into co 397 00:23:34,240 --> 00:23:37,720 Speaker 1: ed situations when they didn't want to be. She described 398 00:23:37,760 --> 00:23:40,600 Speaker 1: it this way, quote, what I am defending is the 399 00:23:40,720 --> 00:23:43,920 Speaker 1: real rights of women. A woman should have the right 400 00:23:44,040 --> 00:23:46,120 Speaker 1: to be in the home as a wife and mother. 401 00:23:46,720 --> 00:23:50,880 Speaker 1: The stop e r A campaign was incredibly strategic. Slowly 402 00:23:50,960 --> 00:23:53,800 Speaker 1: understood that she didn't really need to sway the entirety 403 00:23:53,880 --> 00:23:56,520 Speaker 1: of public opinion against the r A, and she didn't. 404 00:23:57,160 --> 00:24:00,000 Speaker 1: Gallop polls showed that more than half of respondents were 405 00:24:00,000 --> 00:24:03,160 Speaker 1: in favor of the ear A throughout the ratification period 406 00:24:03,920 --> 00:24:06,280 Speaker 1: in the mid to late seventies. This included people who 407 00:24:06,280 --> 00:24:11,520 Speaker 1: described themselves as housewives and conservatives. Instead, slowfully focused on 408 00:24:11,560 --> 00:24:16,199 Speaker 1: getting just enough legislators to either vote against ratification or 409 00:24:16,280 --> 00:24:18,919 Speaker 1: to stall the vote until after the deadline in states 410 00:24:18,960 --> 00:24:22,199 Speaker 1: that had not yet ratified. To do this, she and 411 00:24:22,280 --> 00:24:26,639 Speaker 1: other activists lobbied legislators directly. They went to state capitals, 412 00:24:26,720 --> 00:24:30,920 Speaker 1: wearing dresses and aprons and giving legislators homemade bread with 413 00:24:30,960 --> 00:24:34,720 Speaker 1: slogans like preserve us from a Congressional jam. Vote against 414 00:24:34,760 --> 00:24:38,520 Speaker 1: the e r A sham or from the breadmaker to 415 00:24:38,600 --> 00:24:41,640 Speaker 1: the bread winner. They also stoked fears of what could 416 00:24:41,640 --> 00:24:44,600 Speaker 1: happen if the e r A was passed. In addition 417 00:24:44,640 --> 00:24:48,160 Speaker 1: to the idea of unrestricted abortions and women being drafted, 418 00:24:48,520 --> 00:24:51,080 Speaker 1: there was same sex marriage and the idea that the 419 00:24:51,080 --> 00:24:53,800 Speaker 1: government would force the Catholic Church to allow women to 420 00:24:53,840 --> 00:24:57,119 Speaker 1: be priests. And there was a lot of talk about 421 00:24:57,119 --> 00:24:58,760 Speaker 1: how the e r A was going to lead to 422 00:24:58,880 --> 00:25:03,639 Speaker 1: unisex bathroom which was summed up as the potty problem. 423 00:25:03,680 --> 00:25:08,480 Speaker 1: In nineteen seventy six, realizing that Schlafley's campaign was very effective, 424 00:25:08,680 --> 00:25:12,639 Speaker 1: Republican Ella macmillan and Democrat Liz Carpenter formed e R 425 00:25:12,760 --> 00:25:16,399 Speaker 1: America that's e r A and then America minus the 426 00:25:16,440 --> 00:25:20,359 Speaker 1: initial A to try to counteract it. Now was still 427 00:25:20,440 --> 00:25:24,199 Speaker 1: fighting for ratification as well, including organizing a boycott of 428 00:25:24,240 --> 00:25:28,280 Speaker 1: the non ratifying states. In nineteen seventy seven, the National 429 00:25:28,320 --> 00:25:31,439 Speaker 1: Women's Conference was held in Houston, Texas. This was a 430 00:25:31,480 --> 00:25:34,679 Speaker 1: congressionally funded conference that was attended by more than one 431 00:25:35,119 --> 00:25:38,560 Speaker 1: thirty thousand people, including two thousand state delegates, with a 432 00:25:38,640 --> 00:25:41,760 Speaker 1: goal of formulating a plan to move the nation towards 433 00:25:41,800 --> 00:25:45,639 Speaker 1: gender equality. That plan would then be presented to Congress 434 00:25:45,680 --> 00:25:49,320 Speaker 1: and the President. Delegates created a plan of action that 435 00:25:49,400 --> 00:25:53,640 Speaker 1: had twenty six planks. Some of them were child abuse prevention, 436 00:25:54,160 --> 00:25:58,520 Speaker 1: low cost childcare, enforcement of the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, 437 00:25:58,720 --> 00:26:03,760 Speaker 1: support for roverse Is Wade legislation to end discrimination based 438 00:26:03,800 --> 00:26:06,520 Speaker 1: on sexual preference to use the language of the plank. 439 00:26:06,640 --> 00:26:10,480 Speaker 1: At the time, and ratification of the e r A, 440 00:26:10,560 --> 00:26:13,960 Speaker 1: Sloftly held a counter rally in Houston that she described 441 00:26:14,000 --> 00:26:17,679 Speaker 1: as pro family. At the same time, that rally issued 442 00:26:17,680 --> 00:26:21,320 Speaker 1: its own resolution against lesbian rights, abortion rights, and the 443 00:26:21,320 --> 00:26:24,720 Speaker 1: e r A. At this point, the ratification process had 444 00:26:24,720 --> 00:26:29,720 Speaker 1: completely stalled. On March ninth, ninety eight, Congress passed a 445 00:26:29,760 --> 00:26:33,840 Speaker 1: three year extension of the deadline for ratification. On March 446 00:26:33,880 --> 00:26:37,359 Speaker 1: twenty two, nineteen seventy nine, Philish Sloftly through a gala 447 00:26:37,520 --> 00:26:41,800 Speaker 1: to celebrate the expiration of the original deadline. In nineteen eighty, 448 00:26:41,920 --> 00:26:45,320 Speaker 1: the Republican Party dropped support for ratification of the Equal 449 00:26:45,400 --> 00:26:49,960 Speaker 1: Rights Amendment from its party platform. Ronald Reagan included his 450 00:26:50,000 --> 00:26:52,600 Speaker 1: opposition to the r A as part of his presidential 451 00:26:52,640 --> 00:26:56,439 Speaker 1: campaign and became the first president since Truman to oppose it. 452 00:26:57,240 --> 00:26:59,879 Speaker 1: Support for the e r A among the general public 453 00:27:00,040 --> 00:27:03,720 Speaker 1: reached its lowest point during that election year, dropping down 454 00:27:03,720 --> 00:27:08,800 Speaker 1: to fifty two percent in favor, opposed and almost I 455 00:27:08,880 --> 00:27:15,480 Speaker 1: don't know. Support among conservatives, religious fundamentalists, and housewives dropped 456 00:27:15,480 --> 00:27:19,720 Speaker 1: below fifty for the first time during that nineteen presidential 457 00:27:19,720 --> 00:27:24,440 Speaker 1: campaign as well. Among states that had not ratified the amendment, 458 00:27:24,560 --> 00:27:27,240 Speaker 1: support dropped down to forty eight point one percent in 459 00:27:27,280 --> 00:27:31,160 Speaker 1: favor thirty nine point five percent opposed, with the rest 460 00:27:31,280 --> 00:27:34,560 Speaker 1: I don't know. When the second deadline approached, the Equal 461 00:27:34,640 --> 00:27:41,720 Speaker 1: Rights Amendment was three states short of ratification. In addition, Nebraska, Tennessee, Idaho, Kentucky, 462 00:27:41,840 --> 00:27:45,400 Speaker 1: and South Dakota had all voted to rescind or otherwise 463 00:27:45,480 --> 00:27:49,040 Speaker 1: canceled their ratifications in response to the stop e r 464 00:27:49,119 --> 00:27:52,920 Speaker 1: A campaign. The second deadline to ratify the Equal Rights 465 00:27:52,960 --> 00:27:58,600 Speaker 1: Amendment passed on June two. Phillis Schlaftley through another celebratory 466 00:27:58,640 --> 00:28:02,320 Speaker 1: gala with the band Ding Dong The Witches Dead, among 467 00:28:02,440 --> 00:28:07,040 Speaker 1: other selections. Republicans. Senator Jeremiah Denton of Alabama, who was 468 00:28:07,119 --> 00:28:10,280 Speaker 1: in attendance, said quote, we have overcome one of the 469 00:28:10,280 --> 00:28:15,480 Speaker 1: most powerful propaganda campaigns in the history of politics. Legislators 470 00:28:15,480 --> 00:28:19,760 Speaker 1: started once again, reintroducing the Equal Rights Amendment at every 471 00:28:19,800 --> 00:28:23,520 Speaker 1: congressional session. As all this was going on, the Supreme 472 00:28:23,560 --> 00:28:26,840 Speaker 1: Court had continued to issue rulings that interpreted the equal 473 00:28:26,880 --> 00:28:30,440 Speaker 1: protection and do process clauses that are in the Constitution 474 00:28:30,520 --> 00:28:35,000 Speaker 1: and its amendments as relevant. One was Frontierro versus Richardson 475 00:28:35,119 --> 00:28:39,080 Speaker 1: in nineteen seventy three. Sharon Frontierro was a lieutenant in 476 00:28:39,080 --> 00:28:42,400 Speaker 1: the U. S. Air Force. Wives of military members were 477 00:28:42,400 --> 00:28:46,400 Speaker 1: automatically granted a housing allowance and medical care, but husbands 478 00:28:46,400 --> 00:28:50,280 Speaker 1: were not unless they were dependent on their wives. Frontierro 479 00:28:50,440 --> 00:28:53,160 Speaker 1: challenged this, and the Supreme Court found that the policy 480 00:28:53,200 --> 00:28:57,280 Speaker 1: was unconstitutional. Three years later, the Court issued a decision 481 00:28:57,360 --> 00:29:01,160 Speaker 1: in Craig versus Born, Oklahoma. A law at the time 482 00:29:01,280 --> 00:29:05,040 Speaker 1: prohibited the sale of not intoxicating beer that is under 483 00:29:05,080 --> 00:29:09,160 Speaker 1: three point to alcohol to males under twenty one and 484 00:29:09,280 --> 00:29:13,479 Speaker 1: females under eighteen. Curtis Craig, who was male and between 485 00:29:13,480 --> 00:29:16,280 Speaker 1: the ages of eighteen and twenty one, challenged this law 486 00:29:16,320 --> 00:29:20,360 Speaker 1: as unconstitutional, and the Supreme Court agreed. The Court issued 487 00:29:20,360 --> 00:29:24,720 Speaker 1: a ruling that also called for intermediate scrutiny and questions 488 00:29:24,760 --> 00:29:29,000 Speaker 1: of whether sex based discrimination was unconstitutional. This meant that 489 00:29:29,200 --> 00:29:33,200 Speaker 1: laws that treated the sexes differently had to be substantially 490 00:29:33,320 --> 00:29:36,800 Speaker 1: related to an important government interest, and that's been the 491 00:29:36,880 --> 00:29:39,680 Speaker 1: standards since they made that ruling back in the seventies. 492 00:29:40,320 --> 00:29:43,200 Speaker 1: This is a lower standard of scrutiny than is required 493 00:29:43,240 --> 00:29:47,120 Speaker 1: for race based discrimination, but a higher standard than is 494 00:29:47,160 --> 00:29:50,479 Speaker 1: required for some other things, including discrimination based on age. 495 00:29:51,000 --> 00:29:54,040 Speaker 1: Some of these court cases had the exact same outcomes 496 00:29:54,040 --> 00:29:56,200 Speaker 1: that the opponents of the e r A said the 497 00:29:56,240 --> 00:29:59,880 Speaker 1: amendment would bring about. For example, in nineteen seventy nine, 498 00:30:00,120 --> 00:30:02,760 Speaker 1: court heard the case of Or versus Or, in which 499 00:30:02,840 --> 00:30:05,960 Speaker 1: Lillian Or had sued her ex husband, William for non 500 00:30:06,040 --> 00:30:10,960 Speaker 1: payment of alimony. William Or had challenged this as unconstitutional 501 00:30:11,040 --> 00:30:14,960 Speaker 1: because Alabama, where they lived, required husbands to pay alimony 502 00:30:15,080 --> 00:30:20,000 Speaker 1: but not wives. The court agreed, ruling that quote classifications 503 00:30:20,040 --> 00:30:25,240 Speaker 1: by gender must serve important governmental objectives. In the court 504 00:30:25,280 --> 00:30:30,600 Speaker 1: found Virginia Military Institute's male only admissions policy unconstitutional in 505 00:30:30,720 --> 00:30:35,280 Speaker 1: United States versus Virginia, and of course, in Obergefell versus Hodges, 506 00:30:35,320 --> 00:30:39,360 Speaker 1: in the Supreme Court decided that the Fourteenth Amendments Equal 507 00:30:39,360 --> 00:30:43,720 Speaker 1: Protection Clause requires states to license marriages between people of 508 00:30:43,760 --> 00:30:47,800 Speaker 1: the same sex. The federal government was also continuing to 509 00:30:47,880 --> 00:30:51,320 Speaker 1: pass laws that were related to equality regardless of sex 510 00:30:51,480 --> 00:30:54,400 Speaker 1: during the ratification period for the e r A. This 511 00:30:54,480 --> 00:30:57,840 Speaker 1: included Title nine, which is one of the Educational Amendments 512 00:30:57,840 --> 00:31:00,840 Speaker 1: of nineteen seventy two, which reads quote, no person in 513 00:31:00,840 --> 00:31:04,160 Speaker 1: the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be 514 00:31:04,320 --> 00:31:08,000 Speaker 1: excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or 515 00:31:08,080 --> 00:31:12,959 Speaker 1: be subjected to discrimination, under any education program or activity 516 00:31:13,160 --> 00:31:17,400 Speaker 1: receiving federal financial assistance. In the nine nineties, NOW and 517 00:31:17,480 --> 00:31:21,840 Speaker 1: other organizations formulated the Three States Strategy, which combined an 518 00:31:21,880 --> 00:31:24,400 Speaker 1: effort to get three more states to ratify the Equal 519 00:31:24,480 --> 00:31:28,520 Speaker 1: Rights Amendment with proposed legislation to remove the earlier deadline. 520 00:31:29,400 --> 00:31:34,040 Speaker 1: Since then, Nevada ratified the e r A on March in, 521 00:31:34,160 --> 00:31:38,760 Speaker 1: Illinois ratified it on mayen, and as we said at 522 00:31:38,760 --> 00:31:42,000 Speaker 1: the top of the show, Virginia did so earlier this year. 523 00:31:42,400 --> 00:31:46,280 Speaker 1: So that leaves some not entirely answered questions as of 524 00:31:46,400 --> 00:31:49,720 Speaker 1: when we are recording this, although a number of people 525 00:31:49,760 --> 00:31:54,880 Speaker 1: will stridently insist that the questions are actually answered. There's 526 00:31:54,920 --> 00:31:58,400 Speaker 1: nothing in the Constitution about whether a state can rescind 527 00:31:58,480 --> 00:32:02,800 Speaker 1: its ratification of a constitutional Amendment as five states voted 528 00:32:02,800 --> 00:32:05,080 Speaker 1: to do with the e r A, and it's not 529 00:32:05,440 --> 00:32:08,680 Speaker 1: really totally clear whether it works if they vote to 530 00:32:08,680 --> 00:32:12,080 Speaker 1: do that. Ohio and New Jersey tried to rescind their 531 00:32:12,160 --> 00:32:15,760 Speaker 1: ratification of the fourteenth Amendment, but they are still listed 532 00:32:15,840 --> 00:32:20,880 Speaker 1: as ratifiers in the amendment's official documentation. The Supreme Court 533 00:32:21,000 --> 00:32:24,240 Speaker 1: decided that this was a political question for Congress and 534 00:32:24,320 --> 00:32:27,240 Speaker 1: not a matter for the courts back in ninety nine. 535 00:32:27,600 --> 00:32:31,200 Speaker 1: There are also arguments about whether the deadline is really relevant. 536 00:32:31,800 --> 00:32:35,480 Speaker 1: The Supreme Court has previously ruled that it's not unconstitutional 537 00:32:35,560 --> 00:32:38,440 Speaker 1: for Congress to set such a deadline, but it's also 538 00:32:38,520 --> 00:32:41,800 Speaker 1: been noted that this deadline wasn't part of the amendment itself, 539 00:32:42,240 --> 00:32:44,000 Speaker 1: and it wouldn't be the first time that an old 540 00:32:44,120 --> 00:32:48,040 Speaker 1: constitutional amendment has been ratified and added to the Constitution. 541 00:32:49,800 --> 00:32:54,120 Speaker 1: Amendment adopted in nine reads quote, no law varying the 542 00:32:54,160 --> 00:32:58,040 Speaker 1: compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives shall 543 00:32:58,080 --> 00:33:02,480 Speaker 1: take effect until an election representatives shall have intervened. It 544 00:33:02,600 --> 00:33:04,800 Speaker 1: was part of the original Bill of Rights approved by 545 00:33:04,840 --> 00:33:10,239 Speaker 1: Congress in nine, but it was not ratified until. Like 546 00:33:10,360 --> 00:33:13,160 Speaker 1: the Equal Rights Amendment, it didn't have a deadline as 547 00:33:13,200 --> 00:33:17,400 Speaker 1: part of the text itself. Congress has tried to avoid 548 00:33:17,480 --> 00:33:21,000 Speaker 1: this problem with some other amendments by like having actually 549 00:33:21,080 --> 00:33:24,480 Speaker 1: in there in the text that there are seven years 550 00:33:24,520 --> 00:33:28,080 Speaker 1: or however many years to ratify the thing. So as 551 00:33:28,080 --> 00:33:30,640 Speaker 1: of this moment, we are kind of in limbo, with 552 00:33:30,760 --> 00:33:34,680 Speaker 1: one side considering the matter closed because the deadline passed, 553 00:33:35,120 --> 00:33:37,880 Speaker 1: and the other side arguing that the deadline does not 554 00:33:38,120 --> 00:33:43,200 Speaker 1: matter or proposing various legislation to change the deadline. The 555 00:33:43,280 --> 00:33:46,320 Speaker 1: Department of Justice issued a memo on this matter on 556 00:33:46,440 --> 00:33:51,480 Speaker 1: January six, which began, quote, Congress has constitutional authority to 557 00:33:51,760 --> 00:33:55,960 Speaker 1: impose a deadline for ratifying a proposed constitutional amendment. It 558 00:33:56,040 --> 00:33:59,040 Speaker 1: exercised this authority when proposing the Equal Rights Amendment, and 559 00:33:59,200 --> 00:34:02,600 Speaker 1: because three four with the state legislatures did not ratify 560 00:34:02,680 --> 00:34:06,480 Speaker 1: before the deadline that Congress imposed, the Equal Rights Amendment 561 00:34:06,520 --> 00:34:11,560 Speaker 1: has failed adoption and is no longer pending before the states. Accordingly, 562 00:34:11,719 --> 00:34:15,440 Speaker 1: if one or more state legislatures were to ratify the 563 00:34:15,480 --> 00:34:19,120 Speaker 1: proposed amendment, it would not become part of the Constitution 564 00:34:19,520 --> 00:34:23,120 Speaker 1: and the archivists could not certify its adoption. But on 565 00:34:23,160 --> 00:34:27,000 Speaker 1: the other hand, the attorneys general of Virginia, Illinois, and Nevada, 566 00:34:27,160 --> 00:34:30,720 Speaker 1: the last three states to ratify the amendment, also filed 567 00:34:30,760 --> 00:34:33,480 Speaker 1: suit to have it added to the constitution on January. 568 00:34:34,719 --> 00:34:40,040 Speaker 1: We're recording this on February four, so it's not very new. 569 00:34:41,239 --> 00:34:44,400 Speaker 1: There are also still a lot of unanswered questions about 570 00:34:44,440 --> 00:34:47,120 Speaker 1: what the e r A would mean in practice if 571 00:34:47,120 --> 00:34:50,920 Speaker 1: it were to become the next constitutional amendment, including things 572 00:34:51,000 --> 00:34:54,120 Speaker 1: like whether it would apply to laws around things like 573 00:34:54,200 --> 00:34:59,440 Speaker 1: physiology like breastfeeding or menstruation, whether it would make government 574 00:34:59,480 --> 00:35:03,760 Speaker 1: program like Special Supplemental Nutrition program for women, infants and children, 575 00:35:03,760 --> 00:35:05,759 Speaker 1: which is wick whether it would make those kinds of 576 00:35:05,800 --> 00:35:10,240 Speaker 1: programs unconstitutional, or whether the language on account of sex 577 00:35:10,640 --> 00:35:13,800 Speaker 1: would mean that the amendment applies to intersex, non binary, 578 00:35:13,840 --> 00:35:18,360 Speaker 1: and transgender people. That's where we are on the on 579 00:35:18,400 --> 00:35:21,000 Speaker 1: the Equal Rights Amendment. It's one of those things that 580 00:35:21,080 --> 00:35:23,799 Speaker 1: really fascinates me because as this has dragged out for 581 00:35:23,840 --> 00:35:27,520 Speaker 1: a hundred years, the world has changed so much, and 582 00:35:27,600 --> 00:35:31,120 Speaker 1: it has changed some to reflect that. But as you 583 00:35:31,320 --> 00:35:33,799 Speaker 1: said right there at the conclusion, there's a whole other 584 00:35:34,640 --> 00:35:38,799 Speaker 1: raft of elements that need to be addressed and considered, 585 00:35:39,600 --> 00:35:43,800 Speaker 1: and it's it's like the slowness has made this trickier 586 00:35:44,000 --> 00:35:46,799 Speaker 1: than it would have been safe fifty years ago, right, 587 00:35:46,840 --> 00:35:51,200 Speaker 1: I think, um, if it had been ratified back in 588 00:35:51,239 --> 00:35:54,839 Speaker 1: the seventies, it would have gone through a similar trajectory 589 00:35:54,920 --> 00:35:58,440 Speaker 1: to the Fourteenth Amendment, where probably the Supreme Court back 590 00:35:58,480 --> 00:36:01,560 Speaker 1: in the seventies would have heard cases that were about 591 00:36:02,280 --> 00:36:07,120 Speaker 1: uh discrimination that was not specifically against women or men, 592 00:36:07,680 --> 00:36:12,520 Speaker 1: but was against us like an intersex person or a 593 00:36:12,560 --> 00:36:15,239 Speaker 1: trans person. I'm not saying that trans person are neither 594 00:36:15,280 --> 00:36:18,239 Speaker 1: men nor women, but like the courts I think would 595 00:36:18,239 --> 00:36:21,560 Speaker 1: have moved from like a binary this is about men 596 00:36:21,680 --> 00:36:25,319 Speaker 1: and women reading of the law, are reading of the 597 00:36:25,320 --> 00:36:28,000 Speaker 1: amendment like into a more broad reading of amendment the 598 00:36:28,000 --> 00:36:30,839 Speaker 1: amendment similarly to how the fourteenth Amendment went from being 599 00:36:30,840 --> 00:36:33,000 Speaker 1: two classes black and white to applying to all this 600 00:36:33,080 --> 00:36:37,040 Speaker 1: other stuff. But like now that it has been fifty 601 00:36:37,200 --> 00:36:41,000 Speaker 1: something years almost since it was sent to the States 602 00:36:41,000 --> 00:36:43,680 Speaker 1: for ratification, and it was not ratified during that time, 603 00:36:43,719 --> 00:36:48,319 Speaker 1: Like now those questions are surrounding it even though like 604 00:36:48,400 --> 00:36:53,360 Speaker 1: it hasn't actually been added to the Constitution at this point. Yeah. Also, 605 00:36:53,719 --> 00:36:58,920 Speaker 1: it it's a story that frustrates me of it because 606 00:36:58,960 --> 00:37:03,120 Speaker 1: like the a bit is an understatement because it passed 607 00:37:03,239 --> 00:37:08,480 Speaker 1: Congress with overwhelming majorities, and then it was clearly on 608 00:37:08,640 --> 00:37:11,360 Speaker 1: track to pass among the states and had among the 609 00:37:11,400 --> 00:37:16,120 Speaker 1: general population the majority or at least a plurality in 610 00:37:16,280 --> 00:37:18,960 Speaker 1: favor of it through all that time, UM, and then 611 00:37:19,000 --> 00:37:23,560 Speaker 1: got derailed by what was clearly like a very vocal 612 00:37:23,600 --> 00:37:27,839 Speaker 1: minority opposition to it. Anyway, we'll probably talk more about 613 00:37:27,880 --> 00:37:31,080 Speaker 1: that behind the scenes. Uh, do you have a listener 614 00:37:31,080 --> 00:37:35,360 Speaker 1: mail for us in the meantime? This is from Megan 615 00:37:35,560 --> 00:37:38,719 Speaker 1: and Megan wrote after hour behind the scenes episode on 616 00:37:38,840 --> 00:37:43,160 Speaker 1: Lord Elgin in the Parthenon Marble's in which I expressed 617 00:37:43,160 --> 00:37:46,360 Speaker 1: the number of opinions and was UM just a little 618 00:37:46,360 --> 00:37:48,960 Speaker 1: worried about whether those opinions were going to garner me 619 00:37:49,080 --> 00:37:53,000 Speaker 1: a lot of angry email. Uh, and Megan did not 620 00:37:53,040 --> 00:37:55,319 Speaker 1: send angry email. Just to be totally upfront about that, 621 00:37:55,920 --> 00:37:57,880 Speaker 1: Megan says, I do have a lot of opinions and 622 00:37:57,920 --> 00:38:00,600 Speaker 1: certainly share yours, But the thing that struck me was 623 00:38:00,640 --> 00:38:04,279 Speaker 1: the comment about museums not taking into consideration the cultures 624 00:38:04,320 --> 00:38:07,480 Speaker 1: whose items are being displayed. I work in the arts 625 00:38:07,520 --> 00:38:10,560 Speaker 1: for an orchestra, and we've started learning and adopting the 626 00:38:10,600 --> 00:38:14,839 Speaker 1: practices of of by for all. To boil it down, 627 00:38:14,920 --> 00:38:17,359 Speaker 1: very simply. It's a movement whose focus is to help 628 00:38:17,480 --> 00:38:20,760 Speaker 1: organizations work within the communities they are trying to attract. 629 00:38:21,160 --> 00:38:23,640 Speaker 1: The founder worked in a museum that had for years 630 00:38:23,680 --> 00:38:26,120 Speaker 1: held a Day of the Dead event in a community 631 00:38:26,200 --> 00:38:29,240 Speaker 1: with a strong Latino presence, but only white people attended 632 00:38:29,280 --> 00:38:32,600 Speaker 1: the event in question. Now it is something driven and 633 00:38:32,680 --> 00:38:35,800 Speaker 1: involving the Latino community because the museum started talking to 634 00:38:35,880 --> 00:38:39,120 Speaker 1: people instead of throwing the event for them and expecting 635 00:38:39,160 --> 00:38:41,600 Speaker 1: them to show up. If you have a chance, watch 636 00:38:41,680 --> 00:38:45,640 Speaker 1: one founder Nina Simon's talks. Megan then sent a link 637 00:38:45,719 --> 00:38:47,959 Speaker 1: to a video. I have a feeling you will agree 638 00:38:48,000 --> 00:38:49,600 Speaker 1: with your point of view. We have a lot of 639 00:38:49,640 --> 00:38:53,400 Speaker 1: discussions in the orchestral world about appropriation and how whitewashed 640 00:38:53,400 --> 00:38:57,000 Speaker 1: classical music history is. The orchestra I work with is 641 00:38:57,000 --> 00:38:59,960 Speaker 1: focusing on working with different communities to find out how 642 00:39:00,000 --> 00:39:03,440 Speaker 1: we can best collaborate and feel ownership in their local orchestra. 643 00:39:03,840 --> 00:39:07,239 Speaker 1: Music is for everyone, not just old white people. I 644 00:39:07,280 --> 00:39:09,160 Speaker 1: could go on forever, but I will stop myself now. 645 00:39:09,200 --> 00:39:11,319 Speaker 1: I very much enjoy your podcast. Thank you for all 646 00:39:11,320 --> 00:39:13,800 Speaker 1: your hard work putting these excellent episodes together. I didn't 647 00:39:13,800 --> 00:39:16,040 Speaker 1: realize how much I enjoyed learning about history until I 648 00:39:16,040 --> 00:39:19,560 Speaker 1: started listening to you all the best. Megan. UM, I've 649 00:39:19,600 --> 00:39:21,760 Speaker 1: said Megan this whole time. Megan may say it. Megan, 650 00:39:22,360 --> 00:39:25,919 Speaker 1: I apologize if I got it wrong. UM. Megan also 651 00:39:26,000 --> 00:39:27,719 Speaker 1: let us know that our Facebook page had our old 652 00:39:27,719 --> 00:39:30,359 Speaker 1: email address on it, so I want to fix that. UH. 653 00:39:30,400 --> 00:39:32,840 Speaker 1: So thank you so much, Megan for this email. The 654 00:39:33,160 --> 00:39:37,040 Speaker 1: video that this email included the link to I only 655 00:39:37,080 --> 00:39:38,920 Speaker 1: have had the chance to watch about the first twenty 656 00:39:38,960 --> 00:39:41,719 Speaker 1: minutes of UM. We don't have a great way on 657 00:39:41,760 --> 00:39:44,480 Speaker 1: our website right now to share links for things, but 658 00:39:44,560 --> 00:39:49,120 Speaker 1: if you google Nina Simon of Buy for All, UH, 659 00:39:49,160 --> 00:39:50,880 Speaker 1: it will take you to it really quickly. And it 660 00:39:50,920 --> 00:39:53,400 Speaker 1: is very interesting because she she starts off talking about 661 00:39:53,440 --> 00:39:56,560 Speaker 1: coming into a museum that was really really struggling, UM 662 00:39:56,600 --> 00:39:58,840 Speaker 1: and having to turn that around and having to figure 663 00:39:58,840 --> 00:40:01,040 Speaker 1: out how to actually connect with the community that they 664 00:40:01,040 --> 00:40:03,640 Speaker 1: were located in, which is really super interesting. So thank 665 00:40:03,680 --> 00:40:07,520 Speaker 1: you so much for this email. If you would like 666 00:40:07,600 --> 00:40:09,520 Speaker 1: to write to us about this, there any other podcast 667 00:40:09,640 --> 00:40:12,799 Speaker 1: or history podcasts at I heart radio dot com. And 668 00:40:12,840 --> 00:40:15,319 Speaker 1: then we're all over social media as miss in History. 669 00:40:15,360 --> 00:40:18,960 Speaker 1: That's where you'll find off Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Instagram. 670 00:40:19,000 --> 00:40:21,480 Speaker 1: You can subscribe to our show on Apple podcast, i 671 00:40:21,520 --> 00:40:24,200 Speaker 1: Heeart Radio app, anywhere else you want to get your podcasts, 672 00:40:24,520 --> 00:40:32,880 Speaker 1: and thanks for listening. Stuff you Missed in History Class 673 00:40:32,920 --> 00:40:35,560 Speaker 1: is a production of I Heart Radios How Stuff Works. 674 00:40:35,600 --> 00:40:38,280 Speaker 1: For more podcasts. For my heart Radio, visit the iHeart 675 00:40:38,360 --> 00:40:41,359 Speaker 1: Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your 676 00:40:41,400 --> 00:40:42,080 Speaker 1: favorite shows.