1 00:00:00,080 --> 00:00:02,560 Speaker 1: Hi, This is newt Twenty twenty is going to be 2 00:00:02,600 --> 00:00:05,080 Speaker 1: one of the most extraordinary election years of our lifetime. 3 00:00:05,720 --> 00:00:08,080 Speaker 1: I want to invite you to join my Inner Circle 4 00:00:08,520 --> 00:00:11,520 Speaker 1: as we discuss each twist and turn in the presidential race. 5 00:00:11,880 --> 00:00:16,120 Speaker 1: In my members only Inner Circle Club, you'll receive special 6 00:00:16,160 --> 00:00:21,040 Speaker 1: flash briefings, online events, and members only audio reports from 7 00:00:21,079 --> 00:00:23,680 Speaker 1: me and my team. Here is a special offer for 8 00:00:23,760 --> 00:00:28,080 Speaker 1: my podcast listeners. Join my Inner Circle today at Newtcentercircle 9 00:00:28,120 --> 00:00:31,200 Speaker 1: dot com slash podcast, and if you sign up for 10 00:00:31,240 --> 00:00:34,040 Speaker 1: a one or two year membership, you'll get ten percent 11 00:00:34,080 --> 00:00:37,800 Speaker 1: off your membership price and a VIP fast pass to 12 00:00:37,920 --> 00:00:42,280 Speaker 1: my live events. Join My Inner Circle today at Newtcenter 13 00:00:42,320 --> 00:00:47,120 Speaker 1: Circle dot com slash podcast use the Code podcast at checkout. 14 00:00:47,720 --> 00:00:51,840 Speaker 1: Sign up today at Newtcenter Circle dot com slash podcast 15 00:00:51,880 --> 00:01:04,280 Speaker 1: and use the Code podcast hurry this Offtway spires February fourteenth, 16 00:01:04,400 --> 00:01:07,600 Speaker 1: on this episode of Newts World, The IDEs of March 17 00:01:07,800 --> 00:01:10,480 Speaker 1: is a day on the Roman calendar that corresponds to 18 00:01:10,560 --> 00:01:15,200 Speaker 1: March fifteenth. In forty four b C. March fifteenth became 19 00:01:15,280 --> 00:01:18,959 Speaker 1: notorious as the date of the assassination of Julius Caesar, 20 00:01:19,480 --> 00:01:22,040 Speaker 1: which made the IDEs of March a turning point in 21 00:01:22,160 --> 00:01:26,440 Speaker 1: Roman history. So on this episode, I'm telling the story 22 00:01:26,480 --> 00:01:31,040 Speaker 1: of Julius Caesar's remarkable life and death. If you doubt 23 00:01:31,120 --> 00:01:33,960 Speaker 1: Caesar's impact on all our lives, have a look at 24 00:01:33,959 --> 00:01:37,760 Speaker 1: a calendar. There's a month called July. That month was 25 00:01:37,840 --> 00:01:42,120 Speaker 1: named for Julius Caesar. The following month is August, named 26 00:01:42,160 --> 00:01:47,440 Speaker 1: after Caesar's nephew, the first Roman emperor, Augustus. The calendar 27 00:01:47,520 --> 00:01:50,680 Speaker 1: we used today was named after these two men who 28 00:01:50,760 --> 00:01:54,400 Speaker 1: lived two thousand years ago. The modern calendar is actually 29 00:01:54,480 --> 00:01:58,280 Speaker 1: Caesar's calendar. He added the number of days necessary to 30 00:01:58,320 --> 00:02:00,760 Speaker 1: actually fit how often the Earth goes around the sun, 31 00:02:01,240 --> 00:02:04,680 Speaker 1: and the three hundred and sixty five day calendar, including 32 00:02:05,000 --> 00:02:08,880 Speaker 1: adjusting it every four years for leap year, is Caesar's inventution. 33 00:02:09,639 --> 00:02:12,640 Speaker 1: So Caesar's in your life, whether you know it or not. 34 00:02:13,040 --> 00:02:15,320 Speaker 1: He's in your life every year, and he's part of 35 00:02:15,320 --> 00:02:33,639 Speaker 1: the calendar by which you live. The very term Caesar, 36 00:02:33,720 --> 00:02:39,240 Speaker 1: which became in German Kaiser for kaiser Wilhelm, became in 37 00:02:39,320 --> 00:02:43,560 Speaker 1: Russian czar, is today still a term that describes a 38 00:02:43,639 --> 00:02:49,000 Speaker 1: centralized dictatorial power, two thousand years after he died. So 39 00:02:49,040 --> 00:02:52,560 Speaker 1: we're dealing with somebody whose impact shook our part of 40 00:02:52,560 --> 00:02:56,760 Speaker 1: the world, the Western world, so profoundly that even to 41 00:02:56,840 --> 00:03:02,200 Speaker 1: this day he is in many ways an unknown and unstudied, 42 00:03:02,720 --> 00:03:08,120 Speaker 1: but very real presence. If you look at Latin, you'll 43 00:03:08,120 --> 00:03:11,000 Speaker 1: find that among the most elegant books ever written in 44 00:03:11,080 --> 00:03:16,120 Speaker 1: Latin was Caesar's Gallic Wars and Caesar's Civil Wars. Because 45 00:03:16,160 --> 00:03:19,720 Speaker 1: Caesar was not just a great military general an amazing politician, 46 00:03:20,520 --> 00:03:24,040 Speaker 1: he was also a remarkable good writer and a remarkably 47 00:03:24,080 --> 00:03:29,840 Speaker 1: good orator. His reputation for using language brilliantly made him 48 00:03:29,880 --> 00:03:32,520 Speaker 1: one of the leading people in Rome for much of 49 00:03:32,560 --> 00:03:36,000 Speaker 1: his life, just because of his sheer talent. The Roman 50 00:03:36,000 --> 00:03:40,600 Speaker 1: Republic got too big, too militaristic, was too much the 51 00:03:40,640 --> 00:03:45,119 Speaker 1: center of power, and as a result, money poured in 52 00:03:45,200 --> 00:03:48,560 Speaker 1: from all over to corrupt the Roman system. So if 53 00:03:48,560 --> 00:03:51,680 Speaker 1: you were in Greece, or you were in Spain, or 54 00:03:51,720 --> 00:03:54,680 Speaker 1: you were in North Africa and you wanted to get goodies, 55 00:03:55,160 --> 00:03:57,400 Speaker 1: the most efficient way to get goodies was to have 56 00:03:57,440 --> 00:04:00,280 Speaker 1: a lobbyist in Rome bribe somebody. And there are a 57 00:04:00,280 --> 00:04:03,160 Speaker 1: lot of lessons to be learned by what happens when 58 00:04:03,240 --> 00:04:05,560 Speaker 1: your system gets to be bigger than you can maintain 59 00:04:06,080 --> 00:04:09,440 Speaker 1: and when the breakdown of the traditional order leads to 60 00:04:09,480 --> 00:04:12,640 Speaker 1: the rise of tyrants, and that's literally what was happening 61 00:04:12,640 --> 00:04:15,800 Speaker 1: in Caesar's lifetime. If you don't understand the rome of 62 00:04:15,880 --> 00:04:21,000 Speaker 1: his time, you can't understand him. Caesar's uncle, Marius, is 63 00:04:21,400 --> 00:04:25,479 Speaker 1: around one hundred BC, and he's the best general of 64 00:04:25,560 --> 00:04:30,080 Speaker 1: his generation, but he is politically on the losing side 65 00:04:30,120 --> 00:04:33,880 Speaker 1: of a power struggle, and so he's sort of pushed 66 00:04:33,880 --> 00:04:36,560 Speaker 1: off to one side and he's not very important. And 67 00:04:36,640 --> 00:04:39,680 Speaker 1: all of a sudden, this huge Germanic tribe comes rolling 68 00:04:39,680 --> 00:04:42,480 Speaker 1: down the Rhone River valley, and the Roman people get 69 00:04:42,520 --> 00:04:45,680 Speaker 1: scared because they think this huge tribe is going to 70 00:04:45,760 --> 00:04:48,720 Speaker 1: break through into Italy, and so they call him back 71 00:04:48,720 --> 00:04:50,520 Speaker 1: and give him an army, and he goes north and 72 00:04:50,560 --> 00:04:54,000 Speaker 1: he wipes out the German tribe and they now like 73 00:04:54,160 --> 00:04:59,080 Speaker 1: Marius briefly, and then he is deposed and exiled, and 74 00:04:59,200 --> 00:05:01,080 Speaker 1: he is sent to place that we don't think of 75 00:05:01,120 --> 00:05:04,120 Speaker 1: as a desert, but in his time, Sicily was considered 76 00:05:04,160 --> 00:05:08,120 Speaker 1: a desert. It was not very heavily occupied, and as 77 00:05:08,160 --> 00:05:11,599 Speaker 1: he recounts late in his life, he survives only by 78 00:05:12,080 --> 00:05:14,360 Speaker 1: imagining what he's going to do to his enemies. When 79 00:05:14,360 --> 00:05:16,680 Speaker 1: he gets back, he does get back, and then he 80 00:05:16,680 --> 00:05:18,320 Speaker 1: does what he said he would do. Now, why does 81 00:05:18,320 --> 00:05:24,719 Speaker 1: this matter, Because what's beginning to happen. The politics of 82 00:05:24,760 --> 00:05:29,800 Speaker 1: personality and philosophy and policy are beginning to be replaced 83 00:05:30,400 --> 00:05:36,440 Speaker 1: by violence, by poisonings, by assassinations, by crowds in the street, 84 00:05:37,279 --> 00:05:40,920 Speaker 1: and by intimidation. And in many ways marriage is the 85 00:05:40,960 --> 00:05:47,080 Speaker 1: beginning of that breakthrough. Now, in that period, the secondary 86 00:05:48,000 --> 00:05:51,480 Speaker 1: of Sola, who is a great general, and Sala becomes 87 00:05:51,520 --> 00:05:54,440 Speaker 1: the great competitor to Marris, and between them they just 88 00:05:54,480 --> 00:05:57,400 Speaker 1: start wiping people out. So if you're in Sola side, 89 00:05:57,400 --> 00:05:59,520 Speaker 1: you're in danger of marry Is killing you. If you're 90 00:05:59,520 --> 00:06:02,479 Speaker 1: in married society or in danger of Salar killing you. 91 00:06:03,000 --> 00:06:05,640 Speaker 1: One of the ways they finance what they're doing is 92 00:06:05,680 --> 00:06:07,599 Speaker 1: they look at the richest guys and they just steal 93 00:06:07,640 --> 00:06:11,039 Speaker 1: their property and they say, you know, lucky you you 94 00:06:11,120 --> 00:06:13,279 Speaker 1: get to be exiled degrees and I want all your money, 95 00:06:13,760 --> 00:06:15,200 Speaker 1: or you could stay here, I'll kill you and then 96 00:06:15,240 --> 00:06:17,279 Speaker 1: I'll take all your money. Which one do you like better? 97 00:06:17,600 --> 00:06:19,880 Speaker 1: And a substantial number of Romans ended up going to 98 00:06:19,920 --> 00:06:22,479 Speaker 1: Greece for long periods just in order to avoid being 99 00:06:22,560 --> 00:06:28,040 Speaker 1: killed in that process. In that period, Julius Caesar doesn't 100 00:06:28,040 --> 00:06:31,920 Speaker 1: really exist yet, he's a kid. His family is very old. 101 00:06:32,360 --> 00:06:35,760 Speaker 1: In fact, they are among the oldest families Julie I 102 00:06:35,839 --> 00:06:38,920 Speaker 1: are among the oldest families in Roman history. They go 103 00:06:39,040 --> 00:06:42,520 Speaker 1: all the way back in theory a prince from Troy, 104 00:06:42,680 --> 00:06:46,440 Speaker 1: and in fact they trace their mythical background to the 105 00:06:46,440 --> 00:06:50,119 Speaker 1: goddess of Venus. So Caesar at one level is born 106 00:06:50,240 --> 00:06:52,800 Speaker 1: into a family which says to him, you are the 107 00:06:52,839 --> 00:06:55,280 Speaker 1: direct descendant of a god. And Caesar had the kind 108 00:06:55,279 --> 00:06:58,919 Speaker 1: of personality that made sense to him, and so his 109 00:06:59,000 --> 00:07:01,960 Speaker 1: whole life he has this kind of inner arrogance and 110 00:07:02,040 --> 00:07:05,000 Speaker 1: inner certainty that you probably have to be a descendant 111 00:07:05,000 --> 00:07:06,920 Speaker 1: of the god to have. I mean, it's a little 112 00:07:06,920 --> 00:07:09,520 Speaker 1: hard to imagine how any normal person could have been 113 00:07:09,560 --> 00:07:12,680 Speaker 1: like Caesar. But he has no money and his father 114 00:07:12,760 --> 00:07:16,200 Speaker 1: dies when he's young. His mother actually takes the families 115 00:07:16,480 --> 00:07:20,720 Speaker 1: relatively smallholdings and vests it in a high rise which 116 00:07:20,720 --> 00:07:24,360 Speaker 1: back then in six or eight story apartment building in Subura, 117 00:07:24,800 --> 00:07:28,000 Speaker 1: which was a working class neighborhood, and so she and 118 00:07:28,040 --> 00:07:30,040 Speaker 1: the family live on the top floor, which is also 119 00:07:30,080 --> 00:07:33,360 Speaker 1: the healthiest and the cleanest, and they read all the 120 00:07:33,360 --> 00:07:36,720 Speaker 1: rest of the floors, which means that in his early 121 00:07:37,760 --> 00:07:42,640 Speaker 1: twelve to sixteen years of age period, Caesar's wandering around 122 00:07:42,840 --> 00:07:47,360 Speaker 1: among working class people, learning working class Latin, understanding how 123 00:07:47,400 --> 00:07:50,680 Speaker 1: they think, what they do, how they negotiate. And he 124 00:07:50,800 --> 00:07:55,120 Speaker 1: is stunningly smart season maybe much like Napoleon, one of 125 00:07:55,160 --> 00:07:57,400 Speaker 1: the smartest people ever to live, and so he could 126 00:07:57,440 --> 00:08:10,080 Speaker 1: absorb information, He could learn things at enormous speed. Caesar 127 00:08:10,240 --> 00:08:14,440 Speaker 1: was ravenously ambitious. He thought he was descended from the gods. 128 00:08:14,840 --> 00:08:16,840 Speaker 1: He thought he was descended from a family which had 129 00:08:16,840 --> 00:08:21,760 Speaker 1: been cheated and which was socially worthy of dramatically greater 130 00:08:21,800 --> 00:08:24,960 Speaker 1: assets than they actually had. From the earliest time we 131 00:08:25,080 --> 00:08:29,720 Speaker 1: encounter him, he is unendingly ambitious, and he understands that 132 00:08:29,800 --> 00:08:32,320 Speaker 1: in the Roman world, if you're going to be ambitious, 133 00:08:32,360 --> 00:08:35,440 Speaker 1: you've got to be physically capable of being a warrior, 134 00:08:35,480 --> 00:08:38,199 Speaker 1: because otherwise you can't earn the level of respect that 135 00:08:38,320 --> 00:08:42,120 Speaker 1: essentially to watch Cicero, for example, who is probably Caesar's 136 00:08:42,160 --> 00:08:44,560 Speaker 1: equal as an orator and as a writer, is not 137 00:08:44,760 --> 00:08:48,480 Speaker 1: a great warrior, and it cripples his career because everybody 138 00:08:48,520 --> 00:08:52,280 Speaker 1: knows it. But Caesar is somebody who could fight his 139 00:08:52,320 --> 00:08:54,200 Speaker 1: way out of a room, could fight his way in 140 00:08:54,240 --> 00:08:56,760 Speaker 1: a battle, could lead an army in the army felt 141 00:08:56,880 --> 00:08:59,960 Speaker 1: honored to follow him. And I think he acquired that. 142 00:09:00,760 --> 00:09:03,400 Speaker 1: My guess is he acquired the corner that one he 143 00:09:03,480 --> 00:09:06,400 Speaker 1: was like thirteen or fourteen or fifteen years old, because 144 00:09:06,400 --> 00:09:09,959 Speaker 1: he looked around and said, I'm Caesar. Caesar goes on 145 00:09:10,000 --> 00:09:13,880 Speaker 1: to marry somebody who Sala doesn't like, goes she belongs 146 00:09:13,920 --> 00:09:17,520 Speaker 1: politically to the wrong side, and Sala who's a dictator? 147 00:09:17,920 --> 00:09:21,120 Speaker 1: And who is and he's really He and Marrits are 148 00:09:21,120 --> 00:09:23,480 Speaker 1: really the beginning of the total breakdown of the republic 149 00:09:23,800 --> 00:09:26,080 Speaker 1: as a system, because now you have dictators, you have 150 00:09:26,120 --> 00:09:28,520 Speaker 1: people who have real power, and they're prepared to kill 151 00:09:28,559 --> 00:09:30,600 Speaker 1: you if you don't do what they want, and sometimes 152 00:09:30,600 --> 00:09:32,079 Speaker 1: they'll kill you even if you do do what they 153 00:09:32,080 --> 00:09:35,760 Speaker 1: want because they need your money. And so Sala basically 154 00:09:35,800 --> 00:09:37,960 Speaker 1: says to him, you have to divorce your wife, and 155 00:09:38,000 --> 00:09:42,240 Speaker 1: Caesar says, no, It's truly one of those things where 156 00:09:42,280 --> 00:09:45,760 Speaker 1: you have to believe you have some kind of divine 157 00:09:45,840 --> 00:09:51,280 Speaker 1: destiny or you're just nuts. Because Caesar's standing there as 158 00:09:51,280 --> 00:09:54,640 Speaker 1: a very young man facing this dictator who's a great 159 00:09:54,679 --> 00:09:58,400 Speaker 1: general who's a huge force surrounding, is capable of killing 160 00:09:58,440 --> 00:10:00,959 Speaker 1: Caesar on the spot. He says, I'm not doing it, 161 00:10:01,920 --> 00:10:04,800 Speaker 1: and so Salah says, okay, well, then get out of town. 162 00:10:05,320 --> 00:10:07,000 Speaker 1: You know, I'm not going to For some reason, he 163 00:10:07,080 --> 00:10:09,520 Speaker 1: decided not to kill Caesar. And it may have been 164 00:10:10,040 --> 00:10:13,880 Speaker 1: again this magic touch that Caesar had, that he could 165 00:10:13,920 --> 00:10:17,480 Speaker 1: manipulate people at levels that are just astonishing, and so 166 00:10:17,600 --> 00:10:20,440 Speaker 1: the dictator said, Okay, I'm really really mad at you, 167 00:10:21,200 --> 00:10:23,600 Speaker 1: but I'm not going to kill you right now. So 168 00:10:23,720 --> 00:10:26,640 Speaker 1: Caesar goes up in the Apennine mountains for three years 169 00:10:26,760 --> 00:10:30,640 Speaker 1: hides because he knows that on a bad weekend, Sala 170 00:10:30,720 --> 00:10:33,720 Speaker 1: could wake up and decide, you know, Caesar doesn't amuse 171 00:10:33,760 --> 00:10:37,440 Speaker 1: me that much, let's kill him. Eventually, he joins the 172 00:10:37,520 --> 00:10:40,360 Speaker 1: army to get away from Rome because he wants to 173 00:10:40,400 --> 00:10:45,439 Speaker 1: get far enough away that Sala can easily kill him, 174 00:10:45,640 --> 00:10:47,800 Speaker 1: and he doesn't want to remind Sala that he's around. 175 00:10:48,480 --> 00:10:50,800 Speaker 1: So he wanders off and the great actionary at that 176 00:10:50,840 --> 00:10:53,360 Speaker 1: time for the army is over in what they would 177 00:10:53,600 --> 00:10:57,240 Speaker 1: have considered the East, which is along what we now 178 00:10:57,280 --> 00:11:00,480 Speaker 1: would say is the Turkish and Syrian coast. They were 179 00:11:00,520 --> 00:11:04,600 Speaker 1: constantly fighting with both pirates and with the local governments. 180 00:11:05,200 --> 00:11:09,680 Speaker 1: Caesar turns out to be an amazingly courageous soldier. He 181 00:11:09,760 --> 00:11:13,080 Speaker 1: wins the Oak Leaves, which is the highest sort of 182 00:11:13,080 --> 00:11:16,360 Speaker 1: the equivalent of our Congressional Medal of Honor. There are 183 00:11:16,360 --> 00:11:20,960 Speaker 1: many ways in which you can have authority or fame. 184 00:11:21,760 --> 00:11:23,480 Speaker 1: You know, you can be rich, you can be from 185 00:11:23,480 --> 00:11:26,199 Speaker 1: a good family, you can hold a high office. If 186 00:11:26,240 --> 00:11:29,840 Speaker 1: you've done something so heroic that you're allowed to wear 187 00:11:29,880 --> 00:11:33,240 Speaker 1: the oak wreath, you're now in a unique category because 188 00:11:33,840 --> 00:11:37,640 Speaker 1: no one can challenge your courage, and so it puts 189 00:11:37,679 --> 00:11:40,480 Speaker 1: you in a very small league, as it says, first 190 00:11:40,480 --> 00:11:42,720 Speaker 1: of all, you've been in combat, you've done it so 191 00:11:42,840 --> 00:11:47,839 Speaker 1: heroically that your peers awarded you this highest and then 192 00:11:47,840 --> 00:11:50,120 Speaker 1: the Congressional Medal of Honor is the only thing that's comparable. 193 00:11:50,440 --> 00:11:54,000 Speaker 1: And if you've ever been in military environments, people walk 194 00:11:54,080 --> 00:11:57,280 Speaker 1: in wearing the Congressional Medal of Honor are by definition 195 00:11:57,280 --> 00:12:01,280 Speaker 1: in a different league because it's something they earned. So 196 00:12:01,320 --> 00:12:02,720 Speaker 1: I think in that sense, it was one of the 197 00:12:02,760 --> 00:12:05,680 Speaker 1: things early on that marked him off, and that sort 198 00:12:05,720 --> 00:12:09,400 Speaker 1: of said this guy's special. He ought to take him seriously, 199 00:12:10,040 --> 00:12:13,679 Speaker 1: and he's going to become somebody. The concept of wearing 200 00:12:13,760 --> 00:12:17,160 Speaker 1: a wreath, which the Etruscans had done with gold wreaths 201 00:12:17,160 --> 00:12:22,280 Speaker 1: for their kings, and in Greek mythology, Apollo represents power 202 00:12:22,400 --> 00:12:25,240 Speaker 1: and wears a laurel wreath on his head. So in 203 00:12:25,920 --> 00:12:29,600 Speaker 1: Caesar's mind, wearing the oak wreath would be a signal 204 00:12:29,960 --> 00:12:34,800 Speaker 1: of his uniqueness, in his near godlike importance. Again, it 205 00:12:34,920 --> 00:12:38,160 Speaker 1: was an age when people started earlier because they died younger, 206 00:12:38,559 --> 00:12:41,960 Speaker 1: but still that this is a guy who's working really 207 00:12:42,000 --> 00:12:44,920 Speaker 1: hard to rise as fast as he can. So Caesar, 208 00:12:45,200 --> 00:12:48,160 Speaker 1: as a very young guy, is working his way into 209 00:12:48,240 --> 00:12:51,240 Speaker 1: being seen as a great soldier, a great general, a 210 00:12:51,240 --> 00:12:55,600 Speaker 1: great orator, very very clever politician. Caesar at one point 211 00:12:55,600 --> 00:12:59,560 Speaker 1: gets captured by pirates. Now, the pirates had operated off 212 00:12:59,600 --> 00:13:03,880 Speaker 1: the coat of Syria and Turkey because they had found 213 00:13:04,640 --> 00:13:08,640 Speaker 1: places where they could go in where the passageways were 214 00:13:08,679 --> 00:13:11,640 Speaker 1: so complicated that no one could find them. And what 215 00:13:11,679 --> 00:13:14,680 Speaker 1: they didn't realize was that Caesar had almost a perfect memory. 216 00:13:15,240 --> 00:13:18,840 Speaker 1: So two things start out of this particular experience. One is, 217 00:13:18,880 --> 00:13:22,520 Speaker 1: here's Caesar by himself, surrounded by pirates who are pretty 218 00:13:22,559 --> 00:13:26,200 Speaker 1: tough people, and they want twenty units of silver for him, 219 00:13:26,720 --> 00:13:29,840 Speaker 1: and he says, that's really stupid. You know, I'm a 220 00:13:29,880 --> 00:13:32,120 Speaker 1: famous guy. I mean, you got to go for fifty. 221 00:13:32,160 --> 00:13:33,920 Speaker 1: If you don't mean, if you don't go for fifty, 222 00:13:34,240 --> 00:13:37,040 Speaker 1: I will feel so insulted. And if you go for fifty, 223 00:13:37,080 --> 00:13:39,040 Speaker 1: they'll pay you. And by the way, after they pay 224 00:13:39,080 --> 00:13:40,880 Speaker 1: you and you release me, I'm going to come back 225 00:13:40,880 --> 00:13:43,640 Speaker 1: and kill you. The pirates all think this is just great. 226 00:13:43,679 --> 00:13:47,680 Speaker 1: Here's this guy. He's not physically dominant. He's fairly slender, 227 00:13:49,200 --> 00:13:52,600 Speaker 1: very muscled, but very slender. And he doesn't look like 228 00:13:52,679 --> 00:13:54,440 Speaker 1: he's a guy who's going to come back and kill 229 00:13:54,640 --> 00:13:57,000 Speaker 1: all the pirates. And so they laugh at I think 230 00:13:57,000 --> 00:14:00,000 Speaker 1: he's just terrific. He's very personality. I've chatting with him, 231 00:14:00,040 --> 00:14:02,080 Speaker 1: you know. So they get they asked for fifty because 232 00:14:02,080 --> 00:14:04,840 Speaker 1: he told him too. They get fifty, they're release him. 233 00:14:04,960 --> 00:14:09,439 Speaker 1: He organizes an army. He remembered exactly how to find them. 234 00:14:09,520 --> 00:14:12,760 Speaker 1: He goes back. He crucifies all of them, but because 235 00:14:12,760 --> 00:14:16,000 Speaker 1: he liked them, he cut their throats first. And there's 236 00:14:16,040 --> 00:14:19,640 Speaker 1: a brief note tremor about the Romans. Crucifixion in the 237 00:14:19,760 --> 00:14:25,640 Speaker 1: Roman model is designed to be really painful. It's not 238 00:14:25,760 --> 00:14:27,880 Speaker 1: what we see in the Christian image of Christ on 239 00:14:27,920 --> 00:14:31,200 Speaker 1: the cross and the Roman model. You are tied up 240 00:14:32,400 --> 00:14:37,680 Speaker 1: and you are hanging from a wooden cross, and the 241 00:14:37,720 --> 00:14:41,840 Speaker 1: goal is to allow you to hang there until the 242 00:14:41,840 --> 00:14:43,920 Speaker 1: point where birds, for example, will come and pack your 243 00:14:43,960 --> 00:14:50,720 Speaker 1: eyes out and you will eventually die of dehydration. When 244 00:14:50,920 --> 00:14:55,240 Speaker 1: the Romans put nails through Christ and pokemon the side 245 00:14:55,240 --> 00:15:00,520 Speaker 1: with a spear, these are actually considered acts of kindness 246 00:15:01,120 --> 00:15:04,760 Speaker 1: because they accelerate the rate of which you die. So 247 00:15:04,840 --> 00:15:07,080 Speaker 1: I understand the Roman world, you have to start with 248 00:15:07,120 --> 00:15:11,920 Speaker 1: the very simple model. These were really tough, ruthless people. 249 00:15:12,600 --> 00:15:15,880 Speaker 1: For example, when Spartacus rebels, one of the great moments 250 00:15:15,880 --> 00:15:19,520 Speaker 1: in Roman history, Spartacus has about twenty thousand followers, and 251 00:15:19,600 --> 00:15:21,840 Speaker 1: he really scares the Romans because the idea of a 252 00:15:21,840 --> 00:15:26,120 Speaker 1: slave rebellion would be genuinely frightening if you were a 253 00:15:26,240 --> 00:15:30,280 Speaker 1: Roman aristocratic. So when they finally defeat him, they crucify 254 00:15:30,400 --> 00:15:35,760 Speaker 1: somebody about every two hundred feet for seventy miles. So 255 00:15:35,880 --> 00:15:38,880 Speaker 1: from Naples to Rome you are riding down a road 256 00:15:38,960 --> 00:15:42,960 Speaker 1: that has people crucified the entire distance. And their goal 257 00:15:43,120 --> 00:15:45,600 Speaker 1: was to sort of say the people. We're really sincere 258 00:15:46,520 --> 00:15:48,160 Speaker 1: and we want you to know you do this kind 259 00:15:48,160 --> 00:15:51,600 Speaker 1: of stuff, we will relentlessly come and get you. But 260 00:15:51,720 --> 00:15:54,440 Speaker 1: this is also a country. Remember this before Caesar just 261 00:15:54,520 --> 00:15:56,600 Speaker 1: to give you his flavor, And it often hits me 262 00:15:56,640 --> 00:15:59,320 Speaker 1: as I walk around Rome, looking at the city and 263 00:15:59,360 --> 00:16:03,400 Speaker 1: looking at the wall. It's a city which had during 264 00:16:03,440 --> 00:16:08,520 Speaker 1: the Punic Wars with Carthage. Hannibal is in Italy for 265 00:16:08,600 --> 00:16:13,760 Speaker 1: seventeen years and they can't beat him, but he can't 266 00:16:13,800 --> 00:16:17,440 Speaker 1: break through the city walls, and so for seventeen years 267 00:16:17,480 --> 00:16:20,680 Speaker 1: they just slug it out and the Romans at one 268 00:16:20,720 --> 00:16:22,920 Speaker 1: point lose an entire army at a battle called Kena, 269 00:16:23,440 --> 00:16:25,600 Speaker 1: to which their attitude is, I guess we have better 270 00:16:25,600 --> 00:16:29,320 Speaker 1: get another army. They decided to beat the Carthaginians, they 271 00:16:29,360 --> 00:16:32,120 Speaker 1: have to go to sea and build a navy, which 272 00:16:32,120 --> 00:16:33,920 Speaker 1: they had not done up to them. They build an 273 00:16:34,000 --> 00:16:36,120 Speaker 1: entire navy. It goes to see there's a huge hurricane. 274 00:16:36,120 --> 00:16:39,280 Speaker 1: The navy sinks, and the Roman responses, I guess we 275 00:16:39,320 --> 00:16:42,040 Speaker 1: need a new navy, and they build another navy. I mean, 276 00:16:42,320 --> 00:16:45,120 Speaker 1: these are just relently this is the world. I'm giving 277 00:16:45,160 --> 00:16:48,640 Speaker 1: this his background because to understand Caesar you have to 278 00:16:48,720 --> 00:16:53,160 Speaker 1: understand this was accepted as normal. This level of toughness 279 00:16:53,200 --> 00:16:55,800 Speaker 1: was where they started. It wasn't what they got to. 280 00:16:56,440 --> 00:17:01,000 Speaker 1: And so Caesar comes along, and Caesar is of anything, smarter, 281 00:17:01,680 --> 00:17:07,040 Speaker 1: more personable, more ruthless, and tougher than anybody else. Somebody 282 00:17:07,040 --> 00:17:10,120 Speaker 1: once said that in the Great Fight between Pompey and Caesar, 283 00:17:10,520 --> 00:17:12,920 Speaker 1: the equivalent of two pirates mean that they were both 284 00:17:12,960 --> 00:17:15,720 Speaker 1: trying to win control of the Empire of the Republic, 285 00:17:15,760 --> 00:17:18,479 Speaker 1: which became the Empire, and that it wasn't like there 286 00:17:18,520 --> 00:17:19,879 Speaker 1: was a good guy and a bad guy. These are 287 00:17:20,240 --> 00:17:23,080 Speaker 1: guys just slugging it out for power. And if they 288 00:17:23,080 --> 00:17:25,080 Speaker 1: happen to kill you on the way through tough break 289 00:17:25,280 --> 00:17:27,640 Speaker 1: because what they were doing is important to them. So 290 00:17:27,680 --> 00:17:33,879 Speaker 1: here's Caesar comes back home, enters politics, becomes the high 291 00:17:33,880 --> 00:17:37,480 Speaker 1: priest of the Roman religion, which gives them another source 292 00:17:37,480 --> 00:17:40,960 Speaker 1: of authority, and it becomes an elected official. And the 293 00:17:41,080 --> 00:17:44,320 Speaker 1: Roman system is very complicated, and there's a hierarchy. You 294 00:17:44,359 --> 00:17:48,320 Speaker 1: get into, you gradually rise in importance. It's all designed 295 00:17:48,600 --> 00:17:51,280 Speaker 1: to minimize the ability of any one person to be 296 00:17:51,320 --> 00:17:54,439 Speaker 1: a dictator. It's it's what Marius and Salah have broken 297 00:17:54,440 --> 00:17:57,600 Speaker 1: out of but after Saulah's death, it begins to revert 298 00:17:57,640 --> 00:18:00,760 Speaker 1: back towards the traditions and the goal again a little 299 00:18:00,760 --> 00:18:03,880 Speaker 1: bit like the American Constitution. The goal is to not 300 00:18:04,080 --> 00:18:08,520 Speaker 1: have anybody concentrate power enough to be in charge the 301 00:18:08,560 --> 00:18:11,439 Speaker 1: whole thing. So they have two consoles. Every year, the 302 00:18:11,520 --> 00:18:14,200 Speaker 1: two consoles can veto each other. They have people who 303 00:18:14,240 --> 00:18:18,160 Speaker 1: elected to lower office. They have various powers, and Caesar's 304 00:18:18,200 --> 00:18:22,480 Speaker 1: gradually climbing this chain of authority, and at the same 305 00:18:22,520 --> 00:18:25,440 Speaker 1: time he is becoming one of the most popular people 306 00:18:25,440 --> 00:18:28,480 Speaker 1: in Rome, and it's really interesting to watch. Caesar is 307 00:18:28,680 --> 00:18:32,760 Speaker 1: instinctively what I would call a populist, in the sense 308 00:18:32,840 --> 00:18:36,639 Speaker 1: that having grown up in Sabora and having understood the 309 00:18:36,800 --> 00:18:40,960 Speaker 1: working class Romans, he had concluded that the future of 310 00:18:41,080 --> 00:18:44,239 Speaker 1: Rome was absorbing more and more people. So part of 311 00:18:44,280 --> 00:18:47,880 Speaker 1: his career will be extending citizenship to more and more 312 00:18:47,880 --> 00:18:51,480 Speaker 1: and more people, which builds a huge force of followers 313 00:18:52,240 --> 00:18:55,440 Speaker 1: because they see Caesar as protecting them and as being 314 00:18:55,480 --> 00:19:00,840 Speaker 1: their guy. Caesar ultimately is given authority to go to Gaul. 315 00:19:01,680 --> 00:19:05,080 Speaker 1: Now he's already led several armies in Spain. He's let 316 00:19:05,200 --> 00:19:07,240 Speaker 1: armies over in the east of what we would call 317 00:19:07,240 --> 00:19:10,879 Speaker 1: Turkey or Assyria. But now he has the big moment 318 00:19:10,920 --> 00:19:13,760 Speaker 1: of his career, and what people tend to forget is 319 00:19:14,280 --> 00:19:18,479 Speaker 1: Caesar's gone for seven years. There are about three million 320 00:19:19,240 --> 00:19:23,520 Speaker 1: men in Gaul when he arrives. One estimate is by 321 00:19:23,560 --> 00:19:27,520 Speaker 1: a Roman historian Suetonius, that he killed a million, sold 322 00:19:27,520 --> 00:19:29,920 Speaker 1: a million into slavery, and there were a million left 323 00:19:29,920 --> 00:19:33,359 Speaker 1: by the time he was done. He destroyed probably Suetonius 324 00:19:33,359 --> 00:19:37,960 Speaker 1: said he destroyed eight hundred towns. At one point, he 325 00:19:38,600 --> 00:19:43,280 Speaker 1: fights a particular tribe and they finally surrender. He surrounds 326 00:19:43,320 --> 00:19:47,640 Speaker 1: their fort, they finally surrender. Instead of killing them, he 327 00:19:47,680 --> 00:19:50,119 Speaker 1: cuts off their right hands, so that there are five 328 00:19:50,240 --> 00:19:54,840 Speaker 1: thousand men wandering around Gaul with one hand, because he 329 00:19:54,880 --> 00:19:57,840 Speaker 1: wants to send a signal that you oppose me, and 330 00:19:57,960 --> 00:20:00,760 Speaker 1: it is going to be really bad for you. Finally, 331 00:20:00,880 --> 00:20:05,000 Speaker 1: the tribes get together, they all rebel simultaneously. He is 332 00:20:05,040 --> 00:20:07,439 Speaker 1: in the fight of his life, and in about a 333 00:20:07,480 --> 00:20:11,760 Speaker 1: six month period he organizes his army how maneuvers them 334 00:20:12,040 --> 00:20:16,720 Speaker 1: and wins. Now, the Roman army's great strength is engineering 335 00:20:16,720 --> 00:20:20,720 Speaker 1: and logistics. They know how to have a siege, They 336 00:20:20,760 --> 00:20:23,360 Speaker 1: know how to build a fort to protect themselves. They 337 00:20:23,440 --> 00:20:26,520 Speaker 1: know how to sustain their army in the field with supplies. 338 00:20:27,000 --> 00:20:29,199 Speaker 1: It is a very well thought out army, in an 339 00:20:29,280 --> 00:20:32,560 Speaker 1: army which has been practicing war for several hundred years. 340 00:20:33,280 --> 00:20:36,280 Speaker 1: One one, the Gauls were probably as good or better 341 00:20:36,280 --> 00:20:38,800 Speaker 1: than the Romans. The Germans were probably as good or 342 00:20:38,880 --> 00:20:41,320 Speaker 1: better than the Romans. The problem was an in fight 343 00:20:41,400 --> 00:20:45,080 Speaker 1: one on one, and Roman armies were very, very good armies. 344 00:20:45,760 --> 00:20:50,119 Speaker 1: Caesar has a tremendous instrument which he uses brilliantly, and 345 00:20:50,160 --> 00:20:52,440 Speaker 1: he uses it for seven years. And s important to 346 00:20:52,480 --> 00:20:55,600 Speaker 1: understand this because when you watch what's about to happen 347 00:20:55,680 --> 00:20:58,720 Speaker 1: when he goes back to Rome, there's only one person 348 00:20:58,760 --> 00:21:01,400 Speaker 1: who as the level of military springs in the entire 349 00:21:01,520 --> 00:21:05,480 Speaker 1: Roman world and that season, and he knows how to move, 350 00:21:05,880 --> 00:21:09,080 Speaker 1: he knows how to organize. Nobody else is in his league. 351 00:21:11,560 --> 00:21:15,439 Speaker 1: After the break, Caesar returns to Rome and establishes his 352 00:21:15,600 --> 00:21:31,639 Speaker 1: role as leader of the Roman Republic. Caesar returns to 353 00:21:31,720 --> 00:21:34,560 Speaker 1: Rome after seven years at war in Gaul and he 354 00:21:34,640 --> 00:21:38,040 Speaker 1: faces a problem. He's got to cross the Rubicon River, 355 00:21:38,440 --> 00:21:41,640 Speaker 1: which is the boundary of Rome at the time. Caesar 356 00:21:41,760 --> 00:21:45,480 Speaker 1: builds a whole series of signal fires and he has 357 00:21:45,600 --> 00:21:49,800 Speaker 1: his legions leaning forward. He comes down without his legions 358 00:21:49,840 --> 00:21:52,440 Speaker 1: because he wants to be peaceful. He wants to send 359 00:21:52,480 --> 00:21:56,320 Speaker 1: a signal. He's written the Gallic Wars, which are well 360 00:21:56,359 --> 00:22:00,720 Speaker 1: worth reading and which essentially are he wrote vall every 361 00:22:00,800 --> 00:22:04,560 Speaker 1: year and the essentially or here's how Caesar went and 362 00:22:04,680 --> 00:22:07,600 Speaker 1: capture Gaul and turned all these slaves into money, and 363 00:22:07,640 --> 00:22:09,680 Speaker 1: why you should love Caesar because look what he's done 364 00:22:09,680 --> 00:22:12,639 Speaker 1: for Rome. He also founds a daily newspaper to remind 365 00:22:12,680 --> 00:22:15,119 Speaker 1: you that Caesar loves you. Caesar does good things for you. 366 00:22:15,320 --> 00:22:20,480 Speaker 1: So his enemies, who under Roman rule, if he gives 367 00:22:20,560 --> 00:22:25,120 Speaker 1: up his governorship, they can try him. And it's quite 368 00:22:25,119 --> 00:22:28,080 Speaker 1: clear given the last forty years of Roman history, if 369 00:22:28,080 --> 00:22:31,400 Speaker 1: they trying him, they're going to kill him. And that's 370 00:22:31,440 --> 00:22:36,280 Speaker 1: the only way they can contain him. And so he's negotiating, saying, oh, 371 00:22:36,320 --> 00:22:38,600 Speaker 1: I want to be peaceful, I really want to work 372 00:22:38,640 --> 00:22:41,840 Speaker 1: all this out. I'm down here without my army. You know, 373 00:22:41,880 --> 00:22:45,399 Speaker 1: I'm your guy. Can't we get something worked out? Well, 374 00:22:45,520 --> 00:22:48,880 Speaker 1: when they finally figure out, now we're not we want 375 00:22:48,880 --> 00:22:50,960 Speaker 1: to kill you. We're not going to order something out. 376 00:22:51,560 --> 00:22:54,440 Speaker 1: What they hadn't reckoned on was he had already set 377 00:22:54,480 --> 00:22:59,080 Speaker 1: his units in motion, and the first legion could get 378 00:22:59,119 --> 00:23:02,080 Speaker 1: to the Rubicon and days and they could send signal 379 00:23:02,160 --> 00:23:04,960 Speaker 1: fires all the way through Gold. So he's mobilizing a 380 00:23:05,040 --> 00:23:10,760 Speaker 1: force very fast. Meanwhile, his major opponent, Pompey, was the 381 00:23:10,960 --> 00:23:14,840 Speaker 1: great general before Caesar. Between Soa and Caesar, company is 382 00:23:14,880 --> 00:23:20,080 Speaker 1: the dominant figure, very successful, very well organized, but a 383 00:23:20,119 --> 00:23:24,720 Speaker 1: little slow and a little insecure. Where Caesar thinks, look, 384 00:23:24,800 --> 00:23:26,760 Speaker 1: I'm descended from the gods. I might as well gamble, 385 00:23:26,800 --> 00:23:28,800 Speaker 1: because you know the gods will be there for me. 386 00:23:29,200 --> 00:23:32,000 Speaker 1: Pompy kind of thinks, you know, I'm descending from normal people, 387 00:23:32,040 --> 00:23:36,680 Speaker 1: and this guy Caesar scares me. Nyus Pomparius Magnus, who 388 00:23:36,720 --> 00:23:40,280 Speaker 1: we would call Pumpy the Great, came out of a 389 00:23:40,560 --> 00:23:44,639 Speaker 1: provincial Italian background. It's an interesting contrast. Very competent man, 390 00:23:44,840 --> 00:23:47,679 Speaker 1: very hard working man. He actually cleans up all the 391 00:23:47,720 --> 00:23:50,879 Speaker 1: pirates in the eastern Mediterranean and is widely seen as 392 00:23:50,880 --> 00:23:55,280 Speaker 1: a tremendous organizer of military forces. But in the end, 393 00:23:55,480 --> 00:23:58,879 Speaker 1: he's not descended from the gods. He doesn't represent one 394 00:23:58,880 --> 00:24:01,760 Speaker 1: of the oldest families in Rome. He doesn't have this 395 00:24:01,800 --> 00:24:05,919 Speaker 1: aristocratic sense of destiny which is at the heart of 396 00:24:05,920 --> 00:24:11,520 Speaker 1: what makes Caesar so remarkable, And so Pompey's proud, he's competent, 397 00:24:11,960 --> 00:24:15,879 Speaker 1: he's powerful, but he's normal and he's trying to cope 398 00:24:15,880 --> 00:24:20,680 Speaker 1: with somebody who's abnormal. Pompey was smart, but Pompey was not. 399 00:24:21,160 --> 00:24:25,840 Speaker 1: He didn't have that quickness, that sudden political skill that 400 00:24:26,040 --> 00:24:28,520 Speaker 1: Caesar had, and he didn't have the ability to plan 401 00:24:28,600 --> 00:24:32,000 Speaker 1: at three or four or five levels simultaneously. And the 402 00:24:32,040 --> 00:24:35,080 Speaker 1: result was I think that Caesar always frightened him and 403 00:24:35,280 --> 00:24:39,560 Speaker 1: always confused him. Every general I've ever studied, Caesar's on 404 00:24:39,600 --> 00:24:44,520 Speaker 1: the shortlist people you cannot give spare time to because 405 00:24:44,520 --> 00:24:46,920 Speaker 1: he will use it, and he'll use it better than 406 00:24:46,960 --> 00:24:50,520 Speaker 1: you will. So Pompey leaves Italy. Now the reason this 407 00:24:50,640 --> 00:24:53,880 Speaker 1: really matters, and this is why when you visit Rome 408 00:24:53,960 --> 00:24:55,879 Speaker 1: and you look at the coliseum, and you look at 409 00:24:55,920 --> 00:24:59,440 Speaker 1: the forum, and you'll just think to yourself, this was 410 00:24:59,480 --> 00:25:02,520 Speaker 1: a city of over a million people at the time 411 00:25:02,560 --> 00:25:05,959 Speaker 1: we're talking about. It was the center of the Mediterranean world. 412 00:25:06,600 --> 00:25:11,119 Speaker 1: It had the symbolism it's Rome, the guy who gives up. 413 00:25:11,200 --> 00:25:16,240 Speaker 1: Rome gives up symbolically all of the emotional and moral power. 414 00:25:17,080 --> 00:25:20,760 Speaker 1: And as Caesar walks into Rome. He is acquiring all 415 00:25:20,800 --> 00:25:23,399 Speaker 1: of the authority of being in Rome, who is also 416 00:25:23,440 --> 00:25:25,960 Speaker 1: the center of money, in the center of commerce. So 417 00:25:26,119 --> 00:25:31,280 Speaker 1: Caesar overnight is able to start chasing Pompey's forces everywhere. 418 00:25:31,320 --> 00:25:33,680 Speaker 1: And Caesar has better divisions, but he has people who've 419 00:25:33,720 --> 00:25:37,560 Speaker 1: been practicing warfare for seven years. They are loyal to him. 420 00:25:38,040 --> 00:25:41,800 Speaker 1: Sadly for him, his top lieutenant actually leaves and joins Pompey. 421 00:25:42,240 --> 00:25:44,600 Speaker 1: I think Caesar will lose, and thinks that Caesar's breaking 422 00:25:44,600 --> 00:25:47,760 Speaker 1: the rules, and that makes Caesar feel bad, but he 423 00:25:47,800 --> 00:25:50,200 Speaker 1: sends all of his equipment to him because you know, 424 00:25:50,359 --> 00:25:52,880 Speaker 1: in a great seven years, sorry sight of the other guy, 425 00:25:52,880 --> 00:25:56,520 Speaker 1: because he's going to lose. And so Caesar wanders around 426 00:25:56,560 --> 00:26:00,879 Speaker 1: the Mediterranean defeating the various forces on the other side, 427 00:26:01,560 --> 00:26:04,200 Speaker 1: ending up with chasing Pompey all the way to Egypt, 428 00:26:04,640 --> 00:26:07,679 Speaker 1: where the Egyptians, having figured out the Pompey is a loser, 429 00:26:08,119 --> 00:26:09,959 Speaker 1: decided they will cut off his head and give it 430 00:26:09,960 --> 00:26:13,119 Speaker 1: to Caesar, because you know, they want to show Caesar 431 00:26:13,160 --> 00:26:15,040 Speaker 1: how much they like it. Well, then thought about the 432 00:26:15,040 --> 00:26:19,399 Speaker 1: fact that Pompey was married to Caesar's daughter. Pompey and 433 00:26:19,440 --> 00:26:22,200 Speaker 1: Caesar were friends, while they happened to have this little 434 00:26:22,200 --> 00:26:25,400 Speaker 1: disagreement which led to a civil war. It's very likely 435 00:26:25,440 --> 00:26:29,440 Speaker 1: Caesar would not have killed Pompey, and Caesar was genuinely 436 00:26:29,520 --> 00:26:33,440 Speaker 1: deeply offended who they were of civil war in Egypt 437 00:26:34,000 --> 00:26:37,040 Speaker 1: between Cleopatra and her brother, and her brother's the one 438 00:26:37,040 --> 00:26:41,400 Speaker 1: who cut off Pompey's head, and so he sides with her, 439 00:26:41,920 --> 00:26:45,040 Speaker 1: fights a civil war, defeats the Egyptian army, fights a 440 00:26:45,080 --> 00:26:48,960 Speaker 1: civil war in Egypt. There's a moment where the Romans 441 00:26:49,000 --> 00:26:54,600 Speaker 1: are being besieged in Alexandria, and it's true during the siege, 442 00:26:54,640 --> 00:26:56,840 Speaker 1: the act of the Great Library of Alexander's burned down. 443 00:26:57,280 --> 00:27:00,119 Speaker 1: Whether by Caesar's people or by the Egyptians, one we 444 00:27:00,200 --> 00:27:02,480 Speaker 1: don't a different a size to that story, but the 445 00:27:02,600 --> 00:27:07,240 Speaker 1: Great Loss was a huge collection of Greek and Egyptian 446 00:27:07,640 --> 00:27:11,879 Speaker 1: works that burned one night. But anyhow, they're there, and 447 00:27:12,000 --> 00:27:15,600 Speaker 1: the regular Romans are getting very nervous. They're really worried, 448 00:27:15,640 --> 00:27:18,800 Speaker 1: and why is Caesar not worried? And he said, I'm waiting, 449 00:27:19,680 --> 00:27:21,960 Speaker 1: and they go, well, what are you waiting for? He said, 450 00:27:22,480 --> 00:27:27,159 Speaker 1: I'm waiting for dawn, and they go, well, what happens 451 00:27:27,200 --> 00:27:32,280 Speaker 1: at Dawn said, well, the sun was I thought you knew. Well, 452 00:27:32,320 --> 00:27:34,600 Speaker 1: what I didn't tell him was that two months earlier 453 00:27:34,880 --> 00:27:38,280 Speaker 1: he had ordered his legions to come from Syria, and 454 00:27:38,400 --> 00:27:41,080 Speaker 1: he knew that they were a few miles outside of town. 455 00:27:41,880 --> 00:27:44,640 Speaker 1: And that's very much like Caesar. You can see Caesar's 456 00:27:44,680 --> 00:27:48,280 Speaker 1: ability to play seven games simultaneously, and I'll tell you 457 00:27:48,320 --> 00:27:51,520 Speaker 1: about any of them was amazing and it made him 458 00:27:51,520 --> 00:27:54,760 Speaker 1: I mean people, I think people at one level were 459 00:27:54,800 --> 00:27:57,560 Speaker 1: awe struck by him, and another level that were really 460 00:27:57,640 --> 00:28:03,080 Speaker 1: frightened because the essence of the Roman model was to 461 00:28:03,240 --> 00:28:07,560 Speaker 1: balance power, so nobody had too much power, and to 462 00:28:07,640 --> 00:28:11,479 Speaker 1: have a system in which the very structure of the 463 00:28:11,520 --> 00:28:15,240 Speaker 1: system limited the ability to lead to dictatorship. And what 464 00:28:15,320 --> 00:28:18,600 Speaker 1: had been happening was through this long hundred year period, 465 00:28:19,280 --> 00:28:23,000 Speaker 1: dictators kept killing people and had established a pattern now 466 00:28:23,040 --> 00:28:25,359 Speaker 1: that if you were on the losing side, it's not 467 00:28:25,440 --> 00:28:27,639 Speaker 1: a huge jump from one to jail to being killed, 468 00:28:28,160 --> 00:28:30,639 Speaker 1: and that's what's being to happen to them. And so 469 00:28:31,400 --> 00:28:35,440 Speaker 1: you saw this a continuous process. Even the people who 470 00:28:35,480 --> 00:28:40,360 Speaker 1: were four Caesar were worried because Caesar ultimately represented the 471 00:28:40,440 --> 00:28:44,000 Speaker 1: end of the republic and he represented establishing a new 472 00:28:44,080 --> 00:28:48,480 Speaker 1: system of power they had had since the last Setarkian 473 00:28:48,600 --> 00:28:52,560 Speaker 1: king was kicked out in four seventy six. The Romans 474 00:28:52,560 --> 00:28:56,800 Speaker 1: that had a passion against kingship. I mean a long 475 00:28:56,840 --> 00:28:59,400 Speaker 1: stretch there were If anybody thought you were thinking you 476 00:28:59,440 --> 00:29:01,680 Speaker 1: were going to become a king, you were gone. And 477 00:29:01,760 --> 00:29:03,400 Speaker 1: now all of a sudden, here's the guy who, by 478 00:29:03,480 --> 00:29:07,640 Speaker 1: sheer power and sheer brilliance, is clearly the central figure. 479 00:29:07,680 --> 00:29:11,520 Speaker 1: He becomes dictator for life, not yet king, doesn't want 480 00:29:11,520 --> 00:29:15,080 Speaker 1: to be king, just happy to be dictator. And so 481 00:29:15,520 --> 00:29:19,840 Speaker 1: a group of people who begin to really worry that 482 00:29:19,920 --> 00:29:22,960 Speaker 1: the system is right at tilt and if they don't 483 00:29:23,040 --> 00:29:27,120 Speaker 1: do something that in fact the republic will die. And 484 00:29:27,280 --> 00:29:31,720 Speaker 1: that's why you end up with the assassination. In March 485 00:29:31,800 --> 00:29:37,320 Speaker 1: of forty four BC, when we come back, Caesar faces 486 00:29:37,360 --> 00:29:50,680 Speaker 1: a senate who, jealous and his power, decides to murder him. 487 00:29:50,720 --> 00:29:54,400 Speaker 1: An unfairly discharged marine with a dark secret, a brilliant 488 00:29:54,400 --> 00:29:58,360 Speaker 1: intelligence officer recovering from tragedy. This unlikely pair are brought 489 00:29:58,440 --> 00:30:01,440 Speaker 1: together to stop a deadly I plot against the hearts 490 00:30:01,480 --> 00:30:04,760 Speaker 1: of the American System. Number one New York Times bestselling 491 00:30:04,760 --> 00:30:07,800 Speaker 1: authors Nuke Ingridge and Pete Early returned with a new 492 00:30:07,920 --> 00:30:11,760 Speaker 1: series filled with action and intrigue that captures the tensions 493 00:30:11,760 --> 00:30:15,600 Speaker 1: and divides of America and the world today. Collusion, a 494 00:30:15,760 --> 00:30:19,320 Speaker 1: novel by Nuke Ingridge, available on Amazon dot Com and 495 00:30:19,520 --> 00:30:32,320 Speaker 1: Audible now. One of the fascinating aspects of Caesar's life 496 00:30:33,640 --> 00:30:37,760 Speaker 1: was the impact of his death, because it became one 497 00:30:37,760 --> 00:30:42,840 Speaker 1: of the most historic moments in all of Western history, 498 00:30:43,360 --> 00:30:48,920 Speaker 1: partially because of the brilliant portrait in Shakespeare's play and 499 00:30:49,080 --> 00:30:55,200 Speaker 1: the speech by Mark Antony at his funeral. Partially because 500 00:30:55,960 --> 00:30:58,400 Speaker 1: Caesar had been such a life force, He had been 501 00:30:58,440 --> 00:31:03,640 Speaker 1: so dominant, he strode across the Roman Empire in such 502 00:31:03,680 --> 00:31:08,440 Speaker 1: a huge way that his disappearance through death left a 503 00:31:08,520 --> 00:31:12,920 Speaker 1: vacuum that would take years to sort out, because there 504 00:31:13,000 --> 00:31:16,280 Speaker 1: was no natural ability for anyone to step in and 505 00:31:16,320 --> 00:31:19,640 Speaker 1: become Caesar, and so there'd be an entire civil war 506 00:31:20,200 --> 00:31:24,840 Speaker 1: before he was replaced by his nephew who had actually 507 00:31:24,880 --> 00:31:30,800 Speaker 1: found the empire itself, Octavius, who becomes Augustus, and who's 508 00:31:30,840 --> 00:31:33,600 Speaker 1: the second month we name for one of the Caesars. 509 00:31:33,600 --> 00:31:37,640 Speaker 1: So he had July and August Caesar himself. In a way, 510 00:31:37,680 --> 00:31:42,040 Speaker 1: he had almost set the stage for his own killing. 511 00:31:42,880 --> 00:31:46,200 Speaker 1: The Greeks had a concept they called hubris, and hubris 512 00:31:46,240 --> 00:31:50,040 Speaker 1: meant that you began to take onto yourself enormous power 513 00:31:50,480 --> 00:31:54,160 Speaker 1: and enormous self affection. And as you became more and 514 00:31:54,280 --> 00:31:58,880 Speaker 1: more filled with hubris, you began to set yourself up 515 00:31:59,240 --> 00:32:03,120 Speaker 1: for what the Greeks called nemesis, and nemesis was the 516 00:32:03,160 --> 00:32:06,960 Speaker 1: destruction of the person who had hubris. Well, in a way, 517 00:32:07,320 --> 00:32:10,320 Speaker 1: Caesar is the perfect model of what the Greeks were 518 00:32:10,360 --> 00:32:13,960 Speaker 1: trying to warn about. The bigger Caesar became, the more 519 00:32:14,000 --> 00:32:18,440 Speaker 1: powerful Caesar became, the more people feared him, and the 520 00:32:18,480 --> 00:32:21,440 Speaker 1: more people envied him. And remember the core of this 521 00:32:21,520 --> 00:32:24,040 Speaker 1: isn't the average Roman. The average Roman thought Caesar was fine. 522 00:32:24,360 --> 00:32:28,800 Speaker 1: Caesar fed them, Caesar entertained them, Caesar conquered slaves that 523 00:32:29,040 --> 00:32:31,720 Speaker 1: enriched them. So Caesar had a pretty big base among 524 00:32:31,800 --> 00:32:35,640 Speaker 1: normal people. But if you're an aristocrat, and you had 525 00:32:35,640 --> 00:32:38,600 Speaker 1: a great sense of self worth, and you thought your 526 00:32:38,600 --> 00:32:41,960 Speaker 1: family had been around for hundreds of years, and here 527 00:32:42,040 --> 00:32:45,640 Speaker 1: suddenly you're in the shadow, no longer an equal, no 528 00:32:45,760 --> 00:32:49,760 Speaker 1: longer a fellow aristocrat, no longer a person who could 529 00:32:49,840 --> 00:32:59,080 Speaker 1: look upon themselves as significant, But instead you were clearly weaker, lesser, subordinate, smaller. 530 00:33:00,120 --> 00:33:03,200 Speaker 1: You hated every minute of it, and you thought, who 531 00:33:03,360 --> 00:33:08,200 Speaker 1: this guy Caesar, That he's flaunting his power, he's flaunting 532 00:33:08,560 --> 00:33:11,000 Speaker 1: his role in history, because there was a sense that 533 00:33:11,040 --> 00:33:15,320 Speaker 1: the bigger Caesar got, the smaller the aristocrats got. So 534 00:33:15,440 --> 00:33:19,120 Speaker 1: part of just pure old fashioned jealousy, Well, Caesar had 535 00:33:19,200 --> 00:33:24,160 Speaker 1: now accumulated a very substantial number of aristocrats who just 536 00:33:24,560 --> 00:33:27,040 Speaker 1: loathed him. They couldn't say that to his face because 537 00:33:27,040 --> 00:33:29,680 Speaker 1: they were terrified of him, because he'd kill him. So 538 00:33:29,840 --> 00:33:33,160 Speaker 1: they talked to each other, and quiet they met together, 539 00:33:33,480 --> 00:33:36,440 Speaker 1: they began conspiring. There was a secondary part of this. 540 00:33:36,840 --> 00:33:42,600 Speaker 1: There was a legitimate, honest, deep fear of kingship. It's 541 00:33:42,640 --> 00:33:45,280 Speaker 1: important to remember that Rome really becomes Rome in four 542 00:33:45,440 --> 00:33:49,120 Speaker 1: seventy six BC when they get rid of the last king, 543 00:33:49,200 --> 00:33:53,520 Speaker 1: the last Tarkeean king is replaced, and the Romans acquire 544 00:33:53,600 --> 00:33:57,840 Speaker 1: this deep passionate opposition to having a king. That's why 545 00:33:57,880 --> 00:34:01,000 Speaker 1: the republic is so stable for such a long period, 546 00:34:01,360 --> 00:34:04,240 Speaker 1: because in their mind the alternative is to go back 547 00:34:04,240 --> 00:34:08,160 Speaker 1: to kingship. Well, now here's Caesar who says every day, oh, 548 00:34:08,200 --> 00:34:10,680 Speaker 1: I don't really want to be a king. But in 549 00:34:10,719 --> 00:34:13,839 Speaker 1: the last days before the Eyes of March. He and 550 00:34:13,920 --> 00:34:17,280 Speaker 1: Mark Anthony begin to play a game in which Mark Anthony, 551 00:34:17,320 --> 00:34:21,360 Speaker 1: who's his chief subordinate, starts to say, oh, well, wouldn't 552 00:34:21,400 --> 00:34:24,800 Speaker 1: you consider being a king? And Caesar says no, no, no, no, 553 00:34:24,840 --> 00:34:27,680 Speaker 1: nothing's further from my mind. I really I can't imagine 554 00:34:27,680 --> 00:34:30,640 Speaker 1: why you had mentioned the word king and Julius Caesar 555 00:34:30,719 --> 00:34:33,680 Speaker 1: in the same sentence. Well, the other nobles know this 556 00:34:33,760 --> 00:34:36,160 Speaker 1: is the beginning of a setup, and that at some 557 00:34:36,239 --> 00:34:40,479 Speaker 1: point that summer that Caesar is very likely going to say, well, 558 00:34:40,600 --> 00:34:43,040 Speaker 1: all right, if you really want me to be king, 559 00:34:43,440 --> 00:34:45,840 Speaker 1: how can I turn you down? So you have both 560 00:34:45,840 --> 00:34:50,000 Speaker 1: this fear that Caesar represents the end of the republic 561 00:34:50,600 --> 00:34:54,040 Speaker 1: and the death of a system which was almost five 562 00:34:54,120 --> 00:34:57,359 Speaker 1: hundred years old by that stage, and you had this 563 00:34:57,560 --> 00:35:03,359 Speaker 1: personal level of just really deeply disliking Caesar because he's 564 00:35:03,400 --> 00:35:08,399 Speaker 1: too big, too powerful, too arrogant, too smart, and they 565 00:35:08,440 --> 00:35:11,360 Speaker 1: just want to get rid of him. Conspiracy begins to grow, 566 00:35:11,680 --> 00:35:17,160 Speaker 1: and ironically, the Roman Senate itself was being refitted, and 567 00:35:17,239 --> 00:35:20,360 Speaker 1: so they had to move the meeting place. They chose 568 00:35:20,760 --> 00:35:23,759 Speaker 1: Pompey's Theater, remembering, of course that Pompey was the great 569 00:35:23,840 --> 00:35:26,879 Speaker 1: Leader who Caesar had defeated in the earlier Civil war. 570 00:35:27,280 --> 00:35:29,480 Speaker 1: So now they're going down to Poppey's Theater, which was 571 00:35:29,520 --> 00:35:33,400 Speaker 1: a quite spectacular place, and they're going to meet. The 572 00:35:33,560 --> 00:35:38,320 Speaker 1: rumor comes supposedly from a soothsayer who could see the future, 573 00:35:38,680 --> 00:35:41,279 Speaker 1: the Caesar should be where the eyes of march. It 574 00:35:41,320 --> 00:35:44,319 Speaker 1: was apparently real enough that his wife begged him not 575 00:35:44,400 --> 00:35:46,439 Speaker 1: to go to that meeting of the Senate that day. 576 00:35:47,080 --> 00:35:51,160 Speaker 1: And this apparently is not just a fiction of Shakespeare's making, 577 00:35:51,200 --> 00:35:54,800 Speaker 1: but actually at the time was a real event. Caesar, 578 00:35:54,840 --> 00:35:58,520 Speaker 1: of course, I think, had two different things he going on. 579 00:35:58,520 --> 00:36:02,520 Speaker 1: One he was very skeptical of these kind of things. 580 00:36:03,560 --> 00:36:07,160 Speaker 1: He didn't particularly worry about soothsayers telling whom he's going 581 00:36:07,200 --> 00:36:10,040 Speaker 1: to win or lose anything. But the other was I 582 00:36:10,080 --> 00:36:12,560 Speaker 1: think that he had this sense of destiny. If it 583 00:36:12,680 --> 00:36:15,799 Speaker 1: was his destiny to be killed, then he would become 584 00:36:15,840 --> 00:36:18,640 Speaker 1: a martyr for Rome. If it was his destiny to 585 00:36:18,640 --> 00:36:21,160 Speaker 1: stay alive, then he would continue to be the leader 586 00:36:21,360 --> 00:36:25,080 Speaker 1: who had become dictator, which was a step below kingship, 587 00:36:25,520 --> 00:36:27,960 Speaker 1: and he would continue simply to run Rome. And I 588 00:36:28,000 --> 00:36:30,440 Speaker 1: think he sort of thought in that sense, there's a 589 00:36:30,480 --> 00:36:34,560 Speaker 1: fatalism in Caesar that runs through his entire life, and 590 00:36:34,640 --> 00:36:36,520 Speaker 1: you can see it over and over again, where he 591 00:36:36,960 --> 00:36:40,360 Speaker 1: risked death and he risked defeat because he just believes 592 00:36:40,360 --> 00:36:42,359 Speaker 1: you have to roll the dice and see what's going 593 00:36:42,360 --> 00:36:45,480 Speaker 1: to happen. For verst his entire life, he'd rolled the 594 00:36:45,480 --> 00:36:49,080 Speaker 1: dice and he'd won. So he goes to Pompey's theater 595 00:36:49,160 --> 00:36:52,560 Speaker 1: that day and there may have been up to sixty 596 00:36:52,640 --> 00:36:55,640 Speaker 1: nobles who had gotten together, although the number who actually 597 00:36:55,680 --> 00:36:58,400 Speaker 1: attacked him is a much smaller number. He knew that 598 00:36:58,440 --> 00:37:01,000 Speaker 1: a number of him disliked him, but part of the 599 00:37:01,000 --> 00:37:04,160 Speaker 1: reason they disliked him was he had contempt for them. 600 00:37:04,680 --> 00:37:07,160 Speaker 1: So since he had contempt for them, he wasn't going 601 00:37:07,200 --> 00:37:10,440 Speaker 1: to be afraid of them. And he deliberately dismisses his 602 00:37:10,560 --> 00:37:14,120 Speaker 1: security force because he wants to communicate I'm not afraid 603 00:37:14,120 --> 00:37:16,799 Speaker 1: of you guys. I don't need to be surrounded by 604 00:37:16,840 --> 00:37:19,920 Speaker 1: police to protect me because none of you guys have 605 00:37:19,960 --> 00:37:23,799 Speaker 1: the guts to do anything anyway. Well, that particular day, 606 00:37:23,840 --> 00:37:27,080 Speaker 1: he was wrong. When he goes in, the senators who 607 00:37:27,120 --> 00:37:31,600 Speaker 1: hated him surround him. Supposedly Civilius Casca hits the strikes 608 00:37:31,640 --> 00:37:34,960 Speaker 1: the first blow, hitting him in the neck and drawing blood. 609 00:37:35,280 --> 00:37:38,360 Speaker 1: Other senators join in and he is a hit again 610 00:37:38,400 --> 00:37:40,919 Speaker 1: and again and again around the head in the neck. 611 00:37:41,560 --> 00:37:45,040 Speaker 1: Marcus Brutus apparently wounds him in the groin, at least 612 00:37:45,040 --> 00:37:48,160 Speaker 1: that's the traditional legend, and Caesar said to us said 613 00:37:48,200 --> 00:37:51,480 Speaker 1: to him, you too, my child, or at too brute, 614 00:37:51,560 --> 00:37:55,040 Speaker 1: as it became translated in later years. There was a rumor, 615 00:37:55,200 --> 00:37:58,800 Speaker 1: which probably wasn't true, but it was a really delicious rumor, 616 00:37:59,280 --> 00:38:02,840 Speaker 1: that Brutus in fact was his illegitimate son. He certainly 617 00:38:02,880 --> 00:38:07,200 Speaker 1: had had a long relationship with Buddhist's mother, but given 618 00:38:07,200 --> 00:38:10,120 Speaker 1: the relative ages, it's unlikely that Buddhist is really his son. 619 00:38:10,440 --> 00:38:13,319 Speaker 1: But it's clear that Buddhists really disliked Caesar, probably in 620 00:38:13,400 --> 00:38:16,359 Speaker 1: part because he objected to Caesar sleeping with his mother, 621 00:38:16,800 --> 00:38:19,080 Speaker 1: and that was the habit of Caesar had with a 622 00:38:19,239 --> 00:38:23,400 Speaker 1: substantial number of women around the Roman aristocracy, which probably 623 00:38:23,719 --> 00:38:26,600 Speaker 1: further led to people being willing to kill him. So 624 00:38:27,040 --> 00:38:31,680 Speaker 1: Caesar dies and it's as though a great force has 625 00:38:31,760 --> 00:38:34,680 Speaker 1: left the world. And I think at one level they're 626 00:38:34,719 --> 00:38:37,080 Speaker 1: all staring at each other going, oh my god, we 627 00:38:37,120 --> 00:38:42,040 Speaker 1: really did it. And then they're faced with, so how 628 00:38:42,040 --> 00:38:44,040 Speaker 1: do we deal with the Roman crowd? Because the Roman 629 00:38:44,080 --> 00:38:48,399 Speaker 1: crowd initially was very pro Caesar. Caesar had been very 630 00:38:48,400 --> 00:38:51,480 Speaker 1: good to them, and he had improved their lives. He 631 00:38:51,600 --> 00:38:54,279 Speaker 1: paid attention to them, He was a popularis, he was 632 00:38:54,320 --> 00:39:00,319 Speaker 1: interested in the people rather than the aristocracy. So they said, basically, 633 00:39:00,760 --> 00:39:06,680 Speaker 1: we saved Rome from dictatorship. Mark Anthony, speaking at the funeral, 634 00:39:07,120 --> 00:39:12,160 Speaker 1: gives an oration. It's pretty clear that when the assassins 635 00:39:12,200 --> 00:39:16,000 Speaker 1: were done speaking, they were in pretty good shape. By 636 00:39:16,040 --> 00:39:19,600 Speaker 1: the time Mark Anthony was done speaking, they're all sneaking 637 00:39:19,600 --> 00:39:23,239 Speaker 1: out of town because the mob has turned, and the 638 00:39:23,320 --> 00:39:26,279 Speaker 1: mob clearly now will tear them apart. And this is 639 00:39:26,320 --> 00:39:30,480 Speaker 1: apparently really an actual fact of that particular day that 640 00:39:30,640 --> 00:39:34,600 Speaker 1: in one oration, Mark Anthony, who had been Caesar's deputy, 641 00:39:35,120 --> 00:39:38,040 Speaker 1: is able to convince people, Oh, I could never speak 642 00:39:38,040 --> 00:39:40,719 Speaker 1: well of Caesar, because we've all been told, be these 643 00:39:40,760 --> 00:39:44,319 Speaker 1: honorable men, how evil Caesar is, and we know these 644 00:39:44,360 --> 00:39:47,359 Speaker 1: are honorable men, and therefore I can't say anything good 645 00:39:47,400 --> 00:39:50,040 Speaker 1: about Caesar. And so I'm not even sure I should 646 00:39:50,120 --> 00:39:54,680 Speaker 1: read you Caesar's will, which Caesar, who loved you so much, 647 00:39:55,120 --> 00:39:57,759 Speaker 1: has written, but it would be wrong of me to 648 00:39:57,800 --> 00:40:00,879 Speaker 1: read this will in which Caesar do so much, because 649 00:40:00,920 --> 00:40:04,000 Speaker 1: we've all been told how evil Caesar is by these 650 00:40:04,080 --> 00:40:06,919 Speaker 1: honorable men. And this goes on and on a crowd 651 00:40:07,000 --> 00:40:09,680 Speaker 1: after a little while, the crowdbeans to go, we'll read 652 00:40:09,719 --> 00:40:11,560 Speaker 1: the will. We want to hear the will. Well, of 653 00:40:11,560 --> 00:40:15,319 Speaker 1: course the will is a perfectly political document, and which 654 00:40:15,360 --> 00:40:18,799 Speaker 1: Caesar has basically said, I love Rome so much that 655 00:40:18,880 --> 00:40:22,000 Speaker 1: everything I have goes to you, the people of Rome. 656 00:40:22,920 --> 00:40:25,759 Speaker 1: And then Anthony has to say, well, now, we can't 657 00:40:25,800 --> 00:40:29,040 Speaker 1: be grateful to Caesar for having loved us so much, 658 00:40:29,360 --> 00:40:32,600 Speaker 1: because we've all been told by these honorable men that 659 00:40:32,680 --> 00:40:34,960 Speaker 1: he was a tyrant, that he was a bad person. 660 00:40:35,120 --> 00:40:37,759 Speaker 1: So I'm sure none of you would want us to 661 00:40:37,800 --> 00:40:41,640 Speaker 1: execute his will and give everybody all the things Caesar 662 00:40:41,680 --> 00:40:44,600 Speaker 1: wants you to have, because would be so wrong to 663 00:40:44,680 --> 00:40:47,520 Speaker 1: do that when these honorable men have told you that 664 00:40:47,600 --> 00:40:50,239 Speaker 1: Caesar was bad. And of course by this point you're 665 00:40:50,280 --> 00:40:54,440 Speaker 1: a combination of emotion and greed and memory. And frankly, 666 00:40:54,520 --> 00:40:57,719 Speaker 1: the aristocrats are not very not very nice people. And 667 00:40:57,800 --> 00:41:00,719 Speaker 1: the average person in Rome knew that harrish person all 668 00:41:00,800 --> 00:41:02,920 Speaker 1: knew that the number one reason the aristocrats didn't like 669 00:41:03,000 --> 00:41:06,440 Speaker 1: Caesar was because they're aristocrats. And by the way, the 670 00:41:06,440 --> 00:41:08,439 Speaker 1: aristocrats weren't going to be nice to the people either. 671 00:41:09,040 --> 00:41:12,440 Speaker 1: And it apparently is true historically that by the end 672 00:41:12,440 --> 00:41:17,320 Speaker 1: of Anthony's speaking the aristocrats who killed Caesar had left 673 00:41:17,760 --> 00:41:21,600 Speaker 1: Rome to get away before the crowd attacked him. It's 674 00:41:21,640 --> 00:41:26,440 Speaker 1: truly a remarkable moment. And in that process, Caesar had 675 00:41:26,480 --> 00:41:29,319 Speaker 1: set the stage by his death and by his will, 676 00:41:30,000 --> 00:41:35,600 Speaker 1: by Anthony, who understood him, and by his young nephew Octavius, 677 00:41:35,880 --> 00:41:39,879 Speaker 1: who had been an apprentice to Caesar. Caesar had brought 678 00:41:39,920 --> 00:41:42,799 Speaker 1: him in, Caesar had him travel with him, Caesar had 679 00:41:42,840 --> 00:41:46,600 Speaker 1: taken him on the wars, and Octavius learned an immense amount. 680 00:41:46,960 --> 00:41:51,160 Speaker 1: Where Caesar shatters and ends the republic, he doesn't actually 681 00:41:51,239 --> 00:41:53,960 Speaker 1: create a stable system, and that's part of why he 682 00:41:54,000 --> 00:41:58,320 Speaker 1: gets killed. But his nephew. Now, his nephew will come along, 683 00:41:59,080 --> 00:42:03,759 Speaker 1: take over the family business, take over Caesar's name, and 684 00:42:03,880 --> 00:42:06,920 Speaker 1: in the process establish an empire which will last for 685 00:42:06,960 --> 00:42:11,880 Speaker 1: four hundred years. And it's truly remarkable because nobody on 686 00:42:11,960 --> 00:42:14,920 Speaker 1: the day Caesar was killed could have picked Octavius out 687 00:42:14,960 --> 00:42:18,080 Speaker 1: as the long term winner. He was totally underestimated by 688 00:42:18,080 --> 00:42:21,280 Speaker 1: everyone and yet he had learned so much from his uncle, 689 00:42:22,080 --> 00:42:25,279 Speaker 1: and he knew how to play. Being the nephew, the 690 00:42:25,320 --> 00:42:28,480 Speaker 1: only person who could claim to be Julius Caesar's heir 691 00:42:29,080 --> 00:42:33,000 Speaker 1: was Octavius, and that may have been what, ultimately, after death, 692 00:42:33,480 --> 00:42:37,399 Speaker 1: was Caesar's last great contribution to the history of Rome 693 00:42:37,719 --> 00:42:43,440 Speaker 1: and the history of the Western world. If you'd like 694 00:42:43,480 --> 00:42:46,040 Speaker 1: to know more about Julius Caesar, We've created a show 695 00:42:46,080 --> 00:42:48,520 Speaker 1: page or some of my favorite books, plays, and movies 696 00:42:48,560 --> 00:42:53,000 Speaker 1: about him at newtsworld dot com. Newtsworld is produced by 697 00:42:53,040 --> 00:42:57,480 Speaker 1: Westwood One. The executive producer is Debbie Myers. Our producer 698 00:42:57,600 --> 00:43:01,880 Speaker 1: is Garnsey Slum. Our editor is Robert Barrowsky. Our researcher 699 00:43:02,000 --> 00:43:05,160 Speaker 1: is Rachel Peterson. The artwork for the show was created 700 00:43:05,200 --> 00:43:08,920 Speaker 1: by Steve Penley. The music was composed by Joey Salvia. 701 00:43:09,600 --> 00:43:12,239 Speaker 1: Special thanks to the team at Gingwich three sixty and 702 00:43:12,360 --> 00:43:16,920 Speaker 1: Westwood Ones, Tim Sabian and Robert Mathers. Please subscribe to 703 00:43:17,000 --> 00:43:22,359 Speaker 1: Newsworld on Apple podcast, Spotify, Google Play, or wherever you 704 00:43:22,400 --> 00:43:27,160 Speaker 1: get entertaining podcasts. On the next episode of Newsworld, five 705 00:43:27,280 --> 00:43:30,440 Speaker 1: G technology is going to fundamentally change the way we 706 00:43:30,480 --> 00:43:33,640 Speaker 1: live our lives find out why it's referred to as 707 00:43:33,680 --> 00:43:59,600 Speaker 1: the next Industrial Revolution. I'm Newt Gingrich. This is News World, 708 00:44:07,719 --> 00:44:10,800 Speaker 1: the Westwood one podcast network. Everyone's listening.