1 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:12,319 Speaker 1: Welcome to tech Stuff, a production from iHeartRadio. Hey there, 2 00:00:12,400 --> 00:00:15,720 Speaker 1: and welcome to tech Stuff. I'm your host, Jonathan Strickland. 3 00:00:15,760 --> 00:00:18,880 Speaker 1: I'm an executive producer with iHeartRadio. And how the tech 4 00:00:19,040 --> 00:00:23,200 Speaker 1: are you? It is time for another classic episode of 5 00:00:23,440 --> 00:00:26,160 Speaker 1: tech Stuff. This episode that you're about to hear originally 6 00:00:26,160 --> 00:00:32,839 Speaker 1: published on April twentieth, twenty sixteen. Huh four twenty But no, 7 00:00:33,040 --> 00:00:37,760 Speaker 1: this has nothing to do with anything you know, blazy. No, 8 00:00:37,920 --> 00:00:40,519 Speaker 1: this has to do with weather technology. In fact, it's 9 00:00:40,560 --> 00:00:44,239 Speaker 1: called Weather Tech Part one, and that tells you what 10 00:00:44,479 --> 00:00:47,760 Speaker 1: next week's classic episode will be. So sit back and 11 00:00:47,920 --> 00:00:53,600 Speaker 1: enjoy WeatherTech Part one from April twentieth, twenty sixteen. Today 12 00:00:53,840 --> 00:00:57,080 Speaker 1: we're gonna talk about weather because of a listener request. 13 00:00:57,440 --> 00:01:02,360 Speaker 1: This comes from Dress Sayan and dree I am so 14 00:01:02,400 --> 00:01:04,679 Speaker 1: sorry if I mispronounced your name. I actually asked Dreese 15 00:01:04,920 --> 00:01:08,840 Speaker 1: how to pronounce this name, and I can only hope 16 00:01:08,840 --> 00:01:12,240 Speaker 1: I got close. But here's what Dreas had to say. Hey, 17 00:01:12,280 --> 00:01:15,640 Speaker 1: I just wanted to ask Slash request something about the podcast. 18 00:01:15,840 --> 00:01:18,039 Speaker 1: See a while back, I had a conversation with my dad. 19 00:01:18,240 --> 00:01:21,360 Speaker 1: He commented how amazing it was these days. He can 20 00:01:21,400 --> 00:01:24,120 Speaker 1: just check a website that will pretty accurately tell him 21 00:01:24,440 --> 00:01:27,000 Speaker 1: whether it's going to rain in the next few hours. 22 00:01:27,120 --> 00:01:30,360 Speaker 1: And where I said that, it doesn't seem like that's 23 00:01:30,600 --> 00:01:33,000 Speaker 1: amazing progress to me. After all, when he was a 24 00:01:33,080 --> 00:01:35,920 Speaker 1: kid in the sixties, they would report if it would 25 00:01:36,000 --> 00:01:38,680 Speaker 1: rain the next day, and now it's just that we've 26 00:01:38,680 --> 00:01:40,680 Speaker 1: got it down to a few hours instead of twenty 27 00:01:40,720 --> 00:01:43,040 Speaker 1: four hours ahead. He laughed and said the weather report 28 00:01:43,080 --> 00:01:45,400 Speaker 1: back then was pretty much a joke. Anyway, this gave 29 00:01:45,440 --> 00:01:46,840 Speaker 1: me a lot to think about, and it seemed like 30 00:01:46,880 --> 00:01:49,440 Speaker 1: something to learn about from the Tech Stuff podcast, because, 31 00:01:49,440 --> 00:01:51,400 Speaker 1: to be honest, I have no clue how weather is 32 00:01:51,400 --> 00:01:55,640 Speaker 1: accurately predicted. It's just always been there for me. So 33 00:01:55,680 --> 00:02:00,720 Speaker 1: we're gonna talk about weather forecasting, meteorology, the technology used 34 00:02:00,720 --> 00:02:07,000 Speaker 1: to make predictions, what those predictions actually mean. We're going 35 00:02:07,040 --> 00:02:10,320 Speaker 1: to break all that down. There will probably be at 36 00:02:10,400 --> 00:02:14,639 Speaker 1: least one or two references to how weather report. Weather 37 00:02:14,680 --> 00:02:19,400 Speaker 1: reports are still largely the work of some estimations and 38 00:02:19,480 --> 00:02:23,519 Speaker 1: best guesses, because, as it turns out, whether it's incredibly complicated, 39 00:02:23,880 --> 00:02:26,000 Speaker 1: but hopefully by the end of it, you'll have a 40 00:02:26,040 --> 00:02:30,480 Speaker 1: little bit more sympathy for meteorologists. Right right as opposed 41 00:02:30,480 --> 00:02:34,359 Speaker 1: to my friend who in college wrote an essay explaining 42 00:02:34,880 --> 00:02:39,840 Speaker 1: what level of hell meteorologists should inhabit based upon Dante's Inferno, 43 00:02:41,040 --> 00:02:44,000 Speaker 1: which was kind of funny, but also I'm sure meteorologists 44 00:02:44,440 --> 00:02:47,760 Speaker 1: find it less. So so let's start off with just 45 00:02:47,800 --> 00:02:53,680 Speaker 1: talking about the history of predicting weather, and really you 46 00:02:53,720 --> 00:02:57,000 Speaker 1: have to go all the way back to early human civilization, because, 47 00:02:57,000 --> 00:03:00,000 Speaker 1: as it turns out, one of the most important factors 48 00:03:00,080 --> 00:03:02,040 Speaker 1: that play a part in this is the fact that 49 00:03:02,080 --> 00:03:07,000 Speaker 1: we humans are pretty good at recognizing patterns. Right, So 50 00:03:07,400 --> 00:03:09,920 Speaker 1: when something happens over and over, we take note of it, 51 00:03:10,000 --> 00:03:12,200 Speaker 1: and we start to look at the other things that 52 00:03:12,240 --> 00:03:15,040 Speaker 1: are happening over and over, and then we start to 53 00:03:15,120 --> 00:03:19,560 Speaker 1: draw some hypotheses. For example, we might think that one 54 00:03:19,680 --> 00:03:23,720 Speaker 1: thing could cause the next thing, or we might think 55 00:03:24,000 --> 00:03:26,919 Speaker 1: one thing simply indicates the next thing is going to happen. 56 00:03:27,800 --> 00:03:30,360 Speaker 1: Here's a simple example. Let's say that you are a 57 00:03:30,440 --> 00:03:34,400 Speaker 1: shepherd and you notice that the flock of sheep act 58 00:03:34,560 --> 00:03:38,160 Speaker 1: in a certain odd way every time it's about to rain. 59 00:03:38,640 --> 00:03:41,200 Speaker 1: You might either come to the conclusion that the sheep 60 00:03:41,240 --> 00:03:43,840 Speaker 1: are able to sense the rain before it actually happens, 61 00:03:43,880 --> 00:03:46,280 Speaker 1: and therefore that as an indicator that is going to rain, 62 00:03:46,960 --> 00:03:48,600 Speaker 1: or you might come to the conclusion that, in fact, 63 00:03:48,640 --> 00:03:52,480 Speaker 1: the sheep are causing it to rain. That's probably not true. 64 00:03:52,720 --> 00:03:55,960 Speaker 1: There are two ways to take that. Yeah. Yeah, But eventually, 65 00:03:56,280 --> 00:03:59,280 Speaker 1: through these observations you start to eliminate possibilities and you 66 00:03:59,320 --> 00:04:03,160 Speaker 1: start to draw some conclusions. Now, in early human civilizations, 67 00:04:04,160 --> 00:04:08,480 Speaker 1: we're talking about very broad conclusions, things like you notice 68 00:04:08,600 --> 00:04:12,600 Speaker 1: that in general, the weather gets cooler as the year 69 00:04:12,720 --> 00:04:14,960 Speaker 1: goes on. You might not even have a year at 70 00:04:14,960 --> 00:04:17,479 Speaker 1: this point. You may just think, as time passes, the 71 00:04:17,520 --> 00:04:20,000 Speaker 1: weather gets cooler until it gets really cold, and after 72 00:04:20,040 --> 00:04:22,440 Speaker 1: it's really cold for a while, it starts to get 73 00:04:22,440 --> 00:04:24,560 Speaker 1: warm again, and then it gets really warm, and then 74 00:04:24,560 --> 00:04:27,440 Speaker 1: it gets hot, and then the whole cycle starts over. 75 00:04:27,680 --> 00:04:30,719 Speaker 1: And you may also notice that the stars the way 76 00:04:30,760 --> 00:04:33,960 Speaker 1: the stars are, you can tell that they are. It's 77 00:04:33,960 --> 00:04:37,599 Speaker 1: a slightly different view as this time goes on, and 78 00:04:37,640 --> 00:04:40,440 Speaker 1: you start to associate, oh, when the stars get into 79 00:04:40,480 --> 00:04:44,200 Speaker 1: this slow you know, this kind of configuration, It means 80 00:04:44,200 --> 00:04:48,520 Speaker 1: we're getting toward the time when we should really harvest food, 81 00:04:48,600 --> 00:04:51,360 Speaker 1: because we're about to go into the winter months and 82 00:04:51,400 --> 00:04:54,440 Speaker 1: otherwise we're going to lose everything we've been growing, or 83 00:04:54,760 --> 00:04:57,960 Speaker 1: when it's this time we should start planting food because 84 00:04:57,960 --> 00:05:00,480 Speaker 1: it's the best time for us to get a big yield. 85 00:05:00,640 --> 00:05:04,880 Speaker 1: Later on climate, Yeah, and you start to figure out 86 00:05:04,920 --> 00:05:07,240 Speaker 1: you build out a calendar based on this, and that 87 00:05:07,279 --> 00:05:10,480 Speaker 1: calendar would be fairly rough, you know, wouldn't necessarily be 88 00:05:10,920 --> 00:05:13,400 Speaker 1: reflective of an actual full year, but it would be 89 00:05:13,440 --> 00:05:17,040 Speaker 1: more like an indicator of what you should be expecting 90 00:05:17,040 --> 00:05:21,000 Speaker 1: in the next coming time. Right, So that's your basic 91 00:05:21,080 --> 00:05:24,680 Speaker 1: like big picture stuff, using things like the way animals 92 00:05:24,720 --> 00:05:29,240 Speaker 1: react or certain smells that you might detect before a rainstorm. 93 00:05:29,320 --> 00:05:32,880 Speaker 1: That would be sort of the more acute weather type 94 00:05:32,920 --> 00:05:35,320 Speaker 1: stuff as opposed to the seasonal type stuff. And you 95 00:05:35,360 --> 00:05:38,840 Speaker 1: start to draw those conclusions too, and together you start 96 00:05:38,839 --> 00:05:43,560 Speaker 1: building out general rules that tell you if this one 97 00:05:43,640 --> 00:05:46,360 Speaker 1: thing is happening, then here's what you should expect. This 98 00:05:46,480 --> 00:05:51,400 Speaker 1: sort of pattern recognition. And in fact, today some of 99 00:05:51,440 --> 00:05:56,359 Speaker 1: our data still relies on that principle. It's just that 100 00:05:56,400 --> 00:05:59,599 Speaker 1: we have way more information now at a much higher 101 00:05:59,600 --> 00:06:04,880 Speaker 1: precision than ancient humans did. And speaking of that, I 102 00:06:04,920 --> 00:06:09,000 Speaker 1: read that there are certain Aboriginal tribes that have been 103 00:06:09,480 --> 00:06:13,359 Speaker 1: observing their weather patterns for over eighteen thousand generations, so 104 00:06:13,400 --> 00:06:15,440 Speaker 1: that kind of gives you a sense of how far 105 00:06:15,480 --> 00:06:18,080 Speaker 1: back this goes. Yeah, and and of course, you know, 106 00:06:18,120 --> 00:06:21,680 Speaker 1: if you're talking about a very specific region, like a 107 00:06:21,880 --> 00:06:28,400 Speaker 1: very relatively small geographic area, you could have a pretty 108 00:06:28,480 --> 00:06:32,000 Speaker 1: accurate idea of what to expect based upon those sorts 109 00:06:32,000 --> 00:06:37,080 Speaker 1: of observations. They might not be presented in the super cool, 110 00:06:37,240 --> 00:06:42,320 Speaker 1: high tech way that modern meteorology tends to present it, 111 00:06:42,720 --> 00:06:46,200 Speaker 1: but that doesn't make it any less valid necessarily. It 112 00:06:46,240 --> 00:06:48,719 Speaker 1: may be a little more rough around the edges. But 113 00:06:48,760 --> 00:06:50,520 Speaker 1: if you can still tell me that, hey, in three 114 00:06:50,600 --> 00:06:52,640 Speaker 1: days we're going to get some rain, and three days 115 00:06:52,680 --> 00:06:57,480 Speaker 1: later it rains, and you do that reliably, that's pretty impressive. Right. 116 00:06:58,160 --> 00:07:01,560 Speaker 1: So if you want to start looking at people who 117 00:07:01,560 --> 00:07:05,680 Speaker 1: were really thinking about whether in kind of almost a 118 00:07:05,720 --> 00:07:09,120 Speaker 1: scientific sense, and one of the first people you would 119 00:07:09,120 --> 00:07:13,760 Speaker 1: have to look at his Aristotle, big brain Aristotle. He 120 00:07:15,040 --> 00:07:21,200 Speaker 1: was quite the thinker. He wrote about whether in Meteorologica, 121 00:07:21,280 --> 00:07:24,680 Speaker 1: and he came up with a bunch of hypotheses, some 122 00:07:24,800 --> 00:07:28,280 Speaker 1: column theories, I would say hypotheses, because none of these, 123 00:07:28,440 --> 00:07:30,520 Speaker 1: not all of these proved true. They came up with 124 00:07:30,560 --> 00:07:33,200 Speaker 1: some hypotheses about how stuff like rain and hail, and 125 00:07:33,280 --> 00:07:37,040 Speaker 1: wind and clouds and thunder and lightning and hurricanes. What 126 00:07:37,280 --> 00:07:39,920 Speaker 1: made them happen, how did they behave what were the 127 00:07:40,000 --> 00:07:43,440 Speaker 1: rules that governed them? And some of his ideas were 128 00:07:43,560 --> 00:07:46,920 Speaker 1: mostly right and some of his ideas were way off. 129 00:07:47,360 --> 00:07:51,960 Speaker 1: But the problem was without ways to measure the various 130 00:07:52,000 --> 00:07:56,040 Speaker 1: metrics associated with weather, it was kind of impossible to 131 00:07:56,080 --> 00:07:58,280 Speaker 1: say one way or the other. So for about two 132 00:07:58,320 --> 00:08:02,000 Speaker 1: thousand years, everyone kind of just went with it because 133 00:08:02,200 --> 00:08:05,960 Speaker 1: you didn't have any way of proving or disproving any 134 00:08:06,000 --> 00:08:10,480 Speaker 1: of the individual ideas. But you need a basis, Yeah, 135 00:08:10,480 --> 00:08:13,360 Speaker 1: you know, at least it was something. It was at 136 00:08:13,440 --> 00:08:15,120 Speaker 1: least something to work from. It was just it was 137 00:08:15,160 --> 00:08:18,720 Speaker 1: just a question of time. When would people develop tools 138 00:08:19,160 --> 00:08:21,320 Speaker 1: that would allow them to put these ideas to the 139 00:08:21,360 --> 00:08:25,400 Speaker 1: test and either see which ones are mostly right but 140 00:08:25,480 --> 00:08:27,440 Speaker 1: maybe need some tweaking, or in which ones you can 141 00:08:27,480 --> 00:08:31,040 Speaker 1: just completely throw out the window, Which brings us up 142 00:08:31,120 --> 00:08:35,320 Speaker 1: to the Renaissance, one of my favorite time periods. As 143 00:08:35,320 --> 00:08:38,240 Speaker 1: it turns out, spend a lot of time there. Our 144 00:08:38,240 --> 00:08:42,800 Speaker 1: listeners can't see. But right now Jonathan has a handlebar mustache, 145 00:08:43,000 --> 00:08:46,800 Speaker 1: a giant handlebar mustache, because the character I play in 146 00:08:46,840 --> 00:08:51,760 Speaker 1: the Georgia Renaissance Festival has such a mustache, and I 147 00:08:51,800 --> 00:08:55,079 Speaker 1: will be performing as that character the day after we 148 00:08:55,120 --> 00:08:59,600 Speaker 1: record this episode. It's opening weekend for the Georgia Renaissance Festival. 149 00:09:00,000 --> 00:09:03,280 Speaker 1: Would you say that someone might have a handlebar mustache 150 00:09:03,320 --> 00:09:06,840 Speaker 1: in the fifteenth century, around the time of German philosopher 151 00:09:07,040 --> 00:09:12,079 Speaker 1: Nicholas of Cusa, It's quite possible. I mean, there's no 152 00:09:12,120 --> 00:09:15,280 Speaker 1: reason they could not have one. It's not like there 153 00:09:15,320 --> 00:09:19,840 Speaker 1: were social taboos about such things. Yeah. So this philosopher, 154 00:09:19,920 --> 00:09:23,320 Speaker 1: Nicholas of Cusa, designed a device to measure the amount 155 00:09:23,320 --> 00:09:27,720 Speaker 1: of moisture in the air, and we call these hygrometers. 156 00:09:28,240 --> 00:09:31,000 Speaker 1: These are it's really kind of a way of measuring humidity, 157 00:09:31,520 --> 00:09:35,520 Speaker 1: which here in Atlanta you can pretty much just says 158 00:09:35,800 --> 00:09:39,680 Speaker 1: it's humid. It's so humid. Yeah, the humidity in Atlanta 159 00:09:39,920 --> 00:09:42,120 Speaker 1: is brutal, to the point where I have friends who 160 00:09:42,200 --> 00:09:45,640 Speaker 1: come in from Texas, where the temperatures in Texas can 161 00:09:45,640 --> 00:09:48,240 Speaker 1: get twenty degrees hotter than it gets here in Atlanta. 162 00:09:48,320 --> 00:09:51,400 Speaker 1: But because Texas has relatively low humidity through most of 163 00:09:51,400 --> 00:09:56,000 Speaker 1: the state, they think the weather here is way worse, like, 164 00:09:56,200 --> 00:09:59,440 Speaker 1: way more difficult to deal with, But how do you 165 00:09:59,480 --> 00:10:02,080 Speaker 1: measure that? And he came up with an interesting idea. 166 00:10:02,160 --> 00:10:05,800 Speaker 1: Now there's there's no indication that he ever built the 167 00:10:05,880 --> 00:10:08,400 Speaker 1: device he came up with, but he said, what you 168 00:10:08,440 --> 00:10:11,240 Speaker 1: do is you take a set of balanced scales, so 169 00:10:11,280 --> 00:10:12,600 Speaker 1: you know what those look like. They have a little 170 00:10:12,640 --> 00:10:16,439 Speaker 1: dish on either side, and on one side you put 171 00:10:16,480 --> 00:10:19,120 Speaker 1: a large amount of wool, and on the other side 172 00:10:19,120 --> 00:10:23,600 Speaker 1: you put some weights. He said stones. Other people later 173 00:10:23,640 --> 00:10:26,320 Speaker 1: on said discs of wax didn't really matter. It just 174 00:10:26,360 --> 00:10:29,040 Speaker 1: had to be a counterweight of some sort. Now, the 175 00:10:29,080 --> 00:10:33,040 Speaker 1: purpose of the wool is to soak up moisture in 176 00:10:33,080 --> 00:10:36,520 Speaker 1: the atmosphere, which would make the wool get heavier. This 177 00:10:36,559 --> 00:10:38,280 Speaker 1: is what Nicholas was saying. Like, the wool will get 178 00:10:38,360 --> 00:10:42,000 Speaker 1: heavier as it soaks up water from the air, and 179 00:10:42,080 --> 00:10:45,280 Speaker 1: you'll be able to tell that because the scales will 180 00:10:45,320 --> 00:10:48,640 Speaker 1: start to shift and you'll see that the side with 181 00:10:48,679 --> 00:10:51,880 Speaker 1: the wool will start to get heavier. Then if it 182 00:10:51,960 --> 00:10:55,120 Speaker 1: dries out, if the weather gets dry, the wool will 183 00:10:55,120 --> 00:10:58,520 Speaker 1: start to lose moisture. It will evaporate, and you'll start 184 00:10:58,559 --> 00:11:00,520 Speaker 1: to see that side of the scale moving up. It'll 185 00:11:00,559 --> 00:11:04,880 Speaker 1: get lighter. Now, he never built that, But another big 186 00:11:04,960 --> 00:11:08,880 Speaker 1: thinker of the Renaissance did get around to it, Leonardo 187 00:11:08,960 --> 00:11:13,880 Speaker 1: da Vinci. Yes, he did everything. Yeah, when he wasn't 188 00:11:13,920 --> 00:11:18,760 Speaker 1: building helicopters or designing tanks, which he never built, but 189 00:11:18,800 --> 00:11:20,920 Speaker 1: he did design. He designed a tank, and he designed 190 00:11:20,960 --> 00:11:25,680 Speaker 1: a really weird I think, gosh, it was something like 191 00:11:25,720 --> 00:11:29,720 Speaker 1: a thirty three barrel gun, didn't he I think a 192 00:11:29,760 --> 00:11:34,040 Speaker 1: diving suit as well. Pretty much any any sort of 193 00:11:34,640 --> 00:11:37,440 Speaker 1: thing that in the Renaissance would sound like it's science fiction. 194 00:11:38,080 --> 00:11:40,040 Speaker 1: She had some sort of hand in. He probably has 195 00:11:40,040 --> 00:11:44,200 Speaker 1: a primitive tablet schematic somewhere. Yeah. Yeah, he probably at 196 00:11:44,240 --> 00:11:47,880 Speaker 1: one point came out to his patrons and showed a 197 00:11:48,280 --> 00:11:51,480 Speaker 1: wooden slate and talked about how if you ran your 198 00:11:51,480 --> 00:11:54,640 Speaker 1: fingers across it you could you could paginate through. And 199 00:11:54,679 --> 00:11:57,320 Speaker 1: then he'd say, I think you're gonna love it, and 200 00:11:57,520 --> 00:12:02,240 Speaker 1: maybe even did a one more thing. So that was 201 00:12:02,280 --> 00:12:08,520 Speaker 1: the first kind of weather related instrument that people were 202 00:12:08,559 --> 00:12:12,440 Speaker 1: really thinking about. Another would come in the seventeenth century 203 00:12:12,720 --> 00:12:16,680 Speaker 1: early sixteen hundreds, usually put around sixteen oh three, when 204 00:12:16,960 --> 00:12:21,000 Speaker 1: physicist Galileo Galile created a thermoscope, which is sort of 205 00:12:21,000 --> 00:12:23,319 Speaker 1: a predecessor to a thermometer. And it was a pretty 206 00:12:23,320 --> 00:12:25,600 Speaker 1: simple idea. So you start with a container that has 207 00:12:25,600 --> 00:12:28,960 Speaker 1: a small amount of liquid in it, usually water. That's 208 00:12:29,000 --> 00:12:32,880 Speaker 1: your base. And then you also have a kind of 209 00:12:32,880 --> 00:12:36,680 Speaker 1: a hollow tube of glass that ends in a bulb, 210 00:12:37,400 --> 00:12:40,920 Speaker 1: so like a larger bulb at one end and open 211 00:12:41,000 --> 00:12:44,640 Speaker 1: on the other end. And you could do something like 212 00:12:44,720 --> 00:12:47,280 Speaker 1: warm the bulb if you want too, in your hands. 213 00:12:47,640 --> 00:12:50,120 Speaker 1: But then you would put the bulb. You would put 214 00:12:50,120 --> 00:12:52,800 Speaker 1: the tube into the small container of water. The bulb 215 00:12:52,840 --> 00:12:58,440 Speaker 1: would be suspended above it. Usually the hollow straw like 216 00:12:58,679 --> 00:13:01,920 Speaker 1: tube would be long enough, you know, several inches long. 217 00:13:02,280 --> 00:13:05,000 Speaker 1: You could then observe that as the temperature of the 218 00:13:05,040 --> 00:13:08,200 Speaker 1: bulb changed, the level of water in the tube would 219 00:13:08,240 --> 00:13:11,360 Speaker 1: either go up or go down. And this is because 220 00:13:11,400 --> 00:13:15,120 Speaker 1: the air inside the tube is either expanding or contracting, 221 00:13:15,160 --> 00:13:18,959 Speaker 1: depending upon whether it's heating up or cooling down. And 222 00:13:19,360 --> 00:13:22,160 Speaker 1: this wasn't a thermometer, but it was. It was interesting, 223 00:13:22,200 --> 00:13:26,080 Speaker 1: and it was once again a start. Yeah. Later on 224 00:13:26,559 --> 00:13:31,000 Speaker 1: someone looked at Galileo's little invention and said, what if 225 00:13:31,040 --> 00:13:34,600 Speaker 1: we put like markings on the tube so you could 226 00:13:34,640 --> 00:13:38,400 Speaker 1: say how many steps up or down the tube it went. 227 00:13:38,520 --> 00:13:41,959 Speaker 1: Then we could even give indications of how much warmer 228 00:13:42,080 --> 00:13:45,440 Speaker 1: or cooler. You could say it's four steps warmer or 229 00:13:45,480 --> 00:13:48,920 Speaker 1: four steps cooler. That became the basis of the thermometer. 230 00:13:49,320 --> 00:13:52,320 Speaker 1: So and that didn't take long. It was within about 231 00:13:52,400 --> 00:13:57,080 Speaker 1: fifty years that you had the first working thermometers. Following 232 00:13:57,320 --> 00:14:01,000 Speaker 1: this kind of proof of concept thermoscopy, there was also 233 00:14:01,160 --> 00:14:04,760 Speaker 1: there is the Galilean thermometer. Are you familiar with these? 234 00:14:04,960 --> 00:14:08,880 Speaker 1: I am not. You've probably seen one. They are the 235 00:14:09,000 --> 00:14:14,160 Speaker 1: cylindrical glass They're usually very decorative for for like home 236 00:14:14,160 --> 00:14:17,319 Speaker 1: office desk ers, and but these glass tubes, they are cylindrical. 237 00:14:17,520 --> 00:14:21,480 Speaker 1: Typically inside they have these these little glass blown glass 238 00:14:21,600 --> 00:14:25,360 Speaker 1: balls that contain their own liquid. Often it's a liquid 239 00:14:25,360 --> 00:14:28,000 Speaker 1: that has dye in it, so they're blue or green 240 00:14:28,080 --> 00:14:30,360 Speaker 1: or red or whatever. And each one has a little 241 00:14:30,400 --> 00:14:34,600 Speaker 1: weight attached to it that has a temperature. And what 242 00:14:34,760 --> 00:14:39,960 Speaker 1: happens is the balls represent different densities of water, and 243 00:14:40,040 --> 00:14:45,320 Speaker 1: the temperature of the glass tube will change the density 244 00:14:45,520 --> 00:14:48,840 Speaker 1: of the water inside the glass tube. And then you'll 245 00:14:48,880 --> 00:14:53,040 Speaker 1: see whichever ball is at the bottommost of the tube 246 00:14:53,240 --> 00:14:57,200 Speaker 1: the glass tube, as that represents the general temperature, and 247 00:14:57,240 --> 00:14:59,160 Speaker 1: they tend to be between like you know, like about 248 00:14:59,160 --> 00:15:01,720 Speaker 1: five degrees aparts, he might have sixty five degrees seventy 249 00:15:01,760 --> 00:15:04,760 Speaker 1: seventy five degrees eighty that kind of thing. So whicheveryone's 250 00:15:04,800 --> 00:15:07,640 Speaker 1: at the lowest point. That's the temperature of the water, 251 00:15:07,760 --> 00:15:12,120 Speaker 1: thus the temperature of the area surrounding it. I tend 252 00:15:12,120 --> 00:15:14,000 Speaker 1: to be used, like I said, as decorations for desks 253 00:15:14,000 --> 00:15:17,560 Speaker 1: and stuff. Galileo actually did not invent that, but some 254 00:15:17,600 --> 00:15:19,880 Speaker 1: of his students did. It was several of his students, 255 00:15:19,880 --> 00:15:24,280 Speaker 1: so that's why it's called a Galilean Thermometer's neat. Yeah. Yeah, 256 00:15:24,320 --> 00:15:28,760 Speaker 1: it's a very pretty way of seeing, generally speaking, what 257 00:15:28,840 --> 00:15:34,160 Speaker 1: temperature the tube is and therefore probably what temperature the 258 00:15:34,240 --> 00:15:37,280 Speaker 1: surrounding area is. Keeping in mind that water changes temperature 259 00:15:37,320 --> 00:15:41,360 Speaker 1: more slowly than something like a room would, so it 260 00:15:41,400 --> 00:15:44,240 Speaker 1: wouldn't be reflected immediately, but it's still kind of interesting. 261 00:15:45,000 --> 00:15:48,880 Speaker 1: We'll be back with more about weather technology after this 262 00:15:48,960 --> 00:16:01,040 Speaker 1: quick break. Then we have the This is a very 263 00:16:01,080 --> 00:16:06,080 Speaker 1: important tool in predicting the weather. So barometer is all 264 00:16:06,080 --> 00:16:10,520 Speaker 1: about predicting, or not predicting, but measuring atmospheric pressure. So 265 00:16:11,200 --> 00:16:14,320 Speaker 1: first thing, just in case you weren't aware, the atmosphere 266 00:16:14,560 --> 00:16:18,200 Speaker 1: exerts pressure on us. It pushes down. Gravity is technically 267 00:16:18,200 --> 00:16:21,960 Speaker 1: pulling down on the atmosphere. So the lower you are 268 00:16:22,840 --> 00:16:24,960 Speaker 1: to the surface of the air, like the closer the 269 00:16:24,960 --> 00:16:28,640 Speaker 1: lower down and elevation you are, the more pressure you 270 00:16:28,680 --> 00:16:31,760 Speaker 1: feel from atmosphere. This is why as you climb a 271 00:16:31,800 --> 00:16:36,280 Speaker 1: mountain or you get on a plane, you experience lower 272 00:16:36,280 --> 00:16:38,360 Speaker 1: amounts of air pressure. It's also why you have to 273 00:16:38,400 --> 00:16:41,880 Speaker 1: pressurize aircraft that fly it pretty high altitudes, otherwise you 274 00:16:41,880 --> 00:16:47,040 Speaker 1: would suffer some pretty rough effects. And on the Earth's 275 00:16:47,040 --> 00:16:51,320 Speaker 1: surface the force of gravity. Due to the force of gravity, 276 00:16:51,360 --> 00:16:55,480 Speaker 1: the pressure is about fourteen point seven pounds per square inch. Yeah, 277 00:16:55,560 --> 00:16:57,440 Speaker 1: that's a sea level. Yeah, that's what we call an 278 00:16:57,440 --> 00:17:01,160 Speaker 1: atmosphere of pressure. Right one atmosphere pressure, you look at 279 00:17:01,200 --> 00:17:03,760 Speaker 1: it at sea level. Specifically, you're looking at it at 280 00:17:03,840 --> 00:17:06,760 Speaker 1: sea level at fifty nine degrees fahrenheit, which is fifteen 281 00:17:06,760 --> 00:17:10,400 Speaker 1: degrees celsius. You have to be very specific because temperature 282 00:17:10,400 --> 00:17:15,200 Speaker 1: will change pressures as you warm up air. Typically this 283 00:17:15,280 --> 00:17:17,879 Speaker 1: is just a general rule of thumb. When something warms up, 284 00:17:18,560 --> 00:17:23,680 Speaker 1: that means molecules are moving. That's the energy of motion. Ultimately, 285 00:17:23,680 --> 00:17:26,520 Speaker 1: you're making these molecules move faster and that's kind of 286 00:17:26,920 --> 00:17:31,760 Speaker 1: what heat looks like. So as molecules of air move 287 00:17:32,040 --> 00:17:35,879 Speaker 1: around more, they spread out more, it becomes less dense. 288 00:17:36,359 --> 00:17:39,160 Speaker 1: So that would change the atmospheric pressure as well. That's 289 00:17:39,160 --> 00:17:41,600 Speaker 1: why you have to take temperature into account. When you 290 00:17:41,640 --> 00:17:45,719 Speaker 1: talk about one atmosphere of pressure. That's very specific. It's 291 00:17:45,760 --> 00:17:51,119 Speaker 1: at sea level at that temperature, that's one atmosphere. So 292 00:17:51,280 --> 00:17:53,800 Speaker 1: that's that's kind of interesting anyway. The first person to 293 00:17:53,880 --> 00:17:56,639 Speaker 1: actually create a barometer was a guy by the name 294 00:17:56,680 --> 00:18:02,359 Speaker 1: of Evangelista Torricelli, and his first invention people just called 295 00:18:02,440 --> 00:18:07,560 Speaker 1: Toricelli's tube, which doesn't seem very dignified. No, it needs 296 00:18:07,560 --> 00:18:10,600 Speaker 1: a special name. Yeah, but Tori Chelli's tube, it wasn't 297 00:18:10,680 --> 00:18:12,800 Speaker 1: quite the barometer yet. What he was doing was he 298 00:18:12,840 --> 00:18:17,000 Speaker 1: was actually experimenting with the concept of vacuums, like creating 299 00:18:17,000 --> 00:18:22,000 Speaker 1: a vacuum within a tube or some other container. He 300 00:18:22,080 --> 00:18:23,520 Speaker 1: was just it was one of those things where we 301 00:18:23,560 --> 00:18:27,560 Speaker 1: didn't fully understand what that was, how it worked, and 302 00:18:27,600 --> 00:18:30,160 Speaker 1: so he did this experiment. He was actually friends with Galileo, 303 00:18:30,359 --> 00:18:34,760 Speaker 1: and Galileo said, hey, Evangelista, I got an idea for you. 304 00:18:34,840 --> 00:18:36,600 Speaker 1: Why don't you take one of those tubes you've been 305 00:18:36,640 --> 00:18:40,320 Speaker 1: working with, and fill it with mercury and use that 306 00:18:40,400 --> 00:18:42,359 Speaker 1: in your vacuum experiments. Will be a lot easier to 307 00:18:42,440 --> 00:18:45,159 Speaker 1: see than some other liquid. And Tori Chelli says, all right, 308 00:18:45,160 --> 00:18:47,040 Speaker 1: I'll give it a shot. So he took a four 309 00:18:47,080 --> 00:18:49,760 Speaker 1: foot long glass tube and he filled the glass tube 310 00:18:49,800 --> 00:18:51,720 Speaker 1: with mercury so it was closed on one end, open 311 00:18:51,760 --> 00:18:54,480 Speaker 1: on the other, and then he inverted the tube into 312 00:18:54,520 --> 00:18:57,159 Speaker 1: a dish, and the dish had a little bit of 313 00:18:57,240 --> 00:18:59,160 Speaker 1: mercury at the bottom of it. And it showed that 314 00:18:59,640 --> 00:19:02,480 Speaker 1: this the fact that the top of the tube, you know, 315 00:19:02,600 --> 00:19:04,400 Speaker 1: like the mercury went all the way up this four 316 00:19:04,440 --> 00:19:07,960 Speaker 1: foot tube. The liquid didn't just come rushing out and 317 00:19:08,080 --> 00:19:11,359 Speaker 1: spill everywhere, right, because the vacuum is what held it 318 00:19:11,400 --> 00:19:15,359 Speaker 1: in place. And he says, look, see, I was so smart. 319 00:19:15,400 --> 00:19:18,840 Speaker 1: This shows that there's something working here. We're gonna really 320 00:19:18,880 --> 00:19:21,480 Speaker 1: explore this. But then he noticed something else that was 321 00:19:21,560 --> 00:19:24,040 Speaker 1: really interesting. He noticed that despite the fact that the 322 00:19:24,080 --> 00:19:27,960 Speaker 1: tube could stay upright and the liquid would stay in 323 00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:31,240 Speaker 1: there from day to day, there were variations and how 324 00:19:31,359 --> 00:19:33,760 Speaker 1: high the mercury would be in the tube. And it 325 00:19:33,800 --> 00:19:36,120 Speaker 1: wasn't just sinking down. It's not like it was leaking 326 00:19:36,880 --> 00:19:38,800 Speaker 1: over the course of a week. So like you come 327 00:19:38,840 --> 00:19:40,359 Speaker 1: back and it's a couple inches lower, and then the 328 00:19:40,400 --> 00:19:42,240 Speaker 1: next day it's a couple inches lower. It wasn't like that. 329 00:19:42,320 --> 00:19:45,400 Speaker 1: Some days it was actually higher. And he started thinking, well, 330 00:19:45,400 --> 00:19:48,840 Speaker 1: what the heck would cause the mercury to go up 331 00:19:48,920 --> 00:19:53,040 Speaker 1: or down this tube? The atmosphere that's it. The atmospheric 332 00:19:53,119 --> 00:19:56,720 Speaker 1: pressure pressing down on the liquid in the dish. That's 333 00:19:56,760 --> 00:20:00,600 Speaker 1: what determined whether the well, that's what to the height 334 00:20:00,720 --> 00:20:03,359 Speaker 1: of the mercury inside the tube. So on days with 335 00:20:03,560 --> 00:20:08,280 Speaker 1: higher atmospheric pressure, it pushes down on that exposed liquid 336 00:20:08,320 --> 00:20:11,119 Speaker 1: within the dish and it forces that liquid to go 337 00:20:11,359 --> 00:20:15,000 Speaker 1: up the tube, and so the height of the liquid 338 00:20:15,000 --> 00:20:18,240 Speaker 1: inside the tube goes up. On days where atmospheric pressure 339 00:20:18,280 --> 00:20:21,720 Speaker 1: is lower, some of that liquid comes down and starts 340 00:20:21,720 --> 00:20:25,640 Speaker 1: filling up the dish until it reaches that kind of equilibrium. 341 00:20:25,960 --> 00:20:28,719 Speaker 1: And then he's so he said, hey, this shows that 342 00:20:28,760 --> 00:20:32,600 Speaker 1: the atmosphere itself exerts pressure. And not only that, but 343 00:20:32,640 --> 00:20:36,919 Speaker 1: the pressure is not consistent day to day. It can change. 344 00:20:37,440 --> 00:20:41,520 Speaker 1: And in sixteen forty four Torchelli built the first mercury barometer. 345 00:20:41,600 --> 00:20:44,680 Speaker 1: So now he was building something specifically to measure this thing, 346 00:20:45,080 --> 00:20:48,879 Speaker 1: because before he was really demonstrating the concept of vacuums. 347 00:20:49,880 --> 00:20:53,160 Speaker 1: So now we've got the barometer, we've got the thermometer, 348 00:20:53,240 --> 00:20:56,560 Speaker 1: we've got the hygrometer, essential things. Yeah, these are the 349 00:20:56,600 --> 00:21:02,280 Speaker 1: basics for taking measurements about weather. And at that point 350 00:21:02,960 --> 00:21:08,280 Speaker 1: it was really the start of gathering enough information so 351 00:21:08,280 --> 00:21:12,080 Speaker 1: that meteorology, the science of meteorology, could actually exist, right 352 00:21:12,119 --> 00:21:15,880 Speaker 1: because now we could not just observe patterns, we could 353 00:21:15,880 --> 00:21:20,960 Speaker 1: actually quantify what was happening. And by quantifying it, we 354 00:21:21,000 --> 00:21:22,960 Speaker 1: could get to this level of precision where we could 355 00:21:23,000 --> 00:21:29,879 Speaker 1: start to draw more specific conclusions as to what would 356 00:21:29,920 --> 00:21:34,560 Speaker 1: or would not happen based upon current conditions. So, all 357 00:21:34,600 --> 00:21:38,240 Speaker 1: that being said, we still have some issues predicting weather. 358 00:21:38,320 --> 00:21:42,280 Speaker 1: So why is that? Well, like I said before, it's complicated. 359 00:21:43,480 --> 00:21:48,600 Speaker 1: So here's the thing. Our atmosphere is fluid. It's a gas, 360 00:21:48,880 --> 00:21:53,959 Speaker 1: but it behaves via fluid dynamics. Dylan, have you ever 361 00:21:54,000 --> 00:21:57,600 Speaker 1: studied fluid dynamics, I don't believe. So I studied them 362 00:21:57,600 --> 00:22:02,440 Speaker 1: in physics and they are rutally difficult to comprehend because 363 00:22:02,480 --> 00:22:06,520 Speaker 1: it can get so there's so many factors that can 364 00:22:06,680 --> 00:22:10,560 Speaker 1: affect a fluid, so and the Earth has a whole 365 00:22:10,600 --> 00:22:13,600 Speaker 1: bunch of them happening at once. Right. First of all, 366 00:22:13,640 --> 00:22:19,359 Speaker 1: there's this big ball of plasma that's about eight and 367 00:22:19,400 --> 00:22:26,040 Speaker 1: a half light minutes away from us. It's called the Sun. Yeah, 368 00:22:26,119 --> 00:22:28,040 Speaker 1: you know, on nice days you might even get a 369 00:22:28,040 --> 00:22:31,840 Speaker 1: glimpse of it. So the Sun provides obviously a ton 370 00:22:31,920 --> 00:22:35,280 Speaker 1: of energy to the Earth and so we So the 371 00:22:35,320 --> 00:22:38,320 Speaker 1: Earth absorbs a lot of solar radiation and that can 372 00:22:38,359 --> 00:22:40,600 Speaker 1: affect fluid dynamics because you've got a lot of heat 373 00:22:40,680 --> 00:22:44,080 Speaker 1: coming into a system. On top of that, you've got 374 00:22:44,119 --> 00:22:47,640 Speaker 1: the Earth. Earth's not standing still, the Earth is rotating. 375 00:22:47,920 --> 00:22:54,199 Speaker 1: That rotational force creates other fluidic effects in the atmosphere. 376 00:22:54,359 --> 00:22:56,440 Speaker 1: We'll talk about those specifically when we get to high 377 00:22:56,480 --> 00:23:01,639 Speaker 1: and low pressure systems. You've got gravity, which is pulling 378 00:23:01,760 --> 00:23:05,960 Speaker 1: down on the fluid, so that's another force that's in play. 379 00:23:06,080 --> 00:23:09,080 Speaker 1: You've got differences in surface temperature on the Earth, so 380 00:23:09,119 --> 00:23:11,840 Speaker 1: you've got areas where it's very cold versus areas that 381 00:23:11,840 --> 00:23:15,480 Speaker 1: are very hot. That in turn affects the atmosphere and 382 00:23:15,600 --> 00:23:19,359 Speaker 1: can change things around. You have air currents a big 383 00:23:19,400 --> 00:23:21,919 Speaker 1: deal there. That's also partially due to the rotation of 384 00:23:21,960 --> 00:23:24,600 Speaker 1: the Earth. You've got mountain ranges which can act as 385 00:23:24,640 --> 00:23:27,160 Speaker 1: like a windbreaker for certain things that changes the way 386 00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:31,200 Speaker 1: weather patterns happen. Lots of things that are all in play, 387 00:23:31,320 --> 00:23:33,879 Speaker 1: and some of these are localized, and some can concern 388 00:23:34,000 --> 00:23:37,280 Speaker 1: large portions like air movement. Oh yeah, yeah, some of 389 00:23:37,280 --> 00:23:41,520 Speaker 1: them are. Some of the effects of these can be 390 00:23:41,600 --> 00:23:45,680 Speaker 1: felt hundreds of miles from where the thing happened, right, 391 00:23:46,000 --> 00:23:49,280 Speaker 1: which makes it even harder because as a lady person, 392 00:23:49,640 --> 00:23:52,959 Speaker 1: you sit there and think, all right, well, you know, 393 00:23:53,119 --> 00:23:55,000 Speaker 1: because I can't see any clouds on the horizon, I 394 00:23:55,040 --> 00:23:57,040 Speaker 1: think tonight's going to be all right, And then you 395 00:23:57,040 --> 00:24:00,680 Speaker 1: could have a very fast moving system coming in due 396 00:24:00,720 --> 00:24:05,120 Speaker 1: to something that happens well out of sight. It ends 397 00:24:05,200 --> 00:24:07,760 Speaker 1: up creating a lot of things that could be counterintuitive, 398 00:24:07,840 --> 00:24:11,760 Speaker 1: depending upon what you have at your disposal. Like, of course, 399 00:24:11,800 --> 00:24:14,239 Speaker 1: the more information you have, the better conclusions you can 400 00:24:14,320 --> 00:24:17,040 Speaker 1: draw in general, assuming that you also know what you're 401 00:24:17,080 --> 00:24:22,399 Speaker 1: talking about. So let's talk about some of these things. 402 00:24:22,440 --> 00:24:29,000 Speaker 1: These different major components that shape weather, like atmospheric pressure. 403 00:24:29,359 --> 00:24:31,919 Speaker 1: So we just talked about that with barometers, But what 404 00:24:31,960 --> 00:24:35,000 Speaker 1: does that mean? So what is happening? Well, I talked 405 00:24:35,040 --> 00:24:37,800 Speaker 1: about how you have warm air that has air moving 406 00:24:37,800 --> 00:24:39,720 Speaker 1: around a lot. That means it ends up spreading out, 407 00:24:39,720 --> 00:24:42,520 Speaker 1: it becomes less dense than cold air. You probably have 408 00:24:42,600 --> 00:24:46,240 Speaker 1: heard the phrase that warm air rises in cold air sinks, 409 00:24:47,560 --> 00:24:51,080 Speaker 1: not entirely accurate as to what's going on. What's really 410 00:24:51,080 --> 00:24:54,520 Speaker 1: happening is cold air is more dense than warm air, 411 00:24:54,840 --> 00:24:57,520 Speaker 1: so cold air comes to take up the space that 412 00:24:57,600 --> 00:25:01,439 Speaker 1: warm air had, which forces warm to go up. So 413 00:25:01,480 --> 00:25:04,080 Speaker 1: it's not so simple as warm air rises, cold air sinks. 414 00:25:04,119 --> 00:25:07,080 Speaker 1: It's more like, you know, if you've got these big 415 00:25:07,119 --> 00:25:10,720 Speaker 1: heavy weights at the top, then they're going to come. 416 00:25:10,840 --> 00:25:14,520 Speaker 1: They want quote unquote want, there's no desire, but they 417 00:25:14,560 --> 00:25:18,000 Speaker 1: have a tendency to want to move downward, forcing the 418 00:25:18,080 --> 00:25:21,400 Speaker 1: lighter stuff to go upward. That's pretty much what's happening here. 419 00:25:22,400 --> 00:25:27,160 Speaker 1: So when you're talking about our atmosphere, you have to 420 00:25:27,240 --> 00:25:29,840 Speaker 1: keep in mind it's three dimensional. It's not on a 421 00:25:29,840 --> 00:25:32,919 Speaker 1: flat plane. That's easy to forget when we look at 422 00:25:32,960 --> 00:25:36,240 Speaker 1: weather reports, because we're looking typically at a flat map, 423 00:25:36,480 --> 00:25:39,360 Speaker 1: right that has a bunch of stuff like it's got 424 00:25:39,359 --> 00:25:42,520 Speaker 1: little flags all over it and little lines around it, 425 00:25:42,560 --> 00:25:45,719 Speaker 1: and h's and l's, and you're wondering what you know, 426 00:25:45,760 --> 00:25:49,000 Speaker 1: maybe there's some clouds in there too, and but typically 427 00:25:49,040 --> 00:25:52,119 Speaker 1: you're looking at a two dimensional representation. But really you 428 00:25:52,200 --> 00:25:54,600 Speaker 1: have to remember that weather is a three dimensional phenomenon, 429 00:25:55,160 --> 00:25:58,600 Speaker 1: so that makes it a little more complicated. Also, you 430 00:25:58,640 --> 00:26:03,480 Speaker 1: got to remember the water cycles. So cold air can't 431 00:26:03,480 --> 00:26:06,760 Speaker 1: hold onto moisture the way warm air can. All right, 432 00:26:08,280 --> 00:26:11,440 Speaker 1: when you have warm air as close to the surface. 433 00:26:11,680 --> 00:26:13,880 Speaker 1: Let's say you've got some nice, warm, moist air close 434 00:26:13,920 --> 00:26:17,960 Speaker 1: to the surface of the planet, and cold air is 435 00:26:18,000 --> 00:26:21,280 Speaker 1: sinking down forcing the warm air up. As the warm 436 00:26:21,320 --> 00:26:24,520 Speaker 1: air rises, it's going to start to cool and as 437 00:26:24,560 --> 00:26:27,320 Speaker 1: it cools, it can no longer hold onto the moisture 438 00:26:27,600 --> 00:26:30,760 Speaker 1: that it had, which means the moisture starts to condense, 439 00:26:30,880 --> 00:26:33,199 Speaker 1: water vapor begins to condense. This is how you get 440 00:26:33,280 --> 00:26:37,359 Speaker 1: clouds and ultimately how you get stuff like precipitation. So 441 00:26:38,000 --> 00:26:43,280 Speaker 1: understanding that's important. So now let's imagine way up in 442 00:26:43,280 --> 00:26:46,680 Speaker 1: the atmosphere, at the top level of where our weather happens, 443 00:26:47,280 --> 00:26:53,000 Speaker 1: we have these massive air currents now in cases where 444 00:26:53,160 --> 00:26:56,640 Speaker 1: air currents are converging together, so you've got two air 445 00:26:56,640 --> 00:26:59,919 Speaker 1: currents that are meeting up. They start to force air 446 00:27:01,119 --> 00:27:04,240 Speaker 1: out of the way. Now air can't go any further 447 00:27:04,400 --> 00:27:06,640 Speaker 1: up to go down, it has to go down. That's 448 00:27:06,640 --> 00:27:09,000 Speaker 1: the only place to go. So that air coming down 449 00:27:09,720 --> 00:27:14,159 Speaker 1: increases air pressure at that location. You have air moving 450 00:27:14,240 --> 00:27:17,160 Speaker 1: down towards the surface of the Earth pushing down, your 451 00:27:17,160 --> 00:27:21,480 Speaker 1: air pressure goes up. So an area of high pressure. 452 00:27:21,560 --> 00:27:23,919 Speaker 1: You know what kind of weather you typically see in 453 00:27:23,960 --> 00:27:28,440 Speaker 1: an area of high pressure? Clear, dry weather, Yes, exactly. 454 00:27:28,480 --> 00:27:32,280 Speaker 1: So when you have high pressure system, it's typically pushing 455 00:27:32,320 --> 00:27:34,920 Speaker 1: the moisture out of the way. It's it's it tends 456 00:27:35,600 --> 00:27:38,040 Speaker 1: and we have to use phrases like tens or words 457 00:27:38,080 --> 00:27:42,480 Speaker 1: like tens because it's not every case is equal. But 458 00:27:42,600 --> 00:27:47,000 Speaker 1: it tends to be cooler, it tends to be sunny, 459 00:27:47,680 --> 00:27:51,720 Speaker 1: it tends to have less wind than low pressure systems. 460 00:27:52,680 --> 00:27:57,920 Speaker 1: So this high pressure system creates pleasant weather. Low pressure 461 00:27:57,960 --> 00:28:00,280 Speaker 1: systems are different. Oh and also if you were to 462 00:28:00,359 --> 00:28:04,160 Speaker 1: view this from the sky, like you're above this high 463 00:28:04,200 --> 00:28:08,400 Speaker 1: pressure system, and if you could see air, first of all, 464 00:28:08,640 --> 00:28:11,840 Speaker 1: that would be a nightmare. But if you could, you 465 00:28:11,840 --> 00:28:15,560 Speaker 1: would see that the air is not just coming down 466 00:28:15,680 --> 00:28:17,720 Speaker 1: like a column. It's not like it's not like you 467 00:28:17,800 --> 00:28:20,199 Speaker 1: turn on a spigot of water and water just falls 468 00:28:20,200 --> 00:28:25,560 Speaker 1: straight down. It's actually turning as the air is sinking right, 469 00:28:25,640 --> 00:28:30,000 Speaker 1: as this high pressure system forces air downward, and it 470 00:28:30,080 --> 00:28:33,560 Speaker 1: actually moves in a clockwise direction, which is funny because 471 00:28:33,560 --> 00:28:35,880 Speaker 1: I was looking at Dylan a second ago and making 472 00:28:35,880 --> 00:28:38,560 Speaker 1: a twisting motion, but I was doing counterclockwise. But no, 473 00:28:38,680 --> 00:28:40,720 Speaker 1: it moves in a clockwise direction. This is, by the way, 474 00:28:40,800 --> 00:28:43,600 Speaker 1: due to the rotational force of the Earth in part. 475 00:28:44,080 --> 00:28:48,600 Speaker 1: So you've got this rotating clockwise system that's pushing air downward. 476 00:28:48,640 --> 00:28:51,320 Speaker 1: That's your high pressure. We got a little bit more 477 00:28:51,360 --> 00:28:53,880 Speaker 1: about WeatherTech to talk about before we get to that. 478 00:28:54,000 --> 00:29:06,440 Speaker 1: Let's take another quick break. So that's your nice weather, 479 00:29:07,040 --> 00:29:09,680 Speaker 1: low pressure. I think you can probably take a wild 480 00:29:09,720 --> 00:29:14,040 Speaker 1: guess it's gonna mean crummy weather. Yeah, this is where 481 00:29:14,680 --> 00:29:18,720 Speaker 1: you're getting clouds and rain, and typically you're talking about 482 00:29:18,800 --> 00:29:23,080 Speaker 1: air being pulled upward. So why is air getting pulled upward? Well, 483 00:29:24,080 --> 00:29:26,960 Speaker 1: remember I was talking about those those currents up in 484 00:29:26,960 --> 00:29:30,800 Speaker 1: the upper atmosphere where they were converging together and forcing 485 00:29:30,800 --> 00:29:34,520 Speaker 1: air downward. If the currents are moving apart from each other, 486 00:29:34,680 --> 00:29:38,240 Speaker 1: if they're diverging, they create sort of a vacuum effect 487 00:29:38,320 --> 00:29:41,880 Speaker 1: over that region, and that starts to pull air upward, 488 00:29:42,080 --> 00:29:45,560 Speaker 1: creating an area of low pressure. Warm air from the 489 00:29:45,560 --> 00:29:48,440 Speaker 1: surface gets pulled upward, it starts to cool down and 490 00:29:48,760 --> 00:29:51,000 Speaker 1: the water vapor condenses. That's where you start getting those 491 00:29:51,000 --> 00:29:55,880 Speaker 1: overcast days, the cloudiness, the rain. And on top of that, 492 00:29:56,320 --> 00:30:00,080 Speaker 1: you're creating since it's a low pressure system, you're creating 493 00:30:00,120 --> 00:30:04,120 Speaker 1: the opportunity for some pretty hefty winds to move in. Right, 494 00:30:04,320 --> 00:30:06,840 Speaker 1: Because air is always going to move from an area 495 00:30:06,840 --> 00:30:09,240 Speaker 1: of high pressure to an area of low pressure. That's 496 00:30:09,240 --> 00:30:12,080 Speaker 1: just pure fluid dynamics. It makes a lot of sense 497 00:30:12,280 --> 00:30:16,360 Speaker 1: if you've got like imagine that you have two water 498 00:30:16,400 --> 00:30:20,600 Speaker 1: balloons connected to each other, all right, and they are 499 00:30:20,640 --> 00:30:24,880 Speaker 1: in equilibrium, so they're equally full, not totally full, but 500 00:30:25,040 --> 00:30:28,880 Speaker 1: equally full. If you're to squeeze one of those, creating 501 00:30:28,880 --> 00:30:31,200 Speaker 1: an area of high pressure, it forces the water to 502 00:30:31,320 --> 00:30:35,160 Speaker 1: go to the area of relatively lower pressure. Right, You're 503 00:30:35,200 --> 00:30:39,080 Speaker 1: forcing water into that second water balloon. Same thing is 504 00:30:39,120 --> 00:30:42,360 Speaker 1: true with low pressure systems. You've got a low pressure area, 505 00:30:42,560 --> 00:30:47,840 Speaker 1: that means any area around it has higher pressure, air 506 00:30:47,960 --> 00:30:49,920 Speaker 1: is going to want to move into the area of 507 00:30:49,960 --> 00:30:53,800 Speaker 1: lower pressure. That's where you get winds coming in and 508 00:30:54,120 --> 00:30:57,240 Speaker 1: it can get pretty breezy. So this one, if you 509 00:30:57,280 --> 00:31:00,800 Speaker 1: were to look overhead and view the air, it would 510 00:31:00,840 --> 00:31:05,520 Speaker 1: be rotating in a counterclockwise or whiter shins if you 511 00:31:05,560 --> 00:31:09,560 Speaker 1: are Shakespearean direction, and the air would be coming into 512 00:31:09,680 --> 00:31:12,360 Speaker 1: the low pressure system as opposed to coming out like 513 00:31:12,400 --> 00:31:15,360 Speaker 1: in high pressure. It would all be moving outward in 514 00:31:15,360 --> 00:31:21,080 Speaker 1: that clockwise direction, with low pressure inward in a counterclockwise direction. Now, 515 00:31:21,080 --> 00:31:22,720 Speaker 1: the reason why I even bring this up is because 516 00:31:22,720 --> 00:31:25,000 Speaker 1: it's important to understand how high at pressure and low 517 00:31:25,040 --> 00:31:29,400 Speaker 1: pressure affect weather. So things like the wind speed, the 518 00:31:30,760 --> 00:31:34,800 Speaker 1: potential for precipitation or lack of precipitation, all of those 519 00:31:34,840 --> 00:31:37,240 Speaker 1: would play a part. And it's important for you to 520 00:31:37,240 --> 00:31:39,360 Speaker 1: know what the pressure is of that region in order 521 00:31:39,360 --> 00:31:43,800 Speaker 1: for you to make any sort of forecast. So the 522 00:31:43,840 --> 00:31:46,640 Speaker 1: barometers would be the tools you would use to get 523 00:31:46,680 --> 00:31:51,120 Speaker 1: those those measurements. Now, the old style barometers, the mercury ones, 524 00:31:51,240 --> 00:31:54,920 Speaker 1: use fluid to indicate changes in pressure, sort of like 525 00:31:54,960 --> 00:31:58,840 Speaker 1: what we were talking about with Evangelista's barometer, simply just 526 00:31:58,920 --> 00:32:01,200 Speaker 1: looking to see where the level is. So area of 527 00:32:01,280 --> 00:32:04,240 Speaker 1: high pressure pushes the liquid further up, you would say 528 00:32:04,240 --> 00:32:06,560 Speaker 1: that pressure is rising and weather it's probably going to 529 00:32:06,600 --> 00:32:09,200 Speaker 1: be pretty nice. In fact, if you ever have seen 530 00:32:09,200 --> 00:32:12,640 Speaker 1: one of those old school barometers, it probably has like 531 00:32:12,720 --> 00:32:15,880 Speaker 1: sunny like a little drawing of sunshine toward the top 532 00:32:15,920 --> 00:32:19,640 Speaker 1: of it where the level goes up. If the if 533 00:32:19,640 --> 00:32:23,640 Speaker 1: the glass is falling, if the mercury is going down 534 00:32:23,720 --> 00:32:28,000 Speaker 1: the tube, then that would suggest low pressure, which suggests cloudy, 535 00:32:28,080 --> 00:32:31,200 Speaker 1: nasty weather. But we also have other types of barometers. 536 00:32:31,480 --> 00:32:33,840 Speaker 1: In fact, not a lot of people use the mercury 537 00:32:33,840 --> 00:32:36,800 Speaker 1: ones anymore. Don't know. If you know this, Dylan, mercury 538 00:32:37,000 --> 00:32:39,960 Speaker 1: is not the best thing to use. It's a little toxic. Yeah, 539 00:32:40,040 --> 00:32:42,280 Speaker 1: it'll drive you crazy, you'll go mad as a hatter, 540 00:32:43,680 --> 00:32:47,719 Speaker 1: but yeah. They they're also aneroid barometers, which were invented 541 00:32:47,720 --> 00:32:50,920 Speaker 1: in the nineteenth century eighteen hundreds. In other words, these 542 00:32:50,960 --> 00:32:53,840 Speaker 1: have a tiny little metal box and the sides are 543 00:32:53,840 --> 00:32:57,479 Speaker 1: all made out of a flexible metal, and changes in 544 00:32:57,680 --> 00:33:02,600 Speaker 1: pressure either push the sides of the box inward or 545 00:33:02,640 --> 00:33:06,520 Speaker 1: allow the sides of the box to flex outward. That 546 00:33:06,640 --> 00:33:09,000 Speaker 1: in turn is connect to tiny little levers which are 547 00:33:09,000 --> 00:33:13,200 Speaker 1: connected to a needle. And then you look at your device. 548 00:33:13,280 --> 00:33:16,120 Speaker 1: It can look like a little stop watch actually, and 549 00:33:16,240 --> 00:33:18,400 Speaker 1: you see where the needle is and that tells you 550 00:33:18,920 --> 00:33:23,000 Speaker 1: where the atmospheric pressure is at right, or you could 551 00:33:23,120 --> 00:33:29,440 Speaker 1: use digital barometers, which have little pressure sensitive transducers that 552 00:33:29,720 --> 00:33:32,120 Speaker 1: essentially do the same thing. They're just doing it with 553 00:33:32,200 --> 00:33:34,960 Speaker 1: a transducer as opposed to an actual physical metal box. 554 00:33:36,680 --> 00:33:42,080 Speaker 1: And how do we talk about these measurements, Well, it 555 00:33:42,080 --> 00:33:45,720 Speaker 1: depends upon what system you're looking at. But typically weather men, 556 00:33:46,040 --> 00:33:51,360 Speaker 1: meteorologists I should say weather people. I suppose that sounds 557 00:33:51,360 --> 00:33:54,720 Speaker 1: like a good term. Yeah, yeah, weather people inclusive term. Yeah, 558 00:33:54,800 --> 00:33:57,520 Speaker 1: a meteorologist is probably more accurate, but they use They 559 00:33:57,560 --> 00:34:01,200 Speaker 1: tend to use millibars to describe atmospheric pressure, but in 560 00:34:01,240 --> 00:34:03,760 Speaker 1: the US. Here in the US, we sometimes refer to 561 00:34:03,840 --> 00:34:09,240 Speaker 1: inches of mercury, because darn it, we like that system. 562 00:34:10,120 --> 00:34:14,359 Speaker 1: The standard scientific unit is the pascal or PA, and 563 00:34:14,400 --> 00:34:19,000 Speaker 1: then there is, of course the one atmospheric pressure type approach. 564 00:34:19,120 --> 00:34:22,800 Speaker 1: That's not terribly useful if you're talking about tiny changes 565 00:34:22,840 --> 00:34:26,440 Speaker 1: in atmospheric pressure, like yeah, it's a point zero zero 566 00:34:26,680 --> 00:34:32,880 Speaker 1: zero six atmosphere change doesn't help you very much. To me. 567 00:34:32,920 --> 00:34:35,719 Speaker 1: It's kind of like measuring temperatures and celsius. It works 568 00:34:35,800 --> 00:34:39,439 Speaker 1: great if you're boiling water, but if you're doing anything else, 569 00:34:39,520 --> 00:34:42,799 Speaker 1: Celsius to me is just it's too brute force an 570 00:34:42,800 --> 00:34:47,200 Speaker 1: approach to describe boil water. So that's perfect, right, that's 571 00:34:47,239 --> 00:34:50,000 Speaker 1: really whenever I go by Dylan's desk, it's just a 572 00:34:50,080 --> 00:34:53,840 Speaker 1: pot of boiling water and some photos on a screen 573 00:34:53,920 --> 00:34:57,719 Speaker 1: and that's about it. So then we have temperature and 574 00:34:57,800 --> 00:35:01,759 Speaker 1: moisture that those are the other two really big components. 575 00:35:01,800 --> 00:35:04,240 Speaker 1: So a large body of air that has a similar 576 00:35:04,280 --> 00:35:08,200 Speaker 1: temperature and moisture throughout that body of air is called 577 00:35:08,239 --> 00:35:11,560 Speaker 1: an air mass. So when two air masses are near 578 00:35:11,600 --> 00:35:15,479 Speaker 1: one another, they are separated by a thing called a front. Right. 579 00:35:15,520 --> 00:35:17,840 Speaker 1: So you've heard of cold fronts and warm fronts obviously, right, 580 00:35:18,960 --> 00:35:21,400 Speaker 1: So we'll focus on the United States. We have four 581 00:35:21,440 --> 00:35:23,839 Speaker 1: major types of air masses that affect our weather here 582 00:35:23,840 --> 00:35:25,839 Speaker 1: in the United States. This is not the way it 583 00:35:25,960 --> 00:35:30,560 Speaker 1: is everywhere. These are the four that in general affect 584 00:35:30,600 --> 00:35:36,160 Speaker 1: our weather. So you've got continental polar air masses cold 585 00:35:36,200 --> 00:35:41,600 Speaker 1: and dry yep. Continental tropical air masses hot and dry, yes, 586 00:35:41,760 --> 00:35:43,840 Speaker 1: which by the way, only happened in the summer and 587 00:35:43,920 --> 00:35:48,239 Speaker 1: come up from Central America. That makes sense. Yeah, Then 588 00:35:48,320 --> 00:35:52,279 Speaker 1: you have maritime polar cool and moist yeah. And boy, 589 00:35:52,440 --> 00:35:54,280 Speaker 1: I'm so sorry for you people out there who hate 590 00:35:54,280 --> 00:35:57,839 Speaker 1: the word moist, and then maritime tropical, warm and moist. 591 00:35:57,920 --> 00:36:00,359 Speaker 1: There it is again. Yeah, so your content in minal 592 00:36:00,400 --> 00:36:04,560 Speaker 1: polar air masses, those tend to come from our friends 593 00:36:04,600 --> 00:36:08,359 Speaker 1: to the North Canada. They ship us their poutine, they're 594 00:36:08,360 --> 00:36:12,840 Speaker 1: Tim Horton's coffee, and their continental polar air masses. Don't 595 00:36:12,840 --> 00:36:14,839 Speaker 1: bring up Tim Hortons. I'm still bummed that there's not 596 00:36:14,880 --> 00:36:18,719 Speaker 1: one here. I'm actually still look Canada. I poke a 597 00:36:18,719 --> 00:36:22,920 Speaker 1: lot of fun, but I fully admit Tim Hortons is 598 00:36:22,960 --> 00:36:26,839 Speaker 1: a phenomenal chain, a national treasure. I would welcome it 599 00:36:26,840 --> 00:36:30,200 Speaker 1: with open arms to come here to Atlanta. Just throwing 600 00:36:30,239 --> 00:36:33,719 Speaker 1: it out there. Your continental tropical, like I said, comes 601 00:36:33,800 --> 00:36:38,040 Speaker 1: up through Central America and typically only affects our weather 602 00:36:38,080 --> 00:36:42,640 Speaker 1: in the summer. Maritime polar that tends to come from 603 00:36:42,680 --> 00:36:47,239 Speaker 1: the far northeast. So we're talking like in the New 604 00:36:47,239 --> 00:36:52,440 Speaker 1: England that area maritime tropical pretty much everywhere else. And 605 00:36:52,480 --> 00:36:55,240 Speaker 1: by tropical when we say hot or warm and moist, 606 00:36:55,920 --> 00:36:58,799 Speaker 1: we don't necessarily mean like it feels like you're in 607 00:36:58,800 --> 00:37:05,239 Speaker 1: the Caribbean. It just means not cold. Right, So the 608 00:37:05,280 --> 00:37:07,640 Speaker 1: fronts tell us what sort of air is moving into 609 00:37:07,680 --> 00:37:10,680 Speaker 1: an area, so a warm front. First of all, they 610 00:37:10,680 --> 00:37:12,960 Speaker 1: tend to move pretty slowly. Warm fronts are not known 611 00:37:13,040 --> 00:37:16,520 Speaker 1: for moving through an area quickly, and they bring lots 612 00:37:16,520 --> 00:37:20,279 Speaker 1: of rain because warm fronts are pushing out cold air. 613 00:37:20,600 --> 00:37:23,760 Speaker 1: So imagine you've got a massive cold air in an area. 614 00:37:23,920 --> 00:37:27,120 Speaker 1: A warm front is coming in that warm air when 615 00:37:27,160 --> 00:37:30,080 Speaker 1: it encounters the cold air that's already in that region, 616 00:37:30,480 --> 00:37:33,719 Speaker 1: it's the warm air's inclination is to kind of go 617 00:37:33,880 --> 00:37:36,520 Speaker 1: up the cold air like a ramp because again, the 618 00:37:36,520 --> 00:37:39,160 Speaker 1: cold air is more dense, right, so the warm air 619 00:37:39,280 --> 00:37:41,000 Speaker 1: can't just push it out of the way. The warm 620 00:37:41,000 --> 00:37:43,319 Speaker 1: aare is less dense than the cold air, but it 621 00:37:43,400 --> 00:37:45,560 Speaker 1: can start to go up on top of it, which 622 00:37:45,560 --> 00:37:49,560 Speaker 1: means the warm are starts to cool down exactly, and 623 00:37:49,600 --> 00:37:52,759 Speaker 1: that's why we get rain at the edge of a 624 00:37:52,840 --> 00:37:56,759 Speaker 1: warm front. So they move pretty slowly because warm air 625 00:37:56,920 --> 00:37:59,560 Speaker 1: just doesn't push cold air out very efficiently, and we 626 00:37:59,560 --> 00:38:02,439 Speaker 1: get a lot of precipitation. Cold fronts where cold air 627 00:38:02,440 --> 00:38:05,200 Speaker 1: replaces warm air, move faster and tend to have intense 628 00:38:05,239 --> 00:38:09,000 Speaker 1: but short thunderstorms and other precipitation. As the front moves 629 00:38:09,040 --> 00:38:11,840 Speaker 1: in and the weather tends to clear up pretty shortly thereafter. 630 00:38:12,440 --> 00:38:15,800 Speaker 1: The reason for this is, imagine you've got a massive 631 00:38:15,840 --> 00:38:18,680 Speaker 1: cold air moving in, you have warm air in the region. 632 00:38:19,480 --> 00:38:21,239 Speaker 1: The cold air is going to almost act like a 633 00:38:21,280 --> 00:38:24,120 Speaker 1: shovel scooping up that warm air, pushing it up into 634 00:38:24,200 --> 00:38:27,359 Speaker 1: the upper levels of the atmosphere, of the lower level 635 00:38:27,400 --> 00:38:30,640 Speaker 1: of the atmosphere, but the upper side of it, which 636 00:38:30,719 --> 00:38:36,440 Speaker 1: cools that air down very quickly. Because of that quick cooling, 637 00:38:37,080 --> 00:38:41,879 Speaker 1: you get things like bigger rainstorms thunderstorms, but they tend 638 00:38:41,960 --> 00:38:45,279 Speaker 1: to happen very quickly, and then once the front has 639 00:38:45,320 --> 00:38:50,520 Speaker 1: moved through, things are okay again. Spend a summer in 640 00:38:50,560 --> 00:38:56,359 Speaker 1: Atlanta and you will see this phenomenon repeatedly. Right like 641 00:38:56,440 --> 00:38:59,000 Speaker 1: you there was. There are times where if it's a 642 00:38:59,040 --> 00:39:03,279 Speaker 1: particularly humid month, you might be able to set your 643 00:39:03,280 --> 00:39:05,319 Speaker 1: watch by when the thunderstorm is going to come through. 644 00:39:05,840 --> 00:39:10,000 Speaker 1: Any extreme extreme versions of it as well, not not 645 00:39:10,000 --> 00:39:14,719 Speaker 1: not disaster level, but you'll see quick intense thunderstorms with 646 00:39:14,760 --> 00:39:17,799 Speaker 1: hail and heavy rains and they will be gone in 647 00:39:17,840 --> 00:39:19,840 Speaker 1: an hour or two yep, and then it just becomes 648 00:39:19,840 --> 00:39:23,000 Speaker 1: a steam bath for the city. That's Atlanta most of 649 00:39:23,080 --> 00:39:26,040 Speaker 1: the time. Yeah, but it's particularly bad about an hour 650 00:39:26,200 --> 00:39:31,480 Speaker 1: after a thunderstorm. It's probably the most miserable Atlanta feels, right, 651 00:39:31,520 --> 00:39:35,359 Speaker 1: because it's just it's like walking into a steam room. Yes, 652 00:39:35,719 --> 00:39:40,520 Speaker 1: So again, the reason for that fast violent weather is 653 00:39:40,560 --> 00:39:42,399 Speaker 1: just the speed at which that warm air is being 654 00:39:42,440 --> 00:39:44,840 Speaker 1: pushed up and cooled down so that it can no 655 00:39:44,920 --> 00:39:47,440 Speaker 1: longer hold on to all this moisture that was once 656 00:39:47,760 --> 00:39:50,960 Speaker 1: part of it, and it has to go somewhere, so 657 00:39:51,040 --> 00:39:55,520 Speaker 1: it lands on us. So that's kind of interesting. They're 658 00:39:55,560 --> 00:39:58,840 Speaker 1: also stationary fronts. Stationary fronts are when two fronts just 659 00:39:58,920 --> 00:40:03,640 Speaker 1: kind of collide and that's it. They're just there. It's 660 00:40:03,640 --> 00:40:05,560 Speaker 1: gonna stick around for a while. You'll have a lot 661 00:40:05,560 --> 00:40:10,839 Speaker 1: of rain. Typically sounds like the traffic jam of fronts. Yeah. 662 00:40:10,840 --> 00:40:13,479 Speaker 1: And then there's occluded fronts, and that's when a warm 663 00:40:13,480 --> 00:40:17,400 Speaker 1: front gets caught between two cooler air masses. So the 664 00:40:17,440 --> 00:40:19,239 Speaker 1: warm front gets pushed up and we get a lot 665 00:40:19,280 --> 00:40:26,040 Speaker 1: of intense thunderstorms with occluded fronts. Two. Hope you enjoyed 666 00:40:26,080 --> 00:40:30,399 Speaker 1: that classic episode of tech stuff from twenty sixteen, Weather 667 00:40:30,480 --> 00:40:33,320 Speaker 1: Tech Part One. Obviously next week we will have Weather 668 00:40:33,440 --> 00:40:36,160 Speaker 1: Tech Part two as our classic episode, so make sure 669 00:40:36,160 --> 00:40:38,160 Speaker 1: you come back and listen to that. If you have 670 00:40:38,239 --> 00:40:41,839 Speaker 1: suggestions for future topics for tech Stuff, please reach out 671 00:40:41,880 --> 00:40:43,680 Speaker 1: to me and let me know. You can go over 672 00:40:43,719 --> 00:40:48,360 Speaker 1: to Twitter and tweet me at tech stuff HSW, or 673 00:40:48,600 --> 00:40:52,040 Speaker 1: you can download the iHeartRadio app. It's free to download. 674 00:40:52,080 --> 00:40:54,719 Speaker 1: It's free to use. Navigate on over to tech stuff 675 00:40:54,760 --> 00:40:57,560 Speaker 1: by putting that into the search field, and then you 676 00:40:57,600 --> 00:41:00,399 Speaker 1: can use a little microphone icon to leave me voice 677 00:41:00,400 --> 00:41:02,920 Speaker 1: message up to thirty seconds in late I'd love to 678 00:41:02,960 --> 00:41:06,279 Speaker 1: hear from you, and I'll talk to you again really soon. 679 00:41:12,040 --> 00:41:16,720 Speaker 1: Text Stuff is an iHeartRadio production. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, 680 00:41:17,040 --> 00:41:20,760 Speaker 1: visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen 681 00:41:20,800 --> 00:41:21,840 Speaker 1: to your favorite shows.