WEBVTT - Samuel Hartlib and the Hartlib Circle 0:00:01.320 --> 0:00:04.240 Welcome to Stuff you missed in History Class, A production 0:00:04.400 --> 0:00:14.040 of iHeartRadio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Holly 0:00:14.040 --> 0:00:18.400 Frye and I'm Tracy V. Wilson. So the Heartlib circle 0:00:18.520 --> 0:00:20.960 came up in research recently, and I put it right 0:00:21.000 --> 0:00:24.520 on my list because it is this very unique nexus 0:00:24.560 --> 0:00:29.000 of scientific and philosophical thought in the seventeenth century right 0:00:29.000 --> 0:00:30.440 out of the gate. We got to make a note 0:00:30.480 --> 0:00:33.760 on name pronunciation because we're having a lot of these lately. 0:00:33.880 --> 0:00:37.200 I know this person, Samuel Hartlib, who will talk about 0:00:37.240 --> 0:00:42.839 some more a whole lot today, originally was born in Prussia. 0:00:42.880 --> 0:00:45.960 His name is from the German side of his family, 0:00:46.000 --> 0:00:48.319 his father's side of the family, which would lead one 0:00:48.360 --> 0:00:52.040 to say Heartlib. And it's spelled a million different ways 0:00:52.120 --> 0:00:57.800 if you look at various historical documents. But because he 0:00:57.840 --> 0:01:01.400 did most of his work in Britain and most of 0:01:01.400 --> 0:01:04.720 the writing about him has been in Britain, most scholars 0:01:04.760 --> 0:01:08.840 about him pronounced it Heartlib, and so we're just going 0:01:08.920 --> 0:01:12.080 to roll with that, recognizing that he too. I don't 0:01:12.080 --> 0:01:14.120 know where he landed, if he had a preference or not. 0:01:14.480 --> 0:01:17.959 I suspect probably his contemporaries also pronounced it that way 0:01:18.000 --> 0:01:22.400 once he was living in London. The name Samuel Hartlib 0:01:22.600 --> 0:01:25.640 probably does not exactly spring to mind when people are 0:01:25.680 --> 0:01:29.160 thinking about influential figures of the seventeenth century. But he 0:01:29.240 --> 0:01:31.319 was very connected to a lot of the names you 0:01:31.319 --> 0:01:33.560 would think of, and he served as this sort of 0:01:34.160 --> 0:01:40.440 conduitive information to many of them and made connections among 0:01:40.480 --> 0:01:44.600 them as he sought to promote his own ideas regarding 0:01:44.640 --> 0:01:48.400 theology and education, which he saw as being very closely 0:01:48.480 --> 0:01:52.520 tied to government and successful government, as well as this 0:01:52.880 --> 0:01:56.800 really overarching goal in his life to provide ready access 0:01:56.800 --> 0:02:00.800 to information to anyone and everyone about like the latest 0:02:00.800 --> 0:02:06.240 scientific developments. You'll see references to the Heartlib circle in 0:02:06.320 --> 0:02:09.600 a lot of writing about these people. Heartlib never called 0:02:09.600 --> 0:02:14.079 his network of people that he corresponded with anything. That 0:02:14.680 --> 0:02:19.120 name Heartlib Circle wasn't coined until the twentieth century, and 0:02:19.160 --> 0:02:22.639 that happened then because there was a surge of scholarship 0:02:22.680 --> 0:02:26.040 about his work in the nineteen twenties and thereafter after 0:02:26.080 --> 0:02:30.200 a fortuitous turn of events brought his life's work back 0:02:30.240 --> 0:02:36.040 to light. Samuel Hartlib was born around sixteen hundred, probably 0:02:36.280 --> 0:02:40.160 in Elbing, Prussia, to a German father and an English mother, 0:02:40.720 --> 0:02:43.800 so Elbing is part of modern day Poland, and in 0:02:43.880 --> 0:02:47.440 Polish it's pronounced very differently from that, more like Elblong. 0:02:48.720 --> 0:02:50.840 He's one of the many cases we've had on the 0:02:50.880 --> 0:02:55.000 show recently where this early life is not well documented. 0:02:55.680 --> 0:02:59.399 In a biography written by gh Turnbull in nineteen twenty, 0:03:00.040 --> 0:03:03.600 the biographer notes that there's no record of Heartlib in 0:03:03.720 --> 0:03:07.280 the birth records from Elbeing at the time, and there 0:03:07.320 --> 0:03:11.760 are also not any records in the baptismal records from 0:03:11.760 --> 0:03:15.160 the churches of the city. He doesn't appear in any 0:03:15.200 --> 0:03:18.160 of the school records of Elbing from the time when 0:03:18.160 --> 0:03:20.120 he would have been a child, so there are just 0:03:20.280 --> 0:03:23.000 a lot of question marks about his early life and education. 0:03:24.120 --> 0:03:28.079 There are mentions of a George Hartlib who is believed 0:03:28.080 --> 0:03:33.560 to have been Samuel's brother. Even Samuel's higher education comes 0:03:33.600 --> 0:03:36.560 with a lot of debate. He has long been cited 0:03:36.680 --> 0:03:41.480 as attending the University of Cunningsburg starting in sixteen fourteen, 0:03:42.200 --> 0:03:44.680 but there are once again no solid records to really 0:03:44.680 --> 0:03:48.280 back that up. A more recent biography by Charles Webster, 0:03:48.360 --> 0:03:51.240 which came out in twenty twenty five, says that there's 0:03:51.440 --> 0:03:57.240 actually more substantiation that Samuel was in Silesia and enrolled 0:03:57.240 --> 0:04:00.440 at the Academy at Briggs starting in sixteen five fifteen. 0:04:01.240 --> 0:04:06.680 When did he leave there another unanswered question. We do 0:04:06.800 --> 0:04:09.640 know that hartleb went to the University of Cambridge, but 0:04:09.760 --> 0:04:14.920 that two has inconsistencies regarding the timing. Sixteen twenty eight 0:04:15.040 --> 0:04:17.520 is frequently given as the first year that we can 0:04:17.560 --> 0:04:20.920 conclusively say he was living in England, but in the 0:04:21.000 --> 0:04:24.640 latter twentieth century additional correspondence has come to light that 0:04:24.720 --> 0:04:27.599 indicates that he was definitely there before that, in the 0:04:27.640 --> 0:04:31.680 mid sixteen twenties. And even in saying he went to Cambridge, 0:04:31.680 --> 0:04:34.719 we really have to clarify because he does not appear 0:04:34.760 --> 0:04:38.520 to have actually enrolled in the university, but did study 0:04:38.640 --> 0:04:43.159 informally with some members of its faculty, and even after 0:04:43.240 --> 0:04:46.240 that he returned to Elbing after his time at Cambridge, 0:04:46.240 --> 0:04:49.839 So that whole like right up to the late sixteen twenties, 0:04:50.360 --> 0:04:57.040 so much guesswork going on regarding his background. It's very foggy. Indeed, 0:04:58.200 --> 0:05:02.200 he became friends with John in sixteen twenty eight. Durry 0:05:02.240 --> 0:05:05.680 was born in fifteen ninety six in Edinbargh, Scotland, so 0:05:05.760 --> 0:05:09.280 he was around the same age as Heartland. Durry was 0:05:09.320 --> 0:05:13.400 a Protestant minister and was in Elbing in sixteen twenty eight, 0:05:13.480 --> 0:05:16.560 and the two men met there soon after that this, 0:05:16.920 --> 0:05:20.960 a series of interlocking conflicts known as the Thirty Years War, 0:05:21.240 --> 0:05:25.719 which spanned from sixteen eighteen to sixteen forty eight, made 0:05:25.800 --> 0:05:29.320 Elbing an increasingly more dangerous place to be. Sweden was 0:05:29.400 --> 0:05:31.960 using this port city as a base and a staging 0:05:32.080 --> 0:05:35.000 ground in the struggle for the control of the Baltic Sea. 0:05:35.200 --> 0:05:39.240 So Heartland went to England, and this time he stayed there. 0:05:40.160 --> 0:05:42.080 Durry did as well for a time, and the two 0:05:42.120 --> 0:05:46.120 of them continued to be close friends. On January twentieth, 0:05:46.240 --> 0:05:50.000 sixteen twenty nine, Samuel married a woman named Mary Birmingham. 0:05:50.760 --> 0:05:54.480 Some accounts show her last name with an M like Birmingham. 0:05:55.760 --> 0:05:58.640 Unclear to me which of those is accurate. We also 0:05:58.800 --> 0:06:01.599 just don't know a whole lot about Mary, although the 0:06:01.600 --> 0:06:04.120 two of them were married for years and they had 0:06:04.200 --> 0:06:06.719 at least six children together. Most of what we know 0:06:06.760 --> 0:06:09.200 about their kids is because later in their lives they 0:06:09.240 --> 0:06:14.960 lived near samuel peeps and he wrote about them. Heartlib 0:06:15.080 --> 0:06:18.559 was an active promoter of the need for reform within 0:06:18.680 --> 0:06:22.920 schools and Protestant churches. John Durry was his friend, but 0:06:23.120 --> 0:06:26.960 also one of his influences and ultimately a collaborator on 0:06:27.120 --> 0:06:31.640 many reformist texts. Derry sought to reform the church by 0:06:31.800 --> 0:06:37.080 uniting the fractured Protestant factions. Heartlib agreed with this idea, 0:06:37.120 --> 0:06:39.599 and he put forth the idea that if the church 0:06:39.800 --> 0:06:43.239 could be united in England, then the whole country would benefit. 0:06:43.960 --> 0:06:45.919 And this is also where a little bit of a 0:06:45.960 --> 0:06:49.240 confession has to come in for me. I wanted so 0:06:49.400 --> 0:06:53.600 much to include lots of Heartlib's writings in this episode, 0:06:54.320 --> 0:06:58.520 but let me tell you that is a slog He 0:06:58.560 --> 0:07:01.880 was deeply verbose, and in addition to the somewhat stilted 0:07:01.920 --> 0:07:05.000 writing of the day that you might see in any text, 0:07:05.120 --> 0:07:09.680 he was even more stilted than that. As an example, 0:07:09.800 --> 0:07:12.240 here is a portion of a pamphlet that he wrote 0:07:12.280 --> 0:07:16.840 in sixteen forty seven titled Considerations tending to the Happy Accomplishment. 0:07:17.320 --> 0:07:19.120 So the point of this work is to make the 0:07:19.160 --> 0:07:22.600 case that if England can reform its religion, everyone will benefit. 0:07:22.600 --> 0:07:27.040 As Tracy just mentioned, this is the most easily accessible 0:07:27.680 --> 0:07:31.080 passage in terms of messaging that I could find quote, 0:07:31.720 --> 0:07:35.160 and least any might make a doubt of this last position, 0:07:35.280 --> 0:07:38.720 let us a little enlarge ourselves thereon, to make it 0:07:38.800 --> 0:07:42.320 more apparent from the undoubted maxims and reasons of a 0:07:42.360 --> 0:07:45.520 true reformed Christian state, such as we are now called 0:07:45.560 --> 0:07:49.240 to be. If we take notice of our condition first, 0:07:49.320 --> 0:07:51.960 then we conceive that the glory and happiness of a 0:07:52.000 --> 0:07:55.200 state go hand in hand together, so that everything which 0:07:55.240 --> 0:07:58.000 may add unto the true glory is also fit to 0:07:58.040 --> 0:08:02.000 increase the happiness, a vice versa. On the other side, 0:08:02.200 --> 0:08:05.640 whatsoever doth add unto the true happiness, is also fit 0:08:05.760 --> 0:08:08.720 to increase the glory of a state. Basically, if we're 0:08:08.760 --> 0:08:11.640 all happy, the whole country will be happy. But he 0:08:11.920 --> 0:08:14.120 has to put a lot of extra words in there. 0:08:16.760 --> 0:08:21.120 Samuel Hartlib also believed that education was vital for everyone, 0:08:21.400 --> 0:08:23.840 and one of the efforts he made early on during 0:08:23.880 --> 0:08:26.720 his time in England was the establishment of a school. 0:08:27.680 --> 0:08:31.280 This attempt was in Chichester in sixteen thirty. Although that 0:08:31.360 --> 0:08:35.560 school did not draw enough students to stay open, Heartlb 0:08:35.640 --> 0:08:39.120 closed it almost immediately after founding it. It lasted for 0:08:39.240 --> 0:08:42.440 less than a year. Not long after that, he started 0:08:42.440 --> 0:08:47.360 a correspondence with John Amos Comenius, who became another huge influence. 0:08:48.400 --> 0:08:51.880 For a little background, John Amos Comenius was born in Moravia, 0:08:51.920 --> 0:08:54.240 in an area that is now part of the Czech Republic. 0:08:54.480 --> 0:08:57.199 You'll often see him described as being Czech if you 0:08:57.240 --> 0:09:00.840 look him up today. He was a minister and an educator, 0:09:00.920 --> 0:09:03.840 and he developed an ideology that he thought could lead 0:09:03.880 --> 0:09:07.520 to a deeper connection among the warring countries and cultures 0:09:07.559 --> 0:09:12.480 of Europe, and that was universal education. Comenius thought that 0:09:12.520 --> 0:09:16.079 if everyone was truly educated, they would understand and accept 0:09:16.120 --> 0:09:18.720 their fellow humans better and would be less likely to 0:09:18.760 --> 0:09:22.400 start conflicts with one another. One of the cornerstones of 0:09:22.440 --> 0:09:25.320 this idea was that everyone should learn to read Latin. 0:09:25.920 --> 0:09:28.319 He thought that this would improve access to a wide 0:09:28.400 --> 0:09:31.720 range of historical information and open up the wealth of 0:09:31.760 --> 0:09:35.360 Western knowledge to all to heartlive in a lot of 0:09:35.360 --> 0:09:40.040 his colleagues, these ideas of educational access and a united 0:09:40.240 --> 0:09:44.080 religion were two sides of the same coin. This was 0:09:44.120 --> 0:09:47.000 at the heart of Hartleeb's thinking. He believed that God 0:09:47.040 --> 0:09:50.120 granted every person a talent, and that if they shared 0:09:50.160 --> 0:09:53.920 that talent with others, everyone would learn from one another. 0:09:54.160 --> 0:09:57.160 They would all know more, They would understand each other better, 0:09:57.800 --> 0:10:01.480 and people would recognize a divine fine hand in play 0:10:01.640 --> 0:10:05.040 for all of that to happen. Teaching everyone to read 0:10:05.080 --> 0:10:07.839 would also ensure that they could study the scriptures and 0:10:07.920 --> 0:10:12.080 become better Christians. Coming up, we will talk more about 0:10:12.080 --> 0:10:14.679 the influence of Comenius on Heartlib, and we will get 0:10:14.720 --> 0:10:27.480 to that after a sponsor break. The writings of Comenius 0:10:27.480 --> 0:10:31.719 were very important to Heartlib in his ideology Comenius is 0:10:31.760 --> 0:10:35.360 sixteen thirty two. Writing the Gait of Tongues Unlocked was 0:10:35.400 --> 0:10:39.080 one of many that really captured Heartlib's attention and formed 0:10:39.080 --> 0:10:43.880 the foundation of his thinking regarding education. He started translating 0:10:43.920 --> 0:10:47.120 the writing of Comenius for the English audience, and this 0:10:47.200 --> 0:10:51.040 offers another opportunity to share his proclivity for using just 0:10:51.120 --> 0:10:54.679 lots and lots of words. The title for this translation 0:10:55.520 --> 0:10:58.560 of Comenius, as one of his many writings, was a 0:10:58.600 --> 0:11:02.959 Reformation of Schools, designed in two excellent treatises, The first 0:11:03.000 --> 0:11:06.959 whereof summarily showeth the great necessity of a general reformation 0:11:07.640 --> 0:11:10.720 of common learning? What grounds of hope there are for 0:11:10.760 --> 0:11:13.679 such a reformation? How it may be brought to pass? 0:11:13.960 --> 0:11:16.959 Written many years ago in Latin by the reverend godly 0:11:17.040 --> 0:11:20.839 learned and famous divine mister John Amos Comenius, one of 0:11:20.880 --> 0:11:23.880 the seniors of the exiled Church of Moravia, and now 0:11:23.960 --> 0:11:27.840 upon the request of many, translated into English and published 0:11:27.840 --> 0:11:30.800 by Samuel Hartlib for the general good of this nation. 0:11:31.880 --> 0:11:36.400 So brevity was not his strong sush we love a 0:11:36.440 --> 0:11:38.920 long title on this, but I was reading many of 0:11:38.920 --> 0:11:43.360 his titles, I was like, oh, oh, my friend, goodness. 0:11:43.600 --> 0:11:47.959 But that relationship that he developed with Comenius really established 0:11:47.960 --> 0:11:52.840 Heartlib as a connecting point of European intellectuals. Comenius actually 0:11:52.960 --> 0:11:56.480 visited England in sixteen forty one on the invitation of Heartlib, 0:11:56.720 --> 0:11:59.280 and he stayed there for several months, meeting with many 0:11:59.320 --> 0:12:04.520 of London's preeminent thinkers and scientists. Heartlib was associated with 0:12:04.920 --> 0:12:08.560 so many other famous names of the seventeenth century in 0:12:08.600 --> 0:12:12.320 the Western world. I don't think Holly mentioned in the outline, 0:12:12.360 --> 0:12:14.880 but he came up in our John Evelyn episode like 0:12:14.920 --> 0:12:17.679 somebody had given him a paper and he gave that 0:12:17.800 --> 0:12:22.000 to John Evelin was another example. John Milton's pamphlet of 0:12:22.320 --> 0:12:26.840 Education was dedicated to Heartlib, and that's because the Reformer 0:12:27.000 --> 0:12:30.840 had convinced Milton to write it. The entire thing is 0:12:30.880 --> 0:12:34.840 addressed to Heartlib. It opens with quote, mister Hartlib, I 0:12:34.880 --> 0:12:38.480 am long since persuaded that to say or do ought 0:12:38.600 --> 0:12:42.600 worth memory and imitation, no purpose or respect should sooner 0:12:42.679 --> 0:12:48.120 move us than simply the love of God and of mankind. Nevertheless, 0:12:48.160 --> 0:12:52.400 to write now the reforming of education, though it be 0:12:52.520 --> 0:12:55.320 one of the greatest and noblest designs that can be 0:12:55.360 --> 0:12:59.079 thought on, and for the want whereof this nation perishes, 0:12:59.600 --> 0:13:02.360 I had not yet at this time been induced, but 0:13:02.480 --> 0:13:08.000 by your earnest entreaties and serious conjurements. Milton goes on 0:13:08.200 --> 0:13:11.320 to share there at the beginning of the book that 0:13:11.679 --> 0:13:15.080 Hartley is somebody who deeply respects and at the same 0:13:15.120 --> 0:13:17.840 time could be said of quote men of most approved 0:13:17.920 --> 0:13:22.720 wisdom and some of highest authority among us. Yeah, basically 0:13:22.760 --> 0:13:25.480 just saying, like all of us smart guys think Hertleib 0:13:25.600 --> 0:13:30.200 is great. But despite the numerous people that Hartlib was 0:13:30.240 --> 0:13:33.920 connected to and the network of correspondence he developed, it 0:13:34.200 --> 0:13:37.959 was the friendships Heartlib had with John Durry and Comenius 0:13:38.080 --> 0:13:41.840 that were the most important to him. On March thirteenth, 0:13:41.880 --> 0:13:45.040 sixteen forty two, the three men signed a pact written 0:13:45.080 --> 0:13:49.079 in Latin that outlined their shared goals for promoting reform 0:13:49.120 --> 0:13:53.319 and education and religious unity. And the document is really 0:13:53.360 --> 0:13:56.800 fascinating because, in addition to those goals, it also has 0:13:56.880 --> 0:13:59.960 this very cute vibe, in my opinion, of we will 0:14:00.160 --> 0:14:04.720 BFFs forever, and this is our secret. We are going 0:14:04.800 --> 0:14:08.440 to read only the most abbreviated versions of the points 0:14:08.440 --> 0:14:11.960 of the pact, and they are as follows. Number One, 0:14:12.440 --> 0:14:15.440 that we shall have before us the sole aim of 0:14:15.559 --> 0:14:19.680 manifesting God's glory and of promoting public support for our 0:14:19.720 --> 0:14:24.200 fellow men. Two, so that with God in his goodness, 0:14:24.200 --> 0:14:27.360 we may pursue this end, We set ourselves the task 0:14:27.440 --> 0:14:30.160 of recalling to a better and fuller accord in their 0:14:30.160 --> 0:14:33.680 profession of religion, those who have already been called to 0:14:33.720 --> 0:14:38.040 acknowledge Christ. Three to the end that we may have 0:14:38.120 --> 0:14:41.640 God's favor toward us. In this our purpose, we shall 0:14:41.680 --> 0:14:46.080 strive in daily prayers before Him, in turn, both for 0:14:46.200 --> 0:14:50.960 ourselves and for all those others wheresoever they may be, who, 0:14:51.080 --> 0:14:53.520 whether we are aware of them or not, are now 0:14:53.600 --> 0:14:58.920 stirred by God to like endeavors, or will be stirred hereafter. 0:15:00.120 --> 0:15:03.880 Or we meanwhile promise one another that in these matters 0:15:03.920 --> 0:15:07.120 we shall do nothing except it be by mutual design 0:15:07.200 --> 0:15:11.240 and consent. Five. We promise that no one of us 0:15:11.280 --> 0:15:14.200 will conceal from the other any of his thoughts, even 0:15:14.360 --> 0:15:19.840 his innermost thoughts, which have to do with this proposed goal. Six, 0:15:20.120 --> 0:15:22.960 That no one of us will take an inflexible stand 0:15:23.320 --> 0:15:26.720 against the purposes agreed among the others, but will rather 0:15:26.840 --> 0:15:29.520 yield to them, even if he may not perhaps be 0:15:29.600 --> 0:15:32.480 able to perceive fully the strength and weight of the 0:15:32.520 --> 0:15:37.040 reasons that are put forward. Seven, we promise that we 0:15:37.080 --> 0:15:41.920 will preserve complete faithfulness in our dealings with one another. Eight. 0:15:42.280 --> 0:15:45.840 We also take it upon ourselves to freely admonish one another, 0:15:46.200 --> 0:15:49.400 but as between close friends, for any errors that may 0:15:49.440 --> 0:15:54.400 be committed out of human ignorance. Nine it has seemed proper, 0:15:54.560 --> 0:15:58.120 and we faithfully so promise not to divulge to others 0:15:58.200 --> 0:16:01.600 these conditions of our pact entered into in the side 0:16:01.640 --> 0:16:06.560 of God, chiefly for our conscience's sake, unless by common consent, 0:16:07.120 --> 0:16:10.720 and then to those alone of whose suitability for future 0:16:10.760 --> 0:16:15.960 association in our treaty we are assured. Ten. Finally, if 0:16:16.000 --> 0:16:19.600 anything further is discerned by common accord as likely to 0:16:19.680 --> 0:16:23.360 benefit this our religious fellowship in God. It must be 0:16:23.440 --> 0:16:27.040 subscribed to. These conditions of this are packed and will 0:16:27.040 --> 0:16:30.480 be equal to them in force. So they struck this 0:16:30.680 --> 0:16:35.280 pact just as the conflict between parliamentarians and the Crown 0:16:35.520 --> 0:16:39.200 in England was reaching a boiling point. We've talked about 0:16:39.200 --> 0:16:41.760 the English Civil War and its causes in a bunch 0:16:41.800 --> 0:16:44.160 of other episodes, so we won't go into depth here. 0:16:44.200 --> 0:16:47.560 But the shorthand is that Charles the first, with no 0:16:47.760 --> 0:16:50.960 checks within the government that could stop him, enacted a 0:16:51.080 --> 0:16:53.800 number of policies that were damaging for a lot of 0:16:53.800 --> 0:16:57.920 his subjects that made him really disliked. That included dissolving 0:16:57.960 --> 0:17:02.440 the parliament. He re stated it when he needed help 0:17:02.560 --> 0:17:05.639 in the form of financial backing for his war with 0:17:05.760 --> 0:17:10.320 the Scots. Parliament began to use its reinstated power immediately, 0:17:10.600 --> 0:17:15.119 including prosecuting members at the King's Circle. Five months and 0:17:15.200 --> 0:17:18.480 two weeks after Heartlib, Durry, and Commenius signed their pack, 0:17:18.640 --> 0:17:23.600 the English Civil War began. Heartlib and his friends were parliamentarians. 0:17:23.960 --> 0:17:28.520 He and Durry stayed in the country, but Comenius left. Still, 0:17:28.600 --> 0:17:31.040 the pact remained very important to the three men, and 0:17:31.119 --> 0:17:35.800 sometimes it is cited as a guiding force in Heartlib's life. Yeah. Also, 0:17:35.880 --> 0:17:38.760 just for clarity, Durry didn't stay in England all the time. 0:17:38.960 --> 0:17:41.679 He is sometimes described as being sort of itinerant. He 0:17:42.920 --> 0:17:46.480 moved around Europe a lot, so just in case shelike, 0:17:46.520 --> 0:17:49.600 did he live there the whole time? No. But in 0:17:49.640 --> 0:17:53.119 addition to his translation work and his prodigious correspondence was 0:17:53.160 --> 0:17:58.880 seemingly everyone, Heartlib also wrote original works. Many of these 0:17:58.920 --> 0:18:01.720 works were influenced by by other reformers and thinkers of 0:18:01.760 --> 0:18:05.080 the day. For example, Francis Bacon is often cited when 0:18:05.119 --> 0:18:09.639 scholars mentioned Heartlib's seventeen page pamphlet An Essay for Advancement 0:18:09.680 --> 0:18:13.880 of Husbandry Learning, or Propositions for the erecting a College 0:18:13.880 --> 0:18:17.080 of Husbandry, and in order therein too for the taking 0:18:17.119 --> 0:18:20.880 in of pupils or apprentices, and also friends or fellows 0:18:20.920 --> 0:18:23.960 of the same college or society. He published that in 0:18:24.040 --> 0:18:27.520 sixteen fifty one. In it, he laid out the need 0:18:27.640 --> 0:18:31.840 for agricultural education that offered a continuous stream of the 0:18:31.960 --> 0:18:35.440 latest information and advancements in the field, so that farmers 0:18:35.440 --> 0:18:40.560 could produce the best possible livestock and crops. Throughout all 0:18:40.640 --> 0:18:44.280 of this work, Hertleib was connecting people to people and 0:18:44.359 --> 0:18:48.720 more importantly, people to information. He was supported throughout his 0:18:48.800 --> 0:18:52.440 time in England by personal patronage, with people and families 0:18:52.520 --> 0:18:55.720 paying him with some degree of regularity so he could 0:18:55.760 --> 0:18:59.240 continue in his work, but he wanted to establish something 0:18:59.280 --> 0:19:03.080 more official means to disseminate information that would not just 0:19:03.160 --> 0:19:07.080 be him working alone, but would have a dedicated staff 0:19:07.200 --> 0:19:12.359 sending out published materials and recording new information. This was 0:19:12.440 --> 0:19:16.680 what he called the Office of Address. In sixteen forty eight, 0:19:16.800 --> 0:19:19.720 Heartlib published a pamphlet that was written either by him 0:19:19.920 --> 0:19:22.480 or by John Durry. That comes up a lot when 0:19:22.520 --> 0:19:25.399 you look at the HEARTLB papers, where it's like either 0:19:25.680 --> 0:19:28.960 Dirry or Heartlib because they've worked on things together sometimes 0:19:29.000 --> 0:19:32.040 and their writing style developed in a very similar way. 0:19:32.840 --> 0:19:35.520 But that paper was titled a further discovery of the 0:19:35.520 --> 0:19:39.399 Office of Public Address for Accommodations, and this read in 0:19:39.480 --> 0:19:42.199 part quote, whereby the good of the Kingdom and the 0:19:42.200 --> 0:19:45.960 benefit of all inhabitants thereof may be greatly advanced. There 0:19:46.040 --> 0:19:48.600 is one very easy to be set afoot, which is 0:19:48.680 --> 0:19:52.760 called an office of Address, whereby an orderly and effectual 0:19:52.800 --> 0:19:56.159 correspondence and agency will be settled for the advancement of 0:19:56.280 --> 0:20:01.280 universal learning, and all manner of arts in ingenuity, whereby 0:20:01.320 --> 0:20:04.119 ready helps will be offered to supply the wants of 0:20:04.160 --> 0:20:08.800 everyone without prejudice, unto any whereby all manner of commerce 0:20:08.880 --> 0:20:12.560 will be mainly facilitated, and whereby everyone will be easily 0:20:12.560 --> 0:20:16.320 accommodated with such things as may be lawfully used and 0:20:16.400 --> 0:20:20.399 are usefully communicable unto everyone from each other in a 0:20:20.440 --> 0:20:24.040 well ordered society or commonwealth, as it is more fully 0:20:24.080 --> 0:20:27.800 specified and explained in the printed discourses that describe the 0:20:27.840 --> 0:20:31.800 foreset office. Listen, This is one tiny part of a 0:20:31.920 --> 0:20:36.479 very very verbose paper. Continuing, it is therefore most humbly 0:20:36.520 --> 0:20:39.399 desired that the Parliament would be pleased to resolve upon 0:20:39.920 --> 0:20:43.240 these following particulars as the matter of ordinance to be 0:20:43.320 --> 0:20:47.720 passed by both houses. One that Samuel hartlib Esquire be 0:20:47.760 --> 0:20:53.560 appointed Superintendent General of an offices of address Number one 0:20:53.600 --> 0:20:56.320 indicates that there were additional points, and there were points 0:20:56.359 --> 0:20:59.840 two through four. Asked that heartlib be paid two hundred 0:20:59.880 --> 0:21:03.600 pounds annually for this work, that he could charge users 0:21:03.640 --> 0:21:05.840 a small fee to pay the wages of the clerks 0:21:05.840 --> 0:21:10.520 and registers, and that quote a convenient great house be 0:21:10.600 --> 0:21:14.359 set aside for Heartlib to establish this office. The rest 0:21:14.359 --> 0:21:16.919 of the document goes over the particulars of how the 0:21:16.960 --> 0:21:21.240 office would be run and emphasizes the great benefit this 0:21:21.320 --> 0:21:24.879 would be to all. While the Office of Address was 0:21:24.960 --> 0:21:29.199 never formally established, Heartlib was granted an annual pension of 0:21:29.280 --> 0:21:33.160 three hundred pounds. That number is sometimes reported as two 0:21:33.240 --> 0:21:36.600 hundred or even one hundred pounds, depending on the source, 0:21:36.760 --> 0:21:40.880 But as biographer George Turnbull explained in the nineteen twenties, 0:21:41.480 --> 0:21:45.040 that payment was not really the portent of success that 0:21:45.119 --> 0:21:49.080 it seemed to be. He wrote quote, Ultimately Parliament officially 0:21:49.119 --> 0:21:53.199 recognized him and made arrangements for financial support, thereby raising 0:21:53.240 --> 0:21:56.800 Heartlib's hopes of the near approach of the millennium to 0:21:56.880 --> 0:22:01.520 the highest pitch, but they only flattered to The political 0:22:01.560 --> 0:22:06.159 atmosphere was too troubled to allow of the prosecution of 0:22:06.240 --> 0:22:10.760 such magnanimous designs, and as has already been indicated, the 0:22:10.800 --> 0:22:16.040 financial support promised was irregularly paid and finally ceased altogether. 0:22:17.280 --> 0:22:20.320 So this annual payment was more like lip service to 0:22:20.320 --> 0:22:24.239 Playkate Heartlib. They didn't even keep up with it. This 0:22:24.359 --> 0:22:28.120 must have become a men'sly frustrating for Samuel Hartlib, as 0:22:28.280 --> 0:22:31.400 he believed the Office of Address would be the culmination 0:22:31.520 --> 0:22:34.160 of all of his life's work. It would enable him 0:22:34.200 --> 0:22:39.000 to fully manifest his goal of education for all. He'd 0:22:39.000 --> 0:22:41.080 already been doing this sort of work at his own 0:22:41.119 --> 0:22:44.240 personal expense, and he knew that people found it valuable, 0:22:44.800 --> 0:22:47.880 but it was simply not perceived as valuable enough for 0:22:48.000 --> 0:22:52.040 Parliament to put money and resources behind it, Just the 0:22:52.080 --> 0:22:55.800 same with the money he was awarded when it was 0:22:55.840 --> 0:22:59.840 paid out. Heartlib did continue to expand his personal efforts 0:22:59.840 --> 0:23:04.879 to sending materials and correspondents throughout his wide network of associates. 0:23:05.400 --> 0:23:09.080 He continued to publish pamphlets offering information on a variety 0:23:09.080 --> 0:23:14.360 of topics, although agricultural subjects were particularly frequent. We will 0:23:14.400 --> 0:23:17.399 talk about some of Hartlib's other writing and the nature 0:23:17.560 --> 0:23:20.600 of his connection to the Royal Society after we hear 0:23:20.640 --> 0:23:23.399 from some of the sponsors that keep the show going. 0:23:33.119 --> 0:23:35.800 One of the projects that Samuel Hartlib worked on for 0:23:35.840 --> 0:23:39.639 decades was something he called ethe Verities. This was an 0:23:39.720 --> 0:23:44.720 ongoing record snippets really of information about interesting developments in 0:23:44.800 --> 0:23:47.760 the realms of science and culture and things of note 0:23:47.880 --> 0:23:51.119 that were related to advancements in human knowledge. It was 0:23:51.280 --> 0:23:54.360 sort of like Peep's diary, but it didn't include any 0:23:54.400 --> 0:23:57.600 of Hartlib's own day to day doings unless it was 0:23:57.640 --> 0:24:01.919 specifically about acquiring some of this information. He started writing 0:24:02.000 --> 0:24:05.400 Femerites in sixteen thirty five, and it continued until sixteen 0:24:05.440 --> 0:24:09.040 fifty nine. For example, an entry from sixteen thirty five 0:24:09.160 --> 0:24:12.480 reads Bortwit knows a countryman of his who is about 0:24:12.480 --> 0:24:15.840 to make a collection out of English divinity books nb. 0:24:16.000 --> 0:24:19.800 It will confer with Darius about it, as also about 0:24:19.800 --> 0:24:23.240 his own work, which is a catechism of conscience. A 0:24:23.320 --> 0:24:26.800 sixteen fifty note states, quote the twenty eighth of February, 0:24:26.880 --> 0:24:29.280 mister Worsley sent me the receipt to be given to 0:24:29.400 --> 0:24:33.160 mister Osmusingh concerning the spirit of Tartar, which he got 0:24:33.160 --> 0:24:37.000 from mister Morion as a special present, who seriously affirmed 0:24:37.080 --> 0:24:41.040 unto him that it cost five hundred guilders. Spirit of 0:24:41.080 --> 0:24:43.600 Tartar was a reference to a distillate that was used 0:24:43.640 --> 0:24:47.600 in alchemical experiments, probably why it was so pricey. Uh. 0:24:48.240 --> 0:24:51.000 One of these entries from sixteen fifty five reads a 0:24:51.040 --> 0:24:53.879 woman in England burning a smock one of her women 0:24:53.880 --> 0:24:57.120 neighbors came bouncing at the door and entreated with all 0:24:57.320 --> 0:24:59.840 entreaties that she might come in, which if she had 0:24:59.880 --> 0:25:02.919 a obtained she would have killed. But not prevailing, she 0:25:02.960 --> 0:25:05.960 went home and was found dead. This is a true 0:25:06.000 --> 0:25:09.679 story related by doctor Mayerne to the King. These are 0:25:09.680 --> 0:25:14.400 the kind of entries in the f Marites in more 0:25:14.600 --> 0:25:19.280 Tame Fair. In sixteen fifty four, Hartlib published True and 0:25:19.440 --> 0:25:23.199 Ready Way to Learn the Latin Tongue, which was of 0:25:23.240 --> 0:25:26.200 course part of his effort to make more religious texts 0:25:26.320 --> 0:25:30.159 readable to a wider range of people. He published several 0:25:30.240 --> 0:25:34.639 dozen pamphlets and various short books throughout his life. In 0:25:34.680 --> 0:25:39.600 sixteen sixty, the Restoration reshaped England's government, as Charles the 0:25:39.640 --> 0:25:43.920 Second became king and the monarchy was re established. As 0:25:44.040 --> 0:25:47.000