1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,240 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you missed in History Class, A production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:14,040 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Holly 3 00:00:14,040 --> 00:00:18,400 Speaker 1: Frye and I'm Tracy V. Wilson. So the Heartlib circle 4 00:00:18,520 --> 00:00:20,960 Speaker 1: came up in research recently, and I put it right 5 00:00:21,000 --> 00:00:24,520 Speaker 1: on my list because it is this very unique nexus 6 00:00:24,560 --> 00:00:29,000 Speaker 1: of scientific and philosophical thought in the seventeenth century right 7 00:00:29,000 --> 00:00:30,440 Speaker 1: out of the gate. We got to make a note 8 00:00:30,480 --> 00:00:33,760 Speaker 1: on name pronunciation because we're having a lot of these lately. 9 00:00:33,880 --> 00:00:37,200 Speaker 1: I know this person, Samuel Hartlib, who will talk about 10 00:00:37,240 --> 00:00:42,839 Speaker 1: some more a whole lot today, originally was born in Prussia. 11 00:00:42,880 --> 00:00:45,960 Speaker 1: His name is from the German side of his family, 12 00:00:46,000 --> 00:00:48,319 Speaker 1: his father's side of the family, which would lead one 13 00:00:48,360 --> 00:00:52,040 Speaker 1: to say Heartlib. And it's spelled a million different ways 14 00:00:52,120 --> 00:00:57,800 Speaker 1: if you look at various historical documents. But because he 15 00:00:57,840 --> 00:01:01,400 Speaker 1: did most of his work in Britain and most of 16 00:01:01,400 --> 00:01:04,720 Speaker 1: the writing about him has been in Britain, most scholars 17 00:01:04,760 --> 00:01:08,840 Speaker 1: about him pronounced it Heartlib, and so we're just going 18 00:01:08,920 --> 00:01:12,080 Speaker 1: to roll with that, recognizing that he too. I don't 19 00:01:12,080 --> 00:01:14,120 Speaker 1: know where he landed, if he had a preference or not. 20 00:01:14,480 --> 00:01:17,959 Speaker 1: I suspect probably his contemporaries also pronounced it that way 21 00:01:18,000 --> 00:01:22,400 Speaker 1: once he was living in London. The name Samuel Hartlib 22 00:01:22,600 --> 00:01:25,640 Speaker 1: probably does not exactly spring to mind when people are 23 00:01:25,680 --> 00:01:29,160 Speaker 1: thinking about influential figures of the seventeenth century. But he 24 00:01:29,240 --> 00:01:31,319 Speaker 1: was very connected to a lot of the names you 25 00:01:31,319 --> 00:01:33,560 Speaker 1: would think of, and he served as this sort of 26 00:01:34,160 --> 00:01:40,440 Speaker 1: conduitive information to many of them and made connections among 27 00:01:40,480 --> 00:01:44,600 Speaker 1: them as he sought to promote his own ideas regarding 28 00:01:44,640 --> 00:01:48,400 Speaker 1: theology and education, which he saw as being very closely 29 00:01:48,480 --> 00:01:52,520 Speaker 1: tied to government and successful government, as well as this 30 00:01:52,880 --> 00:01:56,800 Speaker 1: really overarching goal in his life to provide ready access 31 00:01:56,800 --> 00:02:00,800 Speaker 1: to information to anyone and everyone about like the latest 32 00:02:00,800 --> 00:02:06,240 Speaker 1: scientific developments. You'll see references to the Heartlib circle in 33 00:02:06,320 --> 00:02:09,600 Speaker 1: a lot of writing about these people. Heartlib never called 34 00:02:09,600 --> 00:02:14,079 Speaker 1: his network of people that he corresponded with anything. That 35 00:02:14,680 --> 00:02:19,120 Speaker 1: name Heartlib Circle wasn't coined until the twentieth century, and 36 00:02:19,160 --> 00:02:22,639 Speaker 1: that happened then because there was a surge of scholarship 37 00:02:22,680 --> 00:02:26,040 Speaker 1: about his work in the nineteen twenties and thereafter after 38 00:02:26,080 --> 00:02:30,200 Speaker 1: a fortuitous turn of events brought his life's work back 39 00:02:30,240 --> 00:02:36,040 Speaker 1: to light. Samuel Hartlib was born around sixteen hundred, probably 40 00:02:36,280 --> 00:02:40,160 Speaker 1: in Elbing, Prussia, to a German father and an English mother, 41 00:02:40,720 --> 00:02:43,800 Speaker 1: so Elbing is part of modern day Poland, and in 42 00:02:43,880 --> 00:02:47,440 Speaker 1: Polish it's pronounced very differently from that, more like Elblong. 43 00:02:48,720 --> 00:02:50,840 Speaker 1: He's one of the many cases we've had on the 44 00:02:50,880 --> 00:02:55,000 Speaker 1: show recently where this early life is not well documented. 45 00:02:55,680 --> 00:02:59,399 Speaker 1: In a biography written by gh Turnbull in nineteen twenty, 46 00:03:00,040 --> 00:03:03,600 Speaker 1: the biographer notes that there's no record of Heartlib in 47 00:03:03,720 --> 00:03:07,280 Speaker 1: the birth records from Elbeing at the time, and there 48 00:03:07,320 --> 00:03:11,760 Speaker 1: are also not any records in the baptismal records from 49 00:03:11,760 --> 00:03:15,160 Speaker 1: the churches of the city. He doesn't appear in any 50 00:03:15,200 --> 00:03:18,160 Speaker 1: of the school records of Elbing from the time when 51 00:03:18,160 --> 00:03:20,120 Speaker 1: he would have been a child, so there are just 52 00:03:20,280 --> 00:03:23,000 Speaker 1: a lot of question marks about his early life and education. 53 00:03:24,120 --> 00:03:28,079 Speaker 1: There are mentions of a George Hartlib who is believed 54 00:03:28,080 --> 00:03:33,560 Speaker 1: to have been Samuel's brother. Even Samuel's higher education comes 55 00:03:33,600 --> 00:03:36,560 Speaker 1: with a lot of debate. He has long been cited 56 00:03:36,680 --> 00:03:41,480 Speaker 1: as attending the University of Cunningsburg starting in sixteen fourteen, 57 00:03:42,200 --> 00:03:44,680 Speaker 1: but there are once again no solid records to really 58 00:03:44,680 --> 00:03:48,280 Speaker 1: back that up. A more recent biography by Charles Webster, 59 00:03:48,360 --> 00:03:51,240 Speaker 1: which came out in twenty twenty five, says that there's 60 00:03:51,440 --> 00:03:57,240 Speaker 1: actually more substantiation that Samuel was in Silesia and enrolled 61 00:03:57,240 --> 00:04:00,440 Speaker 1: at the Academy at Briggs starting in sixteen five fifteen. 62 00:04:01,240 --> 00:04:06,680 Speaker 1: When did he leave there another unanswered question. We do 63 00:04:06,800 --> 00:04:09,640 Speaker 1: know that hartleb went to the University of Cambridge, but 64 00:04:09,760 --> 00:04:14,920 Speaker 1: that two has inconsistencies regarding the timing. Sixteen twenty eight 65 00:04:15,040 --> 00:04:17,520 Speaker 1: is frequently given as the first year that we can 66 00:04:17,560 --> 00:04:20,920 Speaker 1: conclusively say he was living in England, but in the 67 00:04:21,000 --> 00:04:24,640 Speaker 1: latter twentieth century additional correspondence has come to light that 68 00:04:24,720 --> 00:04:27,599 Speaker 1: indicates that he was definitely there before that, in the 69 00:04:27,640 --> 00:04:31,680 Speaker 1: mid sixteen twenties. And even in saying he went to Cambridge, 70 00:04:31,680 --> 00:04:34,719 Speaker 1: we really have to clarify because he does not appear 71 00:04:34,760 --> 00:04:38,520 Speaker 1: to have actually enrolled in the university, but did study 72 00:04:38,640 --> 00:04:43,159 Speaker 1: informally with some members of its faculty, and even after 73 00:04:43,240 --> 00:04:46,240 Speaker 1: that he returned to Elbing after his time at Cambridge, 74 00:04:46,240 --> 00:04:49,839 Speaker 1: So that whole like right up to the late sixteen twenties, 75 00:04:50,360 --> 00:04:57,040 Speaker 1: so much guesswork going on regarding his background. It's very foggy. Indeed, 76 00:04:58,200 --> 00:05:02,200 Speaker 1: he became friends with John in sixteen twenty eight. Durry 77 00:05:02,240 --> 00:05:05,680 Speaker 1: was born in fifteen ninety six in Edinbargh, Scotland, so 78 00:05:05,760 --> 00:05:09,280 Speaker 1: he was around the same age as Heartland. Durry was 79 00:05:09,320 --> 00:05:13,400 Speaker 1: a Protestant minister and was in Elbing in sixteen twenty eight, 80 00:05:13,480 --> 00:05:16,560 Speaker 1: and the two men met there soon after that this, 81 00:05:16,920 --> 00:05:20,960 Speaker 1: a series of interlocking conflicts known as the Thirty Years War, 82 00:05:21,240 --> 00:05:25,719 Speaker 1: which spanned from sixteen eighteen to sixteen forty eight, made 83 00:05:25,800 --> 00:05:29,320 Speaker 1: Elbing an increasingly more dangerous place to be. Sweden was 84 00:05:29,400 --> 00:05:31,960 Speaker 1: using this port city as a base and a staging 85 00:05:32,080 --> 00:05:35,000 Speaker 1: ground in the struggle for the control of the Baltic Sea. 86 00:05:35,200 --> 00:05:39,240 Speaker 1: So Heartland went to England, and this time he stayed there. 87 00:05:40,160 --> 00:05:42,080 Speaker 1: Durry did as well for a time, and the two 88 00:05:42,120 --> 00:05:46,120 Speaker 1: of them continued to be close friends. On January twentieth, 89 00:05:46,240 --> 00:05:50,000 Speaker 1: sixteen twenty nine, Samuel married a woman named Mary Birmingham. 90 00:05:50,760 --> 00:05:54,480 Speaker 1: Some accounts show her last name with an M like Birmingham. 91 00:05:55,760 --> 00:05:58,640 Speaker 1: Unclear to me which of those is accurate. We also 92 00:05:58,800 --> 00:06:01,599 Speaker 1: just don't know a whole lot about Mary, although the 93 00:06:01,600 --> 00:06:04,120 Speaker 1: two of them were married for years and they had 94 00:06:04,200 --> 00:06:06,719 Speaker 1: at least six children together. Most of what we know 95 00:06:06,760 --> 00:06:09,200 Speaker 1: about their kids is because later in their lives they 96 00:06:09,240 --> 00:06:14,960 Speaker 1: lived near samuel peeps and he wrote about them. Heartlib 97 00:06:15,080 --> 00:06:18,559 Speaker 1: was an active promoter of the need for reform within 98 00:06:18,680 --> 00:06:22,920 Speaker 1: schools and Protestant churches. John Durry was his friend, but 99 00:06:23,120 --> 00:06:26,960 Speaker 1: also one of his influences and ultimately a collaborator on 100 00:06:27,120 --> 00:06:31,640 Speaker 1: many reformist texts. Derry sought to reform the church by 101 00:06:31,800 --> 00:06:37,080 Speaker 1: uniting the fractured Protestant factions. Heartlib agreed with this idea, 102 00:06:37,120 --> 00:06:39,599 Speaker 1: and he put forth the idea that if the church 103 00:06:39,800 --> 00:06:43,239 Speaker 1: could be united in England, then the whole country would benefit. 104 00:06:43,960 --> 00:06:45,919 Speaker 1: And this is also where a little bit of a 105 00:06:45,960 --> 00:06:49,240 Speaker 1: confession has to come in for me. I wanted so 106 00:06:49,400 --> 00:06:53,600 Speaker 1: much to include lots of Heartlib's writings in this episode, 107 00:06:54,320 --> 00:06:58,520 Speaker 1: but let me tell you that is a slog He 108 00:06:58,560 --> 00:07:01,880 Speaker 1: was deeply verbose, and in addition to the somewhat stilted 109 00:07:01,920 --> 00:07:05,000 Speaker 1: writing of the day that you might see in any text, 110 00:07:05,120 --> 00:07:09,680 Speaker 1: he was even more stilted than that. As an example, 111 00:07:09,800 --> 00:07:12,240 Speaker 1: here is a portion of a pamphlet that he wrote 112 00:07:12,280 --> 00:07:16,840 Speaker 1: in sixteen forty seven titled Considerations tending to the Happy Accomplishment. 113 00:07:17,320 --> 00:07:19,120 Speaker 1: So the point of this work is to make the 114 00:07:19,160 --> 00:07:22,600 Speaker 1: case that if England can reform its religion, everyone will benefit. 115 00:07:22,600 --> 00:07:27,040 Speaker 1: As Tracy just mentioned, this is the most easily accessible 116 00:07:27,680 --> 00:07:31,080 Speaker 1: passage in terms of messaging that I could find quote, 117 00:07:31,720 --> 00:07:35,160 Speaker 1: and least any might make a doubt of this last position, 118 00:07:35,280 --> 00:07:38,720 Speaker 1: let us a little enlarge ourselves thereon, to make it 119 00:07:38,800 --> 00:07:42,320 Speaker 1: more apparent from the undoubted maxims and reasons of a 120 00:07:42,360 --> 00:07:45,520 Speaker 1: true reformed Christian state, such as we are now called 121 00:07:45,560 --> 00:07:49,240 Speaker 1: to be. If we take notice of our condition first, 122 00:07:49,320 --> 00:07:51,960 Speaker 1: then we conceive that the glory and happiness of a 123 00:07:52,000 --> 00:07:55,200 Speaker 1: state go hand in hand together, so that everything which 124 00:07:55,240 --> 00:07:58,000 Speaker 1: may add unto the true glory is also fit to 125 00:07:58,040 --> 00:08:02,000 Speaker 1: increase the happiness, a vice versa. On the other side, 126 00:08:02,200 --> 00:08:05,640 Speaker 1: whatsoever doth add unto the true happiness, is also fit 127 00:08:05,760 --> 00:08:08,720 Speaker 1: to increase the glory of a state. Basically, if we're 128 00:08:08,760 --> 00:08:11,640 Speaker 1: all happy, the whole country will be happy. But he 129 00:08:11,920 --> 00:08:14,120 Speaker 1: has to put a lot of extra words in there. 130 00:08:16,760 --> 00:08:21,120 Speaker 1: Samuel Hartlib also believed that education was vital for everyone, 131 00:08:21,400 --> 00:08:23,840 Speaker 1: and one of the efforts he made early on during 132 00:08:23,880 --> 00:08:26,720 Speaker 1: his time in England was the establishment of a school. 133 00:08:27,680 --> 00:08:31,280 Speaker 1: This attempt was in Chichester in sixteen thirty. Although that 134 00:08:31,360 --> 00:08:35,560 Speaker 1: school did not draw enough students to stay open, Heartlb 135 00:08:35,640 --> 00:08:39,120 Speaker 1: closed it almost immediately after founding it. It lasted for 136 00:08:39,240 --> 00:08:42,440 Speaker 1: less than a year. Not long after that, he started 137 00:08:42,440 --> 00:08:47,360 Speaker 1: a correspondence with John Amos Comenius, who became another huge influence. 138 00:08:48,400 --> 00:08:51,880 Speaker 1: For a little background, John Amos Comenius was born in Moravia, 139 00:08:51,920 --> 00:08:54,240 Speaker 1: in an area that is now part of the Czech Republic. 140 00:08:54,480 --> 00:08:57,199 Speaker 1: You'll often see him described as being Czech if you 141 00:08:57,240 --> 00:09:00,840 Speaker 1: look him up today. He was a minister and an educator, 142 00:09:00,920 --> 00:09:03,840 Speaker 1: and he developed an ideology that he thought could lead 143 00:09:03,880 --> 00:09:07,520 Speaker 1: to a deeper connection among the warring countries and cultures 144 00:09:07,559 --> 00:09:12,480 Speaker 1: of Europe, and that was universal education. Comenius thought that 145 00:09:12,520 --> 00:09:16,079 Speaker 1: if everyone was truly educated, they would understand and accept 146 00:09:16,120 --> 00:09:18,720 Speaker 1: their fellow humans better and would be less likely to 147 00:09:18,760 --> 00:09:22,400 Speaker 1: start conflicts with one another. One of the cornerstones of 148 00:09:22,440 --> 00:09:25,320 Speaker 1: this idea was that everyone should learn to read Latin. 149 00:09:25,920 --> 00:09:28,319 Speaker 1: He thought that this would improve access to a wide 150 00:09:28,400 --> 00:09:31,720 Speaker 1: range of historical information and open up the wealth of 151 00:09:31,760 --> 00:09:35,360 Speaker 1: Western knowledge to all to heartlive in a lot of 152 00:09:35,360 --> 00:09:40,040 Speaker 1: his colleagues, these ideas of educational access and a united 153 00:09:40,240 --> 00:09:44,080 Speaker 1: religion were two sides of the same coin. This was 154 00:09:44,120 --> 00:09:47,000 Speaker 1: at the heart of Hartleeb's thinking. He believed that God 155 00:09:47,040 --> 00:09:50,120 Speaker 1: granted every person a talent, and that if they shared 156 00:09:50,160 --> 00:09:53,920 Speaker 1: that talent with others, everyone would learn from one another. 157 00:09:54,160 --> 00:09:57,160 Speaker 1: They would all know more, They would understand each other better, 158 00:09:57,800 --> 00:10:01,480 Speaker 1: and people would recognize a divine fine hand in play 159 00:10:01,640 --> 00:10:05,040 Speaker 1: for all of that to happen. Teaching everyone to read 160 00:10:05,080 --> 00:10:07,839 Speaker 1: would also ensure that they could study the scriptures and 161 00:10:07,920 --> 00:10:12,080 Speaker 1: become better Christians. Coming up, we will talk more about 162 00:10:12,080 --> 00:10:14,679 Speaker 1: the influence of Comenius on Heartlib, and we will get 163 00:10:14,720 --> 00:10:27,480 Speaker 1: to that after a sponsor break. The writings of Comenius 164 00:10:27,480 --> 00:10:31,719 Speaker 1: were very important to Heartlib in his ideology Comenius is 165 00:10:31,760 --> 00:10:35,360 Speaker 1: sixteen thirty two. Writing the Gait of Tongues Unlocked was 166 00:10:35,400 --> 00:10:39,080 Speaker 1: one of many that really captured Heartlib's attention and formed 167 00:10:39,080 --> 00:10:43,880 Speaker 1: the foundation of his thinking regarding education. He started translating 168 00:10:43,920 --> 00:10:47,120 Speaker 1: the writing of Comenius for the English audience, and this 169 00:10:47,200 --> 00:10:51,040 Speaker 1: offers another opportunity to share his proclivity for using just 170 00:10:51,120 --> 00:10:54,679 Speaker 1: lots and lots of words. The title for this translation 171 00:10:55,520 --> 00:10:58,560 Speaker 1: of Comenius, as one of his many writings, was a 172 00:10:58,600 --> 00:11:02,959 Speaker 1: Reformation of Schools, designed in two excellent treatises, The first 173 00:11:03,000 --> 00:11:06,959 Speaker 1: whereof summarily showeth the great necessity of a general reformation 174 00:11:07,640 --> 00:11:10,720 Speaker 1: of common learning? What grounds of hope there are for 175 00:11:10,760 --> 00:11:13,679 Speaker 1: such a reformation? How it may be brought to pass? 176 00:11:13,960 --> 00:11:16,959 Speaker 1: Written many years ago in Latin by the reverend godly 177 00:11:17,040 --> 00:11:20,839 Speaker 1: learned and famous divine mister John Amos Comenius, one of 178 00:11:20,880 --> 00:11:23,880 Speaker 1: the seniors of the exiled Church of Moravia, and now 179 00:11:23,960 --> 00:11:27,840 Speaker 1: upon the request of many, translated into English and published 180 00:11:27,840 --> 00:11:30,800 Speaker 1: by Samuel Hartlib for the general good of this nation. 181 00:11:31,880 --> 00:11:36,400 Speaker 1: So brevity was not his strong sush we love a 182 00:11:36,440 --> 00:11:38,920 Speaker 1: long title on this, but I was reading many of 183 00:11:38,920 --> 00:11:43,360 Speaker 1: his titles, I was like, oh, oh, my friend, goodness. 184 00:11:43,600 --> 00:11:47,959 Speaker 1: But that relationship that he developed with Comenius really established 185 00:11:47,960 --> 00:11:52,840 Speaker 1: Heartlib as a connecting point of European intellectuals. Comenius actually 186 00:11:52,960 --> 00:11:56,480 Speaker 1: visited England in sixteen forty one on the invitation of Heartlib, 187 00:11:56,720 --> 00:11:59,280 Speaker 1: and he stayed there for several months, meeting with many 188 00:11:59,320 --> 00:12:04,520 Speaker 1: of London's preeminent thinkers and scientists. Heartlib was associated with 189 00:12:04,920 --> 00:12:08,560 Speaker 1: so many other famous names of the seventeenth century in 190 00:12:08,600 --> 00:12:12,320 Speaker 1: the Western world. I don't think Holly mentioned in the outline, 191 00:12:12,360 --> 00:12:14,880 Speaker 1: but he came up in our John Evelyn episode like 192 00:12:14,920 --> 00:12:17,679 Speaker 1: somebody had given him a paper and he gave that 193 00:12:17,800 --> 00:12:22,000 Speaker 1: to John Evelin was another example. John Milton's pamphlet of 194 00:12:22,320 --> 00:12:26,840 Speaker 1: Education was dedicated to Heartlib, and that's because the Reformer 195 00:12:27,000 --> 00:12:30,840 Speaker 1: had convinced Milton to write it. The entire thing is 196 00:12:30,880 --> 00:12:34,840 Speaker 1: addressed to Heartlib. It opens with quote, mister Hartlib, I 197 00:12:34,880 --> 00:12:38,480 Speaker 1: am long since persuaded that to say or do ought 198 00:12:38,600 --> 00:12:42,600 Speaker 1: worth memory and imitation, no purpose or respect should sooner 199 00:12:42,679 --> 00:12:48,120 Speaker 1: move us than simply the love of God and of mankind. Nevertheless, 200 00:12:48,160 --> 00:12:52,400 Speaker 1: to write now the reforming of education, though it be 201 00:12:52,520 --> 00:12:55,320 Speaker 1: one of the greatest and noblest designs that can be 202 00:12:55,360 --> 00:12:59,079 Speaker 1: thought on, and for the want whereof this nation perishes, 203 00:12:59,600 --> 00:13:02,360 Speaker 1: I had not yet at this time been induced, but 204 00:13:02,480 --> 00:13:08,000 Speaker 1: by your earnest entreaties and serious conjurements. Milton goes on 205 00:13:08,200 --> 00:13:11,320 Speaker 1: to share there at the beginning of the book that 206 00:13:11,679 --> 00:13:15,080 Speaker 1: Hartley is somebody who deeply respects and at the same 207 00:13:15,120 --> 00:13:17,840 Speaker 1: time could be said of quote men of most approved 208 00:13:17,920 --> 00:13:22,720 Speaker 1: wisdom and some of highest authority among us. Yeah, basically 209 00:13:22,760 --> 00:13:25,480 Speaker 1: just saying, like all of us smart guys think Hertleib 210 00:13:25,600 --> 00:13:30,200 Speaker 1: is great. But despite the numerous people that Hartlib was 211 00:13:30,240 --> 00:13:33,920 Speaker 1: connected to and the network of correspondence he developed, it 212 00:13:34,200 --> 00:13:37,959 Speaker 1: was the friendships Heartlib had with John Durry and Comenius 213 00:13:38,080 --> 00:13:41,840 Speaker 1: that were the most important to him. On March thirteenth, 214 00:13:41,880 --> 00:13:45,040 Speaker 1: sixteen forty two, the three men signed a pact written 215 00:13:45,080 --> 00:13:49,079 Speaker 1: in Latin that outlined their shared goals for promoting reform 216 00:13:49,120 --> 00:13:53,319 Speaker 1: and education and religious unity. And the document is really 217 00:13:53,360 --> 00:13:56,800 Speaker 1: fascinating because, in addition to those goals, it also has 218 00:13:56,880 --> 00:13:59,960 Speaker 1: this very cute vibe, in my opinion, of we will 219 00:14:00,160 --> 00:14:04,720 Speaker 1: BFFs forever, and this is our secret. We are going 220 00:14:04,800 --> 00:14:08,440 Speaker 1: to read only the most abbreviated versions of the points 221 00:14:08,440 --> 00:14:11,960 Speaker 1: of the pact, and they are as follows. Number One, 222 00:14:12,440 --> 00:14:15,440 Speaker 1: that we shall have before us the sole aim of 223 00:14:15,559 --> 00:14:19,680 Speaker 1: manifesting God's glory and of promoting public support for our 224 00:14:19,720 --> 00:14:24,200 Speaker 1: fellow men. Two, so that with God in his goodness, 225 00:14:24,200 --> 00:14:27,360 Speaker 1: we may pursue this end, We set ourselves the task 226 00:14:27,440 --> 00:14:30,160 Speaker 1: of recalling to a better and fuller accord in their 227 00:14:30,160 --> 00:14:33,680 Speaker 1: profession of religion, those who have already been called to 228 00:14:33,720 --> 00:14:38,040 Speaker 1: acknowledge Christ. Three to the end that we may have 229 00:14:38,120 --> 00:14:41,640 Speaker 1: God's favor toward us. In this our purpose, we shall 230 00:14:41,680 --> 00:14:46,080 Speaker 1: strive in daily prayers before Him, in turn, both for 231 00:14:46,200 --> 00:14:50,960 Speaker 1: ourselves and for all those others wheresoever they may be, who, 232 00:14:51,080 --> 00:14:53,520 Speaker 1: whether we are aware of them or not, are now 233 00:14:53,600 --> 00:14:58,920 Speaker 1: stirred by God to like endeavors, or will be stirred hereafter. 234 00:15:00,120 --> 00:15:03,880 Speaker 1: Or we meanwhile promise one another that in these matters 235 00:15:03,920 --> 00:15:07,120 Speaker 1: we shall do nothing except it be by mutual design 236 00:15:07,200 --> 00:15:11,240 Speaker 1: and consent. Five. We promise that no one of us 237 00:15:11,280 --> 00:15:14,200 Speaker 1: will conceal from the other any of his thoughts, even 238 00:15:14,360 --> 00:15:19,840 Speaker 1: his innermost thoughts, which have to do with this proposed goal. Six, 239 00:15:20,120 --> 00:15:22,960 Speaker 1: That no one of us will take an inflexible stand 240 00:15:23,320 --> 00:15:26,720 Speaker 1: against the purposes agreed among the others, but will rather 241 00:15:26,840 --> 00:15:29,520 Speaker 1: yield to them, even if he may not perhaps be 242 00:15:29,600 --> 00:15:32,480 Speaker 1: able to perceive fully the strength and weight of the 243 00:15:32,520 --> 00:15:37,040 Speaker 1: reasons that are put forward. Seven, we promise that we 244 00:15:37,080 --> 00:15:41,920 Speaker 1: will preserve complete faithfulness in our dealings with one another. Eight. 245 00:15:42,280 --> 00:15:45,840 Speaker 1: We also take it upon ourselves to freely admonish one another, 246 00:15:46,200 --> 00:15:49,400 Speaker 1: but as between close friends, for any errors that may 247 00:15:49,440 --> 00:15:54,400 Speaker 1: be committed out of human ignorance. Nine it has seemed proper, 248 00:15:54,560 --> 00:15:58,120 Speaker 1: and we faithfully so promise not to divulge to others 249 00:15:58,200 --> 00:16:01,600 Speaker 1: these conditions of our pact entered into in the side 250 00:16:01,640 --> 00:16:06,560 Speaker 1: of God, chiefly for our conscience's sake, unless by common consent, 251 00:16:07,120 --> 00:16:10,720 Speaker 1: and then to those alone of whose suitability for future 252 00:16:10,760 --> 00:16:15,960 Speaker 1: association in our treaty we are assured. Ten. Finally, if 253 00:16:16,000 --> 00:16:19,600 Speaker 1: anything further is discerned by common accord as likely to 254 00:16:19,680 --> 00:16:23,360 Speaker 1: benefit this our religious fellowship in God. It must be 255 00:16:23,440 --> 00:16:27,040 Speaker 1: subscribed to. These conditions of this are packed and will 256 00:16:27,040 --> 00:16:30,480 Speaker 1: be equal to them in force. So they struck this 257 00:16:30,680 --> 00:16:35,280 Speaker 1: pact just as the conflict between parliamentarians and the Crown 258 00:16:35,520 --> 00:16:39,200 Speaker 1: in England was reaching a boiling point. We've talked about 259 00:16:39,200 --> 00:16:41,760 Speaker 1: the English Civil War and its causes in a bunch 260 00:16:41,800 --> 00:16:44,160 Speaker 1: of other episodes, so we won't go into depth here. 261 00:16:44,200 --> 00:16:47,560 Speaker 1: But the shorthand is that Charles the first, with no 262 00:16:47,760 --> 00:16:50,960 Speaker 1: checks within the government that could stop him, enacted a 263 00:16:51,080 --> 00:16:53,800 Speaker 1: number of policies that were damaging for a lot of 264 00:16:53,800 --> 00:16:57,920 Speaker 1: his subjects that made him really disliked. That included dissolving 265 00:16:57,960 --> 00:17:02,440 Speaker 1: the parliament. He re stated it when he needed help 266 00:17:02,560 --> 00:17:05,639 Speaker 1: in the form of financial backing for his war with 267 00:17:05,760 --> 00:17:10,320 Speaker 1: the Scots. Parliament began to use its reinstated power immediately, 268 00:17:10,600 --> 00:17:15,119 Speaker 1: including prosecuting members at the King's Circle. Five months and 269 00:17:15,200 --> 00:17:18,480 Speaker 1: two weeks after Heartlib, Durry, and Commenius signed their pack, 270 00:17:18,640 --> 00:17:23,600 Speaker 1: the English Civil War began. Heartlib and his friends were parliamentarians. 271 00:17:23,960 --> 00:17:28,520 Speaker 1: He and Durry stayed in the country, but Comenius left. Still, 272 00:17:28,600 --> 00:17:31,040 Speaker 1: the pact remained very important to the three men, and 273 00:17:31,119 --> 00:17:35,800 Speaker 1: sometimes it is cited as a guiding force in Heartlib's life. Yeah. Also, 274 00:17:35,880 --> 00:17:38,760 Speaker 1: just for clarity, Durry didn't stay in England all the time. 275 00:17:38,960 --> 00:17:41,679 Speaker 1: He is sometimes described as being sort of itinerant. He 276 00:17:42,920 --> 00:17:46,480 Speaker 1: moved around Europe a lot, so just in case shelike, 277 00:17:46,520 --> 00:17:49,600 Speaker 1: did he live there the whole time? No. But in 278 00:17:49,640 --> 00:17:53,119 Speaker 1: addition to his translation work and his prodigious correspondence was 279 00:17:53,160 --> 00:17:58,880 Speaker 1: seemingly everyone, Heartlib also wrote original works. Many of these 280 00:17:58,920 --> 00:18:01,720 Speaker 1: works were influenced by by other reformers and thinkers of 281 00:18:01,760 --> 00:18:05,080 Speaker 1: the day. For example, Francis Bacon is often cited when 282 00:18:05,119 --> 00:18:09,639 Speaker 1: scholars mentioned Heartlib's seventeen page pamphlet An Essay for Advancement 283 00:18:09,680 --> 00:18:13,880 Speaker 1: of Husbandry Learning, or Propositions for the erecting a College 284 00:18:13,880 --> 00:18:17,080 Speaker 1: of Husbandry, and in order therein too for the taking 285 00:18:17,119 --> 00:18:20,880 Speaker 1: in of pupils or apprentices, and also friends or fellows 286 00:18:20,920 --> 00:18:23,960 Speaker 1: of the same college or society. He published that in 287 00:18:24,040 --> 00:18:27,520 Speaker 1: sixteen fifty one. In it, he laid out the need 288 00:18:27,640 --> 00:18:31,840 Speaker 1: for agricultural education that offered a continuous stream of the 289 00:18:31,960 --> 00:18:35,440 Speaker 1: latest information and advancements in the field, so that farmers 290 00:18:35,440 --> 00:18:40,560 Speaker 1: could produce the best possible livestock and crops. Throughout all 291 00:18:40,640 --> 00:18:44,280 Speaker 1: of this work, Hertleib was connecting people to people and 292 00:18:44,359 --> 00:18:48,720 Speaker 1: more importantly, people to information. He was supported throughout his 293 00:18:48,800 --> 00:18:52,440 Speaker 1: time in England by personal patronage, with people and families 294 00:18:52,520 --> 00:18:55,720 Speaker 1: paying him with some degree of regularity so he could 295 00:18:55,760 --> 00:18:59,240 Speaker 1: continue in his work, but he wanted to establish something 296 00:18:59,280 --> 00:19:03,080 Speaker 1: more official means to disseminate information that would not just 297 00:19:03,160 --> 00:19:07,080 Speaker 1: be him working alone, but would have a dedicated staff 298 00:19:07,200 --> 00:19:12,359 Speaker 1: sending out published materials and recording new information. This was 299 00:19:12,440 --> 00:19:16,680 Speaker 1: what he called the Office of Address. In sixteen forty eight, 300 00:19:16,800 --> 00:19:19,720 Speaker 1: Heartlib published a pamphlet that was written either by him 301 00:19:19,920 --> 00:19:22,480 Speaker 1: or by John Durry. That comes up a lot when 302 00:19:22,520 --> 00:19:25,399 Speaker 1: you look at the HEARTLB papers, where it's like either 303 00:19:25,680 --> 00:19:28,960 Speaker 1: Dirry or Heartlib because they've worked on things together sometimes 304 00:19:29,000 --> 00:19:32,040 Speaker 1: and their writing style developed in a very similar way. 305 00:19:32,840 --> 00:19:35,520 Speaker 1: But that paper was titled a further discovery of the 306 00:19:35,520 --> 00:19:39,399 Speaker 1: Office of Public Address for Accommodations, and this read in 307 00:19:39,480 --> 00:19:42,199 Speaker 1: part quote, whereby the good of the Kingdom and the 308 00:19:42,200 --> 00:19:45,960 Speaker 1: benefit of all inhabitants thereof may be greatly advanced. There 309 00:19:46,040 --> 00:19:48,600 Speaker 1: is one very easy to be set afoot, which is 310 00:19:48,680 --> 00:19:52,760 Speaker 1: called an office of Address, whereby an orderly and effectual 311 00:19:52,800 --> 00:19:56,159 Speaker 1: correspondence and agency will be settled for the advancement of 312 00:19:56,280 --> 00:20:01,280 Speaker 1: universal learning, and all manner of arts in ingenuity, whereby 313 00:20:01,320 --> 00:20:04,119 Speaker 1: ready helps will be offered to supply the wants of 314 00:20:04,160 --> 00:20:08,800 Speaker 1: everyone without prejudice, unto any whereby all manner of commerce 315 00:20:08,880 --> 00:20:12,560 Speaker 1: will be mainly facilitated, and whereby everyone will be easily 316 00:20:12,560 --> 00:20:16,320 Speaker 1: accommodated with such things as may be lawfully used and 317 00:20:16,400 --> 00:20:20,399 Speaker 1: are usefully communicable unto everyone from each other in a 318 00:20:20,440 --> 00:20:24,040 Speaker 1: well ordered society or commonwealth, as it is more fully 319 00:20:24,080 --> 00:20:27,800 Speaker 1: specified and explained in the printed discourses that describe the 320 00:20:27,840 --> 00:20:31,800 Speaker 1: foreset office. Listen, This is one tiny part of a 321 00:20:31,920 --> 00:20:36,479 Speaker 1: very very verbose paper. Continuing, it is therefore most humbly 322 00:20:36,520 --> 00:20:39,399 Speaker 1: desired that the Parliament would be pleased to resolve upon 323 00:20:39,920 --> 00:20:43,240 Speaker 1: these following particulars as the matter of ordinance to be 324 00:20:43,320 --> 00:20:47,720 Speaker 1: passed by both houses. One that Samuel hartlib Esquire be 325 00:20:47,760 --> 00:20:53,560 Speaker 1: appointed Superintendent General of an offices of address Number one 326 00:20:53,600 --> 00:20:56,320 Speaker 1: indicates that there were additional points, and there were points 327 00:20:56,359 --> 00:20:59,840 Speaker 1: two through four. Asked that heartlib be paid two hundred 328 00:20:59,880 --> 00:21:03,600 Speaker 1: pounds annually for this work, that he could charge users 329 00:21:03,640 --> 00:21:05,840 Speaker 1: a small fee to pay the wages of the clerks 330 00:21:05,840 --> 00:21:10,520 Speaker 1: and registers, and that quote a convenient great house be 331 00:21:10,600 --> 00:21:14,359 Speaker 1: set aside for Heartlib to establish this office. The rest 332 00:21:14,359 --> 00:21:16,919 Speaker 1: of the document goes over the particulars of how the 333 00:21:16,960 --> 00:21:21,240 Speaker 1: office would be run and emphasizes the great benefit this 334 00:21:21,320 --> 00:21:24,879 Speaker 1: would be to all. While the Office of Address was 335 00:21:24,960 --> 00:21:29,199 Speaker 1: never formally established, Heartlib was granted an annual pension of 336 00:21:29,280 --> 00:21:33,160 Speaker 1: three hundred pounds. That number is sometimes reported as two 337 00:21:33,240 --> 00:21:36,600 Speaker 1: hundred or even one hundred pounds, depending on the source, 338 00:21:36,760 --> 00:21:40,880 Speaker 1: But as biographer George Turnbull explained in the nineteen twenties, 339 00:21:41,480 --> 00:21:45,040 Speaker 1: that payment was not really the portent of success that 340 00:21:45,119 --> 00:21:49,080 Speaker 1: it seemed to be. He wrote quote, Ultimately Parliament officially 341 00:21:49,119 --> 00:21:53,199 Speaker 1: recognized him and made arrangements for financial support, thereby raising 342 00:21:53,240 --> 00:21:56,800 Speaker 1: Heartlib's hopes of the near approach of the millennium to 343 00:21:56,880 --> 00:22:01,520 Speaker 1: the highest pitch, but they only flattered to The political 344 00:22:01,560 --> 00:22:06,159 Speaker 1: atmosphere was too troubled to allow of the prosecution of 345 00:22:06,240 --> 00:22:10,760 Speaker 1: such magnanimous designs, and as has already been indicated, the 346 00:22:10,800 --> 00:22:16,040 Speaker 1: financial support promised was irregularly paid and finally ceased altogether. 347 00:22:17,280 --> 00:22:20,320 Speaker 1: So this annual payment was more like lip service to 348 00:22:20,320 --> 00:22:24,239 Speaker 1: Playkate Heartlib. They didn't even keep up with it. This 349 00:22:24,359 --> 00:22:28,120 Speaker 1: must have become a men'sly frustrating for Samuel Hartlib, as 350 00:22:28,280 --> 00:22:31,400 Speaker 1: he believed the Office of Address would be the culmination 351 00:22:31,520 --> 00:22:34,160 Speaker 1: of all of his life's work. It would enable him 352 00:22:34,200 --> 00:22:39,000 Speaker 1: to fully manifest his goal of education for all. He'd 353 00:22:39,000 --> 00:22:41,080 Speaker 1: already been doing this sort of work at his own 354 00:22:41,119 --> 00:22:44,240 Speaker 1: personal expense, and he knew that people found it valuable, 355 00:22:44,800 --> 00:22:47,880 Speaker 1: but it was simply not perceived as valuable enough for 356 00:22:48,000 --> 00:22:52,040 Speaker 1: Parliament to put money and resources behind it, Just the 357 00:22:52,080 --> 00:22:55,800 Speaker 1: same with the money he was awarded when it was 358 00:22:55,840 --> 00:22:59,840 Speaker 1: paid out. Heartlib did continue to expand his personal efforts 359 00:22:59,840 --> 00:23:04,879 Speaker 1: to sending materials and correspondents throughout his wide network of associates. 360 00:23:05,400 --> 00:23:09,080 Speaker 1: He continued to publish pamphlets offering information on a variety 361 00:23:09,080 --> 00:23:14,360 Speaker 1: of topics, although agricultural subjects were particularly frequent. We will 362 00:23:14,400 --> 00:23:17,399 Speaker 1: talk about some of Hartlib's other writing and the nature 363 00:23:17,560 --> 00:23:20,600 Speaker 1: of his connection to the Royal Society after we hear 364 00:23:20,640 --> 00:23:23,399 Speaker 1: from some of the sponsors that keep the show going. 365 00:23:33,119 --> 00:23:35,800 Speaker 1: One of the projects that Samuel Hartlib worked on for 366 00:23:35,840 --> 00:23:39,639 Speaker 1: decades was something he called ethe Verities. This was an 367 00:23:39,720 --> 00:23:44,720 Speaker 1: ongoing record snippets really of information about interesting developments in 368 00:23:44,800 --> 00:23:47,760 Speaker 1: the realms of science and culture and things of note 369 00:23:47,880 --> 00:23:51,119 Speaker 1: that were related to advancements in human knowledge. It was 370 00:23:51,280 --> 00:23:54,360 Speaker 1: sort of like Peep's diary, but it didn't include any 371 00:23:54,400 --> 00:23:57,600 Speaker 1: of Hartlib's own day to day doings unless it was 372 00:23:57,640 --> 00:24:01,919 Speaker 1: specifically about acquiring some of this information. He started writing 373 00:24:02,000 --> 00:24:05,400 Speaker 1: Femerites in sixteen thirty five, and it continued until sixteen 374 00:24:05,440 --> 00:24:09,040 Speaker 1: fifty nine. For example, an entry from sixteen thirty five 375 00:24:09,160 --> 00:24:12,480 Speaker 1: reads Bortwit knows a countryman of his who is about 376 00:24:12,480 --> 00:24:15,840 Speaker 1: to make a collection out of English divinity books nb. 377 00:24:16,000 --> 00:24:19,800 Speaker 1: It will confer with Darius about it, as also about 378 00:24:19,800 --> 00:24:23,240 Speaker 1: his own work, which is a catechism of conscience. A 379 00:24:23,320 --> 00:24:26,800 Speaker 1: sixteen fifty note states, quote the twenty eighth of February, 380 00:24:26,880 --> 00:24:29,280 Speaker 1: mister Worsley sent me the receipt to be given to 381 00:24:29,400 --> 00:24:33,160 Speaker 1: mister Osmusingh concerning the spirit of Tartar, which he got 382 00:24:33,160 --> 00:24:37,000 Speaker 1: from mister Morion as a special present, who seriously affirmed 383 00:24:37,080 --> 00:24:41,040 Speaker 1: unto him that it cost five hundred guilders. Spirit of 384 00:24:41,080 --> 00:24:43,600 Speaker 1: Tartar was a reference to a distillate that was used 385 00:24:43,640 --> 00:24:47,600 Speaker 1: in alchemical experiments, probably why it was so pricey. Uh. 386 00:24:48,240 --> 00:24:51,000 Speaker 1: One of these entries from sixteen fifty five reads a 387 00:24:51,040 --> 00:24:53,879 Speaker 1: woman in England burning a smock one of her women 388 00:24:53,880 --> 00:24:57,120 Speaker 1: neighbors came bouncing at the door and entreated with all 389 00:24:57,320 --> 00:24:59,840 Speaker 1: entreaties that she might come in, which if she had 390 00:24:59,880 --> 00:25:02,919 Speaker 1: a obtained she would have killed. But not prevailing, she 391 00:25:02,960 --> 00:25:05,960 Speaker 1: went home and was found dead. This is a true 392 00:25:06,000 --> 00:25:09,679 Speaker 1: story related by doctor Mayerne to the King. These are 393 00:25:09,680 --> 00:25:14,400 Speaker 1: the kind of entries in the f Marites in more 394 00:25:14,600 --> 00:25:19,280 Speaker 1: Tame Fair. In sixteen fifty four, Hartlib published True and 395 00:25:19,440 --> 00:25:23,199 Speaker 1: Ready Way to Learn the Latin Tongue, which was of 396 00:25:23,240 --> 00:25:26,200 Speaker 1: course part of his effort to make more religious texts 397 00:25:26,320 --> 00:25:30,159 Speaker 1: readable to a wider range of people. He published several 398 00:25:30,240 --> 00:25:34,639 Speaker 1: dozen pamphlets and various short books throughout his life. In 399 00:25:34,680 --> 00:25:39,600 Speaker 1: sixteen sixty, the Restoration reshaped England's government, as Charles the 400 00:25:39,640 --> 00:25:43,920 Speaker 1: Second became king and the monarchy was re established. As 401 00:25:44,040 --> 00:25:47,000 Speaker 1: many of the decisions of the Long Parliament were rolled back. 402 00:25:47,359 --> 00:25:52,040 Speaker 1: Hartlib officially lost his annual pension. That was also the 403 00:25:52,080 --> 00:25:55,520 Speaker 1: same year that the Royal Society was founded, but Heartlib 404 00:25:55,680 --> 00:25:59,520 Speaker 1: was not invited to be a member, neither was John Durry. 405 00:26:00,240 --> 00:26:03,879 Speaker 1: There were eight fellows elected in the original sixteen sixty group, 406 00:26:04,000 --> 00:26:08,480 Speaker 1: and there was some crossover among them with Heartlib's unofficial circle. 407 00:26:09,680 --> 00:26:12,080 Speaker 1: You may have heard if you've done any reading about 408 00:26:12,080 --> 00:26:16,280 Speaker 1: the early years of the Royal Society of the Invisible College, 409 00:26:16,520 --> 00:26:20,040 Speaker 1: and that was another similar group to the Heartlib Circle, 410 00:26:20,280 --> 00:26:23,240 Speaker 1: which included men who shared information with one another through 411 00:26:23,240 --> 00:26:28,760 Speaker 1: correspondence and in person meetings. George Turnbull and other scholars 412 00:26:28,800 --> 00:26:31,960 Speaker 1: have written about this and just how much connection there 413 00:26:32,119 --> 00:26:35,879 Speaker 1: was between Heartlib and the founding fellows of the Royal Society. 414 00:26:36,840 --> 00:26:40,000 Speaker 1: Many of those men are certainly mentioned in his correspondence. 415 00:26:40,480 --> 00:26:43,960 Speaker 1: Irish chemist Robert Boyle, who came up recently in Our 416 00:26:44,800 --> 00:26:47,119 Speaker 1: Modern Inventions that Aren't Episode and who is on my 417 00:26:47,200 --> 00:26:50,400 Speaker 1: short list, wrote to Heartlib on more than one occasion, 418 00:26:50,760 --> 00:26:53,679 Speaker 1: and there's evidence of direct connection with others who were 419 00:26:53,720 --> 00:26:57,359 Speaker 1: Founding Fellows and even Mormon who were invited to become 420 00:26:57,440 --> 00:27:01,199 Speaker 1: fellows later. There were clearly a number of them in 421 00:27:01,240 --> 00:27:03,920 Speaker 1: his correspondence network, and quite a few of them sent 422 00:27:04,040 --> 00:27:07,399 Speaker 1: information to him to be cataloged and shared, and in 423 00:27:07,440 --> 00:27:10,080 Speaker 1: some cases he consulted with them to get their take 424 00:27:10,160 --> 00:27:14,920 Speaker 1: on various scientific matters. In some cases, Samuel Hartlib also 425 00:27:14,960 --> 00:27:19,280 Speaker 1: acted as a sort of informational middleman, receiving information from 426 00:27:19,359 --> 00:27:22,200 Speaker 1: one of these men with instructions to give it only 427 00:27:22,240 --> 00:27:25,760 Speaker 1: to one specific person. Another one of these men who 428 00:27:25,760 --> 00:27:29,600 Speaker 1: became a fellow. He was clearly trusted and was considered 429 00:27:29,640 --> 00:27:33,680 Speaker 1: knowledgeable about all manner of subjects. So for a lot 430 00:27:33,680 --> 00:27:36,760 Speaker 1: of people, the question arises, why then, was Heartlib not 431 00:27:36,960 --> 00:27:41,359 Speaker 1: included in the Royal Society. Turndall lays out some reasons. 432 00:27:41,680 --> 00:27:44,720 Speaker 1: For one, Heartland may have been seen as a trusted 433 00:27:44,840 --> 00:27:47,920 Speaker 1: friend and a conveyor of information, but maybe not as 434 00:27:47,960 --> 00:27:52,439 Speaker 1: an equal quote Heartlib seems to have gone little further 435 00:27:52,600 --> 00:27:55,800 Speaker 1: with these men than to act as a receiver, seeker 436 00:27:55,920 --> 00:28:00,000 Speaker 1: and disseminator of information, including letters and writings about them 437 00:27:59,720 --> 00:28:03,280 Speaker 1: and them, and thereby to help them in their work. 438 00:28:04,160 --> 00:28:09,240 Speaker 1: Turnbull also cites several instances where people mentioned that Heartlib 439 00:28:09,359 --> 00:28:13,080 Speaker 1: appears to be very interested in the collection and dissemination 440 00:28:13,240 --> 00:28:17,119 Speaker 1: of their scientific writing, but not in the writing itself. 441 00:28:18,480 --> 00:28:21,400 Speaker 1: And in one case there's a letter to Hartlib from 442 00:28:21,480 --> 00:28:25,160 Speaker 1: German theologian Henry Oldenberg that states that, quote, you care 443 00:28:25,320 --> 00:28:29,960 Speaker 1: not much for the philosophical discourses of our clubs. So 444 00:28:30,080 --> 00:28:34,000 Speaker 1: he wasn't directly involved in the activities of the group 445 00:28:34,000 --> 00:28:36,960 Speaker 1: that eventually became the Royal Society, although he was clearly 446 00:28:37,000 --> 00:28:40,720 Speaker 1: on friendly terms with its members. It also seems like 447 00:28:40,760 --> 00:28:44,120 Speaker 1: Hartlib himself was not all that interested in the Royal Society. 448 00:28:44,200 --> 00:28:46,520 Speaker 1: He saw it as a piece of a bigger vision 449 00:28:46,800 --> 00:28:51,320 Speaker 1: that he had of a democratized knowledge utopia. Yeah, he 450 00:28:51,360 --> 00:28:54,600 Speaker 1: wrote about this idea of a utopia many times, and 451 00:28:54,720 --> 00:28:57,160 Speaker 1: the founding of a society like this seemed like, of course, 452 00:28:57,440 --> 00:29:01,600 Speaker 1: that's the next step to get to my utopia. Following 453 00:29:01,640 --> 00:29:05,880 Speaker 1: the loss of his occasional pension from Parliament, Hartley really 454 00:29:06,000 --> 00:29:10,000 Speaker 1: had a very difficult time financially. He had never really 455 00:29:10,040 --> 00:29:12,080 Speaker 1: had a lot of money, and what he did have 456 00:29:12,200 --> 00:29:17,520 Speaker 1: he largely funneled into this universal Education project. Even before 457 00:29:17,640 --> 00:29:21,240 Speaker 1: sixteen sixty, though, when that money was cut off, Hartlebb 458 00:29:21,320 --> 00:29:25,080 Speaker 1: was having a variety of health issues, including ulcers and 459 00:29:25,160 --> 00:29:29,560 Speaker 1: possibly kidney stones. His son in law, Amanding Claudius, was 460 00:29:29,600 --> 00:29:33,080 Speaker 1: his doctor and worked to manage his various ailments, although 461 00:29:33,160 --> 00:29:35,840 Speaker 1: it sounds like there really wasn't a lot of relief there. 462 00:29:36,280 --> 00:29:39,320 Speaker 1: When he did get relief, it was quite temporary. In 463 00:29:39,400 --> 00:29:42,480 Speaker 1: sixteen sixty he had some sort of attack that left 464 00:29:42,560 --> 00:29:46,760 Speaker 1: him with temporary limb paralysis, although he did recover. I 465 00:29:46,880 --> 00:29:50,600 Speaker 1: was reading various descriptions of it, and it didn't quite 466 00:29:50,760 --> 00:29:53,440 Speaker 1: sound like a stroke to me, although it could have been. 467 00:29:54,400 --> 00:29:57,640 Speaker 1: But that incident scared him a lot, and he became 468 00:29:57,720 --> 00:30:00,640 Speaker 1: constantly fearful that it was going to happen again and 469 00:30:00,680 --> 00:30:03,920 Speaker 1: that he would be what he called useless to make 470 00:30:03,960 --> 00:30:07,440 Speaker 1: things worse. He also had a number of significant life 471 00:30:07,520 --> 00:30:11,720 Speaker 1: stressers in the early sixteen sixties. His wife Mary died 472 00:30:11,880 --> 00:30:15,200 Speaker 1: in sixteen sixty. In sixteen sixty one, he had some 473 00:30:15,240 --> 00:30:18,440 Speaker 1: sort of problem with the business associate that had been 474 00:30:18,480 --> 00:30:22,440 Speaker 1: storing his books and he lost all the remaining copies 475 00:30:22,520 --> 00:30:25,840 Speaker 1: of his book catalog. Then there was a fire at 476 00:30:25,840 --> 00:30:28,880 Speaker 1: his house. He blamed a young member of the house 477 00:30:28,920 --> 00:30:33,800 Speaker 1: staff for mishandling a stove for starting that fire. While 478 00:30:33,840 --> 00:30:36,560 Speaker 1: the fire was caught before it could burn the house down, 479 00:30:36,600 --> 00:30:40,000 Speaker 1: it did cause a lot of damage. Heartlib died on 480 00:30:40,080 --> 00:30:44,120 Speaker 1: March twelfth, sixteen sixty two, in his London home. Yeah, 481 00:30:44,160 --> 00:30:47,040 Speaker 1: it is possible he had another one of those intense 482 00:30:47,120 --> 00:30:49,960 Speaker 1: events that caused some paralysis, may or may not have 483 00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:53,520 Speaker 1: been a stroke, etc. Were it not for a somewhat 484 00:30:53,560 --> 00:30:57,840 Speaker 1: wild series of events, Heartlib may have faded almost entirely 485 00:30:57,920 --> 00:31:01,520 Speaker 1: from history. His papers, which were extensive and included his 486 00:31:01,680 --> 00:31:05,120 Speaker 1: years and years of correspondence were purchased after his death 487 00:31:05,160 --> 00:31:07,920 Speaker 1: by a man named William Brereton, a member of the 488 00:31:07,960 --> 00:31:12,360 Speaker 1: Royal Society, who took them to his family's estate. After 489 00:31:12,400 --> 00:31:14,640 Speaker 1: they were organized with the help even of some of 490 00:31:14,680 --> 00:31:18,200 Speaker 1: Hertlb's associates. They were stored there at Brereton Hall, and 491 00:31:18,240 --> 00:31:22,440 Speaker 1: then everybody kind of forgot them. The Brereton estate stayed 492 00:31:22,480 --> 00:31:25,160 Speaker 1: in the family until eighteen seventeen, when it was sold 493 00:31:25,160 --> 00:31:27,960 Speaker 1: to a merchant named John Howard, and then the house 494 00:31:28,080 --> 00:31:31,239 Speaker 1: changed hands at least one more time, and possibly more 495 00:31:31,280 --> 00:31:34,960 Speaker 1: than that before George Turnbull, who we've referenced a couple times, 496 00:31:34,960 --> 00:31:38,520 Speaker 1: who wrote that nineteen twenty biography we mentioned earlier, was 497 00:31:38,560 --> 00:31:41,560 Speaker 1: contacted by a lawyer who said that he had a 498 00:31:41,640 --> 00:31:44,560 Speaker 1: huge stash of HEARTLB papers that had been brought to 499 00:31:44,600 --> 00:31:47,400 Speaker 1: him by the current owner of the property because they 500 00:31:47,440 --> 00:31:49,400 Speaker 1: had found them, did not want them, but thought they 501 00:31:49,480 --> 00:31:53,280 Speaker 1: might be useful. Turnbull, who was teaching at the University 502 00:31:53,280 --> 00:31:55,680 Speaker 1: of Sheffield at that time, and this, by the way, 503 00:31:55,720 --> 00:31:59,760 Speaker 1: happened after he had published his biography, had become the 504 00:32:00,080 --> 00:32:02,520 Speaker 1: or most Heartlib scholar that anybody could think of, so 505 00:32:02,960 --> 00:32:06,160 Speaker 1: he was the obvious recipient of these papers. And he 506 00:32:06,240 --> 00:32:08,560 Speaker 1: accepted them, and he brought them home where he worked 507 00:32:08,560 --> 00:32:10,640 Speaker 1: with them until the end of his life in the 508 00:32:10,720 --> 00:32:14,800 Speaker 1: nineteen sixties, and at that point Turnbull's wife gave the 509 00:32:14,840 --> 00:32:19,040 Speaker 1: papers to the University of Sheffield. The school started a 510 00:32:19,080 --> 00:32:22,760 Speaker 1: digitization project with the collection in the nineteen nineties and 511 00:32:22,800 --> 00:32:26,880 Speaker 1: today the entirety of the heartlib papers is available online 512 00:32:27,000 --> 00:32:30,120 Speaker 1: for free. And it is through these papers that modern 513 00:32:30,200 --> 00:32:34,120 Speaker 1: historians have really learned and understood the true extent of 514 00:32:34,160 --> 00:32:38,480 Speaker 1: Heartlib's influence and impact, and new analyzes of these connections 515 00:32:38,520 --> 00:32:41,200 Speaker 1: continue to be published today. As we said, that other 516 00:32:41,240 --> 00:32:45,360 Speaker 1: biography just came out months ago, and that biography is 517 00:32:45,400 --> 00:32:48,480 Speaker 1: also in the spirit of Heartlib, available for free online. 518 00:32:48,520 --> 00:32:51,120 Speaker 1: Even though it's a nice book, it is in our 519 00:32:51,120 --> 00:32:52,840 Speaker 1: show notes, so to a look for it. It is 520 00:32:53,800 --> 00:32:57,720 Speaker 1: the one that is written by Charles Webster. It is 521 00:32:57,840 --> 00:32:59,320 Speaker 1: going to be one of the last ones in our 522 00:32:59,320 --> 00:33:03,320 Speaker 1: show notes. Paid yeah, and you can go there's literally 523 00:33:03,320 --> 00:33:06,080 Speaker 1: on the publisher's page. It's like get book for free 524 00:33:06,120 --> 00:33:07,560 Speaker 1: and you just pop right there and get the whole 525 00:33:07,600 --> 00:33:11,640 Speaker 1: thing is PDF, nice, perfect, perfect. So if you want 526 00:33:11,640 --> 00:33:14,800 Speaker 1: to get the in depth, real real on Samuel Hartlin, 527 00:33:15,080 --> 00:33:18,600 Speaker 1: do it there. You go. You have some listener mail. 528 00:33:19,040 --> 00:33:21,479 Speaker 1: I do, and this is how to title an email 529 00:33:21,560 --> 00:33:27,240 Speaker 1: to make sure I read it. Boys and Barry Murder. Yeah, 530 00:33:27,280 --> 00:33:30,040 Speaker 1: this is from our listener. I don't know if it's 531 00:33:30,080 --> 00:33:34,760 Speaker 1: pronounced Andrea or Andrea either who writes. I'm a high 532 00:33:34,760 --> 00:33:36,760 Speaker 1: school history teacher, so I just wanted to thank you 533 00:33:36,800 --> 00:33:39,440 Speaker 1: for the continual outlet to learn and grow. I am 534 00:33:39,560 --> 00:33:42,680 Speaker 1: very behind and just listen to the eponymous Fruits episode. 535 00:33:43,280 --> 00:33:46,400 Speaker 1: I grew up in Anaheim, California, very near Pearson Park 536 00:33:46,480 --> 00:33:50,000 Speaker 1: that was mentioned as part of Rudy Boysen's development project 537 00:33:50,040 --> 00:33:53,000 Speaker 1: for the city. The park also has a cactus garden 538 00:33:53,080 --> 00:33:55,600 Speaker 1: named after him. We also have a boys in Park 539 00:33:55,640 --> 00:33:59,040 Speaker 1: in Anaheim named after him as well. I currently live 540 00:33:59,040 --> 00:34:01,760 Speaker 1: in Fullerton, that was mentioned as the city mister Boyson 541 00:34:01,840 --> 00:34:04,400 Speaker 1: lived in. My house is over one hundred and ten 542 00:34:04,480 --> 00:34:07,320 Speaker 1: years old, which is ancient for the West Coast. When 543 00:34:07,320 --> 00:34:09,800 Speaker 1: I moved in, there was a strange growth of boison 544 00:34:09,800 --> 00:34:13,600 Speaker 1: berries in my backyard. When you mentioned boison had berries 545 00:34:13,640 --> 00:34:16,200 Speaker 1: growing in a ditch in his yard, I immediately had 546 00:34:16,239 --> 00:34:19,840 Speaker 1: an overwhelming feeling of guilt. What if my house was 547 00:34:19,920 --> 00:34:24,200 Speaker 1: mister Boyson's house. I felt guilt because I intentionally killed 548 00:34:24,239 --> 00:34:26,840 Speaker 1: those berries a few years back. They were riding my 549 00:34:26,960 --> 00:34:30,160 Speaker 1: last nerve and pricked me one too many times. Anyways, 550 00:34:30,440 --> 00:34:32,440 Speaker 1: I may have murdered a historic plant, and I will 551 00:34:32,440 --> 00:34:35,800 Speaker 1: feel guilty until I'm able to find mister Boyson's exact 552 00:34:35,840 --> 00:34:38,960 Speaker 1: address to vindicate myself. I plan on doing some research 553 00:34:38,960 --> 00:34:41,680 Speaker 1: in the City Library history room during my summer break. 554 00:34:42,200 --> 00:34:44,800 Speaker 1: I've had my PhD in stuff you missed a history class, 555 00:34:44,840 --> 00:34:48,680 Speaker 1: but since having twins, I have been continually behind. Listen, 556 00:34:48,920 --> 00:34:51,160 Speaker 1: no shame in that game. I don't have twins and 557 00:34:51,200 --> 00:34:54,759 Speaker 1: I can't keep up with anything. No uh, Andrea continues 558 00:34:54,800 --> 00:34:58,200 Speaker 1: only my second time emailing. In these frustrating times, I 559 00:34:58,239 --> 00:35:01,720 Speaker 1: have appreciated the allusions to fred strations in politics because 560 00:35:01,760 --> 00:35:04,560 Speaker 1: I have had to deactivate social media and stop listening 561 00:35:04,560 --> 00:35:08,160 Speaker 1: to NPR as a form of self preservation. The positive 562 00:35:08,239 --> 00:35:10,560 Speaker 1: is I am catching up on your podcast much faster. 563 00:35:11,280 --> 00:35:14,360 Speaker 1: Attached are some pictures of pie from a three fourteen 564 00:35:14,440 --> 00:35:18,400 Speaker 1: Pie Day celebration. The moon pie reminded me of George Maliez, 565 00:35:18,520 --> 00:35:21,480 Speaker 1: and I just thought you would enjoy the Lichtenstein pie. 566 00:35:21,760 --> 00:35:25,480 Speaker 1: My pet tax is my dogs, Barack Obama and my 567 00:35:25,600 --> 00:35:29,280 Speaker 1: cane Corso mix Rosie the riveter German shepherd and Loki, 568 00:35:29,440 --> 00:35:32,040 Speaker 1: my twelve year old black cat. Wishing you positive vibes 569 00:35:32,040 --> 00:35:35,799 Speaker 1: in these wild times. I can't remember and I did 570 00:35:35,800 --> 00:35:39,040 Speaker 1: not go back and look at my outline for that one, 571 00:35:39,120 --> 00:35:44,239 Speaker 1: but I think the original ditch got identified, so I 572 00:35:44,280 --> 00:35:47,200 Speaker 1: think you're probably safe because you would know, and those 573 00:35:47,239 --> 00:35:50,000 Speaker 1: original you know, the bois And farm that is still 574 00:35:50,400 --> 00:35:55,319 Speaker 1: producing boisonberries today has plants in some cases that are 575 00:35:56,280 --> 00:35:58,960 Speaker 1: from or directly related to those original plants. So I'm 576 00:35:59,000 --> 00:36:02,279 Speaker 1: here to you of your guilt. You're fine. You didn't 577 00:36:02,320 --> 00:36:07,320 Speaker 1: kill anything historical. The history grows on in many places. Also, man, 578 00:36:07,880 --> 00:36:10,680 Speaker 1: Loki looks like my kind of cat, and Tracy's all black, 579 00:36:11,480 --> 00:36:13,880 Speaker 1: but the facial expression is the real cell that is 580 00:36:13,920 --> 00:36:17,200 Speaker 1: a like yeah for real with the pictures kind of face. 581 00:36:18,239 --> 00:36:22,840 Speaker 1: Your pups are so sweet. I want to kiss those snoots. 582 00:36:22,880 --> 00:36:26,840 Speaker 1: And I love pictures of pie for sure. The moonpie 583 00:36:26,960 --> 00:36:29,640 Speaker 1: is very beautiful and I love it. These are spectacular. 584 00:36:29,960 --> 00:36:31,680 Speaker 1: So thank you, thank you, thank you, because this is 585 00:36:31,719 --> 00:36:34,719 Speaker 1: a very fun email to read. Thank you again for 586 00:36:34,760 --> 00:36:37,240 Speaker 1: being an educator. I feel like we cannot think educators 587 00:36:37,360 --> 00:36:41,880 Speaker 1: enough right now. Thank you for sharing your story and 588 00:36:41,920 --> 00:36:45,719 Speaker 1: I'm glad that I can banish your guilt. I hope. 589 00:36:47,000 --> 00:36:49,040 Speaker 1: I had this vision in my head of like a 590 00:36:49,160 --> 00:36:51,880 Speaker 1: rosary meat out of boys and berry somebody else, but 591 00:36:53,800 --> 00:36:58,160 Speaker 1: to anybody but me anyway, Thank you, thank you, thank you. 592 00:36:58,239 --> 00:36:59,839 Speaker 1: If you would like to write to us and tell 593 00:36:59,840 --> 00:37:02,560 Speaker 1: you about plants that may or may not be historical 594 00:37:02,640 --> 00:37:07,120 Speaker 1: that you're worried you've killed somehow destroyed history again you haven't, 595 00:37:08,440 --> 00:37:13,160 Speaker 1: you can do that history podcast at iHeartRadio dot com. 596 00:37:13,480 --> 00:37:17,600 Speaker 1: You can find the show notes for all of our episodes, 597 00:37:17,760 --> 00:37:21,640 Speaker 1: and this one, of course included at Mistonhistory dot com. 598 00:37:22,400 --> 00:37:26,319 Speaker 1: Like I said, that last openly available biography that was 599 00:37:26,440 --> 00:37:30,440 Speaker 1: written by a really well researched scholar just last year 600 00:37:30,480 --> 00:37:32,640 Speaker 1: is available online and it's the last entry in the 601 00:37:32,640 --> 00:37:35,600 Speaker 1: show notes there. Just scroll on down and click right through. 602 00:37:36,840 --> 00:37:39,440 Speaker 1: If you would like to subscribe to the podcast and 603 00:37:39,480 --> 00:37:41,359 Speaker 1: you haven't done that yet, you can do that on 604 00:37:41,400 --> 00:37:46,480 Speaker 1: the iHeartRadio app or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. 605 00:37:50,440 --> 00:37:53,560 Speaker 1: Stuff you Missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. 606 00:37:53,880 --> 00:37:58,480 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, 607 00:37:58,600 --> 00:38:01,279 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your face for shows, m