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Speaker 1: Welcome to Brainstuff from stuff works dot com, where smart happens. Hi,

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Speaker 1: Am Marshall Brandon, Welcome back for the third installment of

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Speaker 1: our Friday News round up. What's the biggest thing that

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Speaker 1: happened this week? From a technology and hype standpoint, it's

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Speaker 1: probably the whole Jeopardy thing and IBM s Watson supercomputer.

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Speaker 1: The system has almost three thousand cores and fifteen terabytes

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Speaker 1: of RAM, not fifteen gigabytes, fifteen trillion bytes of RAM.

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Speaker 1: That gives it about two thousand times the power of

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Speaker 1: today's one thousand dollar desktop machine that you might get

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Speaker 1: at best Buy or someplace like that. So how did

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Speaker 1: Watson answer all these questions on Jeopardy? According to IBM,

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Speaker 1: they fed Watson one terabyte of plain text information. So

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Speaker 1: they fed it the entire English version of Wikipedia, which

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Speaker 1: is something like seventeen million articles and fourteen gigabytes of

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Speaker 1: text information. They also fed it another entire encyclopedia, a

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Speaker 1: whole dictionary, a fasaurus, the Internet movie database, and lots

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Speaker 1: and lots of other stuff. They didn't have to structure

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Speaker 1: that data. It all went in as plain text, so

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Speaker 1: it wasn't like human being sat there and made little

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Speaker 1: knowledge structures out of it or something like that. This

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Speaker 1: plane text went in and that's what Watson used when

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Speaker 1: he was answering these questions because they used plain text.

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Speaker 1: What they're hoping is that this technology can be used

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Speaker 1: to create much better question answering systems in the real

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Speaker 1: world in the future, say for a call center or

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Speaker 1: for doctors to used with medical information or something like that.

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Speaker 1: You could imagine Google one day being able to really

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Speaker 1: answer any question you ask it in plain English with

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Speaker 1: a good solid answer, and that would be a nice thing. Flip.

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Speaker 1: Speaking of supercomputers, the Department of Energy is hoping to

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Speaker 1: get a hundred and twenty six million dollars to spend

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Speaker 1: on the first excess scale supercomputer. This would be a

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Speaker 1: major accomplishment since the fastest supercomputers today are in the

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Speaker 1: one pedal flop range. A pedal flop is a quadrillion

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Speaker 1: floating point operations per second, which is a thousand trillion

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Speaker 1: floating point operations and x a flop would be a

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Speaker 1: thousand times faster than a pedal flop or a quintillion

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Speaker 1: floating point operations per second. So for comparison, it's thought

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Speaker 1: that the human brain the one that's sitting inside your

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Speaker 1: head right now is doing about ten pedal flops. Maybe

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Speaker 1: they're organized really well. You know, you have a vision

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Speaker 1: processor and a language processor, and I don't know a

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Speaker 1: Justin Bieber processor if you're a teenager. But we are

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Speaker 1: getting there in terms of raw computing power to the

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Speaker 1: point where you could simulate a brain in theory blip.

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Speaker 1: So how long will it be until you have a

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Speaker 1: pedal flop in your pocket? We got a little closer

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Speaker 1: this week when in Video announced its new call L

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Speaker 1: four core Tegra processor. Supposedly, we will see four cores

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Speaker 1: in tablets and smartphones by the end of this summer,

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Speaker 1: say August of two thousand eleven. Plus. This chip includes

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Speaker 1: a twelve core graphics card on the chip as well,

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Speaker 1: and it uses just two watts or so. It's an

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Speaker 1: amazing accomplishment considering the same thing in a typical laptop

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Speaker 1: consumes about fifty watts. Right now, it means incredible computing

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Speaker 1: power and incredible battery life. In Video demonstrated it displaying

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Speaker 1: movies on a four d P display, not a ten

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Speaker 1: a DP display, a fourteen DP display, which is two thousand,

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Speaker 1: five hundred sixty pixels wide, and one was in pixels high.

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Speaker 1: That's almost twice as many pixels as HDTV, and it's

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Speaker 1: pretty common now to find high end monitors with that

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Speaker 1: many pixels. So in theory, you can get a tablet

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Speaker 1: computer in August, plug it into your giant p monitor,

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Speaker 1: and watch movies in the highest resolution ever Blip. I

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Speaker 1: did a podcast a couple of weeks ago where I

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Speaker 1: talked about the toy helicopter I bought for the kids.

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Speaker 1: It can fly for about seven minutes and it's very

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Speaker 1: precise when you're controlling it with the remote control. This week,

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Speaker 1: darpest showed off its new spy Hummingbird. It flies and

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Speaker 1: looks a lot like a hummingbird. Plus it has a

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Speaker 1: wireless video camera and microphone on board, so it can

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Speaker 1: fly land and then send an audio and video feed

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Speaker 1: to whoever wants to look at it. You can probably

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Speaker 1: expect to see one of these perched in a tree

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Speaker 1: in your yard in the near future. If you want

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Speaker 1: to see a video of this hummingbird flight, type interesting,

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Speaker 1: reading number six eighty nine into Google Blip. Scientists have

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Speaker 1: discovered a species of multicellular life that can survive in space,

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Speaker 1: not in a spaceship, but in actual space, including the

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Speaker 1: hard vacuum, the cosmic rays, the extreme temperature changes, and

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Speaker 1: all the rest. The species is called a water bear.

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Speaker 1: A typical water bear is about a millimeter long. When

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Speaker 1: it's an adult, it has eight legs and a hard

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Speaker 1: outer shell. They don't mind being completely dried out, and

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Speaker 1: then they come back to life when you put them

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Speaker 1: in water. Several thousand water bears were sent into orbit

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Speaker 1: for ten days, and when they were put into water,

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Speaker 1: some of them were still alive and they were able

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Speaker 1: to reproduce. None of them became a million times larger

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Speaker 1: and started to rampage a nearby city. Though unfortunately, you

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Speaker 1: might have to send something else into space to get

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Speaker 1: the Godzilla effect blip. Supposedly, the NPR show called This

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Speaker 1: American Life is on the verge of cracking the secret

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Speaker 1: recipe for Coca cola, and this recipe is now circulating

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Speaker 1: on the internet. Everything appears to be known except for

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Speaker 1: one super secret ingredient called seven X, which This American

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Speaker 1: Life is trying to crack as well. So what's in coke?

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Speaker 1: To make five gallons of syrup? You start with two

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Speaker 1: and a half gallons of water and thirty pounds of sugar.

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Speaker 1: Then you put in things like caffeine, lime juice, vanilla, cinnamon, nutmeg, lemon,

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Speaker 1: and orange oil, and even a cup of alcohol. If

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Speaker 1: you go to Interesting Reading number six eighty eight, you

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Speaker 1: can find the details of the recipe. But here's the thing.

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Speaker 1: I went to the grocery store this week and a

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Speaker 1: two lead bottle of coke is only cents. It's probably

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Speaker 1: easier to just buy it blip. Do you want to

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Speaker 1: get rid of a cold? I did a blog post

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Speaker 1: this week about one way to do it, using antihistamine

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Speaker 1: and mucus thinner on day one. The idea is that

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Speaker 1: if you see a cold coming on, like you start

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Speaker 1: to get that scratchy throat and the running nose and

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Speaker 1: the sneezing or whatever on that very first day, if

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Speaker 1: you hit it with antihistamines and mucus thinner and blowing

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Speaker 1: your nose a lot and using warm compresses, you can

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Speaker 1: get a lot of the crud out and that takes

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Speaker 1: a lot of the virus particles with it. Now science

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Speaker 1: has proven that there's another thing you can do to

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Speaker 1: stop colds, and this really works according to research, it's zinc.

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Speaker 1: They looked across dozens of studies, and they determined that

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Speaker 1: if you suck on zinc lozenges on day one, it

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Speaker 1: really does help to shorten the duration of the cold.

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Speaker 1: It might cut the duration in half, for example, and

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Speaker 1: it cuts way down on the cough part of the cold. Blip.

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Speaker 1: Colds can make you miserable, but science demonstrated another way

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Speaker 1: to bring on misery this week. It's Facebook. The more

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Speaker 1: Face Book friends you have supposedly the worst this Facebook

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Speaker 1: effect gets, according to tech Gui dot net quote. A

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Speaker 1: study from the psychology department of Edinburgh Napier University concludes

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Speaker 1: that all in all, the negative effects from being on

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Speaker 1: Facebook are outweighed by the benefits of staying in touch

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Speaker 1: with friends and family end quote. Plus. A new Jersey

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Speaker 1: cop recommended this week that if you're a parent, you

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Speaker 1: need to steal your kids Facebook password to keep track

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Speaker 1: of what they're doing on Facebook. If that wouldn't make

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Speaker 1: you miserable, I don't know what would. You can look

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Speaker 1: up interesting reading number six eight for details. Blip. China

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Speaker 1: is gearing up to make nuclear power from thorium. I've

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Speaker 1: written a fair amount about thorium power on the blog

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Speaker 1: because it's theoretically going to have a lot of advantages

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Speaker 1: over uranium power if you can get the bugs worked out.

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Speaker 1: Thorium is plentiful and it doesn't produce much high level

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Speaker 1: nuclear waste at all, meaning that no rogue nations are

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Speaker 1: going to be producing nuclear bombs out of a thorium

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Speaker 1: power plant. Plus the power plants could be a lot

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Speaker 1: smaller than a typical uranium power plant. But the US

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Speaker 1: and Canada have largely ignored thorium completely. They aren't looking

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Speaker 1: at it really at all. If China can make it work,

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Speaker 1: it would bring in a new era of cheap power

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Speaker 1: without the carbon emissions of coal, and that would be

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Speaker 1: a big deal in China. Blip. You may have heard

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Speaker 1: of thermoelectric generators. They turn heat directly into electricity. The

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Speaker 1: most famous thermoelectric generators in the universe are on the

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Speaker 1: Voyager spacecraft. Here, they take decaying plutonium to generate heat,

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Speaker 1: and the thermo electric generator makes electricity from that heat

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Speaker 1: for decades. That's why these Voyager spacecraft were able to

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Speaker 1: go off like I think they launched in the seventies

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Speaker 1: and they're still transmitting little bits of data today. Plutonium

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Speaker 1: has a half life of eighty seven years. I think,

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Speaker 1: so you can make a radio active thermoelectric generator that

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Speaker 1: has a really, really long lifespan. Well, here on Earth,

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Speaker 1: it'd be great to have thermo electric generators as well.

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Speaker 1: For example, you might hook one up to your hot

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Speaker 1: exhaust pipe and be able to generate electricity without having

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Speaker 1: to have an alternator that's sucking up engine power. That

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Speaker 1: would be a really nice way to increase fuel efficiency,

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Speaker 1: but we haven't had materials that generate enough electricity from

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Speaker 1: heat to make that practical. This week, scientists announced that

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Speaker 1: they have created a new material for thermo electric generators

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Speaker 1: that's better at generating electricity. So in theory, if they

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Speaker 1: can bring this to market, we could see all kinds

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Speaker 1: of interesting ways to generate power from waste heat blip.

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Speaker 1: NASA announced its design for a manned deep space vehicle

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Speaker 1: this week. This might be the kind of craft, for example,

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Speaker 1: to take people to Mars or maybe even to Jupiter.

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Speaker 1: It comes complete with a giant inflatable centrifuge to simulate gravity,

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Speaker 1: huge storage areas for food and water, living hoarders, robot arms,

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Speaker 1: landing craft, and so on. There are pictures of it

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Speaker 1: on the brain Stuff blog if you're interested. If you

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Speaker 1: type brain Stuff m M s e V, that's M

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Speaker 1: M s EV into Google, you can find the blog post.

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Speaker 1: Mm s EV stands for multimission space Exploration Vehicle. One

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Speaker 1: of the interesting things about it is that it's expandable,

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Speaker 1: so you could have a short version of it for

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Speaker 1: a Moon mission, and then make it much longer if

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Speaker 1: you need to go to Mars or Jupiter blip. Speaking

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Speaker 1: of NASA, they announced this week the possibility of a

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Speaker 1: gig enormous planet way out beyond Pluto in the ort Cloud.

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Speaker 1: They think it might be there because it might explain

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Speaker 1: why comments from the ort cloud get deflected towards the Sun.

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Speaker 1: It would need to be a out four times bigger

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Speaker 1: than Jupiter if it would were to really exist out there.

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Speaker 1: Other scientists think the idea of such a huge planet

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Speaker 1: as nuts. If you google Interesting Reading number six eight seven,

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Speaker 1: you can read about the controversy blip. The Mars five

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Speaker 1: hundred mission landed on Mars this week. You may recall

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Speaker 1: that this is a big experiment that locks six people

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Speaker 1: in a large wooden spacecraft simulator sitting on the ground

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Speaker 1: in Russia. They go through all the motions of a

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Speaker 1: real Mars flight, including the isolation, the transmission delays, the

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Speaker 1: interpersonal relationship messes, and so on. Imagine being cooped up

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Speaker 1: with six people in an RV for more than a year,

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Speaker 1: and you kind of get the idea of what it

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Speaker 1: would be like on this mission. This week, three members

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Speaker 1: of the mission you know in simulation, descended down onto

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Speaker 1: Mars and got to walk around on simulated Martian soil

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Speaker 1: collecting samples. It's called the Mars five hundred thing because

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Speaker 1: the whole simulation is going to take five twenty days

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Speaker 1: to see, like the trip out and then the landing

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Speaker 1: and then the trip back. They launched back on June

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Speaker 1: three of two thousand ten. Blip. And finally, you may

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Speaker 1: have heard that drug smugglers have used all kinds of

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Speaker 1: tricks to bring drugs into the United States. They have

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Speaker 1: people swallow the drugs, They put them inside the tires

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Speaker 1: of trucks, they fly them in private airplanes. They tunnel

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Speaker 1: between Mexico and the United States with great, big long

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Speaker 1: tunnels with little railroads inside of them. They've tried all

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Speaker 1: kinds of stuff. There have also been some small submarines built,

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Speaker 1: but this week the most amazing of the Narco submarine surfaced.

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Speaker 1: It was captured in Colombia. It's a hundred feet long

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Speaker 1: and it could hold eight tons of cocaine. There are

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Speaker 1: photos of it. If you're interested, go to Interesting Reading

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Speaker 1: number six eight seven. So until next time, my Marshall

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Speaker 1: brain have a great weekend. For more on this and

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Speaker 1: thousands of other topics, does that how stuffworks dot com

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Speaker 1: and don't forget to check out the brain stuff blog

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Speaker 1: on the house stuff works dot com home page. You

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Speaker 1: can also follow brain stuff on Facebook or Twitter at

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Speaker 1: brain stuff h s W. The House Stuff Works iPhone

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Speaker 1: app has arrived. Download it today on iTunes.