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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you Missed in History class from how

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Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I'm Katie Lambert and I'm Sarah Dowdy, and we've been

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Speaker 1: focusing a lot lately on charismatic rebel leaders and specifically

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Speaker 1: guerrilla warfare. We've talked about Garibaldi, and we've talked about

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Speaker 1: Tussaint Louverture, and we have another one for you today, Unti.

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Speaker 1: His name is Bar Kochba, and we had talked a

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Speaker 1: bit about some Jewish revolts in our podcast on King

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Speaker 1: Herod's Tomb. We talked a little bit about Massada, but this,

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Speaker 1: the Bar Cook Bar Revolt or the Second Jewish Revolt,

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Speaker 1: is an incredibly important event in Jewish history and one

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Speaker 1: that's Sarah and I had missed in history. So that's

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Speaker 1: what we're going to talk about today. And to give

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Speaker 1: you a very short summary, it's the Jews versus the

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Speaker 1: Romans in Judea one two, A D and spoiler alert,

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Speaker 1: the Romans win. But there's a lot more to it

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Speaker 1: than that, so things weren't always that bad between the

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Speaker 1: Jews and the Romans. We have Pompy subduing Judea in

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Speaker 1: sixty three b c. And between that we have Herod

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Speaker 1: and the mask of the innocence and that bit of

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Speaker 1: history that most people probably do know. Um. But there's

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Speaker 1: a policy of tolerance in this early Roman rule. They

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Speaker 1: didn't interfere much with Jewish religious practices, even though they

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Speaker 1: thought they were a bit strange, and they didn't understand

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Speaker 1: why Jews didn't eat pork or you know, have the

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Speaker 1: images of their God around, or why they circumcised babies.

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Speaker 1: But there wasn't a lot of animosity. It was more

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Speaker 1: just so look at your strange, quaint customs. But there

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Speaker 1: were some big differences, fundamental differences between the Jews and Romans.

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Speaker 1: I was reading a little bit from Martin Goodman's Rome

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Speaker 1: and Jerusalem, The Clash of Ancient Civilizations, and he was

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Speaker 1: saying basically that Rome was all about political and military power,

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Speaker 1: while Jerusalem was completely centered around religion, and this was

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Speaker 1: something that was bound to cause a clash at some

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Speaker 1: point or another. Yeah. It results in different ideas about

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Speaker 1: government and about people and about morality. Yeah. One example,

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Speaker 1: the Jews didn't celebrate birthdays with any kind of ritual. Um. Well,

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Speaker 1: that is a huge deal for Romans, especially celebrating the

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Speaker 1: Emperor's birthday. And to give you an idea of how

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Speaker 1: things usually went. The people the Romans conquered generally assimilated

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Speaker 1: fairly well into Roman culture. Local beliefs and local customs

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Speaker 1: were absorbed, and things usually went fairly smoothly. From there

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Speaker 1: by be trade offs. But things were different with the

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Speaker 1: Jews because their culture was so different and so specific,

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Speaker 1: especially when it came to religion, you know, being Monothy

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Speaker 1: monotheistic versus polytheistic. And while the Romans forced their other

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Speaker 1: conquered people into certain religious obligations, they didn't make the

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Speaker 1: Jews do that. They didn't make and worship the Roman gods,

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Speaker 1: for example. They let them stay with their one God,

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Speaker 1: and in return, the Jewish people prayed for the emperor

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Speaker 1: at the temple and offered sacrifices in his honor. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: so we've got a small amount of compromise at least

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Speaker 1: early on here. But in sixty six Eliezer, who was

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Speaker 1: a priest in Jerusalem, put his foot down basically and said,

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Speaker 1: you know, let's stop offering these sacrifices in honor of

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Speaker 1: the emperor. It's not appropriate. And this starts a showdown

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Speaker 1: which starts a huge revolt, which is the first Jewish Revolt.

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Speaker 1: It goes from sixty six to seventy and this is

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Speaker 1: not a little skirmish. It's a really really big deal,

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Speaker 1: you know. It's also known as the Great Revolt. And

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Speaker 1: during this time a lot of Jewish Christians fled Judea.

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Speaker 1: And in seventy the Romans won and destroyed the Second Temple,

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Speaker 1: which was an absolutely devastating loss to religious life and

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Speaker 1: to Jewish culture, and a million Jews died in this revolt.

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Speaker 1: So the revolt obviously results in some ages in attitude,

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Speaker 1: and the Romans start acting differently to the Jews in Jerusalem.

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Speaker 1: The rules get harder and stricter. And then there's another

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Speaker 1: event that changes things even further. Around the year one fourteen,

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Speaker 1: the Emperor Trajan starts a fight against the Parthians the

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Speaker 1: Persian Empire, and the Parthian Jews fought with their neighbors,

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Speaker 1: the Persians against the Romans, and meanwhile, Jews elsewhere in

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Speaker 1: the empire began to revolt, and in response for these

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Speaker 1: betrayals in their eyes, the Romans wiped out Jewish communities

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Speaker 1: in Cyprus, Libya, Alexandria, and Mesopotamian. So according to some people,

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Speaker 1: the Jewish diaspora had actually started before the Second Revolt,

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Speaker 1: but we'll talk about that a little more later. The

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Speaker 1: next event comes in one thirty when Emperor Hadrian first

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Speaker 1: shows up in Jerusalem, and he actually starts out with

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Speaker 1: a pretty lenient reign in regard to the Jews. He

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Speaker 1: even talks about letting them rebuild the temple. But he

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Speaker 1: later goes back on all of this and becomes a

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Speaker 1: very strict and harsh emperor, goes in the complete opposite direction.

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Speaker 1: The Jews of an accorded enemy status. He started deporting them,

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Speaker 1: and then he began to oppress their religious practices. He

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Speaker 1: banned circumcision. For example, he announced plans to build a

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Speaker 1: Roman temple on top of where the Temple of Jerusalem

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Speaker 1: used to be, which of course is a very sacred spot.

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Speaker 1: This is more than a slap in the face. This

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Speaker 1: is a desecration. When it's it's taking places of power

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Speaker 1: and trying to assume them, which is always an interesting

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Speaker 1: thing in history, at least for me. And there's also

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Speaker 1: a really terrible governor of Judea at the time, to

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Speaker 1: Nius Rufus, who was said to take advantage of Jewish

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Speaker 1: women and um just generally bad guy to have in charge.

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Speaker 1: So if you're living as a Jew in Jerusalem at

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Speaker 1: this time, you can't practice your religion the way that

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Speaker 1: you want. You're being governed by a terrible emperor and

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Speaker 1: possibly an even more terrible governor. And in this climate,

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Speaker 1: during some construction, the tomb of Solomon collapsed, which just

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Speaker 1: just maybe be the last. So Judea is stirred up.

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Speaker 1: People are angry. All they need is a compelling leader.

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Speaker 1: And now we enter Simon bar Kociba, also known as

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Speaker 1: Bar Kokba, who will lead the revolt. And like some

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Speaker 1: of the other men we've talked about, Simon bar Kokba

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Speaker 1: was a born leader. He's really good at the uniting Peah,

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Speaker 1: that kind of stuff he does. And we even have

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Speaker 1: some of his letters in which he refers to himself

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Speaker 1: as print. So he thinks quite highly of himself as well,

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Speaker 1: and so did other people, some like Rabbi Occupa. At

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Speaker 1: the time, I thought he was the Messiah. He got

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Speaker 1: his name Barkokba, which means son of Star from a

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Speaker 1: verse in the Book of Numbers, which says there shall

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Speaker 1: come a star out of Jacob and he starts assembling

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Speaker 1: a guerrilla army of a hundred thousand people, and Jews

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Speaker 1: meanwhile are hiding out in caves and minting their own coins,

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Speaker 1: and they think that this revolt might actually be the apocalypse,

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Speaker 1: and we found archaeological evidence of them being in caves

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Speaker 1: preparing for the which is pretty interesting. They managed to

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Speaker 1: take over Judea, throwing the Romans out and briefly establishing

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Speaker 1: a Jewish state. Some say they never captured Jerusalem, while

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Speaker 1: others disagree, but they achieved great, great successes. And the

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Speaker 1: timeframe on how long this this Jewish state lasts is

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Speaker 1: a little shaky, some people a little up in the air. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: some people are saying just a few months. Some put

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Speaker 1: it as long as a couple of years. But just

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Speaker 1: the fact that it exists is important in itself. So

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Speaker 1: half the Roman army ends up in Judea to quell

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Speaker 1: the rebellion. And just think about that, because we all

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Speaker 1: know how powerful the Roman army was, it takes half

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Speaker 1: of it to come and fight one thousand Jews. Julius

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Speaker 1: Severus is a charge of the army. And if you

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Speaker 1: want to picture this a little bit more, don't picture

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Speaker 1: two armies coming at each other in a battlefield, you know,

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Speaker 1: marching toward one another. It ends up being a lot

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Speaker 1: of skirmishes between small groups. And some say that's because

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Speaker 1: the Romans didn't want open battle. They were afraid that

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Speaker 1: the Jews were willing to die for their faith and

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Speaker 1: therefore it would be much bloodier than they were willing

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Speaker 1: to get into. And others say it was Barkokba who

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Speaker 1: wouldn't fight them in open battle. But either way, that's

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Speaker 1: how it played out. Yeah, and for a while the

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Speaker 1: Jews are actually winning and then the resistance starts to

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Speaker 1: fall apart, and um again disagreement over why this happens.

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Speaker 1: Some people think it's arrogance on the part of bar Kokba,

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Speaker 1: who starts acting like a messiah instead of a rebel leader. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and according to one of the mid drash Is, he

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Speaker 1: actually killed the priest Elise Or which would um suggest,

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Speaker 1: I don't know. Power craze lost the support of God,

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Speaker 1: I don't know. Also, on the side of the Romans,

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Speaker 1: we have some natural events like famine, disease, and fire

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Speaker 1: that were quickly running through the ranks of the Jewish

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Speaker 1: people and proved to be a much more powerful force

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Speaker 1: than Julius Severus. So Jerusalem falls in one and Barkok

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Speaker 1: retreats to Baitar, which is a fortress on the coast

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Speaker 1: after losing Jerusalem, and that's where his last stand is.

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Speaker 1: There's a midrash on lamentations and this is a quote.

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Speaker 1: They slew the inhabitants until the horses waded in blood

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Speaker 1: up to the nostrils, and the blood rolled along the stones.

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Speaker 1: And this is referring, of course to the Romans killing

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Speaker 1: the Jews. And the fall of Batar happened on Tissha Bab,

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Speaker 1: what's known as the saddest day in Jewish history. That's

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Speaker 1: when the First and Second Temples both fell. And according

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Speaker 1: to these accounts, this was a very very bloody end

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Speaker 1: to Baitar and bar Cochas people. He was killed and

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Speaker 1: his head was brought to Hadrian. But other accounts have

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Speaker 1: more Jews at Bitar dying of hunger and thirst than

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Speaker 1: being actually killed, and that's why the city fell. So

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Speaker 1: once again we just have this uncertainty about certain aspects

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Speaker 1: of this account. But according to the Talma, the Romans

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Speaker 1: wouldn't bury the Jews who died at Batar, regardless of

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Speaker 1: how they died. They left them out for years, but

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Speaker 1: the bodies didn't rot. And other accounts of this war

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Speaker 1: have Jewish children being wrapped in Torah scrolls and burned alive,

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Speaker 1: which Sarah and I decided we wouldn't entirely put past

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Speaker 1: the Roman army. So after the revolt, Jerusalem is destroyed,

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Speaker 1: Baitar is destroyed, and five hundred thousand Jews are killed.

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Speaker 1: Even more that's just in battle. Yeah, because even more

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Speaker 1: of them die from starvation or disease, but because a

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Speaker 1: lot of Romans die too, they get pretty fed up

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Speaker 1: with the remaining Jewish people and try to crush them.

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Speaker 1: They sell Jews as slaves for the price of horse

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Speaker 1: and um. The city was rebuilt as a Roman colony,

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Speaker 1: complete with the Temple to Jupiter, Colonia Ayalia, capitalina Um,

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Speaker 1: and Judea is renamed to Palestina. Pagan statues and such

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Speaker 1: were put on holy sites. Rabbis were killed, including Rabbi Occupa,

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Speaker 1: who we mentioned earlier. Jews were forbidden to observe the Sabbath,

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Speaker 1: meet in synagogues, study the Torah, and perhaps most terrible

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Speaker 1: of all, Jews were banned from the city of Jerusalem

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Speaker 1: until the fourth century Um except on Ti Shabov where

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Speaker 1: they came to the portion of the Western Wall that

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Speaker 1: was left standing. And this was just like rubbing salt

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Speaker 1: in the wound. Yeah, when when you mentioned that earlier,

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Speaker 1: it made more sense to me because I was having

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Speaker 1: trouble imagining why if you're going to kick a whole

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Speaker 1: people out of a city while you bother to let

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Speaker 1: them come back for a day, but because you invite

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Speaker 1: them back in to remember the saddest date, the worst

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Speaker 1: day of their religions history. Later on, the emperor after

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Speaker 1: Hadria is a little more lenient. He allows for circumcision, again,

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Speaker 1: allows for the burying of the dead. Um. But things

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Speaker 1: are never the same. When we should talk a little

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Speaker 1: bit about why this is so important, Some say that

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Speaker 1: the Bar Kokbar Revolt, also known as the Second Jewish Revolt,

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Speaker 1: is when the Jewish diasporas started, because of course, so

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Speaker 1: many Jews were killed, many were enslave, the religion was oppressed,

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Speaker 1: and people ended up, you know, in all parts of

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Speaker 1: the globe. And after this the Jewish state in general

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Speaker 1: was gone for century upon century, and Bar Kochba's reputation

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Speaker 1: changed too for some people. Um, some considered him now

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Speaker 1: the son of lies or the Son of the Disappointment

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Speaker 1: instead of the Messiah, and in general people got a

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Speaker 1: lot more skeptical of Messianic claims, which that's an interesting

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Speaker 1: turning point. I guess we've talked about that a bit today,

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Speaker 1: but we like to know more about what you think.

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Speaker 1: If you'd like to email us at History podcast at

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Speaker 1: how stuff works dot com. If there are any nuances

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Speaker 1: we're missing or things you'd like to add, please let

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Speaker 1: us know and we'll be happy to mention them in

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Speaker 1: a later podcast. So we've covered a few points now

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Speaker 1: on the Jewish Roman Wars, first on our episode about

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Speaker 1: Herod and now our COCBA, but we're really interested in

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Speaker 1: doing some more podcasts in Jewish history. We put out

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Speaker 1: a call on Twitter, which is missed in history, and

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Speaker 1: we've gotten a few suggestions through there. But if you

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Speaker 1: want to email us too, that would be great. And

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Speaker 1: if you'd like to learn more about Messiah's false and otherwise,

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Speaker 1: you can check out an article I wrote on how

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Speaker 1: Jerusalem syndrome works if you look on our homepage at

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Speaker 1: www dot how stuff works dot com. For more on

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Speaker 1: this and thousands of other topics, visit how stuff works

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Speaker 1: dot com. And be sure to check out the stuff

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Speaker 1: you missed in History Glass Blog on the how stuff

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Speaker 1: Works dot com home page. E