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Speaker 1: Now here's a highlight from coast to coast AM on iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 1: Paintis a picture as if we are visually looking at

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Speaker 1: the beginning, what what are we seen, let's say, after

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Speaker 1: it started? Kind of paintis a picture. What what would

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Speaker 1: we be looking at if we were on the outside

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Speaker 1: looking in. Yeah, well, of course a lot happened in

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Speaker 1: the very first fuse, not not even split seconds. We're

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Speaker 1: talking about tiny, tiny fractions of a second, you know,

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Speaker 1: less than a trillions of a second. A whole heck

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Speaker 1: of a lot happened in that first instant of time,

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Speaker 1: and a lot of it was invisible, so you wouldn't

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Speaker 1: You wouldn't even if you could, you know, be kind

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Speaker 1: of outside it, looking at looking with your eyes, you

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Speaker 1: wouldn't see anything because there wasn't There wasn't much in

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Speaker 1: the form of light coming off. Okay, you can kind

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Speaker 1: of usual imagination as it were initially we well we

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Speaker 1: don't know about initially, but something but something created an explosion,

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Speaker 1: if you like, now the Big bang? Would we have

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Speaker 1: heard it if we could hear it? Well, again, you know,

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Speaker 1: you're talking about extreme energies here, so that if you

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Speaker 1: want to talk about sound and of course, sound has

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Speaker 1: to have a medium to travel in, you know, in air.

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Speaker 1: In our case, there wouldn't be air, but you wouldn't

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Speaker 1: really have heard anything. Although you could imagine waves of

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Speaker 1: some of some something equivalent to acoustic waves, you know,

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Speaker 1: being there, none of it's really within the range of

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Speaker 1: human senses. So we'd have to imagine we've got supersensus

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Speaker 1: to see all this stuff happening. There would be a

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Speaker 1: whole succession of particles emerging. Initially there would all be

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Speaker 1: one one type of particle, okay, and then gradually they

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Speaker 1: would split off into all the types of particles that

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Speaker 1: we see today. And all of this happened very very quickly.

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Speaker 1: It all happened within a split second. That's amazing, just

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Speaker 1: trying to comprehend that alone. I know, before the Big Bang,

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Speaker 1: which is kind of what we always think of, this explosion,

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Speaker 1: this hot blast that you know, the universe has been

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Speaker 1: expanding from ever since, there was a period called inflation,

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Speaker 1: where the initial spec that was the universe grew in

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Speaker 1: size by a phenomenal amount at a phenomenal rate. Okay,

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Speaker 1: with or without light, Well, electromagnetic radiation was part of that.

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Speaker 1: Electromagnetic radiation is one of the comes from one of

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Speaker 1: the forces electromagnetisms, also gravity as the weak and strong

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Speaker 1: forces as well. There's four basic forces in nature and

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Speaker 1: all of these gradually split off from the one initial force. Okay,

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Speaker 1: so what we call light is really you know, it

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Speaker 1: includes X rays and radio waves as well as the

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Speaker 1: visible light spectrum. That's the electromagnetic spectrum. That's what we's

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Speaker 1: what we can see the middle bit of that. So

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Speaker 1: there would have been all of that later on. There

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Speaker 1: was no electromagnetic radiation to begin with, because there wasn't

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Speaker 1: electromagnetic force original force, so that came a split second later.

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Speaker 1: What do I'm trying to get across is that most

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Speaker 1: of the action in the universe happened within the first

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Speaker 1: second or so, and after that it's, as it were, history.

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Speaker 1: That's when matter emerged and energy of the form that

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Speaker 1: we're familiar today in the form of the Big Bang.

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Speaker 1: And the Big Bang was the hot explosion that followed

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Speaker 1: these earlier phases inflation and whatever. The precondition of the

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Speaker 1: universe was so it wouldn't be visible or audible into

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Speaker 1: the human senses, but there's a tremendous amount of energy

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Speaker 1: involved that the temperatures, for example, were unbelievable, you know,

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Speaker 1: absolutely unbelievable in terms of That's why we have these

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Speaker 1: huge particle accelerators today trying to recreate the energies that

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Speaker 1: existed close to the Big Bang, so that we can

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Speaker 1: investigate what particles were present early on in the universe

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Speaker 1: and if we were peering in on it before anything happened,

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Speaker 1: what might we be in Again, this is soft speculation. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: what would we be looking at before anything happened? Before anything? Yeah? Well,

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Speaker 1: I mean because it was before anything that nothing obviously

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Speaker 1: by the very definitely, I wonder what nothing looks like? Well, yeah,

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Speaker 1: nothing can't exist in the sentence because nothing. You know

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Speaker 1: that that's the opposite of existence, isn't it. There's no thing,

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Speaker 1: there's no times, no space, there's no matter any that

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Speaker 1: can't actually exist because the defintution is something that exists.

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Speaker 1: But to be a little bit less philosophical, there is

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Speaker 1: another possibility, and that is that our universe is just

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Speaker 1: one of many, many universes. This is the multiverse, right,

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Speaker 1: and all of these universes emerge like bubbles, as it were,

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Speaker 1: from a foam of a quantum c so sort of

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Speaker 1: a primordial space reached of space time from which universes

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Speaker 1: are constantly arising, and ours just happens to be one

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Speaker 1: of them. And that's that sounds crazy, it's totally wacky

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Speaker 1: science fiction, but it is actually a mainstream scientific view

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Speaker 1: these days that there aren't actually other universes out there

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Speaker 1: and now as it just happens to be one of them.

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Speaker 1: Isn't it entirely possible that we may never find out

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Speaker 1: how it started? Yes? I think it is, because what

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Speaker 1: would that initial event consist of. I think we can

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Speaker 1: push it back further and further, but I think we're

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Speaker 1: going to have a great deal of trouble in isolating

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Speaker 1: what Indeed, if there was ever an initial event, I

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Speaker 1: just I can't see that happening. I think we'll just

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Speaker 1: get closer and closer to it. That's never actually know.

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Speaker 1: How do physicists and astronomers and people in the know,

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Speaker 1: how can they speculate on the fact that they say

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Speaker 1: the universe is about fourteen billion years old? How do

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Speaker 1: they know that? Well, what if they're off by ten

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Speaker 1: billion years? Well, it's essentially rolling back the clock, so

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Speaker 1: we can see that the galaxies are moving apart, Okay,

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Speaker 1: or at least the clusters of galaxies are moving apart

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Speaker 1: today that the entire universe is expanding, and so very

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Speaker 1: in a very simple minded fashion, you can reverse that

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Speaker 1: motion and you can see that it all started about

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Speaker 1: thirteen point eight billion years ago. You know, it's just

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Speaker 1: a question of just reversing time, as it were, and

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Speaker 1: we can measure the rate at which the universe is

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Speaker 1: expanding quite accurately, so we can tell in the past

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Speaker 1: that the galaxies and the clusters of galaxies are a

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Speaker 1: lot closer together, and we can tell that thirteen point

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Speaker 1: eight billion years ago they were all a single point.

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Speaker 1: That's where that's when the universe emerged. So we can

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Speaker 1: be actually quite specific about when the universe began. We

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Speaker 1: just don't know how it began. Now. The universe, of

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Speaker 1: course started about let's say, then fourteen billion years ago.

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Speaker 1: We are four point five billion years there's a jump

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Speaker 1: start of nine point five billion years before we started,

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Speaker 1: before we even came into the picture. What was out

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Speaker 1: there nine and a half billion years before us. Well,

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Speaker 1: other stars, I mean some of those stars of course

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Speaker 1: still exist today, because there are starts that much older

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Speaker 1: than the song, and there are also stars that have

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Speaker 1: been born and died in that period. And of course

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Speaker 1: we now know that many stars, if not most, if

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Speaker 1: not all, stars have planets around them, so there would

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Speaker 1: have been planets around and stars and probably life and

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Speaker 1: probably life, Yes, there probably was life that pre existed

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Speaker 1: life on Earth and pass even advanced life. There was

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Speaker 1: time for it to emerge in that in that period

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Speaker 1: because there were certainly in stars around for most of

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Speaker 1: the life of the universe. So yeah, yeah, it would

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Speaker 1: have looked perhaps a little different than it does today

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Speaker 1: because of every be a little bit closer together, galax

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Speaker 1: will be close together. But essentially, if you'd gone back

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Speaker 1: five billion years in looked out, you would have seen

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Speaker 1: stars just like you do today, in planets around them,

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Speaker 1: and as you say, we don't know, but most likely

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Speaker 1: life on some of them. Yeah. Why does it seem, David,

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Speaker 1: that there's so much order in the universe. It's it's

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Speaker 1: almost as if everything is a piece of a puzzle

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Speaker 1: and it all fits. I know, I know, I asked

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Speaker 1: my self. And of course what mainstream science will say

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Speaker 1: is that, well, it wasn't like that to begin with.

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Speaker 1: A complexity has emerged from simplicity, because there's been plenty

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Speaker 1: of time for things to organize themselves. And when this

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Speaker 1: gets onto obviously the origin of life as well, and

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Speaker 1: not just stars and things like that. You can kind

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Speaker 1: of explain that in terms of you know, just basic

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Speaker 1: forces of gravity and that type of thing. You expect

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Speaker 1: matter to clump together to form objects, and so you

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Speaker 1: can kind of get away with explaining planets and stars

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Speaker 1: and stuff like that. But when it comes to more

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Speaker 1: complicated things like life, then you run up against it.

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Speaker 1: And again that's of course another question we don't know.

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Speaker 1: We don't know about the origin of life. Things do

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Speaker 1: tend to get more complex over time, but that has

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Speaker 1: to be somehow almost written into the laws of nature

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Speaker 1: that that would happen. Now, there's a couple of ways

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Speaker 1: you could explain that. You could go back to the

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Speaker 1: divine argument and say, well, there's a controlling force on

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Speaker 1: the universe that's directing it in a certain way, you know,

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Speaker 1: and this obviously is the universe by design, and that

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Speaker 1: would that is interesting if we happen to live in

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Speaker 1: a single universe. But if the multiverse theory is correct,

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Speaker 1: that means that there are billions and billions and billions

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Speaker 1: prosously an infinite number of universes out there, and it's

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Speaker 1: only those in which complexity and life emerges that can

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Speaker 1: even ask the question, why is the universe the way

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Speaker 1: it is? There are many many sterile universes where that

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Speaker 1: question could never arise, So then it doesn't become a

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Speaker 1: coincidence that we happen to live in one where there

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Speaker 1: is complexity of life, because it's only those kind of

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Speaker 1: universes where creatures could eventually ask the question. So you

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Speaker 1: can get around the design argument. You can also get

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Speaker 1: around it by, you know, just just saying, well, that's

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Speaker 1: just the way nature is. It. Just it just happens

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Speaker 1: to get more complex as time goes on. When I

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Speaker 1: was a boy, my parents got be a three inch

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Speaker 1: refractor telescope, and of course, the first thing I looked

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Speaker 1: out was the moon at night, and that was a

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Speaker 1: while factor. And then I turned the telescope David on

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Speaker 1: Jupiter and so it's four of its moons right around there,

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Speaker 1: and that was just unbelievable. But then when I put

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Speaker 1: it on Saturn and could actually see the rings of

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Speaker 1: Saturn with this little telescope, it was absolutely breathtaking, and

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Speaker 1: I was hooked. It was unbelievable. Yeah, I know what

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Speaker 1: you mean. I know what you mean, and I think

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Speaker 1: we sometimes lose that sense of awe. You know, when

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Speaker 1: we get older, we forget to look up at the

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Speaker 1: night sky, even without a telescope, you know, just looking

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Speaker 1: at what we're seeing, and just realizing what we're seeing,

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Speaker 1: how far away this stars are, how vast the universe

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Speaker 1: is compared to our little lives here on Earth, and

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Speaker 1: you get that sense of that childhood sense of wonder

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Speaker 1: back again. I think we need to do a little

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Speaker 1: bit more of that. Just look out into the universe

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Speaker 1: and realize that you're part of this immensity. I think

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Speaker 1: it's tremendously thrilling, is what is what still excites me

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Speaker 1: as a scientist. I've still got a little boy excitement

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Speaker 1: inside of me. Taking out of course, religion out of

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Speaker 1: the equation, we really can't explain life, why we're here,

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Speaker 1: what we're doing here, what we're supposed to be doing.

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Speaker 1: I mean, it's it's marvelous, but it's also perplexing. But

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Speaker 1: when you add that in with the possibility of how

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Speaker 1: we started, how did the universe start? Life after death,

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Speaker 1: the whole puzzle turns out to be one big puzzle. Yeah, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and I think most scientists are honest enough to say

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Speaker 1: they don't have all the answers, and perhaps they never will.

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Speaker 1: I think eventually we'll kind of figure out how life

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Speaker 1: gets started. You know that we have various theories, and

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Speaker 1: you can actually kind of do experiments and see how

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Speaker 1: complex chemicals arise just naturally from simple ingredients, and you

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Speaker 1: can kind of get like primitive cell like structures, so

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Speaker 1: you can kind of do a little bit of handwaving

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Speaker 1: and see how that progression works. But it is, I agree,

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Speaker 1: it is. It is not what you'd expect of a

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Speaker 1: universe that started as a sort of a blast of

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Speaker 1: mixture of confusion of particles and energy, that after fourteen

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Speaker 1: billion years we would be here asking how we got here.

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Speaker 1: I think that is a mystery, and I think scientists

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Speaker 1: are too quick to dismiss it. I think it is

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Speaker 1: actually a fundamental question that needs resolving. If the dinosaurs

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Speaker 1: weren't blasted away by an asteroid, would we still be here? No,

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Speaker 1: I don't think so. Something would be here. But you know,

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Speaker 1: evolution is affected by these random events sometimes that you know,

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Speaker 1: cosmic events. In that case, obviously an asteroid collision, but

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Speaker 1: there have been obviously internal events as well that have

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Speaker 1: happened to have caused mass extinctions, and then new new

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Speaker 1: types of life have emerged. So yes, that mammals were

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Speaker 1: able to fill the space as the gaps left by

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Speaker 1: the dinosaurs and the other large reptiles that basically dominated

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Speaker 1: the land, the air, and the sea at the time.

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Speaker 1: So we obviously evolve from the more primitive mammals, and

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Speaker 1: mammals evolve very quickly once the dinosaurs are out of

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Speaker 1: the picture. So there's no question that we definitely as

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Speaker 1: human beings wouldn't be here. There'd be some form of

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Speaker 1: intelligence perhaps, but it wouldn't be in the human form.

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Speaker 1: So we are kind of an accidental and interesting So

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Speaker 1: I don't believe in coincidences. I think everything has happened

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Speaker 1: before reasons. I don't even believe in luck. I think

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Speaker 1: we create our own so called luck. We do it

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Speaker 1: to ourselves. Yeah, well, I agree with that to a

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Speaker 1: certain extent. I mean, I think asteroid collision, you could

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Speaker 1: almost say, you know, it's just one of those things,

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Speaker 1: it just happens. Was it preordained that that asteroid would

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Speaker 1: hit the Earth at that time? I don't know. Asteroid

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Speaker 1: collisions have happened throughout the history of the Earth and

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Speaker 1: other planets, and it's just something that's stuff flying around

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Speaker 1: out there occasionally collides. But as you say, without it,

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Speaker 1: we probably wouldn't be here. Yeah, yeah, So you can

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Speaker 1: look at it as a kind of a chain of events,

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Speaker 1: and of course that caused a mass extinction, and oddly

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Speaker 1: enough gave rise to a creature ourselves, which is sort

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Speaker 1: of causing another mass extinction at the moment. So it

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Speaker 1: kind of caused two massixte yeah, in a single whammy.

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Speaker 1: So small things well, and a small thing it is,

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Speaker 1: but a single event can have tremendous repercussions down the road.

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Speaker 1: Listen to more Coast to Coast AM every weeknight at

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