1 00:00:01,360 --> 00:00:04,280 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:09,000 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. 3 00:00:11,960 --> 00:00:13,720 Speaker 2: Hello and welcome to the podcast. 4 00:00:13,760 --> 00:00:16,400 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy B. Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. 5 00:00:16,880 --> 00:00:21,040 Speaker 2: It is part two of our Unearthed episode for this spring. 6 00:00:22,520 --> 00:00:26,120 Speaker 2: As usual, we're starting off with some things that did 7 00:00:26,120 --> 00:00:29,280 Speaker 2: not really fit into a category, which I always call 8 00:00:29,360 --> 00:00:33,240 Speaker 2: potpourri because I have watched Jeopardy. 9 00:00:34,320 --> 00:00:40,600 Speaker 1: Ever, so jumping into potpourri, we only have one historically 10 00:00:40,640 --> 00:00:44,920 Speaker 1: relevant exhumation to talk about this time. In January, a 11 00:00:44,960 --> 00:00:48,840 Speaker 1: body believed to belong to Marenus Vanderliba was exhumed from 12 00:00:48,840 --> 00:00:54,080 Speaker 1: an unmarked grave in Leipzig's South Cemetery. Marenus Vanderliba is 13 00:00:54,080 --> 00:00:57,360 Speaker 1: the person who has tried and executed for starting the 14 00:00:57,400 --> 00:01:02,000 Speaker 1: Reichstag fire in nineteen thirty three. That fire became a 15 00:01:02,040 --> 00:01:05,400 Speaker 1: pretext for Adolf Hitler to call for a decree suspending 16 00:01:05,480 --> 00:01:09,160 Speaker 1: civil liberties, which was then issued by German President Paul 17 00:01:09,240 --> 00:01:10,119 Speaker 1: von Hindenberg. 18 00:01:11,160 --> 00:01:15,080 Speaker 2: So there are two main reasons for the sexhimation. One 19 00:01:15,160 --> 00:01:18,880 Speaker 2: is to confirm that these remains really do belong to 20 00:01:19,240 --> 00:01:23,200 Speaker 2: vander Luba. The other is to run taxicology tests to 21 00:01:23,240 --> 00:01:27,080 Speaker 2: try to determine whether he had been drugged. Although there 22 00:01:27,120 --> 00:01:30,679 Speaker 2: are people who believe he really was the sole perpetrator 23 00:01:30,760 --> 00:01:34,280 Speaker 2: of the Reichstag fire, there are others who believed that 24 00:01:34,440 --> 00:01:38,039 Speaker 2: he was drugged in order to secure a false confession 25 00:01:38,120 --> 00:01:39,440 Speaker 2: from him for starting that fire. 26 00:01:39,840 --> 00:01:40,479 Speaker 1: And there are. 27 00:01:40,400 --> 00:01:44,200 Speaker 2: Still others who agree that he started the fire, but 28 00:01:44,280 --> 00:01:46,679 Speaker 2: think that he was drugged so that he would not 29 00:01:46,800 --> 00:01:49,960 Speaker 2: be able to name any of his co conspirators. 30 00:01:50,560 --> 00:01:53,800 Speaker 1: This was reported in late February, and at that time 31 00:01:54,040 --> 00:01:58,800 Speaker 1: articles about it described the pathology report as do next month, 32 00:01:58,840 --> 00:02:01,520 Speaker 1: which would have been less last month as were recording this. 33 00:02:02,000 --> 00:02:05,160 Speaker 1: But as of this moment that report does not appear 34 00:02:05,160 --> 00:02:07,400 Speaker 1: to have come out. Yeah, if it has, I sure 35 00:02:07,440 --> 00:02:11,760 Speaker 1: cannot find it next and are kind of random assortment. 36 00:02:11,960 --> 00:02:16,320 Speaker 1: Archaeologists working ahead of some upcoming construction have found at 37 00:02:16,400 --> 00:02:21,919 Speaker 1: least seventy wells near Gammering, west of Munich. These date 38 00:02:22,000 --> 00:02:24,440 Speaker 1: back to a span of time stretching from the Bronze 39 00:02:24,480 --> 00:02:26,440 Speaker 1: Age to the early Middle Ages, and. 40 00:02:26,360 --> 00:02:29,880 Speaker 2: One of them is unique. It's being described in reports 41 00:02:29,960 --> 00:02:34,440 Speaker 2: as a wishing well because it contains a lot of objects. 42 00:02:34,520 --> 00:02:39,240 Speaker 2: There are more than seventy pieces of ceramics twenty bronze clothing, pins, 43 00:02:39,560 --> 00:02:42,799 Speaker 2: and a lot of other assorted items. This well was 44 00:02:42,880 --> 00:02:46,080 Speaker 2: dug to a depth of sixteen feet about three thousand 45 00:02:46,160 --> 00:02:49,919 Speaker 2: years ago. That's much deeper than many of the other wells, 46 00:02:49,960 --> 00:02:53,640 Speaker 2: suggesting that groundwater levels had dropped and the area may 47 00:02:53,720 --> 00:02:57,600 Speaker 2: have been experiencing a severe or prolonged drought, and that 48 00:02:57,639 --> 00:03:01,320 Speaker 2: may also have contributed to people placing ritual offerings in 49 00:03:01,360 --> 00:03:05,080 Speaker 2: the well. People might have been wishing or praying for rain, 50 00:03:05,440 --> 00:03:07,480 Speaker 2: or may have been making an offering with. 51 00:03:07,480 --> 00:03:10,560 Speaker 1: The hope that rain would return. The walls of the 52 00:03:10,560 --> 00:03:13,560 Speaker 1: well are also still in very good conditions, so these 53 00:03:13,600 --> 00:03:18,000 Speaker 1: objects have been preserved fairly well considering their age. 54 00:03:18,200 --> 00:03:21,280 Speaker 2: Next, a lake in the crater of the Rano Iraku 55 00:03:21,360 --> 00:03:26,079 Speaker 2: volcano on Rapanui, also called Easter Island, started drying up 56 00:03:26,240 --> 00:03:29,960 Speaker 2: in twenty eighteen, and as water levels have dropped, a 57 00:03:30,160 --> 00:03:33,000 Speaker 2: moi has become visible. Those are the statues that the 58 00:03:33,040 --> 00:03:37,920 Speaker 2: island is known for. Volunteers from three Chilean universities were 59 00:03:37,920 --> 00:03:42,160 Speaker 2: working on a wetland restoration project in the volcano when 60 00:03:42,160 --> 00:03:42,760 Speaker 2: they found it. 61 00:03:43,320 --> 00:03:46,280 Speaker 1: This is somewhat smaller than many of the other statues 62 00:03:46,320 --> 00:03:49,480 Speaker 1: on the island, and according to a spokesperson from the 63 00:03:49,520 --> 00:03:53,320 Speaker 1: indigenous organization that oversees the site. It's one that they 64 00:03:53,360 --> 00:03:56,480 Speaker 1: had not previously known about, and since the lake was 65 00:03:56,520 --> 00:03:59,720 Speaker 1: at least three meters deep before it started drying up, 66 00:04:00,200 --> 00:04:03,880 Speaker 1: previous generations of the island's indigenous residents may not have 67 00:04:03,920 --> 00:04:06,960 Speaker 1: known about it either. Currently, the plan is to just 68 00:04:07,080 --> 00:04:08,360 Speaker 1: leave the statue where it. 69 00:04:08,320 --> 00:04:12,640 Speaker 2: Is moving on. There was a lot of news coverage 70 00:04:12,680 --> 00:04:17,479 Speaker 2: in March about DNA research using Ludwig von Beethoven's hair, 71 00:04:18,600 --> 00:04:21,240 Speaker 2: but the results of that research might seem a little 72 00:04:21,279 --> 00:04:26,360 Speaker 2: bit underwhelming. This research examined eight locks of hair purported 73 00:04:26,600 --> 00:04:29,599 Speaker 2: to have belonged to Beethoven, and it concluded that five 74 00:04:29,640 --> 00:04:33,720 Speaker 2: of them were likely authentic. All five of them had 75 00:04:33,720 --> 00:04:37,640 Speaker 2: conclusively come from the same person, so if all five 76 00:04:37,720 --> 00:04:43,360 Speaker 2: of them were not Beethoven, someone was like passing off 77 00:04:42,640 --> 00:04:47,080 Speaker 2: a lot of false hair from the same person. Two 78 00:04:47,200 --> 00:04:49,479 Speaker 2: of the locks of hair had come from someone else, 79 00:04:49,640 --> 00:04:52,280 Speaker 2: and tests on the third were inconclusive. 80 00:04:52,920 --> 00:04:55,839 Speaker 1: The team looked for genetic factors that may have explained 81 00:04:56,160 --> 00:05:00,720 Speaker 1: some of Beethoven's most widely known physical traits, roughness and 82 00:05:00,839 --> 00:05:04,560 Speaker 1: his stomach problems, and they didn't find genetic markers to 83 00:05:04,640 --> 00:05:08,080 Speaker 1: explain either of those, but they did find that Beethoven 84 00:05:08,160 --> 00:05:11,040 Speaker 1: had a genetic risk for liver disease, as well as 85 00:05:11,080 --> 00:05:16,120 Speaker 1: evidence that he had contracted hepatitis B. Liver disease. Hepatitis 86 00:05:16,160 --> 00:05:20,159 Speaker 1: B and chronic alcohol consumption were probably enough to cause 87 00:05:20,200 --> 00:05:23,640 Speaker 1: his liver to fail, and liver failure has been believed 88 00:05:23,640 --> 00:05:27,120 Speaker 1: to have been the cause of Beethoven's death. This research 89 00:05:27,200 --> 00:05:32,080 Speaker 1: also raised some questions about the Beethoven family tree. Basically, 90 00:05:32,160 --> 00:05:36,640 Speaker 1: Beethoven may not be related to three living descendants of 91 00:05:36,680 --> 00:05:40,919 Speaker 1: his nephew Karl. That suggests that Beethoven and Karl's father, 92 00:05:41,120 --> 00:05:45,440 Speaker 1: which was Beethoven's brother Caspar Anton Carlvon Beethoven, might really 93 00:05:45,480 --> 00:05:49,760 Speaker 1: have been half siblings rather than full siblings. Other DNA 94 00:05:49,880 --> 00:05:53,000 Speaker 1: research has confirmed the oral history of the Swahili people 95 00:05:53,040 --> 00:05:56,680 Speaker 1: who live along the eastern coast of Africa. This research 96 00:05:56,720 --> 00:05:59,839 Speaker 1: involved a team of forty four scholars, seventeen of whom 97 00:05:59,839 --> 00:06:02,840 Speaker 1: are African, who worked with local people to secure their 98 00:06:02,880 --> 00:06:07,720 Speaker 1: permission to gather DNA from burial sites along the Swahili coast. 99 00:06:08,080 --> 00:06:11,400 Speaker 1: These people's remains were returned to the cemetery plots afterward. 100 00:06:12,600 --> 00:06:16,479 Speaker 1: Through this process, the team collected DNA from eighty people 101 00:06:16,760 --> 00:06:20,240 Speaker 1: who lived between the years twelve fifty and eighteen hundred. 102 00:06:21,120 --> 00:06:24,960 Speaker 1: Then they compared that DNA to modern Swahili speaking people 103 00:06:25,320 --> 00:06:28,320 Speaker 1: and to people living in the Middle East, Africa and 104 00:06:28,360 --> 00:06:29,440 Speaker 1: other parts of the world. 105 00:06:30,720 --> 00:06:34,120 Speaker 2: So they found that about half of the DNA they 106 00:06:34,160 --> 00:06:38,719 Speaker 2: analyzed came mainly from African women and the other half 107 00:06:38,880 --> 00:06:43,480 Speaker 2: mainly came from Asian men, particularly Persian men, and this 108 00:06:43,720 --> 00:06:48,160 Speaker 2: aligns with what's recorded in a Swahili oral history known 109 00:06:48,200 --> 00:06:52,400 Speaker 2: as the Kilwa Chronicle, that reported that the Swahili civilization 110 00:06:52,680 --> 00:06:58,040 Speaker 2: grew from marriages between African and Asian ancestors, leading to 111 00:06:58,080 --> 00:07:01,640 Speaker 2: a society that was multi racial, especially among its more 112 00:07:01,680 --> 00:07:06,680 Speaker 2: elite class. But until now, this oral history had largely 113 00:07:06,720 --> 00:07:12,040 Speaker 2: been dismissed by mainstream archaeologists and historians, who instead favored 114 00:07:12,040 --> 00:07:15,360 Speaker 2: the idea that ports along the Swahili coast had been 115 00:07:15,480 --> 00:07:20,560 Speaker 2: built by colonists without the contributions or involvement of the 116 00:07:20,640 --> 00:07:23,520 Speaker 2: African peoples who were already living there. 117 00:07:24,280 --> 00:07:27,680 Speaker 1: The researchers did note one limitation to this work. The 118 00:07:27,800 --> 00:07:31,720 Speaker 1: DNA samples that were collected were from cemeteries where Muslims 119 00:07:31,720 --> 00:07:35,040 Speaker 1: from the more elite social classes were buried, so they 120 00:07:35,120 --> 00:07:37,640 Speaker 1: may not be reflective of patterns that would be found 121 00:07:37,680 --> 00:07:42,640 Speaker 1: within the more general population. Chapruka Kusimba, a professor at 122 00:07:42,640 --> 00:07:45,560 Speaker 1: the University of South Florida who was born in Kenya 123 00:07:45,600 --> 00:07:47,960 Speaker 1: and was one of the authors on this paper, has 124 00:07:48,000 --> 00:07:50,160 Speaker 1: described this as his life's work. 125 00:07:51,160 --> 00:07:53,400 Speaker 2: Now we're going to move on to some pieces of 126 00:07:53,480 --> 00:07:57,840 Speaker 2: jewelry and other adornments. Back in twenty nineteen, a metal 127 00:07:57,880 --> 00:08:02,840 Speaker 2: detectorist named Charlie Clark had found a gold pendant in Warwickshire, England, 128 00:08:02,920 --> 00:08:07,000 Speaker 2: which has now been unveiled by the British Museum. It 129 00:08:07,120 --> 00:08:11,040 Speaker 2: is a heart shaped pendant on a gold chain, decorated 130 00:08:11,120 --> 00:08:14,360 Speaker 2: in enameled red and white, with the initials H and 131 00:08:14,560 --> 00:08:18,800 Speaker 2: K and a pomegranate bush and a tutor rose and 132 00:08:19,040 --> 00:08:23,400 Speaker 2: tests dated it to sometime prior to fifteen thirty, probably 133 00:08:23,640 --> 00:08:27,480 Speaker 2: around fifteen twenty one, meaning that it was made during 134 00:08:27,520 --> 00:08:30,480 Speaker 2: the time that Henry the eighth was married to Catherine 135 00:08:30,480 --> 00:08:34,880 Speaker 2: of Aragon. According to Rachel King, curator of Renaissance Europe 136 00:08:34,880 --> 00:08:39,000 Speaker 2: at the British Museum, nothing of this size and importance 137 00:08:39,200 --> 00:08:41,760 Speaker 2: dating back to this period has been found in Britain 138 00:08:42,080 --> 00:08:43,600 Speaker 2: in more than two decades. 139 00:08:43,960 --> 00:08:47,040 Speaker 1: It's not clear who made this piece or why. The 140 00:08:47,120 --> 00:08:50,920 Speaker 1: materials are very high quality, but the craftsmanship really isn't. 141 00:08:51,640 --> 00:08:53,319 Speaker 1: It looks like it might have been made in a 142 00:08:53,440 --> 00:08:57,760 Speaker 1: rush without a lot of attention to detail. Some speculations 143 00:08:57,840 --> 00:08:59,959 Speaker 1: or that it might have been made as a tournament prize, 144 00:09:00,559 --> 00:09:03,520 Speaker 1: or it may have been commissioned by someone to wear. 145 00:09:03,520 --> 00:09:06,680 Speaker 1: It's something like a tournament where other people wouldn't really 146 00:09:06,720 --> 00:09:07,880 Speaker 1: be seeing it close up. 147 00:09:08,559 --> 00:09:14,079 Speaker 2: Next, archaeologists investigating a Roman bathhouse in Carlisle near Hadrian's 148 00:09:14,160 --> 00:09:17,240 Speaker 2: Wall have found a bunch of two thousand year old 149 00:09:17,400 --> 00:09:23,920 Speaker 2: engraved semi precious gemstones known as Intalio's in the bathhouse drains. 150 00:09:24,559 --> 00:09:27,760 Speaker 2: These would have been worn as rings and used to 151 00:09:27,840 --> 00:09:30,920 Speaker 2: stamp documents, so the design that was carved in the 152 00:09:31,040 --> 00:09:33,880 Speaker 2: stone would leave a shape behind when it was pressed 153 00:09:33,880 --> 00:09:37,959 Speaker 2: into clay or wax. These were probably lost when the 154 00:09:38,000 --> 00:09:41,960 Speaker 2: warmth and the moisture of the bathhouse weakened the glue 155 00:09:42,040 --> 00:09:44,440 Speaker 2: that was holding them in place in their settings, and 156 00:09:44,480 --> 00:09:47,560 Speaker 2: then the metal in the settings also expanded in the heat, 157 00:09:47,679 --> 00:09:50,559 Speaker 2: so people came out of the bath with their ring 158 00:09:50,640 --> 00:09:52,400 Speaker 2: on but not the stone in it anymore. 159 00:09:52,480 --> 00:09:55,720 Speaker 1: This seems like the set up plot to such a 160 00:09:55,760 --> 00:10:00,880 Speaker 1: good heist movie. These pieces are very beautiful and well made, 161 00:10:01,000 --> 00:10:03,440 Speaker 1: so the people who wore them would have been wealthy. 162 00:10:03,880 --> 00:10:06,679 Speaker 1: A lot of them are really really lovely circular or 163 00:10:06,720 --> 00:10:11,640 Speaker 1: oval with carvings of people, birds, animals, deities, etc. And 164 00:10:11,679 --> 00:10:14,720 Speaker 1: they're small enough that the person who carved them would 165 00:10:14,800 --> 00:10:17,440 Speaker 1: have to be really skilled to get all that detail. 166 00:10:18,080 --> 00:10:21,400 Speaker 2: It is not unusual at all for objects like these 167 00:10:21,440 --> 00:10:24,160 Speaker 2: to be found in the drains of the bathhouses. People 168 00:10:24,160 --> 00:10:26,880 Speaker 2: lost all kinds of stuff in there, which then wound 169 00:10:26,960 --> 00:10:30,040 Speaker 2: up being flushed into the drain when the pools were cleaned. 170 00:10:30,679 --> 00:10:34,000 Speaker 2: Other finds in these drains have included a whole lot 171 00:10:34,040 --> 00:10:37,960 Speaker 2: of hairpins and beads that were probably part of a necklace. 172 00:10:38,679 --> 00:10:41,800 Speaker 1: Back in two thousand and seven, archaeologists found a small 173 00:10:41,960 --> 00:10:44,960 Speaker 1: gold plated copper pendant in the Old City section of 174 00:10:45,040 --> 00:10:49,400 Speaker 1: Mez in Germany, and the size was about six centimeters 175 00:10:49,440 --> 00:10:53,080 Speaker 1: across in one centimeter deep. And this pendant has a 176 00:10:53,120 --> 00:10:56,800 Speaker 1: locking mechanism and is adorned with religious imagery such as 177 00:10:56,880 --> 00:11:00,920 Speaker 1: Jesus Christ and his mother Mary, primarily in blue and green. 178 00:11:01,960 --> 00:11:05,440 Speaker 1: Archaeologists thought that this might be a philactory or something 179 00:11:05,440 --> 00:11:08,480 Speaker 1: to hold religious relics, but it was so tiny and 180 00:11:08,520 --> 00:11:10,839 Speaker 1: delicate that there was no way to open it without 181 00:11:10,880 --> 00:11:14,720 Speaker 1: the risk of badly damaging or destroying it. An attempt 182 00:11:14,800 --> 00:11:18,800 Speaker 1: to X ray the pendant also didn't really show anything discernible. 183 00:11:19,720 --> 00:11:24,120 Speaker 2: Now, using neutron tomography, they've discovered that there are indeed 184 00:11:24,440 --> 00:11:29,079 Speaker 2: five tiny silk and linen packets inside of their connected 185 00:11:29,120 --> 00:11:33,240 Speaker 2: by a thread, with fragments of bone inside each of them. 186 00:11:33,800 --> 00:11:36,680 Speaker 2: Researchers believe that the pendant was made in a workshop 187 00:11:36,760 --> 00:11:40,960 Speaker 2: in Hildesheim in northern Germany, which also made three other 188 00:11:41,120 --> 00:11:44,800 Speaker 2: known filactories that have still survived until today. We do 189 00:11:44,880 --> 00:11:47,920 Speaker 2: not know who these bones may have belonged to, or 190 00:11:47,960 --> 00:11:51,600 Speaker 2: have been believed to have belonged to. Some philactories like 191 00:11:51,640 --> 00:11:54,439 Speaker 2: this have a small piece of parchment inside with the 192 00:11:54,559 --> 00:11:57,160 Speaker 2: name of the saint they were connected to, but if 193 00:11:57,200 --> 00:11:59,839 Speaker 2: there's one inside this pendant, it was not visible in 194 00:12:00,080 --> 00:12:04,000 Speaker 2: this imaging work. And the last thing before we take 195 00:12:04,040 --> 00:12:07,160 Speaker 2: a quick break back in twenty twenty one, a treasure 196 00:12:07,240 --> 00:12:10,480 Speaker 2: hunter working with a metal detector north of Amsterdam found 197 00:12:10,480 --> 00:12:14,640 Speaker 2: a cash of silver coins, gold leaf and four gold 198 00:12:14,679 --> 00:12:17,760 Speaker 2: ear rings. This spine was announced in March after the 199 00:12:17,840 --> 00:12:22,120 Speaker 2: Dutch National Museum of Antiquities had studied it. These items 200 00:12:22,160 --> 00:12:25,800 Speaker 2: were probably buried sometime between the years twelve hundred and 201 00:12:25,880 --> 00:12:29,079 Speaker 2: twelve fifty, and the ear rings were already about two 202 00:12:29,200 --> 00:12:31,480 Speaker 2: hundred years old when they were buried, So it seems 203 00:12:31,520 --> 00:12:35,640 Speaker 2: like this may have been family heirlooms or otherwise treasured 204 00:12:35,760 --> 00:12:39,319 Speaker 2: possessions that someone had maybe passed down in their family 205 00:12:39,400 --> 00:12:41,720 Speaker 2: that they were burying for some reason. These may have 206 00:12:41,800 --> 00:12:45,440 Speaker 2: been worn hanging from straps on a hood rather than 207 00:12:45,480 --> 00:12:48,000 Speaker 2: worn directly from a person's ears. 208 00:12:48,360 --> 00:12:51,320 Speaker 1: One of the pairs of earrings is engraved with decorations 209 00:12:51,320 --> 00:12:55,840 Speaker 1: that include a representation of Jesus Christ with his arms outstretched, 210 00:12:56,360 --> 00:12:58,880 Speaker 1: and this one is actually pretty charming. It looks almost 211 00:12:58,960 --> 00:13:02,080 Speaker 1: like a child's drawing of someone offering to give you 212 00:13:02,120 --> 00:13:02,559 Speaker 1: a hug. 213 00:13:03,240 --> 00:13:05,280 Speaker 2: Yeah, I would not have known it was supposed to 214 00:13:05,280 --> 00:13:10,000 Speaker 2: represent Jesus without that being explained in the article, because 215 00:13:10,040 --> 00:13:14,560 Speaker 2: it really just does look like an almost childlike arms 216 00:13:14,600 --> 00:13:18,840 Speaker 2: outstretched kind of image. We will take a quick sponsor 217 00:13:18,840 --> 00:13:21,240 Speaker 2: break and we'll come back and talk about some food 218 00:13:21,320 --> 00:13:35,199 Speaker 2: and beverage. Now we have some edibles and potables. Researchers 219 00:13:35,240 --> 00:13:38,559 Speaker 2: from the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Pisa 220 00:13:38,640 --> 00:13:41,200 Speaker 2: have been working at the site of a settlement called 221 00:13:41,400 --> 00:13:45,120 Speaker 2: Lagash in southern Iraq, and they have found a five 222 00:13:45,240 --> 00:13:50,120 Speaker 2: thousand year old public eatery that still contains remnants of food. 223 00:13:50,760 --> 00:13:54,320 Speaker 2: Most sources have described this as a tavern or a pub. 224 00:13:54,720 --> 00:13:58,160 Speaker 2: It had an open air dining area with tables and benches, 225 00:13:58,200 --> 00:14:01,400 Speaker 2: as well as a kitchen. Found evidence of an oven, 226 00:14:01,880 --> 00:14:05,440 Speaker 2: a clay cooling device known as a zeir, and a 227 00:14:05,520 --> 00:14:08,560 Speaker 2: lot of storage vessels, as well as more than one 228 00:14:08,679 --> 00:14:11,600 Speaker 2: hundred and fifty serving bowls, some of them still containing 229 00:14:11,640 --> 00:14:15,080 Speaker 2: a residue of a fish stew. There's also evidence of 230 00:14:15,240 --> 00:14:16,080 Speaker 2: beer drinking. 231 00:14:16,480 --> 00:14:19,840 Speaker 1: This tavern is part of a much larger settlement and 232 00:14:19,960 --> 00:14:23,600 Speaker 1: excavations have been going on there for decades, with interruptions 233 00:14:23,680 --> 00:14:26,840 Speaker 1: due to wars and other unrests, and of course due 234 00:14:26,880 --> 00:14:30,400 Speaker 1: to the COVID nineteen pandemic. This most recent work has 235 00:14:30,400 --> 00:14:36,000 Speaker 1: incorporated things like drone photography, thermal imaging, and microstratigraphic sampling, 236 00:14:36,280 --> 00:14:38,320 Speaker 1: which is a way of examining the layers of the 237 00:14:38,400 --> 00:14:41,400 Speaker 1: site at a very very small scale. 238 00:14:41,600 --> 00:14:46,520 Speaker 2: Next, we have a trio of dairy finds. First researchers 239 00:14:46,560 --> 00:14:50,000 Speaker 2: studying a Mongol Era cemetery have found evidence that in 240 00:14:50,040 --> 00:14:53,680 Speaker 2: the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, elite people in the Mongol 241 00:14:53,720 --> 00:14:58,440 Speaker 2: Empire were consuming the milk of various ruminants, including yax. 242 00:14:59,400 --> 00:15:03,200 Speaker 2: This discovery was made through examining the proteins on dental 243 00:15:03,240 --> 00:15:07,880 Speaker 2: calculus from remains in the cemetery. Although researchers already knew 244 00:15:07,920 --> 00:15:10,920 Speaker 2: that people in this area had been drinking milk for 245 00:15:10,960 --> 00:15:14,760 Speaker 2: at least five thousand years, it has not been as 246 00:15:14,800 --> 00:15:19,040 Speaker 2: clear exactly when people started drinking yack milk or when 247 00:15:19,080 --> 00:15:24,080 Speaker 2: people started domesticating yaks. Researchers in Poland have found evidence 248 00:15:24,320 --> 00:15:27,480 Speaker 2: that late Neolithic peoples were making cheese from the milk 249 00:15:27,760 --> 00:15:32,160 Speaker 2: of several different animals, including cows, sheep, and goats, as 250 00:15:32,200 --> 00:15:36,400 Speaker 2: long ago as the sixth millennium BCE. As is the 251 00:15:36,480 --> 00:15:40,400 Speaker 2: case with so many prehistoric food discoveries, this came from 252 00:15:40,400 --> 00:15:44,200 Speaker 2: examining pottery residues. This may help explain why there's so 253 00:15:44,440 --> 00:15:47,720 Speaker 2: much evidence of people consuming milk during a time when 254 00:15:47,800 --> 00:15:52,640 Speaker 2: virtually all adults were lactose intolerant. The genetic mutation that 255 00:15:52,680 --> 00:15:57,200 Speaker 2: allows people to digest lactose into adulthood didn't become common 256 00:15:57,200 --> 00:16:01,040 Speaker 2: in Europe until the Late Bronze Age. Assessing milk into 257 00:16:01,160 --> 00:16:04,400 Speaker 2: cheese would have helped to reduce its lactose content in 258 00:16:04,440 --> 00:16:07,520 Speaker 2: addition to giving it a longer shelf life and making 259 00:16:07,520 --> 00:16:12,360 Speaker 2: it delicious. Yes, we are both fans of cheese. In 260 00:16:12,440 --> 00:16:15,440 Speaker 2: our last little bit of dairy news, Chinese scientists have 261 00:16:15,520 --> 00:16:19,520 Speaker 2: found evidence of milk being consumed and stored in Tibet 262 00:16:19,720 --> 00:16:23,600 Speaker 2: as long as three thousand years ago. This research also 263 00:16:23,640 --> 00:16:27,960 Speaker 2: involved analyzing lipid residues from pottery. This pottery was found 264 00:16:28,000 --> 00:16:31,160 Speaker 2: in settlements very high up on the Tibetan Plateau, roughly 265 00:16:31,240 --> 00:16:34,600 Speaker 2: four thousand meters or thirteen thousand feet above sea level. 266 00:16:35,280 --> 00:16:39,200 Speaker 2: People in this area have historically consumed a really high protein, 267 00:16:39,400 --> 00:16:42,200 Speaker 2: high fat diet, and for a long time it has 268 00:16:42,320 --> 00:16:46,160 Speaker 2: mainly come from red meat, including beef and mutton, and 269 00:16:46,280 --> 00:16:50,720 Speaker 2: researchers noted that the addition to milk happened about the 270 00:16:50,760 --> 00:16:54,960 Speaker 2: same time as animals were first being domesticated for their meat. 271 00:16:55,320 --> 00:16:58,800 Speaker 2: We have another food find from Tibet, this one dating 272 00:16:58,840 --> 00:17:03,880 Speaker 2: back thirteen hundred years. Researchers found charred grains of rice 273 00:17:04,000 --> 00:17:07,760 Speaker 2: along with pieces of broken pottery. Genetic study confirmed that 274 00:17:07,800 --> 00:17:11,359 Speaker 2: it was Indica rice. Indica rice is one of the 275 00:17:11,400 --> 00:17:16,480 Speaker 2: two main species of domesticated rice grown in Asia. For reference, 276 00:17:16,720 --> 00:17:20,439 Speaker 2: basmadi and jasmine rice are both types of indicca rice. 277 00:17:21,440 --> 00:17:25,080 Speaker 2: The climate and elevation of this area are not suitable 278 00:17:25,160 --> 00:17:28,399 Speaker 2: for growing rice, so this rice would have been brought 279 00:17:28,440 --> 00:17:31,800 Speaker 2: in from somewhere else. So this find offers a clue 280 00:17:31,920 --> 00:17:36,040 Speaker 2: into trade networks in Asia and into how and when 281 00:17:36,080 --> 00:17:39,800 Speaker 2: consumption of this type of rice spread across Asia after 282 00:17:39,840 --> 00:17:41,040 Speaker 2: it was domesticated. 283 00:17:41,440 --> 00:17:46,080 Speaker 1: We also have multiple studies into what neanderthals eight. Based 284 00:17:46,080 --> 00:17:49,280 Speaker 1: on shells found in a cave in Portugal, they probably 285 00:17:49,320 --> 00:17:52,800 Speaker 1: cooked and ate crabs. This is based on the discovery 286 00:17:52,840 --> 00:17:56,400 Speaker 1: of shell fragments from at least thirty three different brown crabs, 287 00:17:56,640 --> 00:18:00,159 Speaker 1: which showed evidence of being exposed to high heat and 288 00:18:00,280 --> 00:18:04,159 Speaker 1: of being intentionally broken apart with tools. The size of 289 00:18:04,200 --> 00:18:08,160 Speaker 1: the shells also suggests that people were intentionally harvesting the 290 00:18:08,200 --> 00:18:09,840 Speaker 1: biggest ones that they could find. 291 00:18:11,000 --> 00:18:14,560 Speaker 2: One of the reasons researchers were surprised at the possibility 292 00:18:14,640 --> 00:18:18,160 Speaker 2: of Neanderthals eating crabs is that even if they were 293 00:18:18,200 --> 00:18:20,960 Speaker 2: going after the biggest ones of this type of crab, 294 00:18:21,760 --> 00:18:24,880 Speaker 2: the crabs are still just not very big. A common 295 00:18:24,960 --> 00:18:28,399 Speaker 2: assumption has been that the effort required to gather and 296 00:18:28,600 --> 00:18:31,840 Speaker 2: prepare crabs would not be worth it compared to what 297 00:18:31,920 --> 00:18:34,720 Speaker 2: Neanderthals might be able to get from a bigger animal, 298 00:18:34,960 --> 00:18:39,840 Speaker 2: like say, elephants. Researchers studying bones from a site in 299 00:18:39,920 --> 00:18:42,720 Speaker 2: central Germany have concluded that one hundred and twenty five 300 00:18:42,840 --> 00:18:48,120 Speaker 2: thousand years ago, Neanderthals were killing and butchering straight tusked elephants. 301 00:18:48,760 --> 00:18:51,119 Speaker 2: These elephants are now extinct, but at the time they 302 00:18:51,119 --> 00:18:55,200 Speaker 2: were the world's largest land animal. The meat from one 303 00:18:55,240 --> 00:18:58,320 Speaker 2: of them would likely have been enough to feed hundreds 304 00:18:58,359 --> 00:19:02,160 Speaker 2: of people. This is the earliest evidence found so far 305 00:19:02,320 --> 00:19:05,280 Speaker 2: of early humans killing elephants for food. 306 00:19:05,400 --> 00:19:09,159 Speaker 1: And in our last food find researchers in Israel have 307 00:19:09,280 --> 00:19:12,600 Speaker 1: found eight ostrich eggs that are at least forty five 308 00:19:12,680 --> 00:19:16,160 Speaker 1: hundred years old, but maybe as old as seventy five 309 00:19:16,240 --> 00:19:19,520 Speaker 1: hundred years old. These were found at a camping site 310 00:19:19,640 --> 00:19:23,720 Speaker 1: used by nomadic peoples, along with tools, burned stones, and 311 00:19:23,800 --> 00:19:27,639 Speaker 1: pottery fragments. The number and position of the eggs suggest 312 00:19:27,720 --> 00:19:30,679 Speaker 1: that they were intentionally gathered to be eaten as food, 313 00:19:31,200 --> 00:19:34,200 Speaker 1: especially since one of them was directly in the fire pits. 314 00:19:34,960 --> 00:19:37,280 Speaker 2: Next up, we have a few things that we are 315 00:19:37,280 --> 00:19:43,120 Speaker 2: calling cases of mistaken identity. First, there were some dueling 316 00:19:43,320 --> 00:19:47,560 Speaker 2: headlines in February and March about exactly what a two 317 00:19:47,680 --> 00:19:52,320 Speaker 2: thousand year old Roman object found at Vendolanda was used for. 318 00:19:53,320 --> 00:19:58,160 Speaker 2: This object is oblong, slightly tapered, and a little more 319 00:19:58,200 --> 00:20:01,800 Speaker 2: than six inches long, and it has a roughly horizontal 320 00:20:02,000 --> 00:20:04,840 Speaker 2: groove carved just below the smaller end. 321 00:20:05,280 --> 00:20:08,840 Speaker 1: When this item was found in nineteen ninety two, archaeologists 322 00:20:08,840 --> 00:20:12,960 Speaker 1: described it as a darning tool. Then a paper published 323 00:20:12,960 --> 00:20:16,080 Speaker 1: in the journal Antiquity earlier this year concluded that it 324 00:20:16,119 --> 00:20:21,440 Speaker 1: was a quote large disembodied fallis. Three main ideas were 325 00:20:21,440 --> 00:20:24,840 Speaker 1: put forth for what this fallus may have been used for. 326 00:20:24,840 --> 00:20:28,439 Speaker 1: For sexual purposes, or as a pestle, perhaps with the 327 00:20:28,480 --> 00:20:31,280 Speaker 1: idea that its shape would give the ingredients being ground 328 00:20:31,320 --> 00:20:35,880 Speaker 1: a special potency, or for decorative purposes, maybe just as 329 00:20:35,920 --> 00:20:37,119 Speaker 1: part of a statue. 330 00:20:37,560 --> 00:20:40,080 Speaker 2: But then, not long after this article came out, a 331 00:20:40,280 --> 00:20:43,639 Speaker 2: counter argument started making the rounds that it wasn't a 332 00:20:43,720 --> 00:20:47,080 Speaker 2: darning tool or a fallus, that it was a drop spindle, 333 00:20:47,240 --> 00:20:49,520 Speaker 2: and that notch at the end was used to secure 334 00:20:49,600 --> 00:20:53,560 Speaker 2: the fiber that was being spun. This explanation was offered 335 00:20:53,640 --> 00:20:56,960 Speaker 2: up by a spinner named Lindsey duncan Pitt, who saw 336 00:20:57,160 --> 00:21:01,320 Speaker 2: similarities between the design of this object in two different 337 00:21:01,359 --> 00:21:04,560 Speaker 2: types of Scottish drop spindles, and a letter to the 338 00:21:04,560 --> 00:21:07,879 Speaker 2: newspaper The Guardian, duncan Pitt also argued that a drop 339 00:21:07,960 --> 00:21:10,440 Speaker 2: spindle would make a lot of sense given the other 340 00:21:10,640 --> 00:21:13,840 Speaker 2: items that this object was found with, which included shoes, 341 00:21:14,400 --> 00:21:19,159 Speaker 2: dress accessories, crafting tools and scraps like pieces of leather 342 00:21:19,600 --> 00:21:22,880 Speaker 2: and worked antler, which just made my brain go this 343 00:21:23,200 --> 00:21:26,639 Speaker 2: was from an ancient costume shop. 344 00:21:28,600 --> 00:21:32,760 Speaker 1: And speaking of antler, curators in Vietnam thought a pair 345 00:21:32,800 --> 00:21:36,360 Speaker 1: of deer antlers excavated in the nineteen nineties were simply 346 00:21:36,400 --> 00:21:40,720 Speaker 1: well preserved pieces of antler placed them in storage, but 347 00:21:40,840 --> 00:21:44,960 Speaker 1: researchers examined those antlers in the twenty teens and concluded 348 00:21:44,960 --> 00:21:49,159 Speaker 1: that they were really single stringed instruments. Their research was 349 00:21:49,160 --> 00:21:53,000 Speaker 1: published in the journal Antiquity in February. These items are 350 00:21:53,000 --> 00:21:55,879 Speaker 1: at least two thousand years old, making them the earliest 351 00:21:56,040 --> 00:21:58,640 Speaker 1: known string instruments ever found in Asia. 352 00:21:59,320 --> 00:22:04,320 Speaker 2: Researchers in Brazil believe fifty thousand year old stone tools 353 00:22:04,680 --> 00:22:07,840 Speaker 2: long believed to have been made by early humans may 354 00:22:07,920 --> 00:22:12,200 Speaker 2: really have been made by capuchin monkeys. Basically, the monkeys 355 00:22:12,320 --> 00:22:16,400 Speaker 2: intentionally gather and use rocks for a number of different purposes, 356 00:22:16,440 --> 00:22:19,000 Speaker 2: and one of them is to crack nuts. So they 357 00:22:19,040 --> 00:22:21,720 Speaker 2: put a nut on a big flat rock and use 358 00:22:21,840 --> 00:22:26,400 Speaker 2: another smaller rock to smash the nut open. I watched 359 00:22:27,080 --> 00:22:29,320 Speaker 2: a monkey do this on a YouTube video for a 360 00:22:29,440 --> 00:22:33,840 Speaker 2: solid two minutes. In the process, little pieces of the 361 00:22:33,880 --> 00:22:37,119 Speaker 2: stone can flake away, and that results in the exact 362 00:22:37,160 --> 00:22:39,840 Speaker 2: same kinds of patterns that are found in rocks that 363 00:22:40,119 --> 00:22:43,840 Speaker 2: humans have modified intentionally to turn them into tools. 364 00:22:44,240 --> 00:22:47,119 Speaker 1: This is not the first research to come to this conclusion. 365 00:22:47,760 --> 00:22:51,000 Speaker 1: Several papers have been published since twenty seventeen that have 366 00:22:51,080 --> 00:22:53,520 Speaker 1: suggested that objects that look like they were made by 367 00:22:53,600 --> 00:22:57,000 Speaker 1: humans may really have been made by monkeys. So this 368 00:22:57,080 --> 00:23:00,280 Speaker 1: research is adding to a greater body of work that 369 00:23:00,400 --> 00:23:01,360 Speaker 1: I find charming. 370 00:23:02,160 --> 00:23:07,320 Speaker 2: Yeah. This is also connected to ongoing research into when 371 00:23:07,520 --> 00:23:11,440 Speaker 2: humans first arrived in the America's, something that we briefly 372 00:23:11,480 --> 00:23:14,600 Speaker 2: mentioned in part one of this episode. For a while, 373 00:23:14,880 --> 00:23:18,360 Speaker 2: the most widely held idea within the field of archaeology 374 00:23:18,520 --> 00:23:20,920 Speaker 2: has been that the first people in the Americas were 375 00:23:21,000 --> 00:23:24,119 Speaker 2: what's known as the Clovis people, who crossed a land 376 00:23:24,200 --> 00:23:27,760 Speaker 2: bridge across the Bearing Straight roughly thirteen thousand years ago. 377 00:23:28,359 --> 00:23:31,719 Speaker 2: That idea contradicted the oral histories of a number of 378 00:23:31,760 --> 00:23:36,480 Speaker 2: indigenous nations, which described those nations' ancestors as being on 379 00:23:36,680 --> 00:23:40,720 Speaker 2: the continent earlier than that or as arriving by some 380 00:23:40,920 --> 00:23:41,760 Speaker 2: other route. 381 00:23:41,960 --> 00:23:45,160 Speaker 1: A number of more recent studies have suggested that there 382 00:23:45,200 --> 00:23:47,600 Speaker 1: may have been humans in the Americas as many as 383 00:23:47,640 --> 00:23:51,520 Speaker 1: twenty thousand years before the Clovis people arrived, but some 384 00:23:51,640 --> 00:23:54,120 Speaker 1: of that research has focused on the kinds of tools 385 00:23:54,119 --> 00:23:57,640 Speaker 1: that were analyzed in this study. Now that doesn't mean 386 00:23:57,640 --> 00:24:00,840 Speaker 1: there weren't humans in the area years ago, but it 387 00:24:00,880 --> 00:24:03,800 Speaker 1: does mean that these tools may not be the evidence 388 00:24:03,840 --> 00:24:07,240 Speaker 1: that they were. This research was published in the February 389 00:24:07,320 --> 00:24:10,240 Speaker 1: twenty twenty three issue of the journal The Holocene. 390 00:24:11,280 --> 00:24:14,720 Speaker 2: In somewhat similar tool news, one type of tool that 391 00:24:14,880 --> 00:24:18,199 Speaker 2: early humans used to do things like butcher animals and 392 00:24:18,359 --> 00:24:22,840 Speaker 2: pound plant material into food is known as Oldowan tools 393 00:24:22,920 --> 00:24:26,200 Speaker 2: or the old one industry. These were used as far 394 00:24:26,240 --> 00:24:29,040 Speaker 2: back as two point nine million years ago in parts 395 00:24:29,040 --> 00:24:33,159 Speaker 2: of eastern Africa, but a recent discovery at one site 396 00:24:33,240 --> 00:24:37,280 Speaker 2: in Kenya has raised questions about whether early humans were 397 00:24:37,320 --> 00:24:42,960 Speaker 2: the only ones using these tools. Specifically, some of these 398 00:24:43,080 --> 00:24:46,840 Speaker 2: tools were found near molars that came from not an 399 00:24:46,840 --> 00:24:50,800 Speaker 2: early human, but a hominin known as parenthropis. There are 400 00:24:50,880 --> 00:24:56,560 Speaker 2: two recognized species of Parenthropis who existed alongside several early 401 00:24:56,640 --> 00:25:01,440 Speaker 2: human species, but Parenthropis are not considered to be early humans, 402 00:25:01,520 --> 00:25:04,280 Speaker 2: more like early humans distant cousins. 403 00:25:05,240 --> 00:25:08,840 Speaker 1: Prior to this, many researchers have believed that other non 404 00:25:08,920 --> 00:25:13,080 Speaker 1: human hominids may have also used tools, but that Oldowan 405 00:25:13,200 --> 00:25:17,119 Speaker 1: tools were more sophisticated and were only used by hominids 406 00:25:17,240 --> 00:25:20,800 Speaker 1: in the genus Homo, or species that can be classified 407 00:25:20,840 --> 00:25:25,119 Speaker 1: as human. This has raised questions about whether parenthropists may 408 00:25:25,119 --> 00:25:28,800 Speaker 1: have been capable of making more sophisticated tools, but there 409 00:25:28,800 --> 00:25:33,280 Speaker 1: are also alternate explanations, including that the parenthropists these molars 410 00:25:33,280 --> 00:25:36,360 Speaker 1: came from was the victim of violence at the hands 411 00:25:36,400 --> 00:25:37,640 Speaker 1: of early humans. 412 00:25:38,240 --> 00:25:41,880 Speaker 2: Back in the nineteen thirties, the Field Museum acquired a 413 00:25:41,920 --> 00:25:44,880 Speaker 2: sword that had been pulled out of the Danube River 414 00:25:45,000 --> 00:25:49,000 Speaker 2: in Budapest, Hungary, which was believed to be a replica, 415 00:25:49,680 --> 00:25:52,240 Speaker 2: but it turns out it really does date back to 416 00:25:52,320 --> 00:25:56,920 Speaker 2: sometime between ten eighty and nine hundred BCE, the field 417 00:25:57,000 --> 00:25:59,880 Speaker 2: had acquired a whole group of objects and that grew 418 00:26:00,240 --> 00:26:04,119 Speaker 2: included both authentic items and replicas, and this one was 419 00:26:04,240 --> 00:26:08,479 Speaker 2: misidentified as one of the replicas until the museum started 420 00:26:08,520 --> 00:26:13,119 Speaker 2: preparing for a new exhibition called First Kings of Europe. Apparently, 421 00:26:13,240 --> 00:26:17,520 Speaker 2: Hungarian archaeologists who were working on this exhibition recognized the 422 00:26:17,640 --> 00:26:20,600 Speaker 2: sword as authentic as soon as they saw it, and 423 00:26:20,720 --> 00:26:24,320 Speaker 2: further testing confirmed that its chemical makeup was a match 424 00:26:24,359 --> 00:26:26,000 Speaker 2: for other Bronze Age swords. 425 00:26:26,359 --> 00:26:29,320 Speaker 1: Since the museum staff had not previously known that this 426 00:26:29,400 --> 00:26:32,920 Speaker 1: sword was authentic, it wasn't included in the Bronze Age 427 00:26:32,960 --> 00:26:36,080 Speaker 1: era of the exhibit. Instead, it was placed in the 428 00:26:36,119 --> 00:26:38,800 Speaker 1: main hall as a preview for the exhibit, and that 429 00:26:38,880 --> 00:26:39,960 Speaker 1: opened on March thirty. 430 00:26:40,000 --> 00:26:53,920 Speaker 2: First, I'm going to take a quick sponsor break. Next up, 431 00:26:54,160 --> 00:26:57,760 Speaker 2: we are talking about some repatriations, some of which also 432 00:26:57,880 --> 00:27:01,479 Speaker 2: could have been classified under updates, and we're actually starting 433 00:27:01,520 --> 00:27:05,320 Speaker 2: with something that isn't exactly a repatriation, but it has 434 00:27:05,480 --> 00:27:08,199 Speaker 2: a lot of themes in common with a lot of 435 00:27:08,200 --> 00:27:12,560 Speaker 2: the repatriations that we talk about on the show. Charles 436 00:27:12,640 --> 00:27:16,159 Speaker 2: Byrne was nicknamed the Irish giant. He lived in the 437 00:27:16,160 --> 00:27:19,320 Speaker 2: eighteenth century and reached a height of about seven feet 438 00:27:19,359 --> 00:27:23,679 Speaker 2: seven inches tall, and became famous for that height. While 439 00:27:24,000 --> 00:27:27,720 Speaker 2: he earned a living by exhibiting himself as a curiosity, 440 00:27:28,440 --> 00:27:31,280 Speaker 2: he was also really afraid that somebody would try to 441 00:27:31,359 --> 00:27:35,119 Speaker 2: dissect his body after his death or put it on display. 442 00:27:35,600 --> 00:27:39,040 Speaker 1: When Burn was twenty two, he became very ill. The 443 00:27:39,119 --> 00:27:42,640 Speaker 1: cause of that illness is not conclusively known, and researchers 444 00:27:42,880 --> 00:27:46,080 Speaker 1: have drawn different conclusions over the years as medical science 445 00:27:46,080 --> 00:27:50,160 Speaker 1: has advanced. In June of seventeen eighty three, he asked 446 00:27:50,200 --> 00:27:53,359 Speaker 1: friends to make sure that after his death, his body 447 00:27:53,359 --> 00:27:56,119 Speaker 1: would be buried at sea in a lead coffin to 448 00:27:56,200 --> 00:27:59,040 Speaker 1: prevent anyone from dissecting or displaying it. 449 00:28:00,160 --> 00:28:04,359 Speaker 2: But after Burn died, surgeons swarmed his home with the 450 00:28:04,359 --> 00:28:07,960 Speaker 2: hope of claiming his body for their own purposes. One 451 00:28:08,000 --> 00:28:12,480 Speaker 2: of them, John Hunter, reportedly bribed one of Burn's friends 452 00:28:12,520 --> 00:28:15,639 Speaker 2: to steal his body from the coffin and replace it 453 00:28:15,680 --> 00:28:20,119 Speaker 2: with weights. Four years later, Hunter put Burns prepared skeleton 454 00:28:20,240 --> 00:28:23,560 Speaker 2: on display, and then after Hunter's death, his collection was 455 00:28:23,600 --> 00:28:26,359 Speaker 2: given to what's now the Royal College of Surgeons of 456 00:28:26,400 --> 00:28:30,960 Speaker 2: England under legal terms requiring that collection to be kept intact. 457 00:28:31,520 --> 00:28:34,600 Speaker 1: The Hunterian Museum at the Royal College of Surgeons of 458 00:28:34,640 --> 00:28:38,080 Speaker 1: England has been closed for about five years while undergoing 459 00:28:38,160 --> 00:28:42,320 Speaker 1: a redevelopment process, and in January it was announced that 460 00:28:42,360 --> 00:28:46,240 Speaker 1: when the museum reopens in May, Burn's skeleton will no 461 00:28:46,320 --> 00:28:49,840 Speaker 1: longer be on display there at this point, however, it 462 00:28:50,040 --> 00:28:52,840 Speaker 1: is going to remain part of the museum's collection. 463 00:28:53,560 --> 00:28:58,600 Speaker 2: Next moving away from things that our human remains. In 464 00:28:58,720 --> 00:29:02,520 Speaker 2: January the reports that the British Museum and the Nation 465 00:29:02,640 --> 00:29:05,600 Speaker 2: of Greece were nearing an agreement on the return of 466 00:29:05,640 --> 00:29:08,360 Speaker 2: the Parthenon marbles, which we have covered on the show 467 00:29:08,400 --> 00:29:11,960 Speaker 2: before and have talked about in a number of Unearthed 468 00:29:12,040 --> 00:29:17,160 Speaker 2: updates since then. This proposed agreement involved the British Museum 469 00:29:17,320 --> 00:29:21,560 Speaker 2: treating this return as a long term loan, but Greek 470 00:29:21,600 --> 00:29:24,920 Speaker 2: officials apparently rejected this deal under the argument that the 471 00:29:24,920 --> 00:29:29,120 Speaker 2: British Museum does not own these works and therefore has 472 00:29:29,200 --> 00:29:33,320 Speaker 2: no authority to lend them to anyone. In our year 473 00:29:33,480 --> 00:29:36,440 Speaker 2: End Unearthed for twenty twenty two, we mentioned that Pope 474 00:29:36,440 --> 00:29:40,160 Speaker 2: Francis had announced that Parthenon sculptures in the collections of 475 00:29:40,200 --> 00:29:45,160 Speaker 2: the Vatican City Museums would be returned to Greece. In March, 476 00:29:45,280 --> 00:29:48,640 Speaker 2: three fragments were returned, the head of a boy, the 477 00:29:48,680 --> 00:29:51,000 Speaker 2: head of a bearded man, and the head of a horse. 478 00:29:51,760 --> 00:29:55,520 Speaker 2: These fragments will be placed in the Acropolis Museum. This 479 00:29:55,720 --> 00:29:58,520 Speaker 2: was framed as a donation from the Vatican to the 480 00:29:58,520 --> 00:30:03,240 Speaker 2: Greek Orthodox Church and as a quote gesture of friendship. 481 00:30:03,960 --> 00:30:09,320 Speaker 2: We have also previously discussed French President Emmanuel Macran's announcement 482 00:30:09,440 --> 00:30:14,240 Speaker 2: that France would be returning looted artifacts to countries in Africa. 483 00:30:14,320 --> 00:30:17,240 Speaker 2: He first made that announcement in twenty seventeen, and it's 484 00:30:17,280 --> 00:30:19,840 Speaker 2: come up on the show a couple of times since then. 485 00:30:20,720 --> 00:30:23,720 Speaker 2: One of the items that was returned earlier this year 486 00:30:23,880 --> 00:30:27,280 Speaker 2: was a ten foot long, nine one hundred and forty 487 00:30:27,360 --> 00:30:32,560 Speaker 2: pound wooden drum which colonists seized in nineteen sixteen. 488 00:30:33,200 --> 00:30:36,360 Speaker 1: Ivory Coast had requested the return of this drum, which 489 00:30:36,400 --> 00:30:39,960 Speaker 1: is known as the Talking Drum, in twenty eighteen, along 490 00:30:39,960 --> 00:30:43,600 Speaker 1: with one hundred and forty seven other objects. One reason 491 00:30:43,720 --> 00:30:45,920 Speaker 1: it's taken a few years to return the drum is 492 00:30:45,960 --> 00:30:49,560 Speaker 1: that conservators were working to restore it first. It had 493 00:30:49,600 --> 00:30:52,720 Speaker 1: been kept outside the home of the colonial governor in 494 00:30:52,800 --> 00:30:57,040 Speaker 1: Ivory Coast from nineteen sixteen to nineteen thirty, and during 495 00:30:57,080 --> 00:30:59,800 Speaker 1: that it had been damaged by weather and insects. 496 00:31:01,000 --> 00:31:04,920 Speaker 2: Next, one of the arguments that people sometimes make against 497 00:31:05,040 --> 00:31:08,880 Speaker 2: the idea of repatriating objects to their nation of origin 498 00:31:09,520 --> 00:31:13,120 Speaker 2: involves what will happen if that nation is facing some 499 00:31:13,280 --> 00:31:19,240 Speaker 2: kind of war or other unrest. There are whole nuances 500 00:31:19,240 --> 00:31:21,560 Speaker 2: to that argument that we're really not going to dive into. 501 00:31:21,640 --> 00:31:25,040 Speaker 2: But our next repatriation is an example of one approach 502 00:31:25,080 --> 00:31:29,120 Speaker 2: to dealing with that kind of situation. In February, the 503 00:31:29,280 --> 00:31:33,600 Speaker 2: United States started the process of repatriating seventy seven objects 504 00:31:33,640 --> 00:31:38,280 Speaker 2: to Yemen, but the Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art 505 00:31:38,440 --> 00:31:41,520 Speaker 2: and the government of the Republic of Yemen have entered 506 00:31:41,560 --> 00:31:44,800 Speaker 2: into an agreement for the Smithsonian to store these objects 507 00:31:44,800 --> 00:31:48,280 Speaker 2: for up to two years in the wake of ongoing unrest. 508 00:31:49,040 --> 00:31:52,280 Speaker 2: The Embassy of the Republic of Yemen government hosted a 509 00:31:52,320 --> 00:31:56,240 Speaker 2: repatriation ceremony in Washington, d C. In February, and the 510 00:31:56,440 --> 00:32:00,240 Speaker 2: Yemeni government has the option to request an extension of 511 00:32:00,280 --> 00:32:02,760 Speaker 2: this agreement at the end of the two years if 512 00:32:02,800 --> 00:32:04,200 Speaker 2: it seems like it's necessary. 513 00:32:05,080 --> 00:32:08,160 Speaker 1: We have mentioned Subash Kapoor a couple of times on 514 00:32:08,240 --> 00:32:12,320 Speaker 1: the show. That is the antiquities dealer who was convicted 515 00:32:12,520 --> 00:32:16,840 Speaker 1: of running an international smuggling ring. The items he smuggled 516 00:32:16,880 --> 00:32:20,280 Speaker 1: wound up in the collections of some major museums, and 517 00:32:20,360 --> 00:32:23,920 Speaker 1: one of these is the Metropolitan Museum of Art, which 518 00:32:23,960 --> 00:32:28,240 Speaker 1: has recently announced a plan to return fifteen sculptures to India. 519 00:32:29,040 --> 00:32:31,120 Speaker 1: This came after the Supreme Court of the State of 520 00:32:31,160 --> 00:32:34,760 Speaker 1: New York issued a search warrant related to those fifteen items. 521 00:32:35,480 --> 00:32:38,880 Speaker 1: This is an ongoing process. The met has been communicating 522 00:32:38,920 --> 00:32:42,080 Speaker 1: with the Department of Homeland Security about works that may 523 00:32:42,080 --> 00:32:45,040 Speaker 1: be connected to Kapor since twenty fifteen. 524 00:32:46,400 --> 00:32:48,720 Speaker 2: A couple of the pieces that were announced as being 525 00:32:48,800 --> 00:32:52,000 Speaker 2: returned over the last few months are items that had 526 00:32:52,040 --> 00:32:55,560 Speaker 2: been looted from their countries of origin during wars or 527 00:32:55,600 --> 00:32:59,360 Speaker 2: other periods of unrest just within the last couple of decades. 528 00:33:00,080 --> 00:33:03,160 Speaker 2: The US is returning a nearly three thousand year old 529 00:33:03,200 --> 00:33:07,200 Speaker 2: piece known as Furniture fitting with Sphinx trampling a youth 530 00:33:07,280 --> 00:33:10,600 Speaker 2: to Iraq. This was looted from the Iraq Museum during 531 00:33:10,640 --> 00:33:14,400 Speaker 2: the two thousand and three invasion of Iraq. A wooden 532 00:33:14,480 --> 00:33:17,640 Speaker 2: sarcophagus with a green face that's been in the collection 533 00:33:17,760 --> 00:33:20,920 Speaker 2: of the Houston Museum of Natural Sciences as being returned 534 00:33:20,960 --> 00:33:24,400 Speaker 2: to Egypt. It had been taken out of Egypt after 535 00:33:24,520 --> 00:33:29,959 Speaker 2: Egyptian President Hosni Murrak was overthrown in twenty eleven. To 536 00:33:30,160 --> 00:33:33,080 Speaker 2: circle back to the met for a second in twenty nineteen, 537 00:33:33,120 --> 00:33:35,960 Speaker 2: it returned a gilded coffin that had also been smuggled 538 00:33:35,960 --> 00:33:39,600 Speaker 2: out of Egypt by that same group of traffickers that 539 00:33:39,680 --> 00:33:41,240 Speaker 2: took this one with the green face. 540 00:33:41,880 --> 00:33:46,480 Speaker 1: And for our last repatriation in twenty twenty two, Tuscarora 541 00:33:46,520 --> 00:33:50,680 Speaker 1: citizen Brennan Ferguson was at the Geneva Museum of Ethnography 542 00:33:50,800 --> 00:33:55,560 Speaker 1: in Switzerland and saw two Hadenashani sacred items on display there, 543 00:33:56,000 --> 00:33:59,760 Speaker 1: a mask and a turtle rattle. Ferguson met with the 544 00:33:59,800 --> 00:34:02,960 Speaker 1: mum director, who took the mask off of public display 545 00:34:03,040 --> 00:34:06,880 Speaker 1: at Ferguson's request, and then the museum began working with 546 00:34:06,920 --> 00:34:11,080 Speaker 1: the Hoddanashani Confederacy to return the items to them. The 547 00:34:11,120 --> 00:34:14,560 Speaker 1: Tuscarora are one of the six nations of the Hodanashani. 548 00:34:15,880 --> 00:34:18,200 Speaker 2: The item was a return in February, and this whole 549 00:34:18,280 --> 00:34:22,040 Speaker 2: process took about seven months. Which is much faster than 550 00:34:22,080 --> 00:34:25,040 Speaker 2: a lot of the repatriations we have talked about on 551 00:34:25,080 --> 00:34:29,560 Speaker 2: the show, and interviews Ferguson and other tribal citizens who 552 00:34:29,600 --> 00:34:32,640 Speaker 2: were involved with this repatriation have mentioned that the museum 553 00:34:32,719 --> 00:34:35,960 Speaker 2: was quick to act and respectful through this whole process. 554 00:34:36,640 --> 00:34:39,479 Speaker 1: Now it is time to move on to shipwrecks, which 555 00:34:39,480 --> 00:34:42,080 Speaker 1: is how we're going to wrap up this edition of Unearthed, 556 00:34:42,600 --> 00:34:45,520 Speaker 1: starting with one that's also an update. So back in 557 00:34:45,560 --> 00:34:48,680 Speaker 1: twenty twenty, we talked about the wreck of the warship Grimshunden, 558 00:34:49,000 --> 00:34:52,879 Speaker 1: which belonged to King Hans of Denmark. This ship had 559 00:34:52,920 --> 00:34:56,440 Speaker 1: been loaded up with fine goods in preparation for negotiations 560 00:34:56,480 --> 00:35:00,480 Speaker 1: with Sweden. Sweden wanted to break away from the Kalamar Union, 561 00:35:00,560 --> 00:35:04,680 Speaker 1: which included Denmark, Sweden and Norway, and Hans wanted to 562 00:35:04,760 --> 00:35:08,840 Speaker 1: encourage Sweden to stay through the combination of extravagant gifts 563 00:35:09,160 --> 00:35:12,960 Speaker 1: and the presence of a great, big warship. But that 564 00:35:13,080 --> 00:35:17,360 Speaker 1: ship caught fire and it sank before arriving. Archaeologists with 565 00:35:17,520 --> 00:35:21,359 Speaker 1: Lund University in Sweden have found what's being described as 566 00:35:21,400 --> 00:35:26,640 Speaker 1: a trove of spices on board, including nutmeg cloves, mustard, dill, 567 00:35:27,160 --> 00:35:31,200 Speaker 1: Saffron and Ginger, suggesting that Hans had access to trade 568 00:35:31,200 --> 00:35:33,520 Speaker 1: goods from as far away as Indonesia. 569 00:35:34,360 --> 00:35:37,880 Speaker 2: Next to fifteenth century shipwreck was found in Newport, Wales 570 00:35:38,000 --> 00:35:40,880 Speaker 2: during work on the city's riverfront theater in two thousand 571 00:35:40,880 --> 00:35:44,080 Speaker 2: and two. That wreck was sent to Portsmouth to be 572 00:35:44,200 --> 00:35:47,080 Speaker 2: dried and preserve, which was handled by some of the 573 00:35:47,160 --> 00:35:49,640 Speaker 2: same people who worked to preserve the wreck of the 574 00:35:49,719 --> 00:35:53,440 Speaker 2: Mary Rose. Now the ship is being sent back to 575 00:35:53,600 --> 00:35:58,040 Speaker 2: Newport as approximately twenty five hundred shipwreck pieces that are 576 00:35:58,080 --> 00:36:01,560 Speaker 2: going to need to be reassembled. The plan is to 577 00:36:01,680 --> 00:36:04,680 Speaker 2: eventually make it a public attraction. As I understand it, 578 00:36:04,680 --> 00:36:07,560 Speaker 2: they're having to find an appropriate place to put it 579 00:36:07,800 --> 00:36:11,399 Speaker 2: because of how big it is, and it also how 580 00:36:11,480 --> 00:36:14,879 Speaker 2: a big enough place to reassemble all twenty five hundred piece. 581 00:36:15,080 --> 00:36:17,600 Speaker 1: I know, I'm picturing like the world's biggest lego table. 582 00:36:19,360 --> 00:36:22,520 Speaker 1: A shipwreck off the coast of Eastbourn, England, was found 583 00:36:22,560 --> 00:36:25,520 Speaker 1: in twenty nineteen, and for whatever reason, it did not 584 00:36:25,680 --> 00:36:28,160 Speaker 1: wind up on an episode of Unearthed at that time. 585 00:36:28,600 --> 00:36:32,000 Speaker 1: We don't think anyway, we don't. Neither of us recalls it. Yeah. 586 00:36:32,040 --> 00:36:34,080 Speaker 2: I looked and I was like, I don't see anything 587 00:36:34,120 --> 00:36:36,040 Speaker 2: that sounds like the same thing. It may have been 588 00:36:36,080 --> 00:36:37,600 Speaker 2: on your list in one of the things that just 589 00:36:37,600 --> 00:36:41,239 Speaker 2: didn't make it that happens that has now been identified 590 00:36:41,320 --> 00:36:45,640 Speaker 2: as the seventeenth century Dutch warship klein Holandia, which was 591 00:36:45,680 --> 00:36:49,320 Speaker 2: involved in numerous battles during the Second Anglo Dutch War. 592 00:36:50,120 --> 00:36:53,080 Speaker 2: It sank after being attacked and boarded by an English 593 00:36:53,160 --> 00:36:57,520 Speaker 2: naval force in sixteen seventy two. Divers have found a 594 00:36:57,640 --> 00:37:00,560 Speaker 2: lot of material at the reck site, including parts of 595 00:37:00,600 --> 00:37:03,520 Speaker 2: the hull, some of the ship's cannons, and pieces of 596 00:37:03,560 --> 00:37:08,960 Speaker 2: Italian pottery. And finally, in twenty nineteen, a schooner barge 597 00:37:09,000 --> 00:37:11,279 Speaker 2: called the iron Ton was spotted on the floor of 598 00:37:11,360 --> 00:37:15,880 Speaker 2: Lake Huron using sonar imagery. This discovery was not announced 599 00:37:15,960 --> 00:37:18,600 Speaker 2: until March of this year to give researchers some time 600 00:37:18,680 --> 00:37:22,040 Speaker 2: to study it before the news was made public. The 601 00:37:22,080 --> 00:37:26,480 Speaker 2: iron Ton sank in what sounds like really a terrifying ordeal. 602 00:37:27,360 --> 00:37:30,480 Speaker 2: The iron Ton and another vessel called the Moonlight were 603 00:37:30,520 --> 00:37:34,520 Speaker 2: both being towed by a steamer and the steamer broke down, 604 00:37:35,120 --> 00:37:39,239 Speaker 2: and then a storm started and driving winds started, threatening 605 00:37:39,320 --> 00:37:41,680 Speaker 2: all three of these vessels, which led the crew of 606 00:37:41,719 --> 00:37:44,840 Speaker 2: the Moonlight to cut through the iron Ton's toe line 607 00:37:45,320 --> 00:37:47,799 Speaker 2: with the hope of preventing a collision with them. 608 00:37:48,440 --> 00:37:52,319 Speaker 1: Not long after that, the iron Ton did collide, not 609 00:37:52,440 --> 00:37:55,640 Speaker 1: with the Moonlight, but with a totally different ship, the Ohio, 610 00:37:55,920 --> 00:37:59,359 Speaker 1: which was laden with grain. The iron Ton's crew tried 611 00:37:59,360 --> 00:38:01,960 Speaker 1: to deploy a lot lifeboat, but no one untied the 612 00:38:02,000 --> 00:38:05,239 Speaker 1: lifeboat from the iron Ton. It's not clear whether this 613 00:38:05,400 --> 00:38:08,880 Speaker 1: was someone's oversight or if it just wasn't possible to do. 614 00:38:09,120 --> 00:38:12,080 Speaker 1: In the middle of all of this, all but two 615 00:38:12,160 --> 00:38:15,680 Speaker 1: of the iron Ton's crew drowned. The Ohio also sank, 616 00:38:16,000 --> 00:38:17,759 Speaker 1: but all of its crew survived. 617 00:38:18,520 --> 00:38:21,239 Speaker 2: Divers have been to the wreck site and found the 618 00:38:21,360 --> 00:38:24,520 Speaker 2: iron Ton to be in such good condition that they 619 00:38:24,600 --> 00:38:27,879 Speaker 2: described it as not even seeming like a wreck, more 620 00:38:27,960 --> 00:38:30,840 Speaker 2: like just an intact ship sitting on the bottom of 621 00:38:30,880 --> 00:38:34,600 Speaker 2: the lake, and that lifeboat is still attached to it. 622 00:38:34,719 --> 00:38:38,600 Speaker 1: Dundundi. Yeah, that is kind of a creepy note to 623 00:38:38,680 --> 00:38:41,280 Speaker 1: end on, which is fine by me. We're halfway to Halloween, 624 00:38:41,360 --> 00:38:45,000 Speaker 1: so this seems right. Sure, but we will be back 625 00:38:45,040 --> 00:38:47,359 Speaker 1: with more unearthed than three months or so, which may 626 00:38:47,440 --> 00:38:49,520 Speaker 1: or may not also have haunting imagery. 627 00:38:50,320 --> 00:38:54,479 Speaker 2: Maybe so I have listener mail from Jennifer to take 628 00:38:54,560 --> 00:38:57,920 Speaker 2: us out. I loved the subject line of this email. 629 00:38:58,000 --> 00:39:02,680 Speaker 2: It says old vocabulary, and Jennifer wrote, Hi, Holly and Tracy, 630 00:39:02,719 --> 00:39:04,520 Speaker 2: I just wanted to send a brief note for me. 631 00:39:04,640 --> 00:39:08,960 Speaker 2: I tend to be wordy after today's episode. That episode 632 00:39:09,040 --> 00:39:12,840 Speaker 2: was the one about the autobiographies of Jenny June, so 633 00:39:13,080 --> 00:39:15,920 Speaker 2: Jennifer wrote, you mentioned that the word bisexual used to 634 00:39:15,960 --> 00:39:19,680 Speaker 2: mean people with characteristics of both sexes rather than how 635 00:39:19,719 --> 00:39:22,440 Speaker 2: we define it today. You can find a real world 636 00:39:22,480 --> 00:39:25,160 Speaker 2: example of that well into the nineteen sixties. In The 637 00:39:25,280 --> 00:39:28,520 Speaker 2: Star Trek, the original series episode the Trouble with Tribles, 638 00:39:29,000 --> 00:39:34,440 Speaker 2: doctor McCoy describes Tribles as bisexual reproducing at will. This 639 00:39:34,520 --> 00:39:36,920 Speaker 2: episode has a special place in my heart because it's 640 00:39:36,960 --> 00:39:40,279 Speaker 2: the very first episode I ever saw. Around nineteen eighty three, 641 00:39:40,360 --> 00:39:43,120 Speaker 2: when my dad, who was collecting the show on the 642 00:39:43,160 --> 00:39:47,080 Speaker 2: two episodes per tape release, got that episode and set 643 00:39:47,080 --> 00:39:49,040 Speaker 2: five year old meet in front of it, and I 644 00:39:49,239 --> 00:39:53,160 Speaker 2: was hooked. Star Trek became our thing. So of course 645 00:39:53,200 --> 00:39:55,560 Speaker 2: I immediately thought of that quote when you were discussing 646 00:39:55,640 --> 00:39:59,040 Speaker 2: vocabulary in this episode. I think I've sent pics in 647 00:39:59,120 --> 00:40:02,439 Speaker 2: my casts before, just in case here is Pumpkin, big 648 00:40:02,440 --> 00:40:05,640 Speaker 2: and round in orange, hopefully making the name self explanatory. 649 00:40:06,040 --> 00:40:08,680 Speaker 2: And Jamie, who my brother named after the boy on 650 00:40:08,760 --> 00:40:12,200 Speaker 2: the eighties show Small Wonder on a cross country RV 651 00:40:12,320 --> 00:40:14,279 Speaker 2: trip a few years ago. Don't worry, I took the 652 00:40:14,320 --> 00:40:17,360 Speaker 2: pics while we were stopped for the day. The bottom 653 00:40:17,360 --> 00:40:20,239 Speaker 2: one is Jamie and his baby girl, Joxer, who got 654 00:40:20,239 --> 00:40:22,879 Speaker 2: her name as a kitten before her mostly feral mama 655 00:40:23,040 --> 00:40:25,880 Speaker 2: Zena led us close enough to find out that she 656 00:40:26,080 --> 00:40:28,959 Speaker 2: was a girl. How mostly feral Zena had a litter 657 00:40:29,000 --> 00:40:31,600 Speaker 2: of kiddies after she'd come inside as a whole separate 658 00:40:31,680 --> 00:40:34,879 Speaker 2: story about my overly optimistic mom. But she kept all 659 00:40:34,920 --> 00:40:39,880 Speaker 2: three babies. I love that story. I love these names 660 00:40:39,920 --> 00:40:42,719 Speaker 2: for these cats. I love these cats pictures. These are great. 661 00:40:43,320 --> 00:40:46,640 Speaker 2: I also love the trouble with Tribbles. And I want 662 00:40:46,640 --> 00:40:50,800 Speaker 2: to note that you do still sometimes see the word bisexual, 663 00:40:50,920 --> 00:40:55,279 Speaker 2: meaning like having elements of two sexes, in things like 664 00:40:56,280 --> 00:41:00,319 Speaker 2: biology texts or botany texts and that kind of thing. 665 00:41:00,560 --> 00:41:02,239 Speaker 2: But it like it. We don't really use it that 666 00:41:02,280 --> 00:41:08,440 Speaker 2: way to describe people in everyday conversation anymore. So I 667 00:41:08,520 --> 00:41:12,640 Speaker 2: also now am vividly thinking about that like animated version 668 00:41:12,840 --> 00:41:17,439 Speaker 2: of Star Trek the original series. There was an ant 669 00:41:17,560 --> 00:41:22,840 Speaker 2: like just it was just like animated translations of episodes 670 00:41:22,880 --> 00:41:25,960 Speaker 2: as I remember it, and I remember seeing an animated 671 00:41:26,040 --> 00:41:29,960 Speaker 2: one on Nickelodeon or something. So anyway, and the live 672 00:41:30,000 --> 00:41:31,920 Speaker 2: action one. And now I'm just gonna think about triples 673 00:41:31,920 --> 00:41:35,880 Speaker 2: all day and cats. So thanks Jennifer for this email. 674 00:41:36,280 --> 00:41:37,799 Speaker 2: If you would like to send us a note about 675 00:41:37,800 --> 00:41:41,080 Speaker 2: this or any other podcast, we're at History Podcast atiheartradio 676 00:41:41,120 --> 00:41:44,720 Speaker 2: dot com and we're all over social media. Miss in History. 677 00:41:44,760 --> 00:41:47,480 Speaker 2: That's ree you'll find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Instagram, 678 00:41:47,520 --> 00:41:51,239 Speaker 2: and you can subscribe to our show on the iHeartRadio 679 00:41:51,320 --> 00:41:59,400 Speaker 2: app or wherever you like to get your podcasts. Stuff 680 00:41:59,400 --> 00:42:02,200 Speaker 2: you Missed in His Class is a production of iHeartRadio. 681 00:42:02,520 --> 00:42:07,160 Speaker 2: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, 682 00:42:07,280 --> 00:42:09,280 Speaker 2: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.