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Speaker 1: Hey or hey, I think it's time we confronted a

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Speaker 1: really tricky topic.

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Speaker 4: Do you think we have time for that?

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Speaker 1: You know, there's no time like the present.

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Speaker 4: It could be a good time.

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Speaker 1: It might be a fun way to pass some time.

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Speaker 4: All right, I'll make time for it.

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Speaker 1: It's about time. So, Cory, how many time puns can

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Speaker 1: one fit into a single podcast?

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Speaker 4: That's right? How much time do you have?

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Speaker 1: I've got time.

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Speaker 4: I think it's a timely set of puns.

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Speaker 1: Well, you use that pun time after time, nothing else.

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Speaker 4: Now's the time to start the podcast.

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Speaker 1: Now's the time to tackle this tricky topic. I am

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Speaker 1: Horehe and I'm Daniel.

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Speaker 4: It's time for our podcast, Daniel and Jorhe Explain the Universe,

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Speaker 4: a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 1: In which we take everything about the universe, the now,

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Speaker 1: the future, the past, the deep, deep, deep past and

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Speaker 1: try to explain it to you.

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Speaker 4: That's why we take the time to take a little

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Speaker 4: bit of your time and maybe get you to understand

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Speaker 4: a little bit more about this amazing and spacious place

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Speaker 4: that we live in called the universe.

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Speaker 1: That's right. And sometimes we like to grapple with topics

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Speaker 1: that are sort of obvious, you know, sort of things

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Speaker 1: that are right in front of you, and understand like

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Speaker 1: does physics know how to make sense of it? Does

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Speaker 1: physics have a good definition of it? Do we understand

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Speaker 1: why it's this way and not that way?

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Speaker 4: That's right. And so today we're tackling a topic that

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Speaker 4: is probably in everybody's mind all the time.

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Speaker 1: That's right. This is something you think about every day

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Speaker 1: from when your alarm clock goes off to when it's

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Speaker 1: time to go to bed.

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Speaker 4: To stay on the podcast, we will be talking about time.

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Speaker 1: What is time anyway?

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Speaker 5: Yeah?

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Speaker 4: And why does it only go forwards?

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Speaker 1: Why do you remember the past and not the future?

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Speaker 4: Can you remember the future? That would be pretty cool.

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Speaker 1: Well, that's the whole question right on one hand, very

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Speaker 1: intuitive understanding of time. We all know what time is, right,

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Speaker 1: Yesterday was yesterday, tomorrow's tomorrow, right now is now, But

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Speaker 1: when you get down to it, we don't really understand

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Speaker 1: why we have it right. Why is it like that?

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Speaker 1: Why does it only go forwards? Why is the future

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Speaker 1: different from the past.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, it's weird to think that we are in the

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Speaker 4: press and right now and there's a past going backwards

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Speaker 4: in time and there's a future going forwards in time.

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Speaker 4: But what's really the difference between those two things?

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Speaker 1: Yeah?

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Speaker 4: Why can't I see or feel or have any kind

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Speaker 4: of memory about the future?

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Speaker 1: Yeah? Exactly what makes it different? Why is the past

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Speaker 1: fixed right? Unchangeable? Unless you believe in crazy science fiction

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Speaker 1: time travel stories, which I don't and the future undetermined? Right,

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Speaker 1: what's the difference? Can physics reveal that? Is there some

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Speaker 1: understanding of time from physics? It tells us why one

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Speaker 1: is different from the other. Yeah?

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Speaker 4: Why is at an era of time? Like a one

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Speaker 4: way sign in the universe, in the highway of time

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Speaker 4: of the universe.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, And this is one of those wonderful questions because

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Speaker 1: on the surface of it it seems kind of dumb,

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Speaker 1: like somebody asks you what is time? You're gonna tell them, Oh,

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Speaker 1: it's three o'clock. And if they dig deeper and ask

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Speaker 1: you though, like what is time? Even mean?

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Speaker 4: Man? Sometimes I say it's two o'clock. Depending on the circumstances.

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Speaker 1: Oh, I always give the same answer no matter what time.

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Speaker 1: The way people stop asking me. No, my kids always

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Speaker 1: what time is it? And they have like a watch

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Speaker 1: on their hand, there's like two watches on the wall,

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Speaker 1: Like why are you asking me? So I would just

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Speaker 1: say it's three o'clock, no matter what, so that they

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Speaker 1: stop asking.

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Speaker 4: It sounds like sounds like the same parenting strategy my

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Speaker 4: wife has when we go on road trips, to always

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Speaker 4: ask how long are we do we get there? Is it?

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Speaker 4: Are we there? Yet and she always answers, Nope, it's

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Speaker 4: gonna take twenty more hours.

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Speaker 1: No matter what. You're like pulling into the place, and

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Speaker 1: she's like, twenty more hours.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, no matter what, she always says, twenty hours.

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Speaker 1: It is a great strategy. You know, me and your wife,

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Speaker 1: we would really get along. It seems like we see

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Speaker 1: eye to eye about how to handle these approaches, how

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Speaker 1: to handle these trouble.

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Speaker 4: You would have some very sarcastic kids.

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Speaker 1: Bro exactly. Anyway, I love these questions you know that

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Speaker 1: are like, on the surface, so simple, but when you

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Speaker 1: dig deep, they reveal like enormous gaps in our knowledge

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Speaker 1: about the universe. Those questions are the best because those

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Speaker 1: are the opportunities to reveal that the universe is different

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Speaker 1: from the way we understood. Like the way we think

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Speaker 1: about the universe reflects just our experience, the way we've

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Speaker 1: lived and grown up, and not something fundamental, something universal, right,

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Speaker 1: and that's the whole goal of physics.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, it's one of those questions, like it makes you

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Speaker 4: kind of look almost inwards or look in your like

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Speaker 4: you one day you just wake up and you don't

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Speaker 4: even know where you're standing or how how the house

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Speaker 4: that you live in was built.

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Speaker 1: Ohoh, don't lose grasp of reality there, or or hey,

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Speaker 1: we're trying to dig deep. We're not trying to make

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Speaker 1: you go crazy.

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Speaker 4: Doesn't it make you kind of question at like the

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Speaker 4: very nature of the universe?

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Speaker 1: It does. It's sort of like if you say a

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Speaker 1: word like a hundred times, like say the word marriage

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Speaker 1: a hundred times, it starts to turn into a really

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Speaker 1: weird word. Right, you take it apart, you look at it,

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Speaker 1: you like, that's really strange. It's the same thing with

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Speaker 1: the concept of time, like you know, pick up your

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Speaker 1: hand and rub your fingers together, right, you're feeling that

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Speaker 1: right now, right? But what does now mean? Right now?

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Speaker 1: Sort of like it's always it's infinitely short, and it's

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Speaker 1: slipping constantly into the past. You can never grasp onto it,

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Speaker 1: you can never hold it, right, it's always you're always

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Speaker 1: losing it. It's a really strange concept, the concept of now.

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Speaker 5: Yeah.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, although I don't know if that's what makes marriage weird, but.

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Speaker 1: No, there's lots of things that make marriage weird. Saying

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Speaker 1: that a hundred times is not it. But I remember

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Speaker 1: reading a book about conciousness back when I was really

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Speaker 1: interested in the science of consciousness, which we can talk

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Speaker 1: about another podcast. But the basic idea in that book

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Speaker 1: that's by Daniel Dennett, it's called Consciousness Explained, is that

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Speaker 1: there is no now that you're the consciousness is basically

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Speaker 1: an illusion that all you're ever doing is remembering the

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Speaker 1: immediate past. And I don't know if I believe that,

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Speaker 1: but it really made me think about what now is

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Speaker 1: and how you can never really grasp it. It's always

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Speaker 1: just like sliding away from you and you know, whether

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Speaker 1: it really exists, whether there is a now, right, whether

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Speaker 1: there's a special instant that differentiates between the past and

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Speaker 1: the future.

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Speaker 4: Right, right, Because sort of technically and physics of time

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Speaker 4: could go both ways, right, like you could. Time is

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Speaker 4: kind of just like an arrow you can flip back

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Speaker 4: and forth in the equations that you guys use, right.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, time is not really very es central to physics. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I mean, on one hand it is, and on one

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Speaker 1: hand it isn't. Some you could write a lot of

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Speaker 1: physics down without ever thinking about time. On the other hand,

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Speaker 1: time is a central property of physics because we're trying

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Speaker 1: to use physics to predict the future. So this time

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Speaker 1: is both like not part of physics and deeply entwined

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Speaker 1: in it at the same time. So it's an important topic.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, no, And it's a topic that everybody experiences right

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Speaker 4: at every second of the day, every day of the year,

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Speaker 4: every year of their lives. They're experiencing time, and they're

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Speaker 4: moving forwards in it, and they are they feel it, right, Yeah,

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Speaker 4: they think about it, they think about the future, they

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Speaker 4: remember the past, and so it kind of makes you

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Speaker 4: wonder how many people actually think about or know what

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Speaker 4: time actually is.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. So I was wondering do people know why

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Speaker 1: time goes forward? Like, I mean, physicists don't really, but

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Speaker 1: it's always fun to ask general public questions that scientists

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Speaker 1: don't know the answer to, just to see what they

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Speaker 1: come up with. So I walked around the user Irvine

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Speaker 1: campus and I ask people why does time only go forwards?

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Speaker 4: Here's what people had to say.

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Speaker 1: Do you know why time only goes forwards?

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Speaker 6: Not really, honestly, I have like some sort of like

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Speaker 6: intuition why it only goes forward, But I don't think

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Speaker 6: we can explain that.

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Speaker 7: Yeah, okay, cool.

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Speaker 1: I have no idea.

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Speaker 2: No, I don't.

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Speaker 4: I guess if I had to go I just say

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Speaker 4: gravity or something.

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Speaker 1: Okay, No, I don't any idea of best guess, sorry.

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Speaker 6: I think time is like the fourth dimensional, right, So

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Speaker 6: actually I don't know about cooky, right, yeah, okay, I'm

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Speaker 6: not sure.

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Speaker 1: Oh okay.

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Speaker 8: Well, when I think of time, I think of it

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Speaker 8: kind of almost as linear progression, meaning that it's a

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Speaker 8: constant in the universe and it's always kind of moving forward,

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Speaker 8: and that's something that we accept as being a fact

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Speaker 8: of the universe, at least as we understand it now.

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Speaker 8: So in that regards, I think that's why we can

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Speaker 8: only see it as moving forwards, because it doesn't kind

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Speaker 8: of make sense to us or it's not even physically

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Speaker 8: possible currently for us to move backwards in time, so

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Speaker 8: we don't consider it in that way.

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Speaker 7: I think it might be a matter of observation. So

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Speaker 7: relative to us, time moves forward in the way that

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Speaker 7: we experience the world just biologically, it's designed to be

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Speaker 7: in a manner that is sort of one dimensional on

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Speaker 7: a forward mind all the time. But in reality, it

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Speaker 7: might be that the fourth dimension of time in space,

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Speaker 7: time might just be a way of describing the universe

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Speaker 7: that the math predicts from physics and myology and perhaps

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Speaker 7: other related science fields.

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Speaker 1: Okay, cool, Yeah, so I got a pretty good mix

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Speaker 1: of answers there, right from the standard physics like gravity,

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Speaker 1: which is a you know, that's a good answer. You

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Speaker 1: never know, it might be right.

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Speaker 4: Gravity that somebody actually said gravity.

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Speaker 1: Aswer, I don't know gravity.

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Speaker 4: It could be it could be.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, Well, gravity is like the answer to half the

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Speaker 1: questions in physics, the way like pie is the answer

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Speaker 1: to half the questions in math. Right, So if you

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Speaker 1: have no idea, you could just say gravity, and half

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Speaker 1: the time you'll be right.

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Speaker 4: Not the movie The Force, right, yeah, the fabric of

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Speaker 4: space time itself, that's right, it's gravity.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. And then you know, some other folks had some

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Speaker 1: more elaborate discussions, but.

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Speaker 4: Some people had opinions.

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Speaker 1: People did have opinions. Yeah, some of them were sort

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Speaker 1: of longer word salad, right, you know, some of them

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Speaker 1: hit on some of the scientific concepts, time being a

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Speaker 1: fourth dimension, et cetera. But yeah, a lot of people

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Speaker 1: want to ask them this question. You could just see

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Speaker 1: in their faces that they had not ever considered this.

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Speaker 1: They're not even a question they had imagined, But as

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Speaker 1: soon as they thought about it, they realized they didn't

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Speaker 1: know and that's my favorite part of this topic is

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Speaker 1: that nobody has really thought about it in terms of

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Speaker 1: general public. But as soon as they do, they're very curious. Right,

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Speaker 1: those are the best questions.

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Speaker 4: It's amazing how little you actually kind of need to

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Speaker 4: know about the universe to live a full and happy life,

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Speaker 4: you know what I mean, that's a prospective happy life.

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Speaker 4: There's so much you don't need to know.

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Speaker 1: Ignorance is bliss, you know, that does have a meaning.

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Speaker 1: People have been living in this universe for hundreds of

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Speaker 1: thousands of years, depending on how you count the beginning

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Speaker 1: of humanity, and there's been a lot of happiness and

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Speaker 1: joy without really any understanding. I mean, I would say

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Speaker 1: people five hundred years ago basically knew nothing about the

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Speaker 1: way the universe actually works. But you know, people had

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Speaker 1: birthday parties and eight cakes and had moments of joy.

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Speaker 4: So yeah, I mean like a hundred only one hundred

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Speaker 4: years ago, right in the nineteen hundreds, early nineteen hundreds,

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Speaker 4: the people didn't know the concept of atoms or quantum physics, right.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that's about one hundred years old. We didn't know

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Speaker 1: how long the universe had been around, right, So pretty

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Speaker 1: basic stuff about the way the universe works is pretty modern, right, So.

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Speaker 4: We didn't know there were other galaxies?

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Speaker 1: Right, No, they didn't. So what's your point here? Your

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Speaker 1: point is you don't need physics to be happy? Is

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Speaker 1: that what you're trying to say is irrelevant happiness?

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Speaker 4: You think of how much of a richer life you

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Speaker 4: can lead if you know physics.

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Speaker 1: Okay, I like the way you spun that back, right,

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Speaker 1: using all this technology to talk to me. That's based

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Speaker 1: on physics, not.

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Speaker 4: Like money rich, but you know, like spiritually rich.

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Speaker 1: Right, right, your career based on technology that was developed

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Speaker 1: with the help of physicists. Where would you.

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Speaker 4: Be is in your science dependent on technology to progress?

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Speaker 1: Exactly? Yes? I am a tiny little mite standing on

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Speaker 1: the shoulders of giants, absolutely, But so are we all?

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Speaker 1: So are we all?

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Speaker 4: Yeah? Well, maybe it's time we got back on topic here,

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Speaker 4: and so let's break it down for people, Daniel, how

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Speaker 4: do physicists see time? Like if you're at a conference

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Speaker 4: and you guys are talking and somebody said, hey, guys,

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Speaker 4: what is time? What do you think people would generally say?

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Speaker 1: I think we'd be a lot of disagreements because we

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Speaker 1: don't really have a great description of time. You know

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Speaker 1: one that really makes sense, and you know. The way

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Speaker 1: physics approaches a problem is first you try to build

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Speaker 1: like a model of the problem. You try to describe

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Speaker 1: it in a way that we can grapple using the

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Speaker 1: language that we're familiar with, which is mathematics.

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Speaker 4: You try to find an equation that tells you what's happening.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, you know something's happening in the real world.

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Speaker 1: Maybe it's like a ball is being thrown in the air,

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Speaker 1: and we try to understand it. So we write down

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Speaker 1: a bunch of equations to describe it, and that lets

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Speaker 1: us build that model in our heads and manipulate it

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Speaker 1: and then use information from the model to describe what's

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Speaker 1: happening in the world. Cool. How do we do that

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Speaker 1: with time? Right? How do we ask this question about

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Speaker 1: like why can I remember the past and not the future?

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Speaker 1: Why does ice melt but not unmelt? Right? These kinds

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Speaker 1: of questions about time, it's pretty hard to wrap your

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Speaker 1: mind around. One approach is to think about the universe

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Speaker 1: in terms of a bunch of snapshots, like you think

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Speaker 1: about a movie. Right, what is a movie? It's not

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Speaker 1: really a continuous experience in time. If you're looking at

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Speaker 1: the screen, you're not really seeing smooth motion. You're seeing

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Speaker 1: a bunch of snapshots.

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Speaker 4: You're seeing like a little cells in a film, or

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Speaker 4: like a bunch of screenshots.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a bunch of screenshots, and they're just packed

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Speaker 1: so tightly together that you don't notice that they're not

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Speaker 1: actually smoothly varying. Right. Your brain does the interpolation for you.

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Speaker 1: It tells you a story. So sometimes we think about

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Speaker 1: the universe that way. We think about like all the

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Speaker 1: universe at this moment, and then all the universe at

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Speaker 1: the next moment, and all the universe at the next moment,

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Speaker 1: like snapshots of the universe.

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Speaker 4: By snapshots, you mean like what is every particle doing

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Speaker 4: and where is it going?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly and time. Then is a way to sort

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Speaker 1: of order those snapshots is to say this one first,

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Speaker 1: that one next, that one next, and to sort of

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Speaker 1: put them together.

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Speaker 4: This one can go in front of the other one, yes,

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Speaker 4: or you know what I mean, Like it limits the ordering.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, And in that sense, physics. The job of physics

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Speaker 1: is to take all the snapshots in the past and

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Speaker 1: predict the ones in the future and to say, okay,

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Speaker 1: according to the laws of physics, the next snapshot will

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Speaker 1: look like this, or if you want to talk quantum mechanically,

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Speaker 1: there's a probability distribution of the next snapshots. These are likely,

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Speaker 1: these are unlikely, these are impots. Right, So physics takes

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Speaker 1: sort of that view of time, and there's a bunch

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Speaker 1: of caveats there, Like, you can't have a snapshot of

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Speaker 1: the whole universe, right because time is not universal. It

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Speaker 1: means different things for different people. You can't know everything

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Speaker 1: about the universe. But you know, you take a small

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Speaker 1: enough model or a single particle or something.

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Speaker 4: You can also have quantum I mean you also have

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Speaker 4: quantum states, right, Like, isn't that prevent you from getting

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Speaker 4: an exact snapshot of the universe?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. So you can't really get an exact snapshot,

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Speaker 1: but you could do a quantum mechanical version. You could say, well,

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Speaker 1: what's the quantum state of all the particles or you know,

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Speaker 1: what's the wave function? What's the state of the wave function?

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Speaker 1: Right now that you can talk about and that determines

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Speaker 1: probabilities as.

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Speaker 4: See, So you're describing kind of how physicists see the universe.

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Speaker 4: They don't see it as they see it as this

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Speaker 4: kind of sequence of snapshots of how things are arranged.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. For example, think about the shortening equation. The shortening

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Speaker 1: equation famous equation describes how a particle's a wave function

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Speaker 1: moves through time, right, and it tells you how it moves.

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Speaker 1: It says, if you have this wave function now and

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Speaker 1: you experience this, then your wave function will be that later. Right.

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Speaker 1: So that's what physics tries to do, or or go

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Speaker 1: back to the mechanical example of a ball going through

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Speaker 1: the air. Right, tells you, well, you shot your ball

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Speaker 1: in this direction. Where's your ball going to be in

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Speaker 1: the future. So that's the role of time in physics, right,

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Speaker 1: to predict the future snapshots.

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Speaker 4: Oh, I see. So to you guys, time is like

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Speaker 4: an input that tells you what the universe is likely

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Speaker 4: to do. Yeah, you know what I mean, Like, do you?

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Speaker 4: It's an input. It's not like an output or something

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Speaker 4: that you can vary or that it is affected by

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Speaker 4: all the other variables.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And so for example, you want to predict

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Speaker 1: the flight of your ball, it's an input. You can

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Speaker 1: dial that knob and say I want to know where

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Speaker 1: the ball is going to be in one second or

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Speaker 1: five seconds. Or eight point twenty nine seconds or whatever.

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Speaker 1: So it's sort of that knob. The thing we don't

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Speaker 1: the thing that that doesn't explain at all is like

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Speaker 1: why does it only go forwards? And who's controlling how

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Speaker 1: that knob is turning? Or why do we have time

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Speaker 1: at all? Why don't we just have a static universe?

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Speaker 1: That's just sort of like there, you know, it's great,

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Speaker 1: But the first step, of course, is just try to

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Speaker 1: describe it, and then you can build from that and

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Speaker 1: try to answer some of these questions.

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Speaker 4: What do you mean, like how come we don't have

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Speaker 4: a static universe?

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Speaker 1: Like why do we have time at all? Boom right,

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Speaker 1: I don't know, you don't know, nobody knows, Like.

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Speaker 4: Well, I know, there's this idea that time is the

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Speaker 4: fourth dimensions. We have three dimensions up, down, left and right,

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Speaker 4: backwards and forwards, and maybe time is just another direction

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Speaker 4: of the universe, and so we and I think the

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Speaker 4: idea is that we do sort of exist in this

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Speaker 4: state of being still in all for the mensions, but

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Speaker 4: it just so happens that we somehow feel one of

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Speaker 4: the mensions.

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Speaker 1: Do you know what I mean? Yeah? I love the

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Speaker 1: it just so happens part of that explanation. A right, Okay,

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Speaker 1: here's the hardest part. I'll just YadA, YadA, YadA over

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Speaker 1: that bit.

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Speaker 4: That's my Nobel Prize Nobel Prize winning paper officer.

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Speaker 1: It just so happens. I was going ninety miles an hour.

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Speaker 1: You know, I can't explain it. No, you're right. Time

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Speaker 1: is sometimes thought of as the fourth dimension. And so

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Speaker 1: let's dig into that a little bit. What does that mean?

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Speaker 1: Why do we think of it that way? We think

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Speaker 1: of it that way because it's helpful mathematically. Like when

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Speaker 1: Einstein was developing his theory of special relativity, and we

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Speaker 1: talked all about time dilation and stuff like that on

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Speaker 1: a previous episode, he discovered that the equations have a

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Speaker 1: certain symmetry. They look really nice like that. You can

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Speaker 1: write them down really simply and compactly if you include

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Speaker 1: time as the fourth dimension of this larger concept he

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Speaker 1: called space time. So he took three dimensions of space.

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Speaker 1: He tacked on a fourth dimension, which is time, and

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Speaker 1: he constructed this thing called space time. And because your

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Speaker 1: perception of time depends on where you are in space

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Speaker 1: and how fast you are moving through space, the equations

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Speaker 1: get much simpler if you think about all four dimensions

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Speaker 1: in that way. Right, if you think about time parallel

439
00:20:59,560 --> 00:21:01,960
Speaker 1: to space in that way, And that's a clue when

440
00:21:02,000 --> 00:21:05,000
Speaker 1: you write down equations and they become simpler if you

441
00:21:05,000 --> 00:21:06,680
Speaker 1: think about them a certain way. That's a clue from

442
00:21:06,680 --> 00:21:08,760
Speaker 1: the universe that it's maybe the right way to think

443
00:21:08,800 --> 00:21:09,439
Speaker 1: about things.

444
00:21:09,800 --> 00:21:13,400
Speaker 4: Okay, so that's that's time is a different dimension. Let's

445
00:21:13,400 --> 00:21:15,640
Speaker 4: get more into it. Let's go down that rabbit hole.

446
00:21:15,680 --> 00:21:17,399
Speaker 4: But first, let's take a quick break.

447
00:21:22,200 --> 00:21:25,159
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Speaker 5: AI might be the most important new computer technology ever.

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00:22:28,240 --> 00:22:31,439
Speaker 5: It's storming every industry and literally billions of dollars are

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Speaker 1: If you love iPhone, you'll love Applecard. It's the credit

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Speaker 1: applecard dot com. So I think it's fun to think

496
00:24:02,000 --> 00:24:05,040
Speaker 1: about time as the fourth dimension, but it's also kind

497
00:24:05,080 --> 00:24:07,840
Speaker 1: of a trick, right It's it doesn't really fit.

498
00:24:08,400 --> 00:24:10,640
Speaker 4: So wait, so the idea that it's a fourth dimension

499
00:24:10,840 --> 00:24:16,440
Speaker 4: you're saying came from mathematical convenience by Einstein, Do you

500
00:24:16,480 --> 00:24:19,000
Speaker 4: know what I mean? Like, it's not it was just

501
00:24:19,119 --> 00:24:21,240
Speaker 4: easier to treat it like a dimension.

502
00:24:21,760 --> 00:24:25,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, And I wouldn't blow that off mathematical convenience. It's

503
00:24:25,480 --> 00:24:28,479
Speaker 1: not a small thing, you know. The whole goal of physics, remember,

504
00:24:28,560 --> 00:24:30,640
Speaker 1: is to like write down an equation of the universe

505
00:24:30,680 --> 00:24:33,840
Speaker 1: in one line. And so if you can write things

506
00:24:33,840 --> 00:24:36,639
Speaker 1: more simply, that's a clue that it's probably more correct.

507
00:24:36,720 --> 00:24:40,440
Speaker 1: It's more and it's like a deeper understanding. So yeah,

508
00:24:40,480 --> 00:24:42,720
Speaker 1: he discovered that if you write things down with time

509
00:24:42,760 --> 00:24:46,040
Speaker 1: as sort of the fourth column of your vector, then

510
00:24:46,160 --> 00:24:48,240
Speaker 1: a lot of the equations are simpler to write down.

511
00:24:48,720 --> 00:24:50,920
Speaker 1: There's a connection. There's a symmetry there, right, We talked

512
00:24:50,960 --> 00:24:53,840
Speaker 1: about symmetry in another episode. You can treat time the

513
00:24:53,840 --> 00:24:57,800
Speaker 1: same way you treat space in many ways. And that's

514
00:24:58,400 --> 00:25:00,640
Speaker 1: tempting because you think, oh, well that answers question time

515
00:25:00,720 --> 00:25:02,960
Speaker 1: is just another dimension, right, But it doesn't answer the

516
00:25:03,000 --> 00:25:05,960
Speaker 1: question because it's not just another dimension, right. You know,

517
00:25:06,200 --> 00:25:07,680
Speaker 1: time is not space? Right?

518
00:25:08,080 --> 00:25:11,080
Speaker 4: Time? What does it mean time is not space? Well,

519
00:25:11,080 --> 00:25:14,040
Speaker 4: for exam, time's money. You can move forwards and backwards.

520
00:25:14,040 --> 00:25:16,200
Speaker 4: In space, right, you can go left, you can go right,

521
00:25:16,359 --> 00:25:18,679
Speaker 4: you have some control over it. You can't do that

522
00:25:18,720 --> 00:25:21,720
Speaker 4: with time. But isn't it just sort of a matter

523
00:25:21,840 --> 00:25:26,119
Speaker 4: of perspective, Like I like in the grand scheme of

524
00:25:26,160 --> 00:25:30,120
Speaker 4: the history of the universe. You know, I existed for

525
00:25:30,160 --> 00:25:33,000
Speaker 4: this amount of time, but while I'm living it, I

526
00:25:33,040 --> 00:25:35,720
Speaker 4: can only go forward. I can only get the experience

527
00:25:35,760 --> 00:25:36,960
Speaker 4: of moving forward in time.

528
00:25:37,440 --> 00:25:38,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's true.

529
00:25:38,200 --> 00:25:41,400
Speaker 4: Technically I sort of existed all throughout my life in

530
00:25:41,440 --> 00:25:42,040
Speaker 4: space time.

531
00:25:42,280 --> 00:25:45,560
Speaker 1: You existed all throughout your life, Yeah, but you don't

532
00:25:45,560 --> 00:25:48,680
Speaker 1: exist all throughout time. Right, There's no limit to where

533
00:25:48,720 --> 00:25:50,520
Speaker 1: you can visit in space, you can go from here

534
00:25:50,520 --> 00:25:53,119
Speaker 1: to there to the other places. But in time you

535
00:25:53,160 --> 00:25:56,720
Speaker 1: can only visit between your birth and your death, and

536
00:25:57,160 --> 00:25:59,480
Speaker 1: you can only go to each time once. Right, that's

537
00:25:59,480 --> 00:26:01,399
Speaker 1: not true for space. I imagine there are lots of

538
00:26:01,400 --> 00:26:04,120
Speaker 1: places you go to many many times, like your refrigerator

539
00:26:04,560 --> 00:26:08,320
Speaker 1: or your bed. Right, you visit those places many times.

540
00:26:08,320 --> 00:26:11,520
Speaker 1: So space is quite different from time. Right, there's a.

541
00:26:11,520 --> 00:26:14,159
Speaker 4: Special loops in space, but it can't do loops in

542
00:26:14,240 --> 00:26:14,919
Speaker 4: time exactly.

543
00:26:15,040 --> 00:26:19,440
Speaker 1: And time time has this special difference right than now. Right,

544
00:26:19,640 --> 00:26:23,160
Speaker 1: there's no now in space. I mean, I'm here, I'm there,

545
00:26:23,440 --> 00:26:28,240
Speaker 1: you're over here. But there's no special location in space.

546
00:26:28,280 --> 00:26:31,679
Speaker 1: But time has this special location, this thing we call now,

547
00:26:32,200 --> 00:26:36,520
Speaker 1: which exists weirdly and slides forward weirdly. So I was

548
00:26:36,520 --> 00:26:38,720
Speaker 1: saying earlier, like, why is in the universe static? Why

549
00:26:38,800 --> 00:26:40,399
Speaker 1: is time move forwards? Why isn't it just stuck a

550
00:26:40,440 --> 00:26:43,600
Speaker 1: T equals zero? Nothing happens? What's pushing it forward? What's

551
00:26:43,920 --> 00:26:46,040
Speaker 1: turning the engine of the universe? Right?

552
00:26:46,320 --> 00:26:48,040
Speaker 4: I guess what I mean is, you know, if time

553
00:26:48,240 --> 00:26:51,600
Speaker 4: is you can treat it as a fourth dimension. Then

554
00:26:52,480 --> 00:26:55,080
Speaker 4: you know our experience of the universe is a time

555
00:26:55,560 --> 00:26:59,560
Speaker 4: is constant, and you them it moves at a steady pace,

556
00:26:59,880 --> 00:27:03,800
Speaker 4: and that you were only going forwards in it, right,

557
00:27:03,880 --> 00:27:06,359
Speaker 4: whereas in space you're saying we can go backwards. But

558
00:27:06,359 --> 00:27:08,760
Speaker 4: what if I just kind of take another dimension and

559
00:27:08,840 --> 00:27:10,600
Speaker 4: use that as my kind of ticker?

560
00:27:11,080 --> 00:27:12,879
Speaker 1: Which dimension would you use as your clock?

561
00:27:13,640 --> 00:27:15,480
Speaker 4: I don't know? Up?

562
00:27:18,080 --> 00:27:20,600
Speaker 1: Okay, yeah, so you'd be like, hey, let's have lunch

563
00:27:20,640 --> 00:27:23,200
Speaker 1: at X equals five meters or something.

564
00:27:23,480 --> 00:27:26,040
Speaker 4: Yeah, I don't know, or you know, kind of mathematically,

565
00:27:26,040 --> 00:27:26,680
Speaker 4: what would that mean?

566
00:27:27,920 --> 00:27:30,560
Speaker 1: The different time and space are not the same. You

567
00:27:30,600 --> 00:27:34,160
Speaker 1: can't just swap out time for space because you don't

568
00:27:34,160 --> 00:27:36,680
Speaker 1: have the same freedom and time as you do in space. Right.

569
00:27:37,320 --> 00:27:40,320
Speaker 1: If space were moved always forward the way time did, like,

570
00:27:40,440 --> 00:27:43,800
Speaker 1: you could never go back to anywhere. Right, You're like, oh, yeah, hey,

571
00:27:43,880 --> 00:27:46,080
Speaker 1: I had lunch and now it's sort of sliding slowly

572
00:27:46,119 --> 00:27:49,520
Speaker 1: away from me. You know, it'd be pretty weird, but

573
00:27:49,640 --> 00:27:50,840
Speaker 1: it's very natural experience.

574
00:27:50,920 --> 00:27:54,080
Speaker 4: Oh, I see, you're more limited in the time dimension exactly.

575
00:27:54,160 --> 00:27:56,200
Speaker 1: There's some extra rules that seem to apply to the

576
00:27:56,280 --> 00:27:59,320
Speaker 1: time dimension that don't apply to the other dimensions, and

577
00:27:59,400 --> 00:28:02,720
Speaker 1: that's weird. And anytime we see symmetries, we're like cool.

578
00:28:03,040 --> 00:28:05,520
Speaker 1: But then when those symmetries are broken, we're like, Okay,

579
00:28:05,520 --> 00:28:08,720
Speaker 1: time is like the other dimensions, but it's different. Then

580
00:28:08,760 --> 00:28:10,840
Speaker 1: we ask why is it different? How's it different? What

581
00:28:10,920 --> 00:28:13,399
Speaker 1: makes it different? Because that's the clue to solve the

582
00:28:13,640 --> 00:28:14,280
Speaker 1: the other puzzle.

583
00:28:14,359 --> 00:28:16,720
Speaker 4: Right, Okay, so time is it is sort of a

584
00:28:16,720 --> 00:28:19,919
Speaker 4: fourth dimension, but there are special rules that apply to

585
00:28:19,960 --> 00:28:22,600
Speaker 4: it that makes us think that maybe it's not really

586
00:28:22,640 --> 00:28:25,680
Speaker 4: a fourth dimension. Maybe it's just like a mathematical.

587
00:28:27,840 --> 00:28:31,560
Speaker 1: Good clues, right, yeah, or maybe there's two kinds of dimensions.

588
00:28:31,560 --> 00:28:36,200
Speaker 1: There are space dimensions and time dimensions, right, yeah, and maybe.

589
00:28:36,000 --> 00:28:37,360
Speaker 4: There are other minds that.

590
00:28:37,400 --> 00:28:41,160
Speaker 1: Haven't imagined yet, you know. Oh yeah, that's that's the

591
00:28:41,240 --> 00:28:43,680
Speaker 1: kind of mind blowing like look at the universe in

592
00:28:43,720 --> 00:28:45,760
Speaker 1: a different way, discovery that I always hope to make

593
00:28:45,840 --> 00:28:48,080
Speaker 1: in science, you know, to like crack something open that's

594
00:28:48,160 --> 00:28:51,360
Speaker 1: so deep that it like nobody gets it but the stoners. Man.

595
00:28:58,960 --> 00:29:01,120
Speaker 4: Okay, so what are these rules? The rules are that

596
00:29:01,160 --> 00:29:04,680
Speaker 4: you can only you can visit two times in your

597
00:29:05,080 --> 00:29:06,440
Speaker 4: you know, you can't go back in time, you can

598
00:29:06,560 --> 00:29:09,680
Speaker 4: make loops, and it can only go forward. Are those

599
00:29:09,840 --> 00:29:12,080
Speaker 4: mainly the main restrictions here with time?

600
00:29:12,440 --> 00:29:14,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, those are the main restrictions. And I think

601
00:29:14,920 --> 00:29:17,360
Speaker 1: the goal of physics and the goal of our podcast

602
00:29:17,480 --> 00:29:19,960
Speaker 1: is is to try to understand where that comes from.

603
00:29:20,160 --> 00:29:22,840
Speaker 1: Like can we look at the laws of physics and say, oh,

604
00:29:23,040 --> 00:29:25,440
Speaker 1: that comes from this, you know, like the way we

605
00:29:25,440 --> 00:29:27,440
Speaker 1: can look at the laws of quantum mechanics and from

606
00:29:27,440 --> 00:29:30,280
Speaker 1: that understand the way hydrogen works or whatever. We want

607
00:29:30,320 --> 00:29:32,400
Speaker 1: to look at the laws of physics and say do

608
00:29:32,480 --> 00:29:35,640
Speaker 1: they require this behavior? Is it necessary? What does it

609
00:29:35,680 --> 00:29:38,400
Speaker 1: come from? And it's the deepest level, right, The problem

610
00:29:38,520 --> 00:29:40,960
Speaker 1: is when we look at laws of physics, we don't

611
00:29:40,960 --> 00:29:42,160
Speaker 1: get those kinds of clues.

612
00:29:42,600 --> 00:29:44,520
Speaker 4: When we look at the laws of physics, we don't.

613
00:29:44,560 --> 00:29:49,360
Speaker 4: So the equations in your model of the universe don't

614
00:29:49,360 --> 00:29:51,240
Speaker 4: tell you that there should be restrictions some time.

615
00:29:51,360 --> 00:29:53,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, let's go back to those equations about like the

616
00:29:53,400 --> 00:29:56,640
Speaker 1: ball moving. Right. Imagine you throw a ball in.

617
00:29:56,560 --> 00:29:59,400
Speaker 4: Make equals ma. Right, you're talking about equals.

618
00:29:59,480 --> 00:30:02,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, basic stuff. Right, you throw a ball in the air,

619
00:30:02,240 --> 00:30:04,800
Speaker 1: it goes up and it comes down. Let's start with

620
00:30:04,800 --> 00:30:07,520
Speaker 1: the simplest case. There's no air resistance, right, It's path

621
00:30:07,640 --> 00:30:09,640
Speaker 1: up and its path down are going to be very similar.

622
00:30:09,720 --> 00:30:12,240
Speaker 1: In fact, if somebody took a video of that and

623
00:30:12,280 --> 00:30:16,000
Speaker 1: then played it backwards, they couldn't tell whether the video

624
00:30:16,080 --> 00:30:19,200
Speaker 1: is going forwards or backwards. Right, Physicists analyzing the motion

625
00:30:19,280 --> 00:30:21,480
Speaker 1: of the ball couldn't tell you whether the video is

626
00:30:21,480 --> 00:30:22,880
Speaker 1: going forwards or backwards.

627
00:30:24,120 --> 00:30:27,360
Speaker 4: So if you fed it a time, like if you

628
00:30:27,400 --> 00:30:29,800
Speaker 4: gave it time, it would give you the same up.

629
00:30:29,840 --> 00:30:32,680
Speaker 4: And whether you put negative time or positive time exactly

630
00:30:32,760 --> 00:30:33,600
Speaker 4: how it breaks down.

631
00:30:33,720 --> 00:30:36,920
Speaker 1: Exactly, because the equations work in both directions. Right. The

632
00:30:36,920 --> 00:30:39,520
Speaker 1: equations have time in them. They tell you how things

633
00:30:39,600 --> 00:30:43,320
Speaker 1: change with time, but they work the same forwards and backwards.

634
00:30:43,360 --> 00:30:46,200
Speaker 1: So they don't tell you which way the universe should run.

635
00:30:46,520 --> 00:30:49,479
Speaker 1: They tell you how the universe changes with time, but

636
00:30:49,520 --> 00:30:51,520
Speaker 1: they don't say why it has to go forwards or

637
00:30:51,560 --> 00:30:53,640
Speaker 1: not backwards, why it has to go anywhere at all,

638
00:30:53,920 --> 00:30:55,880
Speaker 1: or why I can't go forwards and then backwards.

639
00:30:56,400 --> 00:30:59,320
Speaker 4: Right, So, if the equations of the universe really represent

640
00:30:59,360 --> 00:31:04,440
Speaker 4: the universe, then the universe would is okay with traveling

641
00:31:04,480 --> 00:31:05,160
Speaker 4: backwards in time.

642
00:31:05,240 --> 00:31:06,440
Speaker 1: You're saying exactly.

643
00:31:06,680 --> 00:31:08,160
Speaker 4: The equations sort of say like, hey, you want to

644
00:31:08,200 --> 00:31:10,200
Speaker 4: go backwards and time, Sure, here is what would happen.

645
00:31:10,360 --> 00:31:13,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And it's sort of like you were saying earlier.

646
00:31:13,360 --> 00:31:16,080
Speaker 1: It's like an input, you know. Imagine you're doing some

647
00:31:16,120 --> 00:31:20,040
Speaker 1: calculation and the calculation is a function of position and time. Right,

648
00:31:20,480 --> 00:31:22,640
Speaker 1: you want to know how many balls are at this

649
00:31:22,720 --> 00:31:25,560
Speaker 1: location at this time. Right, you drop a thousand balls

650
00:31:25,560 --> 00:31:27,320
Speaker 1: into a box and you're wondering, like, how many balls

651
00:31:27,320 --> 00:31:29,280
Speaker 1: are at this location this time? You can ask that

652
00:31:29,360 --> 00:31:31,920
Speaker 1: question of any point in space and any point in time. Right.

653
00:31:32,240 --> 00:31:35,200
Speaker 1: You can take the current configuration and you can evolve

654
00:31:35,240 --> 00:31:37,880
Speaker 1: it forwards or evolve it backwards. The laws allow for

655
00:31:37,960 --> 00:31:42,120
Speaker 1: all of that, but for some reason there's a difference

656
00:31:42,200 --> 00:31:44,280
Speaker 1: in the way it actually works in the real world. Right,

657
00:31:44,480 --> 00:31:47,280
Speaker 1: things slide forwards in time and we don't know why.

658
00:31:47,400 --> 00:31:50,360
Speaker 1: But there's no restriction on the space parts, right, The

659
00:31:50,640 --> 00:31:53,200
Speaker 1: equations are functions of space and time, but there is

660
00:31:53,400 --> 00:31:56,120
Speaker 1: like extra restriction on the time part of it when

661
00:31:56,120 --> 00:31:59,000
Speaker 1: it comes to like actually implementing the universe.

662
00:31:59,000 --> 00:32:02,360
Speaker 4: Right, kind of like we have the now, and if

663
00:32:02,400 --> 00:32:05,400
Speaker 4: all we have was now, the equations would let us

664
00:32:06,440 --> 00:32:09,440
Speaker 4: tell what happened before in negative time, and we would

665
00:32:09,520 --> 00:32:13,240
Speaker 4: let us tell us what happens forwards in time, right exactly,

666
00:32:13,320 --> 00:32:17,000
Speaker 4: the equations wouldn't. Yeah, but but someho our experience. We

667
00:32:17,480 --> 00:32:20,720
Speaker 4: only have experience of the stuff that happened in negative time.

668
00:32:20,840 --> 00:32:23,240
Speaker 1: That's right. We only remember the past, right, that's the

669
00:32:23,280 --> 00:32:26,280
Speaker 1: weird part. Right. The past we can remember, we have

670
00:32:26,360 --> 00:32:30,080
Speaker 1: access to it. It affects us. The future we can't.

671
00:32:30,480 --> 00:32:34,560
Speaker 1: And most of the laws of physics is an asterisk there.

672
00:32:34,760 --> 00:32:37,400
Speaker 1: Most of the laws of physics are totally symmetric.

673
00:32:37,480 --> 00:32:37,560
Speaker 4: Right.

674
00:32:37,600 --> 00:32:39,880
Speaker 1: They don't care whether the universe is going forwards or backwards.

675
00:32:40,120 --> 00:32:42,640
Speaker 1: They're happy to do either one. Wow.

676
00:32:42,800 --> 00:32:46,760
Speaker 4: So that's the mystery is the time would be sort

677
00:32:46,760 --> 00:32:49,040
Speaker 4: of a fourth dimension, but there are some rules, but

678
00:32:49,080 --> 00:32:51,800
Speaker 4: they those rules are sort of not in the equations

679
00:32:51,880 --> 00:32:52,600
Speaker 4: of the universe.

680
00:32:52,840 --> 00:32:53,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's weird.

681
00:32:53,560 --> 00:32:56,480
Speaker 4: That's the game with an asterisk, you're saying exception.

682
00:32:56,360 --> 00:32:59,520
Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, So the game is figure out if the

683
00:32:59,600 --> 00:33:02,000
Speaker 1: laws of physics that we know of, that we've discovered,

684
00:33:02,040 --> 00:33:05,720
Speaker 1: that we've written down, if those require things to move forwards,

685
00:33:06,840 --> 00:33:08,560
Speaker 1: and if so, you know, does that give us a

686
00:33:08,560 --> 00:33:10,760
Speaker 1: clue as to why it's happening, or maybe there are

687
00:33:10,760 --> 00:33:12,920
Speaker 1: other laws of physics out there that are much more

688
00:33:13,000 --> 00:33:15,880
Speaker 1: sensitives to time, that are the ones making time go forward.

689
00:33:16,040 --> 00:33:17,880
Speaker 4: What do you mean, Like, so you're looking for something

690
00:33:17,920 --> 00:33:22,120
Speaker 4: in the equations that would require time to only move forwards?

691
00:33:22,480 --> 00:33:25,040
Speaker 4: What does that mean? Like if you put negative time,

692
00:33:25,040 --> 00:33:26,120
Speaker 4: it should break.

693
00:33:26,160 --> 00:33:30,640
Speaker 1: Or yeah, exactly, Like let's think about that. Are there

694
00:33:30,680 --> 00:33:33,760
Speaker 1: is there anything in physics that does require time to

695
00:33:33,800 --> 00:33:36,400
Speaker 1: move forward? So let's go back to that ball example. Right,

696
00:33:36,520 --> 00:33:38,080
Speaker 1: I said, if you throw a ball in the air,

697
00:33:38,880 --> 00:33:41,200
Speaker 1: you can't tell whether the video of that ball in

698
00:33:41,240 --> 00:33:43,720
Speaker 1: the air goes forwards or backwards. And when we did that,

699
00:33:43,760 --> 00:33:46,520
Speaker 1: I said, ignore air resistance. And that's for an important reason, right,

700
00:33:46,560 --> 00:33:49,520
Speaker 1: because air resistance changes the flight of the ball, right,

701
00:33:49,520 --> 00:33:52,280
Speaker 1: It slows it down, so that in reality, if you

702
00:33:52,320 --> 00:33:55,400
Speaker 1: throw a ball in the air, right, it's going to

703
00:33:55,400 --> 00:33:57,600
Speaker 1: slow down. And so you can tell the difference between

704
00:33:57,600 --> 00:34:00,680
Speaker 1: going forwards and going backwards, right.

705
00:34:00,160 --> 00:34:03,120
Speaker 4: Because there's a there's like you lose some heat or

706
00:34:03,160 --> 00:34:05,080
Speaker 4: you lose some energy in reality.

707
00:34:05,160 --> 00:34:07,360
Speaker 1: Right. Yeah, it's probably simpler to think about, like dropping

708
00:34:07,400 --> 00:34:09,440
Speaker 1: a ball. You know, if you drop a ball and

709
00:34:09,480 --> 00:34:11,560
Speaker 1: there's no friction, it's going to come all the way

710
00:34:11,640 --> 00:34:14,319
Speaker 1: up to where you dropped it from. If you drop

711
00:34:14,320 --> 00:34:16,040
Speaker 1: a ball and it is air resistance, it's going to

712
00:34:16,120 --> 00:34:19,799
Speaker 1: lose some energy to bumping against all the air molecules. Right,

713
00:34:19,800 --> 00:34:21,600
Speaker 1: It's not going to come up quite as high as

714
00:34:21,600 --> 00:34:23,840
Speaker 1: you dropped it. We just keep letting it bounce. Eventually

715
00:34:23,840 --> 00:34:26,600
Speaker 1: it's going to dribble down and stop right, right.

716
00:34:26,960 --> 00:34:29,080
Speaker 4: And that one, that one, if you played it backwards,

717
00:34:29,080 --> 00:34:30,120
Speaker 4: you would be able to tell the.

718
00:34:30,040 --> 00:34:32,480
Speaker 1: Difference exactly that one if you play it backwards. And

719
00:34:32,480 --> 00:34:34,399
Speaker 1: that's the case for most things. Right. So where does

720
00:34:34,480 --> 00:34:38,000
Speaker 1: that come from? Well, that comes from entropy, right, that

721
00:34:38,040 --> 00:34:40,919
Speaker 1: comes from heat. The heat is really there is the key.

722
00:34:41,320 --> 00:34:44,800
Speaker 1: It turns out that the universe likes to go from

723
00:34:45,160 --> 00:34:49,800
Speaker 1: organized to disorganized, right, and that's this concept we call entropy.

724
00:34:50,080 --> 00:34:52,680
Speaker 4: Yeah, I've heard of this before. But before we dive in,

725
00:34:52,840 --> 00:34:54,000
Speaker 4: let's take a short break.

726
00:34:58,760 --> 00:35:00,759
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese your mouth, or

727
00:35:00,840 --> 00:35:03,920
Speaker 1: enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably not

728
00:35:04,080 --> 00:35:07,920
Speaker 1: thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite,

729
00:35:07,920 --> 00:35:10,560
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are. US Dairy

730
00:35:10,600 --> 00:35:14,880
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

731
00:35:14,920 --> 00:35:17,479
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

732
00:35:17,520 --> 00:35:19,840
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

733
00:35:19,920 --> 00:35:24,120
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

734
00:35:24,200 --> 00:35:27,800
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four times.

735
00:35:27,840 --> 00:35:31,200
Speaker 1: The same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn,

736
00:35:31,280 --> 00:35:34,960
Speaker 1: and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy tackling greenhouse gases?

737
00:35:35,040 --> 00:35:38,040
Speaker 1: Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn the methane from

738
00:35:38,080 --> 00:35:41,480
Speaker 1: maneure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and

739
00:35:41,520 --> 00:35:43,760
Speaker 1: electric cars. So the next time you grab a slice

740
00:35:43,760 --> 00:35:45,640
Speaker 1: of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know that

741
00:35:45,719 --> 00:35:48,360
Speaker 1: dairy farmers and processors around the country are using the

742
00:35:48,480 --> 00:35:52,200
Speaker 1: latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense dairy

743
00:35:52,239 --> 00:35:55,239
Speaker 1: products we love with less of an impact. Visit usdairy

744
00:35:55,280 --> 00:35:57,520
Speaker 1: dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

745
00:35:57,719 --> 00:36:01,360
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746
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760
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761
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762
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764
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766
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768
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Speaker 4: What do you mean when you say that the universe

769
00:37:22,080 --> 00:37:25,919
Speaker 4: likes entropy or that it likes to go from order

770
00:37:25,960 --> 00:37:28,000
Speaker 4: to disorder? What is it? What does a liking mean?

771
00:37:28,160 --> 00:37:30,000
Speaker 1: It means that if the universe had a bedroom, it

772
00:37:30,040 --> 00:37:32,520
Speaker 1: would be a mess, right, and it would never want

773
00:37:32,560 --> 00:37:33,200
Speaker 1: to clean it up.

774
00:37:35,640 --> 00:37:37,759
Speaker 4: No, it's obviously that's just our experience of it. Like,

775
00:37:37,760 --> 00:37:39,960
Speaker 4: maybe what if there are aliens out there who experience

776
00:37:40,040 --> 00:37:44,080
Speaker 4: time backwards and they're like, why does the universe like order? Yes,

777
00:37:44,160 --> 00:37:46,760
Speaker 4: everything we see seems to get ordered exactly.

778
00:37:46,960 --> 00:37:48,879
Speaker 1: So there's a big flaw in this argument. But let's

779
00:37:48,920 --> 00:37:50,279
Speaker 1: put a pin in that and come back to it

780
00:37:50,320 --> 00:37:52,879
Speaker 1: once we've done constructing the argument, then we can take

781
00:37:52,920 --> 00:37:58,319
Speaker 1: it apart. Yes, you're right that the universe likes it. Well,

782
00:37:58,360 --> 00:38:03,560
Speaker 1: it just means that we've noticed. We've observed that disorder increases. Right.

783
00:38:03,640 --> 00:38:06,320
Speaker 1: For example, the classic example is you have a box

784
00:38:06,640 --> 00:38:09,600
Speaker 1: and you put a bunch of gas particles in the corner. Right,

785
00:38:09,640 --> 00:38:12,160
Speaker 1: that's very organized. It's like only one way to arrange

786
00:38:12,239 --> 00:38:14,560
Speaker 1: or a few ways to arrange gas particles in the corner.

787
00:38:14,920 --> 00:38:16,680
Speaker 1: What happens if you run the clock forward, if you

788
00:38:16,760 --> 00:38:19,359
Speaker 1: let that go, Well, if they're not totally frozen, they're

789
00:38:19,400 --> 00:38:22,279
Speaker 1: going to spread out through the box. Right, It's like

790
00:38:22,400 --> 00:38:26,000
Speaker 1: you pour water onto a surface, It spreads out things like,

791
00:38:26,160 --> 00:38:30,759
Speaker 1: things tend to go from organized configurations to disorganized. And

792
00:38:30,760 --> 00:38:33,120
Speaker 1: that's just an observation that's not a deep insight into

793
00:38:33,120 --> 00:38:35,240
Speaker 1: the universe. It says, here's what we've seen.

794
00:38:35,840 --> 00:38:40,560
Speaker 4: Right. You notice that there's a correlation between positive time

795
00:38:41,040 --> 00:38:42,879
Speaker 4: and messiness.

796
00:38:42,400 --> 00:38:45,640
Speaker 1: Exactly, And that's called the second law thermodynamics. Right, it

797
00:38:45,680 --> 00:38:49,600
Speaker 1: says that entropy always increases. Entropy is a measure of disorder. Right,

798
00:38:49,600 --> 00:38:54,799
Speaker 1: So things are basically always spreading out and getting more diffuse, right,

799
00:38:54,840 --> 00:38:56,960
Speaker 1: and that's the whole universe is doing that, Right, The universe,

800
00:38:57,120 --> 00:38:59,560
Speaker 1: like on a grand scale, is spreading out and getting

801
00:39:00,080 --> 00:39:01,200
Speaker 1: moother and stuff like that.

802
00:39:01,400 --> 00:39:02,040
Speaker 4: Is it a law?

803
00:39:02,120 --> 00:39:02,319
Speaker 6: Law?

804
00:39:02,400 --> 00:39:05,319
Speaker 4: Like an equation or is it more like an observation? Right,

805
00:39:05,360 --> 00:39:11,920
Speaker 4: it's more like we've never seen something get unmessy with

806
00:39:12,080 --> 00:39:12,799
Speaker 4: positive time.

807
00:39:13,160 --> 00:39:15,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's a great question. It's a really deep question.

808
00:39:15,600 --> 00:39:18,040
Speaker 1: I love that question. I think the answer is this.

809
00:39:18,800 --> 00:39:21,000
Speaker 1: The answer is that it's an observation. It's something we've

810
00:39:21,040 --> 00:39:23,960
Speaker 1: noticed and we've never really seen it broken, and so

811
00:39:24,000 --> 00:39:26,600
Speaker 1: we thought, well, this must be important, So let's write

812
00:39:26,640 --> 00:39:28,799
Speaker 1: that down. Let's call that a law because it's something

813
00:39:28,840 --> 00:39:30,400
Speaker 1: we've noticed happens all the time.

814
00:39:30,520 --> 00:39:31,880
Speaker 4: Now you can ask it never gets broken.

815
00:39:32,000 --> 00:39:34,920
Speaker 1: Why is that? Does that reveal something deeper about the universe?

816
00:39:34,960 --> 00:39:38,279
Speaker 1: Can we explain that from something else? And if you

817
00:39:38,360 --> 00:39:42,440
Speaker 1: dig into like statistical mechanics, you can derive the second

818
00:39:42,480 --> 00:39:45,880
Speaker 1: law of thermodynamics from simpler assumptions, like if you say

819
00:39:46,400 --> 00:39:51,560
Speaker 1: every possible configuration of the universe has equal probability, then

820
00:39:51,600 --> 00:39:55,320
Speaker 1: it turns out there are more messy, probably messy configurations

821
00:39:55,520 --> 00:39:58,640
Speaker 1: than unmessy ones, right, Like there's a thousand ways to

822
00:39:58,680 --> 00:40:01,160
Speaker 1: have gas particles spread out through a box, but there's

823
00:40:01,160 --> 00:40:03,200
Speaker 1: only a couple ways to have them stuck in the corner.

824
00:40:03,920 --> 00:40:07,080
Speaker 1: So it's just more likely to end up with the

825
00:40:07,120 --> 00:40:11,399
Speaker 1: messy ones because there are more messy configurations. But that's

826
00:40:11,440 --> 00:40:12,799
Speaker 1: sort of a cop out. I mean, it's just sort

827
00:40:12,800 --> 00:40:15,319
Speaker 1: of another way to state that, is to say, well,

828
00:40:16,000 --> 00:40:18,720
Speaker 1: you can call this a deeper understanding, but it's also

829
00:40:18,840 --> 00:40:21,080
Speaker 1: just like a posture that we came up with so

830
00:40:21,120 --> 00:40:23,600
Speaker 1: that we could derive the second law which we've observed.

831
00:40:23,680 --> 00:40:26,480
Speaker 4: Right, you're basically down to the same argument you're saying.

832
00:40:27,840 --> 00:40:30,480
Speaker 4: You're basically saying, the reason we have entropy is that

833
00:40:31,320 --> 00:40:33,880
Speaker 4: when you move forward in times, you go through the

834
00:40:33,920 --> 00:40:36,359
Speaker 4: most likely scenario. But then you can ask, why does

835
00:40:36,400 --> 00:40:37,840
Speaker 4: when you go forward in time do you go to

836
00:40:37,840 --> 00:40:38,840
Speaker 4: the most likely Exactly?

837
00:40:38,920 --> 00:40:42,160
Speaker 1: It's just a restatement. Really, it's a sort of more

838
00:40:42,160 --> 00:40:45,560
Speaker 1: fundamental statement of the same basic observation that things go

839
00:40:45,719 --> 00:40:51,200
Speaker 1: from organized to MESSI right, And yeah, exactly.

840
00:40:51,920 --> 00:40:54,959
Speaker 4: So we were looking for like something in the laws

841
00:40:54,960 --> 00:40:58,120
Speaker 4: of basics that told us why going forwards in time

842
00:40:58,719 --> 00:41:01,960
Speaker 4: is preferred, and you're saying, we have this observation that

843
00:41:02,000 --> 00:41:05,160
Speaker 4: it always does and it's somehow related to chaos and

844
00:41:05,280 --> 00:41:06,279
Speaker 4: order and messiness.

845
00:41:06,320 --> 00:41:08,160
Speaker 1: That's right, And so this is like the only thing

846
00:41:08,200 --> 00:41:10,560
Speaker 1: we can really get our fingers on. You know, everything

847
00:41:10,560 --> 00:41:15,000
Speaker 1: else in physics is time symmetric, and there's another asterisk there.

848
00:41:15,160 --> 00:41:18,680
Speaker 1: There are some things in particle physics which are time asymmetric.

849
00:41:18,960 --> 00:41:21,080
Speaker 1: Those are really really small effects, and we don't really

850
00:41:21,120 --> 00:41:23,960
Speaker 1: think that that can explain the direction of time. But

851
00:41:24,000 --> 00:41:26,600
Speaker 1: we can cover that in a whole other podcast topics sometimes.

852
00:41:27,000 --> 00:41:29,279
Speaker 1: But basically, entropy is the big one. Entropy is the

853
00:41:29,320 --> 00:41:31,960
Speaker 1: only law that like clearly, as you say, has a correlation.

854
00:41:32,520 --> 00:41:34,920
Speaker 1: But that's key. You made this point, which I think

855
00:41:34,960 --> 00:41:38,800
Speaker 1: is very insightful, was that there's a correlation. It's not causation, right.

856
00:41:39,040 --> 00:41:42,399
Speaker 4: Right, we know they're related, but what's the connection between them?

857
00:41:42,400 --> 00:41:44,799
Speaker 4: That's what you're looking for, right exactly. That would be

858
00:41:44,840 --> 00:41:47,480
Speaker 4: something that explains why time can only go forward.

859
00:41:47,440 --> 00:41:49,520
Speaker 1: Right exactly. So if you just take the second law

860
00:41:49,800 --> 00:41:51,279
Speaker 1: and you add it to the rest of physics, you

861
00:41:51,280 --> 00:41:54,360
Speaker 1: could say, okay, there's a correlation between time and messiness.

862
00:41:54,480 --> 00:41:57,640
Speaker 1: So either the universe has to go forward in time

863
00:41:57,800 --> 00:42:00,480
Speaker 1: and get messier or the universe has to go backwards

864
00:42:00,520 --> 00:42:03,960
Speaker 1: in time and get less messy. Right. The second law

865
00:42:04,000 --> 00:42:07,320
Speaker 1: of physics allows for both. Right, So it doesn't actually

866
00:42:07,360 --> 00:42:10,960
Speaker 1: tell you why time goes forwards. It just says, well,

867
00:42:10,960 --> 00:42:13,280
Speaker 1: if you pick forwards, then this is going to happen.

868
00:42:13,280 --> 00:42:15,600
Speaker 1: If you pick backwards, that's going to happen. And there's

869
00:42:15,600 --> 00:42:18,400
Speaker 1: a difference, so it breaks the symmetry of forward and backwards.

870
00:42:18,440 --> 00:42:20,880
Speaker 4: But it doesn't pick one or of You assume that

871
00:42:21,040 --> 00:42:24,160
Speaker 4: messins is kind of where the universe prefers to be,

872
00:42:24,440 --> 00:42:28,640
Speaker 4: then that tells you that forward time is the preferred

873
00:42:28,640 --> 00:42:29,440
Speaker 4: thing in the universe.

874
00:42:29,680 --> 00:42:33,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, and it doesn't even tell you that entropy determines time, right,

875
00:42:33,200 --> 00:42:34,840
Speaker 1: It just tells you that they're connected. There could be

876
00:42:34,880 --> 00:42:39,600
Speaker 1: something else, something deeper, which causes both time and entropy. Right,

877
00:42:39,760 --> 00:42:42,520
Speaker 1: that's the whole problem with like correlations. You know, you

878
00:42:42,560 --> 00:42:45,879
Speaker 1: can find correlations between lots of things. It doesn't explain it, right,

879
00:42:46,080 --> 00:42:49,320
Speaker 1: what's some of those famous things, Like you know global

880
00:42:49,360 --> 00:42:52,480
Speaker 1: warming is correlated with the decrease in the number of

881
00:42:52,520 --> 00:42:56,560
Speaker 1: piracy events worldwide? Right, does that mean that pirates kept

882
00:42:56,600 --> 00:42:59,080
Speaker 1: global warming at bay for hundreds of years? Certainly?

883
00:42:59,120 --> 00:42:59,200
Speaker 10: Not?

884
00:42:59,440 --> 00:43:02,799
Speaker 1: Right. So we know time and entropy are correlated. We

885
00:43:02,840 --> 00:43:05,479
Speaker 1: don't know if entropy causes time or the other way,

886
00:43:05,600 --> 00:43:08,680
Speaker 1: or if something else deeper we haven't even thought about yet.

887
00:43:09,200 --> 00:43:11,640
Speaker 4: Or maybe it's just random, Like maybe it's a random

888
00:43:11,640 --> 00:43:13,880
Speaker 4: connection like pirates and global warming.

889
00:43:14,960 --> 00:43:17,279
Speaker 1: I think we've observed it in gridding of detail that

890
00:43:17,320 --> 00:43:20,560
Speaker 1: we know it better than empirates than global warming. But

891
00:43:21,000 --> 00:43:23,080
Speaker 1: I love looking at these correlations. You know, there's like

892
00:43:23,320 --> 00:43:26,520
Speaker 1: a correlation between the number of movies Nicholas Cage has

893
00:43:26,560 --> 00:43:29,320
Speaker 1: done and the number of people per year that die

894
00:43:29,520 --> 00:43:31,360
Speaker 1: because they're twisted in their own bed sheets.

895
00:43:33,600 --> 00:43:36,799
Speaker 4: They're correlated, those two things, those two things, when one

896
00:43:36,840 --> 00:43:38,080
Speaker 4: goes up, the other one goes up.

897
00:43:38,160 --> 00:43:39,160
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly what they have.

898
00:43:39,320 --> 00:43:39,400
Speaker 9: Right.

899
00:43:39,480 --> 00:43:41,880
Speaker 1: That doesn't mean they're going to continue in the future. Right.

900
00:43:41,920 --> 00:43:44,640
Speaker 1: That's the problem with these observational correlations they don't tell

901
00:43:44,640 --> 00:43:47,040
Speaker 1: you is if you don't understand the mechanism of it,

902
00:43:47,120 --> 00:43:50,120
Speaker 1: you can't really argue that they're connected. They could just

903
00:43:50,120 --> 00:43:54,080
Speaker 1: be chance, right, I mean sometimes there are connections, Like

904
00:43:54,360 --> 00:43:57,279
Speaker 1: you know that the consumption of ice cream is very

905
00:43:57,280 --> 00:44:00,160
Speaker 1: well correlated with the number of murders.

906
00:44:00,440 --> 00:44:00,520
Speaker 10: What.

907
00:44:00,880 --> 00:44:03,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, Well, people kill people more in the summer, I

908
00:44:03,000 --> 00:44:06,600
Speaker 1: guess because they're grumpier and they're sweaty and hot. People

909
00:44:06,640 --> 00:44:09,040
Speaker 1: also eat ice cream in the summer. Right, So the

910
00:44:09,160 --> 00:44:12,279
Speaker 1: same some root cause is in charge of both ice

911
00:44:12,280 --> 00:44:15,960
Speaker 1: cream consumption and murder rates. Right. It doesn't mean that

912
00:44:16,000 --> 00:44:17,640
Speaker 1: ice cream causes murder, right.

913
00:44:17,719 --> 00:44:20,319
Speaker 4: That we know of, that we know of, physicist don't

914
00:44:20,400 --> 00:44:21,120
Speaker 4: understand everything.

915
00:44:21,200 --> 00:44:24,840
Speaker 1: That's right, the fourth law of thermodynamics, ice cream causes murder.

916
00:44:30,920 --> 00:44:34,080
Speaker 4: Okay, so entropies are only kind of clue you're saying, yeah,

917
00:44:34,080 --> 00:44:40,880
Speaker 4: And there's three possibilities. Either time and entropy are not

918
00:44:41,040 --> 00:44:43,239
Speaker 4: at all connected, they just having to go in the

919
00:44:43,239 --> 00:44:48,600
Speaker 4: same direction, or they are both the result of something

920
00:44:48,640 --> 00:44:53,040
Speaker 4: else deeper about the universe, or maybe one causes the other.

921
00:44:53,280 --> 00:44:56,600
Speaker 1: Or right, yeah, exactly directly connected, and we don't know,

922
00:44:56,640 --> 00:44:57,719
Speaker 1: and we don't even know if there is much of

923
00:44:57,760 --> 00:44:59,520
Speaker 1: a connection. And if you know, there's a lot of

924
00:44:59,520 --> 00:45:02,840
Speaker 1: deep quests. They're like, if time is because of entropy,

925
00:45:03,360 --> 00:45:07,920
Speaker 1: then like what happens when the universe reaches maximum entropy,

926
00:45:08,280 --> 00:45:10,479
Speaker 1: because you know, if entropy is always increasing and time

927
00:45:10,520 --> 00:45:13,560
Speaker 1: is going forwards, then there's no rewind, Right, the universe

928
00:45:13,600 --> 00:45:17,239
Speaker 1: marches forward towards messier and messier, and eventually you reach

929
00:45:17,320 --> 00:45:19,839
Speaker 1: the heat death of the universe when everything is perfectly

930
00:45:19,880 --> 00:45:23,200
Speaker 1: spread out, right, perfectly disorganized, there's no structures at all.

931
00:45:23,719 --> 00:45:26,840
Speaker 1: Does time stop? Does time turn around and go the

932
00:45:26,880 --> 00:45:30,200
Speaker 1: other way? Like you know, just saying time is connected

933
00:45:30,200 --> 00:45:34,319
Speaker 1: to entropy doesn't answer most of the deepest questions. Does

934
00:45:34,360 --> 00:45:39,560
Speaker 1: time quit exactly? Some people have theories that time stops

935
00:45:39,600 --> 00:45:42,440
Speaker 1: and turns around, right, and the universe then goes towards

936
00:45:42,680 --> 00:45:47,080
Speaker 1: more organized configurations. Like maybe I love reading about theories

937
00:45:47,080 --> 00:45:49,360
Speaker 1: of time because people really go bonkers. One of my

938
00:45:49,400 --> 00:45:52,960
Speaker 1: favorites is that is a guy who asks the question, Okay,

939
00:45:52,960 --> 00:45:56,960
Speaker 1: we have three or more dimensions of space, why should

940
00:45:57,000 --> 00:46:00,560
Speaker 1: we have only one dimension of time? Right? Like, what

941
00:46:00,600 --> 00:46:04,120
Speaker 1: if you had two dimensions of time? That's pretty hard

942
00:46:04,160 --> 00:46:06,239
Speaker 1: to think about, which is weird because it's not so

943
00:46:06,280 --> 00:46:08,000
Speaker 1: hard to think about two dimensions of space to think

944
00:46:08,040 --> 00:46:10,160
Speaker 1: of it like you know, a plane instead of a line,

945
00:46:10,400 --> 00:46:13,040
Speaker 1: But it's pretty hard to think about two dimensions of time,

946
00:46:13,239 --> 00:46:16,120
Speaker 1: like I'll meet you at three o'clock in north and

947
00:46:16,600 --> 00:46:19,920
Speaker 1: you know four fifteen east west? Like what does that

948
00:46:19,960 --> 00:46:23,000
Speaker 1: even mean? What is before and after? Right? Oh?

949
00:46:23,080 --> 00:46:24,600
Speaker 4: You could have time coordinates?

950
00:46:24,680 --> 00:46:27,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, you could have multiple dimensions of time.

951
00:46:28,360 --> 00:46:30,799
Speaker 4: Isn't that sort of like a multiverse argument? Then, like

952
00:46:30,960 --> 00:46:34,520
Speaker 4: there's maybe parallel universes besides this one.

953
00:46:34,600 --> 00:46:36,200
Speaker 1: Well, that's a bit of a cop out, right, saying

954
00:46:36,800 --> 00:46:40,120
Speaker 1: maybe there's every configuration and our universe just happens to

955
00:46:40,200 --> 00:46:43,640
Speaker 1: have one coordinative time, and that's the explanation. I think

956
00:46:43,680 --> 00:46:46,720
Speaker 1: there must be a deep reason. There must be something

957
00:46:46,800 --> 00:46:49,759
Speaker 1: revealing about the structure of the universe as we've discovered it.

958
00:46:49,800 --> 00:46:51,680
Speaker 1: There's it's got to be a clue as the way

959
00:46:51,719 --> 00:46:55,160
Speaker 1: the things actually work, you know, and I suspect that

960
00:46:55,200 --> 00:46:57,280
Speaker 1: it's a it's going to be a really deep answer.

961
00:46:57,440 --> 00:46:59,359
Speaker 1: Then when we figure it out, it's going to show

962
00:46:59,480 --> 00:47:02,319
Speaker 1: us that the universe works really differently from the way

963
00:47:02,320 --> 00:47:06,000
Speaker 1: we imagined. That huge parts of our life and the

964
00:47:06,040 --> 00:47:07,880
Speaker 1: way we live and the things we think are fundamental

965
00:47:07,920 --> 00:47:09,560
Speaker 1: about the universe are accidents.

966
00:47:09,560 --> 00:47:14,840
Speaker 4: Are just constructs, right, They are timely accidents, that's right.

967
00:47:14,920 --> 00:47:18,160
Speaker 1: It took a lot of time, but eventually we created

968
00:47:18,160 --> 00:47:20,160
Speaker 1: this illusion of the universe. Yeah.

969
00:47:20,200 --> 00:47:23,320
Speaker 4: Wow, all right, So then we haven't really answered the question.

970
00:47:23,360 --> 00:47:25,480
Speaker 4: I mean, it sounds like there is no answer, right,

971
00:47:25,560 --> 00:47:27,640
Speaker 4: like why doest time only go forwards? We know it's

972
00:47:27,680 --> 00:47:30,520
Speaker 4: related to entropy, but we don't really know the connection.

973
00:47:30,600 --> 00:47:32,440
Speaker 4: And that's that's kind of as far as we know.

974
00:47:32,600 --> 00:47:33,799
Speaker 1: I mean, there are a lot of people out there

975
00:47:33,880 --> 00:47:36,240
Speaker 1: thought about this much more deeper than I have. Sean Carroll,

976
00:47:36,360 --> 00:47:39,080
Speaker 1: Carlo Rovelli and these folks have written whole books on time,

977
00:47:39,840 --> 00:47:42,560
Speaker 1: but in my view, the argument mostly boils down to,

978
00:47:42,840 --> 00:47:45,799
Speaker 1: you know, either it's connected to entropy, which I don't

979
00:47:45,840 --> 00:47:48,839
Speaker 1: find that convincing an explanation for why it goes forwards, right,

980
00:47:49,360 --> 00:47:52,239
Speaker 1: or that space and time itself are illusions and they

981
00:47:52,239 --> 00:47:55,600
Speaker 1: come out of something deeper and you know, and we

982
00:47:55,640 --> 00:47:58,000
Speaker 1: need to dig deeper to understand, like the string theory

983
00:47:58,040 --> 00:48:00,759
Speaker 1: of the universe or the quantum loops that make up

984
00:48:00,760 --> 00:48:05,520
Speaker 1: the fabric of space and time itself. So we were

985
00:48:05,560 --> 00:48:08,239
Speaker 1: pretty pretty clueless as a field. It's it's definitely an

986
00:48:08,239 --> 00:48:08,760
Speaker 1: open tomic.

987
00:48:09,239 --> 00:48:11,239
Speaker 4: Well until we figure it out. I hope that people

988
00:48:11,320 --> 00:48:15,000
Speaker 4: out there don't lose it and they that they make

989
00:48:15,040 --> 00:48:15,719
Speaker 4: the best use of it.

990
00:48:15,920 --> 00:48:16,000
Speaker 7: Right.

991
00:48:16,080 --> 00:48:18,439
Speaker 1: Yeah, but it's not a waste of time to think

992
00:48:18,480 --> 00:48:19,120
Speaker 1: about time.

993
00:48:20,560 --> 00:48:22,000
Speaker 4: It just takes a little bit of time.

994
00:48:22,400 --> 00:48:24,600
Speaker 1: That's right. But it's about time.

995
00:48:24,560 --> 00:48:26,800
Speaker 4: And now it's time to end the podcast.

996
00:48:26,400 --> 00:48:28,680
Speaker 1: That's right. So thanks for listening, and if you have

997
00:48:28,800 --> 00:48:32,439
Speaker 1: questions about big, basic fundamental questions of the universe, send

998
00:48:32,480 --> 00:48:34,440
Speaker 1: them to us. We'd love to dig into them and

999
00:48:34,560 --> 00:48:38,040
Speaker 1: explore our ignorance and the ignorance of modern physics. So

1000
00:48:38,080 --> 00:48:42,120
Speaker 1: send us your questions at feedback at Danielandjorge dot com.

1001
00:48:42,440 --> 00:48:45,920
Speaker 4: Yeah, thanks for listening. See you next time.

1002
00:48:46,000 --> 00:48:47,080
Speaker 1: Or see you last time.

1003
00:48:47,120 --> 00:48:51,959
Speaker 4: We should say, oh, see you last, see you, see

1004
00:48:51,960 --> 00:48:54,360
Speaker 4: you anything, see anytime?

1005
00:48:54,400 --> 00:49:05,160
Speaker 1: That's right. Thanks for listening. If you still have a

1006
00:49:05,239 --> 00:49:08,680
Speaker 1: question after listening to all these explanations, please drop us

1007
00:49:08,680 --> 00:49:10,799
Speaker 1: a line. We'd love to hear from you. You can

1008
00:49:10,800 --> 00:49:14,239
Speaker 1: find us at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel and

1009
00:49:14,320 --> 00:49:17,839
Speaker 1: Jorge that's one word, or email us at feedback at

1010
00:49:17,920 --> 00:49:21,960
Speaker 1: Danielandhorge dot com. Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel

1011
00:49:22,000 --> 00:49:25,440
Speaker 1: and Jorge Explain the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio.

1012
00:49:25,719 --> 00:49:30,839
Speaker 1: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,

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