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Speaker 1: This episode is brought to you by squar space. Start

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Speaker 1: Build it Beautiful. Welcome to Stuff you missed in History

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Speaker 1: Class from works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I am Trazy Wilson and I'm Holly Frying and we

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Speaker 1: have a guest on the show today. We are talking

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Speaker 1: to Dr Elizabeth p Archibald. She is the author of

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Speaker 1: Asked the Past Pertinent and Impertinent Advice from Yesteryear, which

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Speaker 1: started out as a blog just called Asked the Past.

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Speaker 1: If you're not familiar with it, it's this collection of

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Speaker 1: tidbits drawn mostly from medieval and early modern works, mainly

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Speaker 1: written in Europe, with a little brief commentary to And

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Speaker 1: this focus is really because of Elizabeth's focus and interest

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Speaker 1: in this time and place in history. We could foresure

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Speaker 1: talk about advice from the rest of the world and

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Speaker 1: the rest of history too, and if you're interested in that,

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Speaker 1: uh that the same same sorts of things we're going

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Speaker 1: to talk about today also make an appearance in our

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Speaker 1: episode on Say Shanagons Pillow book from the hay On

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Speaker 1: era in Japan, so advice is not limited just to Europe,

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Speaker 1: but that is Elizabeth's focus. So and some of this

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Speaker 1: advice is uh, flat out odd ball. The very idea

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Speaker 1: that somebody ever thought you might need to know or

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Speaker 1: tell someone how to trim your toenails underwater is a

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Speaker 1: little bit strange. There are also some really weird recipes.

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Speaker 1: There's one from five a recipe for making a sort

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Speaker 1: of snail based limbus, which apparently is like a theme

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Speaker 1: through our show Everything is like limbus, and another one

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Speaker 1: from sixteen sixty about making a giant egg as big

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Speaker 1: as twenty eggs out of twenty eggs with other assorted ingredients.

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Speaker 1: It's like a giant Japanese robot situation, but with eggs,

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Speaker 1: where they all come together and make a super egg.

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Speaker 1: There are other how to use in this book that

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Speaker 1: started making sense, but then they take this almost surreal turn.

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Speaker 1: So there's, for example, this six fifty advice for singing.

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Speaker 1: A singer should not sing through the nose. Sure, that

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Speaker 1: makes sense. He must not stammer lest he be incomprehensible,

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Speaker 1: So right, that works too. He must not push with

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Speaker 1: his tongue or lisp, else no one will hardly understand

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Speaker 1: half of what he says, so all this is still common,

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Speaker 1: valid advice. But then it says he should also not

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Speaker 1: close his teeth together, nor open his mouth to wide,

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Speaker 1: nor stretch his tongue out over his lips, nor thrust

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Speaker 1: his lips upward, nor distort his mouth, nor disfigure his

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Speaker 1: cheeks and nose like the long tailed monkey, nor crumple

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Speaker 1: his eyebrows together, nor wrinkle his forehead, nor roll his

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Speaker 1: head or eyes therein round and round, nor win with

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Speaker 1: the same, nor tremble with the lips, et cetera. Doesn't

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Speaker 1: that sound like the most pers nickety music teacher on earth? Yes,

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Speaker 1: somebody needed to put that in a book. And yet,

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Speaker 1: even with these silly and weird and whimsical and sometimes

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Speaker 1: frank dangerous uh bits, like training a cat to fire

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Speaker 1: a pistol, what you shouldn't do that? Or making bird muscles,

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Speaker 1: which is a thirteenth century invention, Sometimes it's reassuring that

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Speaker 1: people have wanted to know how to lose weight and

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Speaker 1: attractive partner and avoid acquaintances they don't want to see

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Speaker 1: for hundreds of years. So John H. Young sark One advises,

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Speaker 1: if you want to avoid an acquaintance looking away and

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Speaker 1: not making eye contact. That it's pretty basic. Yeah, I

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Speaker 1: guess that's Sydney. I hope they don't see me kind

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Speaker 1: of arena. But with all this in mind, I cannot

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Speaker 1: wait to hear your talk with Elizabeth, who pulled all

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Speaker 1: of this crazy stuff together from hundreds of years worth

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Speaker 1: of advice and books. Yeah. We've had several episodes lately

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Speaker 1: that you recorded while I was not in the room,

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Speaker 1: and this one I recorded while you weren't here, So

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Speaker 1: sighting twists. Yes. So today I am talking to Elizabeth

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Speaker 1: p Archibald, who is the author of Ask the Past,

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Speaker 1: Pertinent and Impertinent Advice from Yesteryear, which was also a blog.

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Speaker 1: Thank you so much for agreeing to be on the show, Elizabeth,

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Speaker 1: Thanks for having me on. So. I enjoyed this book

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Speaker 1: a whole lot. It's it's little snippets of advice from

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Speaker 1: the past, along with your commentary and artwork. Uh. It's

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Speaker 1: really funny and sometimes also weirdly touching. And it took

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Speaker 1: me about twice as long to read it as I

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Speaker 1: planned because I kept texting holly hilarious things that I

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Speaker 1: found in it. Um, can you tell us how all

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Speaker 1: of this started. How did you get into this chronicling

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Speaker 1: advice from the past. Yeah. Um, So my academic research

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Speaker 1: deals with the history of education and the history of

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Speaker 1: the book. So I am interested in asking questions like

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Speaker 1: what sort of advice people thought it was worthwhile to

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Speaker 1: put in writing, what kinds of things should be taught

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Speaker 1: by a book rather than by a teacher, and what

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Speaker 1: kinds of things it was a it was possible to

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Speaker 1: learn that way. And so I was teaching a course

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Speaker 1: at the Peaboddy Institute of Johns Hopkins University called how

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Speaker 1: To a History of Instruction, which I designed around the

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Speaker 1: idea that you can look at classic historical texts sort

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Speaker 1: of through the lens of the how To manual, so

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Speaker 1: Plato's republic As how To Manual and Machiavelli and so on.

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Speaker 1: And as part of this course, we've spent a lot

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Speaker 1: of time in the George Peabody Library looking at its

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Speaker 1: rare books collection, and the stuff that I turned up

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Speaker 1: was just great. Um. A sixteenth century book about swimming

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Speaker 1: that included advice on how to trem your toe nails underwater. UM.

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Speaker 1: Seventeenth century conduct manuals, eighteenth century books about how to

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Speaker 1: get rid of rats Um nineteenth century guides to palm

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Speaker 1: Reading UM. And at that point that was when I

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Speaker 1: began posting material to a blog. I just realized that

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Speaker 1: the world needed to know how to trim your tone

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Speaker 1: nails underwater in the sixteenth century. And the blog developed

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Speaker 1: an audience, and soon I started getting questions from around

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Speaker 1: the world, like how should I impress my boss, how

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Speaker 1: should I wash my hair? And it just sort of

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Speaker 1: went from there. So did did you notice any trends

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Speaker 1: in the sorts of things that people thought were worth

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Speaker 1: writing down instructions on how to do? Yeah, it's it's

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Speaker 1: really interesting. Some types of how to manuals and books

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Speaker 1: of advice are really actually pretty similar now to their

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Speaker 1: predecessors from centuries ago. UM, and in some cases the

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Speaker 1: actual advice even sort of remains in circulation. Etiquette handbooks

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Speaker 1: are one category that come to mind. UM. Jovanni de

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Speaker 1: la Caza's Galato is a really foundational text for the

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Speaker 1: history of etiquette, and that's one that was translated and

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Speaker 1: imitated almost immediately. UM, and the advice from that book

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Speaker 1: just sort of stayed in circulation. So instructions about how

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Speaker 1: to blow your nose politely? You know, use a handkerchief

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Speaker 1: and then UM, when you're done blowing your nose, don't

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Speaker 1: open the handkerchief in front of people. This sort of thing.

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Speaker 1: U And that was interesting because um, an early French

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Speaker 1: version of that text was translated into English, and then

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Speaker 1: that became the basis for a set of etiquette rules

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Speaker 1: that were copied out by George Washington when he was

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Speaker 1: sixteen years old or something. So it's sort of interesting

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Speaker 1: how some of these things actually just stick around, you know,

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Speaker 1: responding to universal human desires to know how to blow

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Speaker 1: your nose properly. I guess, um, there are a lot

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Speaker 1: of books like this. They just sort of repeated I

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Speaker 1: used over long periods of time. There's a book by

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Speaker 1: Thomas Lupton from the sixteenth century called A Thousands Notable Things,

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Speaker 1: and that one amazingly continue to be published in new

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Speaker 1: editions into the nineteenth century. UM. And then there are

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Speaker 1: things like UM plenty of the elder suggested violets as

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Speaker 1: a hangover cure. And I when when I posted this

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Speaker 1: on the blog, I actually heard from some people who said, oh, yeah,

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Speaker 1: you know, I've heard that too. I've tried it works, okay,

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Speaker 1: UM or Old Lives tales like the recommendation to put

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Speaker 1: butter on your cat's feet to keep it from running away,

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Speaker 1: or the notion that um, a pregnant woman who takes

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Speaker 1: a step first with her right foot is carrying a boy.

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Speaker 1: These pieces of advice, you know, are around from the

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Speaker 1: ancient world, and they're still sort of sticking with us,

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Speaker 1: So that's interesting to they. And it also seems like

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Speaker 1: the the general perception, not necessarily of people who have

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Speaker 1: really studied medieval life, but the sort of common perception

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Speaker 1: of the medieval world is that it was a gross, dirty,

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Speaker 1: mannerless place. But your book actually has a whole lot

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Speaker 1: of medieval manners in it, Yes, lots of manners um.

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Speaker 1: I think etiquette in particular is sort of an interesting

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Speaker 1: story because people who who know about the history of

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Speaker 1: etiquette think that it sort of began in the Renaissance

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Speaker 1: with Jovanni Dela hasa But in fact, there are a

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Speaker 1: lot of etiquette manual sort of conduct books from the

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Speaker 1: Middle Ages that are articulating these important principles of cleanliness

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Speaker 1: and politeness and things to do and not do at

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Speaker 1: the dinner table, and what types of animals you're allowed

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Speaker 1: to bring into the dining room and what types you're

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Speaker 1: not and all of that stuff. I like the one

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Speaker 1: about I think this was later than that, but the

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Speaker 1: one about leaving a party and not bringing your horse

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Speaker 1: into the hall unless you are instructed. But it's okay

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Speaker 1: to have your horse in the hall, yes, which is

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Speaker 1: excellent advice for a party even today. So let's take

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Speaker 1: a little break from this interview, Holly, I am delighted

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Speaker 1: to learn this idea that you should put butter on

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Speaker 1: your cat's paws when you move so that it doesn't

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Speaker 1: get lost goes way back in history. Yeah. I have

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Speaker 1: heard that advice for hairballs, you know, to help your

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Speaker 1: cat pass a hairball or cough one up, but never

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Speaker 1: as a trekking option. But it seems sort of brilliant

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Speaker 1: and possibly delicious. And the idea is that you put

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Speaker 1: the butter on the cat's paws and let it walk around,

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Speaker 1: leaving buttery tracks in your new home. But then it

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Speaker 1: will lick the butter off it's pause and get the

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Speaker 1: scent of the new place and not run away. That

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Speaker 1: is this idea that apparently has been around a really

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Speaker 1: long time, which somehow you cat lady have not heard.

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Speaker 1: But I cat lady have no, it's pretty ingenious. There's

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Speaker 1: a logic to it. Yeah, although I picture my very

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Speaker 1: chubby cat Mr Burns just sitting there and licking all

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Speaker 1: the butter off anywhere. But we are gonna actually, uh

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Speaker 1: take a brief word from a sponsor before we hear

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Speaker 1: the rest of this charming and really interestingly informative interview.

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Speaker 1: So let's go do that real quick. So for the

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Speaker 1: next portion of this interview, we are going to talk

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Speaker 1: a little bit about Elizabeth's process and making this book,

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Speaker 1: and then we will get into some of the oddity

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Speaker 1: that is involved in all this old advice. So you

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Speaker 1: have so much advice that's been gleaned from so many

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Speaker 1: places and over such a long span of history. What

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Speaker 1: was your process like for winnowing all this down. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's such a fun process. I mean really, it's it's

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Speaker 1: just so lateful to be able to look at old

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Speaker 1: books and sort of page through them and um by

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Speaker 1: these fascinating little pieces of advice and kind of um

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Speaker 1: track down leads, you know, if I find a reference to,

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Speaker 1: you know, an ancient technique for pet to removal, and

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Speaker 1: being able to just sort of look around until I

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Speaker 1: find something interesting Um, it's really great, and I'm very

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Speaker 1: lucky to be situated, uh in a in a nice

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Speaker 1: rare books collection at the George Peabody Library, UM, where

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Speaker 1: I can do a lot of that. But then, of course,

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Speaker 1: these days a lot of material has been digitized too,

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Speaker 1: so there's just so much stuff that are fingertips now

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Speaker 1: that it's possible to dig into medieval manuscripts at a

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Speaker 1: moment's notice, which is really exciting. So I found myself

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Speaker 1: being very envious of your time spent in rare book

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Speaker 1: collections while working on this book, because there there's so

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Speaker 1: many cool gems in rare book collections from around the world.

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Speaker 1: Did you have any just awesome discoveries as you were

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Speaker 1: pouring through these very old rare books to work on

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Speaker 1: this Yeah, absolutely, And I mean it's it's such a

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Speaker 1: quirky project to um. You know, it's it's really fun

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Speaker 1: to be able to look at the old books, but

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Speaker 1: it's also sort of funny to be in these very

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Speaker 1: serious libraries and you know, looking at old hangover cures

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Speaker 1: or um, looking in medieval manuscripts to try to find

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Speaker 1: the best illustration of a cat looking its rare end

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Speaker 1: and that sort of thing. So that's that's been fun

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Speaker 1: as well. Well, yeah, and I had I had sort

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Speaker 1: of I had noted almost for the end as an afterthought,

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Speaker 1: that the process of getting artwork to accompany all these things,

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Speaker 1: But that's that's Actually there's as much artwork in the

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Speaker 1: book as there is text. So did you feel like

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Speaker 1: the process for going through all of these uh instructions

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Speaker 1: compared to the process of finding artwork that that went

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Speaker 1: with it or was that a different experience? Well, I

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Speaker 1: mean it was in some ways a different experience. It

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Speaker 1: as much as I wish that each one of these

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Speaker 1: pieces of advice was illustrated, um, because in some cases

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Speaker 1: I think the results would be pretty fascinating, Um, they

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Speaker 1: don't all have illustrations. And yet it was sort of

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Speaker 1: important to me to be able to offer something from

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Speaker 1: the right time period that at least evoked the right technique.

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Speaker 1: And that was a fun process as well, just sort

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Speaker 1: of um, thinking of the right genres of book that

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Speaker 1: would have illustrations of, you know, people with union brows

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Speaker 1: and that sort of thing. So that that in and

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Speaker 1: of itself was just sort of an adventure in rare

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Speaker 1: books collections, one of the things that you wrote about

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Speaker 1: in the introduction to the book was about how it

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Speaker 1: got to the point that it was hard to distinguish

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Speaker 1: sometimes between parodies of instructions and actual instructions because some

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Speaker 1: of the instructions themselves are so weird. Uh. Are there

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Speaker 1: examples of ones that you either left out because they

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Speaker 1: definitely were a parody or ones that are in the

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Speaker 1: book that you're not quite sure if that was an

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Speaker 1: actual instruction or making fun of this whole uh genre

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Speaker 1: of book. Yeah, it's it's so interesting, I mean, it's

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Speaker 1: it is actually very difficult some tends to know how

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Speaker 1: serious the text is, whether the past is sort of

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Speaker 1: pulling your leg a little bit. Um. In some cases

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Speaker 1: it's pretty clear. There are some parody recipes, um, where

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Speaker 1: it's actually pretty clear that it's a parody, so they

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Speaker 1: call for ingredients like, um, goldfinches feet and the sweat

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Speaker 1: of a pebble and these kind of made up things,

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Speaker 1: so that's a good cue. Um. On the other hand,

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Speaker 1: there are recipes that are apparently serious that call for

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Speaker 1: some some pretty strange ingredients. UM. So you know, when

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Speaker 1: you keep seeing the goal of a weasel, you start

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Speaker 1: to wonder at a certain point how serious it is.

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Speaker 1: But Um. In most cases, I think the outlandish ingredients

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Speaker 1: are serious. Um. Then there's the problem of I mean,

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Speaker 1: it's not really a problem that you will encounter texts

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Speaker 1: that just sort of have a funny tone to them,

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Speaker 1: these authors from the past who are being a little

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Speaker 1: bit ridiculous in the presentation of their advice. And I

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Speaker 1: think that is what's going on in one selection from

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Speaker 1: the book on How to Give Birth from the fifteenth century,

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Speaker 1: where the author recommends that women who are in labor

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Speaker 1: should squeam a lot so that everyone hears them and

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Speaker 1: feels petty for them, and then we'll bring them um

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Speaker 1: roast chickens and fine wines in order to make them

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Speaker 1: feel better. You encounter that too, you know, just these

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Speaker 1: sort of funny authors who are enlivening their serious advice

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Speaker 1: with a little bit of playfulness. Circling back to the

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Speaker 1: weird ingredients. As I was reading there, there are lots

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Speaker 1: of things that call for things like pigeon blood and

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Speaker 1: lots of animal blood. Uh, And I was thinking, Okay,

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Speaker 1: that made me make sense if people were eating a

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Speaker 1: lot of pigeon as their diet, that they might have

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Speaker 1: pigeon blood around. But then it would get into okay,

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Speaker 1: and now you need elephant dung, and I would think,

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Speaker 1: how am I getting elephant dung? That doesn't that seems

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Speaker 1: like it would be a little hard to come by. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: And I think what's going on there is, you know,

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Speaker 1: there are some ingredients that you use because you have

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Speaker 1: them on hand. Um. So that can be herbs in

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Speaker 1: the garden, and various types of animal parts and products, um,

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Speaker 1: you know, the beef blood and the weasel sad and

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Speaker 1: this sort of thing, um. And then there are things

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Speaker 1: that I think are supposed to have sort of an

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Speaker 1: aura of strangeness, and you know, you might sort of

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Speaker 1: believe in the efficacy of the recipe more because the

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Speaker 1: ingredients seems a little bit uh out of the ordinary. Um.

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Speaker 1: I think one example of that is recipes that call

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Speaker 1: for unicorn torn um. And nearly all of the recipes

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Speaker 1: that I looked at that involves unicorns horn sort of

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Speaker 1: acknowledge that this is not something that's going to be

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Speaker 1: accessible to everyone. It's expensive. Um. So if you have

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Speaker 1: the means to choires and unicorns for and then go

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Speaker 1: right ahead, and if not, then you can use this

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Speaker 1: other thing, that'll be fine. So some of the advice

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Speaker 1: that's in here seems so bizarre, but I wonder how

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Speaker 1: anybody ever thought that it would work. And one of

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Speaker 1: the things that really jumped out with me at me

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Speaker 1: is the one that was about killing the snakes by

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Speaker 1: luring them with crab cakes and then hitting them with rashes.

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Speaker 1: Yeah right. I have to say that I have not

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Speaker 1: tried this one, um, but if anyone has, let me

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Speaker 1: know how that turned out for you. Um. Yeah. The

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Speaker 1: radish does not seem to be seemed to me to

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Speaker 1: be the most obvious weapon to use against the snake.

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Speaker 1: I have to admit, why are radish? I think it

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Speaker 1: says a large radish. It specifically is a very big radish,

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Speaker 1: but if it's big enough. Another of the oddities that

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Speaker 1: that kind of jumped out of me is too jump

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Speaker 1: back to the idea of manners, is that a lot

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Speaker 1: of these pieces that are about etiquette are simultaneously written

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Speaker 1: in a way that we would consider to be rather rude.

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Speaker 1: So one of the very first pieces of advice is

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Speaker 1: is all about etiquette, and it's about not burping or

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Speaker 1: passing gas while you're dancing with a lady. But the

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Speaker 1: way that it's written, people would think that that's at

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Speaker 1: least at the very least very indelicate by today's standards. Um.

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Speaker 1: Did you often as you were working on this, find

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Speaker 1: this disconnect between advice that holds up, but a way

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Speaker 1: of discussing it that just seems off compared to what

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Speaker 1: we would expect people to talk about that way today. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and I don't think that that's entirely a coincidence, um,

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Speaker 1: in the case of that particular text. Um. And this

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Speaker 1: is something that I find with how to manuals generally

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Speaker 1: for everyone where read the piece of advice and you

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Speaker 1: sort of scratch your head and you think, I am

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Speaker 1: not so sure about that. Um. You know, what's the

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Speaker 1: point of a how to manual whose advice doesn't actually

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Speaker 1: accomplish what it says it's going to accomplish. Um. There's

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Speaker 1: another one that actually does sort of more than what

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Speaker 1: it is presenting it face value. UM. And that's that's

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Speaker 1: one of them. And I think it's because it's a

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Speaker 1: Latin poem. Actually it's this is this is a poem

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Speaker 1: on dancing advice. Um. And not in the first edition

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Speaker 1: of this poem, but in later editions it includes the

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Speaker 1: sort of ridiculous comic advice about kind of the earthlier

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Speaker 1: aspects of the dance. And so that that piece of

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Speaker 1: advice about um, not eating onions before you go to

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Speaker 1: the dance and not burping, and you know, if you

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Speaker 1: have to sneeze, here's how you should do it. This

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Speaker 1: seems ridiculous, and it sort of is. I mean, I

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Speaker 1: think the intention of that is not purely too explain

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Speaker 1: to incompetent youth how they should behave at a dance,

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Speaker 1: but um, to entertain people who are reading this, you know,

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Speaker 1: it's actually a work of literature. And then in other

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Speaker 1: cases another advice on etiquette, I think sometimes just effective

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Speaker 1: presenting it in a sort of ridiculous way might help

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Speaker 1: to convey the advice a little bit more forcefully, um,

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Speaker 1: sort of make it more more memorable and kind of

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Speaker 1: shame you into behaving properly. Before we talk about some

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Speaker 1: of the modern parallels of all this weird old advice,

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Speaker 1: let's have another reef word from a sponsor. So we're

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Speaker 1: going to close out our interview with Elizabeth by talking

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Speaker 1: about some of the modern parallels to these old advice

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Speaker 1: and etiquette manuals, a couple of which I had not

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Speaker 1: considered at all. And we're also going to hear about

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Speaker 1: one of her favorite pieces of advice, which is one

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Speaker 1: that surprisingly holds up pretty well today, and then stay

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Speaker 1: tuned afterward on talking because we are going to have

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Speaker 1: some pretty important listener mail. When I before I started

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Speaker 1: reading this book, I was sort of expecting it to

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Speaker 1: be like a medieval slash early modern version of like

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Speaker 1: an advice column. But after getting to the end, it

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Speaker 1: feels almost like uh, medieval and early modern version of

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Speaker 1: men's and women's magazines today. It's it's like a collection

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Speaker 1: that that turns into a five hundred year old Cosmo

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Speaker 1: five hundred years from now. What kind of things do

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Speaker 1: you think people are going to be turning to two

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Speaker 1: to figure out the same sort of of weirdness about

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Speaker 1: how we lived at this point. Yeah, that's a great question,

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Speaker 1: I think. Um, it's true some of some of this

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Speaker 1: material does sort of remind me of magazines. Um. I

383
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Speaker 1: think the reason for that is, you know, it's responding

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Speaker 1: to me that we still have UM so for instance, um,

385
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Speaker 1: we're still on the eternal quest for brilliant little life hacks. Right, Um,

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Speaker 1: you know how to soap rab how to how to

387
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Speaker 1: make a cake when you run out of sugar, how

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Speaker 1: to overcome your fear of heights. Um. All of these

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Speaker 1: things you can find in seventeenth century books. Um, that's

390
00:24:45,160 --> 00:24:48,199
Speaker 1: all stuff that I think we would probably turn to

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Speaker 1: the internet for today, and a lot of categories. I

392
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Speaker 1: think that, you know, the internet has become our collective

393
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Speaker 1: how to manual. Yeah, and and now I had not

394
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Speaker 1: made that kind of action at all, But now that

395
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Speaker 1: you pointed out, some of the life packs that exist

396
00:25:03,040 --> 00:25:07,040
Speaker 1: out there are just as absurd as things in the book,

397
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Speaker 1: or like instead of instead of scrubbing your potatoes, put

398
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Speaker 1: them in the dishwasher. I think that's the most absurd

399
00:25:16,480 --> 00:25:18,399
Speaker 1: one that I could think about or think of it

400
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Speaker 1: at this at this particular moment. Do you have a

401
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Speaker 1: favorite of all these just delightful gems of odd and

402
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Speaker 1: sometimes touching advice. You have a favorite one of all

403
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Speaker 1: of them? Um? Well, I have a lot of favorites.

404
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Speaker 1: But um, one of my very favorites is about traveling. Um.

405
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Speaker 1: And this is from a work from the fifteenth century

406
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Speaker 1: uh by Santobraska, who wrote Died to pilgrimage to the

407
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Speaker 1: Holy Land, some sort of a common genre, and the

408
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Speaker 1: advice that he gives about traveling is not completely unique,

409
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Speaker 1: but I just really like the way that he articulates it. Um.

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Speaker 1: So he says that a traveler should have two bags

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Speaker 1: with him, and one of them should contain a lot

412
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Speaker 1: of money, and the other one should contain patients. And

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Speaker 1: I think that anyone who has ever gone through an

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Speaker 1: airport in the modern era has encountered that problem. You

415
00:26:28,560 --> 00:26:31,400
Speaker 1: really need to have your suitcase with patients. And then,

416
00:26:31,440 --> 00:26:32,960
Speaker 1: of course he else ha says that you need a

417
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Speaker 1: lot of cured tongue and ginger syrup in order to

418
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Speaker 1: settle your stomach while you're traveling. But but I really

419
00:26:42,119 --> 00:26:46,000
Speaker 1: like the suitcase full of patients well, and the ginger

420
00:26:46,080 --> 00:26:48,200
Speaker 1: to settle your stomach is one of those that carries

421
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Speaker 1: all the way through until today. I hear people recommend

422
00:26:50,400 --> 00:26:54,720
Speaker 1: that all the time, exactly. Yeah, So is there anything

423
00:26:54,760 --> 00:26:57,000
Speaker 1: else that you just you want to make sure that

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Speaker 1: the world knows about your book? I guess one thing

425
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Speaker 1: I'd like to add is UM just sort of the

426
00:27:04,800 --> 00:27:08,679
Speaker 1: idea of what a how to manual is um. And

427
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Speaker 1: I think in the Renaissance, which is sort of from

428
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Speaker 1: from my perspective at least, kind of the great age

429
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Speaker 1: of the how to manual Um, the thing that I

430
00:27:18,920 --> 00:27:23,080
Speaker 1: really love about how to manuals is that they offer

431
00:27:23,160 --> 00:27:26,880
Speaker 1: a kind of possibility. They sort of make this promise

432
00:27:27,080 --> 00:27:31,280
Speaker 1: that you can become someone new and it doesn't require

433
00:27:31,960 --> 00:27:35,520
Speaker 1: divine intervention or you know, a special status that you're

434
00:27:35,520 --> 00:27:39,080
Speaker 1: born with, or even ten hours of practice. You just

435
00:27:39,200 --> 00:27:41,960
Speaker 1: need this clever technique that the book is going to

436
00:27:42,040 --> 00:27:46,639
Speaker 1: teach you, and you know, maybe a few quirky household ingredients.

437
00:27:46,760 --> 00:27:49,680
Speaker 1: So you can read these books and find out how

438
00:27:49,760 --> 00:27:55,000
Speaker 1: to have blonde hair, or improve your memory, or become

439
00:27:55,040 --> 00:27:59,040
Speaker 1: a you know, smooth courtier or lover instead of a bumpkin.

440
00:27:59,800 --> 00:28:03,920
Speaker 1: And and that's what I think is really appealing about

441
00:28:03,920 --> 00:28:08,280
Speaker 1: how to two manuals, and it ties back to that

442
00:28:08,680 --> 00:28:13,000
Speaker 1: idea of men's and women's magazines and life hacks like

443
00:28:13,080 --> 00:28:15,359
Speaker 1: these things where if you follow these steps, your life

444
00:28:15,359 --> 00:28:19,320
Speaker 1: will be easier and better exactly, and you know, who

445
00:28:19,359 --> 00:28:23,680
Speaker 1: knows how many cases it actually played out that way,

446
00:28:23,720 --> 00:28:31,960
Speaker 1: but there's just such openers and in the genre. So

447
00:28:32,080 --> 00:28:35,080
Speaker 1: I would like to thank Elizabeth the Archbald again for

448
00:28:35,200 --> 00:28:37,359
Speaker 1: taking the time to talk to me. Her book asked

449
00:28:37,359 --> 00:28:41,880
Speaker 1: the past pertinent and impertinent Advice from Yesteryear is out

450
00:28:41,920 --> 00:28:46,560
Speaker 1: now it is delightful. Her blog is also delightful. Thank

451
00:28:46,600 --> 00:28:50,680
Speaker 1: you again for talking to us. Do you also, I

452
00:28:50,720 --> 00:28:52,560
Speaker 1: know you do because you mentioned it already, have some

453
00:28:52,760 --> 00:28:56,280
Speaker 1: important and interesting listener mail I do. We've gotten some

454
00:28:56,600 --> 00:29:00,840
Speaker 1: pretty valid uh corrections on the podcast lately. We got

455
00:29:00,840 --> 00:29:03,680
Speaker 1: a couple of notes after our episode about the Saint

456
00:29:03,760 --> 00:29:07,480
Speaker 1: KITT's Slave Revolt about how to say Nevus and Antigua,

457
00:29:07,560 --> 00:29:10,440
Speaker 1: which you say as I just said them, rather than

458
00:29:10,560 --> 00:29:12,800
Speaker 1: Nevis and Antigua, which is how we said them on

459
00:29:12,840 --> 00:29:16,680
Speaker 1: the show. But you have traveled there and you heard

460
00:29:16,760 --> 00:29:19,240
Speaker 1: most people that you spoke to saying Nevis, which is

461
00:29:19,280 --> 00:29:21,880
Speaker 1: why you presumed that was cool. I did not look

462
00:29:21,920 --> 00:29:23,840
Speaker 1: it up because I had heard so many people saying

463
00:29:24,080 --> 00:29:26,800
Speaker 1: them that way. What I have learned since then is

464
00:29:26,840 --> 00:29:28,960
Speaker 1: that because most of the people I was talking to

465
00:29:29,160 --> 00:29:31,400
Speaker 1: were ship's staff and ship's crew, and a lot of

466
00:29:31,440 --> 00:29:35,000
Speaker 1: them their first language was Dutch or maybe Hindi, or

467
00:29:35,040 --> 00:29:37,959
Speaker 1: maybe they were from the Caribbean and had a like

468
00:29:38,080 --> 00:29:44,040
Speaker 1: a Caribbean various Caribbean accent. Those accents affected that pronunciation

469
00:29:44,200 --> 00:29:46,560
Speaker 1: and it didn't quite translate to how we say it

470
00:29:46,640 --> 00:29:50,680
Speaker 1: in English in America. So that to be fair is

471
00:29:50,720 --> 00:29:53,640
Speaker 1: one I did not look up. Uh. The other one

472
00:29:54,080 --> 00:29:57,000
Speaker 1: we have gotten possibly the most email about of any

473
00:29:57,080 --> 00:30:03,080
Speaker 1: correction ever. In the correction Olympics ranks high. It's quite high.

474
00:30:03,120 --> 00:30:06,520
Speaker 1: And most of these letters were kind. Thank you for

475
00:30:06,720 --> 00:30:10,120
Speaker 1: the most of you who were kind. However, most of

476
00:30:10,160 --> 00:30:13,920
Speaker 1: them were also incorrect. So this is our episode recently

477
00:30:13,960 --> 00:30:17,800
Speaker 1: about the Texas Revolution, which that we took. We talked

478
00:30:17,800 --> 00:30:20,800
Speaker 1: about a siege. A lot of the corrections we got

479
00:30:20,960 --> 00:30:25,600
Speaker 1: our analogous too. If we had done an episode about

480
00:30:25,720 --> 00:30:31,640
Speaker 1: uh uh Juan Ponce de Leon, and then the entirety

481
00:30:31,680 --> 00:30:35,000
Speaker 1: of Atlanta wrote to us to say, it's Ponsta Leon right,

482
00:30:35,120 --> 00:30:37,200
Speaker 1: which is how there's for those of you who don't know,

483
00:30:37,280 --> 00:30:41,000
Speaker 1: there is a famous road here in Atlanta. Our offices

484
00:30:41,040 --> 00:30:44,200
Speaker 1: in fact are on it, which everybody here calls Ponst

485
00:30:44,360 --> 00:30:48,000
Speaker 1: Leon right, which when I first moved here it made

486
00:30:48,000 --> 00:30:51,080
Speaker 1: my stomach hurt. But right, that's not how you say

487
00:30:51,080 --> 00:30:54,280
Speaker 1: his name went in Rome, but you know, centuries later

488
00:30:54,360 --> 00:30:56,640
Speaker 1: that is how people say the name of the road

489
00:30:56,760 --> 00:30:59,720
Speaker 1: that was named after him. So what we should have

490
00:30:59,760 --> 00:31:02,880
Speaker 1: said d in our siege episode about the Texas Revolution,

491
00:31:02,920 --> 00:31:07,080
Speaker 1: we should have called it the siege of Beijar. We're

492
00:31:07,080 --> 00:31:09,040
Speaker 1: going to talk about why with two different pieces of mail.

493
00:31:09,560 --> 00:31:12,400
Speaker 1: The first of them is from my friend Hayden from college,

494
00:31:12,840 --> 00:31:15,400
Speaker 1: and he uh, I'm not gonna read the whole thing

495
00:31:15,480 --> 00:31:17,560
Speaker 1: because it was a note to me, not to the podcast,

496
00:31:17,600 --> 00:31:20,680
Speaker 1: and he said Texas history, particularly the period of the revolution,

497
00:31:20,760 --> 00:31:22,680
Speaker 1: can be a real mess, so it was nice to

498
00:31:22,720 --> 00:31:24,800
Speaker 1: hear a clear summary of the events. I have just

499
00:31:24,840 --> 00:31:28,400
Speaker 1: a couple of comments. First, the pronunciation of Behar when

500
00:31:28,440 --> 00:31:30,720
Speaker 1: speaking of the village of bejart As is as it

501
00:31:30,800 --> 00:31:33,800
Speaker 1: was generally known during the colonial and republic periods. The

502
00:31:33,880 --> 00:31:37,880
Speaker 1: generally accepted pronunciation is Beihar. In modern Texas, the city

503
00:31:37,920 --> 00:31:40,880
Speaker 1: of San Antonio is in Bear County, and the residents

504
00:31:40,880 --> 00:31:44,800
Speaker 1: they are pronounced it Bear. You also mentioned that Texas

505
00:31:44,840 --> 00:31:47,880
Speaker 1: independence was declared March first, thirty six. It was actually

506
00:31:47,920 --> 00:31:50,920
Speaker 1: declared March second, which was Sam Houston's birthday. I don't

507
00:31:50,920 --> 00:31:53,520
Speaker 1: know where the second air came from, so that was

508
00:31:53,680 --> 00:31:57,240
Speaker 1: that was Hayden on how to pronounce Behar. I also

509
00:31:57,360 --> 00:32:02,120
Speaker 1: got a great email from Samantha. Samantha says, I've been

510
00:32:02,160 --> 00:32:05,120
Speaker 1: listening to the podcast for years, hoping to hear something

511
00:32:05,160 --> 00:32:07,040
Speaker 1: that could spark and excuse to write in and I

512
00:32:07,080 --> 00:32:09,880
Speaker 1: finally have one, but unfortunately, instead of a cute story,

513
00:32:09,880 --> 00:32:13,440
Speaker 1: it's a slight correction. I appreciate your caveat at the

514
00:32:13,480 --> 00:32:16,280
Speaker 1: top of the cast regarding the improper pronunciation of the

515
00:32:16,360 --> 00:32:18,720
Speaker 1: rold are at the end of bey heart, something few

516
00:32:18,720 --> 00:32:21,600
Speaker 1: people who did not learn the correct malformation to pronounce

517
00:32:21,640 --> 00:32:24,920
Speaker 1: that particular sound as a child can accomplish. However, the

518
00:32:24,920 --> 00:32:27,720
Speaker 1: rest of the word is also mispronounced, and then she

519
00:32:27,800 --> 00:32:31,360
Speaker 1: has like this slanty face in moodicon with the like

520
00:32:31,880 --> 00:32:35,560
Speaker 1: slightly frown email. I have to start by admitting I

521
00:32:35,600 --> 00:32:38,040
Speaker 1: am not a native Spanish speaker or a linguist, but

522
00:32:38,080 --> 00:32:40,240
Speaker 1: I did grow up in San Antonio, and I took

523
00:32:40,280 --> 00:32:43,240
Speaker 1: Spanish and German in high school. And the proper pronunciation

524
00:32:43,280 --> 00:32:46,160
Speaker 1: of Bear County, where San Antonio is located, was discussed

525
00:32:46,200 --> 00:32:48,440
Speaker 1: several times as an example of the influence of the

526
00:32:48,560 --> 00:32:52,680
Speaker 1: linguistic traditions of the region's main cultural groups on our

527
00:32:52,760 --> 00:32:57,160
Speaker 1: modern pronunciations of traditional words and names. The original word

528
00:32:57,360 --> 00:33:01,240
Speaker 1: by heart, being Spanish, was most likely announced behar, treating

529
00:33:01,240 --> 00:33:04,520
Speaker 1: the the x like a J to sound like ye,

530
00:33:04,640 --> 00:33:08,200
Speaker 1: yea or ha. We can see this in the original

531
00:33:08,200 --> 00:33:12,000
Speaker 1: pronunciation of Texas as Taijas, and in the correct pronunciation

532
00:33:12,040 --> 00:33:14,360
Speaker 1: of Wahaka, a word I love to see non Spanish

533
00:33:14,400 --> 00:33:18,200
Speaker 1: speakers struggle to pronounce in Mexican restaurants. My language teacher

534
00:33:18,280 --> 00:33:22,680
Speaker 1: always explained that that beijar pronounced beijar softened to bear

535
00:33:23,160 --> 00:33:26,280
Speaker 1: under the influence of Germanic language traditions, which came in

536
00:33:26,320 --> 00:33:29,320
Speaker 1: with large numbers of German immigrants to the area, settling

537
00:33:29,400 --> 00:33:32,840
Speaker 1: towns like Fredericksburg and New Bronzels. And I should have

538
00:33:32,840 --> 00:33:34,840
Speaker 1: looked up how to say that before I read this letter,

539
00:33:34,880 --> 00:33:37,800
Speaker 1: but I didn't. In fact, until about thirty years ago,

540
00:33:37,880 --> 00:33:40,400
Speaker 1: a form of German was still spoken by elderly native

541
00:33:40,400 --> 00:33:43,080
Speaker 1: born residents of these towns, much like Creole is still

542
00:33:43,120 --> 00:33:46,280
Speaker 1: spoken in small parts of Louisiana, and some people even

543
00:33:46,280 --> 00:33:49,160
Speaker 1: thought the word was actually German in origin but rewritten

544
00:33:49,160 --> 00:33:52,600
Speaker 1: in Spanish. I think the memory of this story, as

545
00:33:52,640 --> 00:33:54,520
Speaker 1: well as spending a lot of time in St. Louis

546
00:33:54,520 --> 00:33:56,640
Speaker 1: and New Orleans, where the mix of French, English, Spanish,

547
00:33:56,640 --> 00:34:00,160
Speaker 1: and Native American languages have created some very interesting pronunciation

548
00:34:00,240 --> 00:34:04,280
Speaker 1: standards that are seemingly at odds with traditional correct pronunciations

549
00:34:04,560 --> 00:34:08,560
Speaker 1: turned into a dilettant fascination with the evolution of language. Uh.

550
00:34:08,600 --> 00:34:13,560
Speaker 1: And then she actually then she actually recommends um an

551
00:34:13,560 --> 00:34:16,640
Speaker 1: audiobook of the Great Courses, The Story of Human Language,

552
00:34:16,680 --> 00:34:19,440
Speaker 1: which is a full semester's worth of classroom lectures about

553
00:34:19,480 --> 00:34:22,160
Speaker 1: the evolution of language. Um. And then she says that

554
00:34:22,440 --> 00:34:24,480
Speaker 1: said she was really great that we did the episode.

555
00:34:24,560 --> 00:34:28,960
Speaker 1: So here's what happened. I looked up how to say

556
00:34:29,000 --> 00:34:32,680
Speaker 1: beijar at four vo, and we got the Spanish version.

557
00:34:32,840 --> 00:34:35,839
Speaker 1: We got the Spanish version thinking it would be more

558
00:34:35,880 --> 00:34:37,960
Speaker 1: correct to the place and time. We were talking about

559
00:34:38,760 --> 00:34:42,120
Speaker 1: the Spanish language pronunciation of bejar at four vo. When

560
00:34:42,120 --> 00:34:45,799
Speaker 1: we looked at it was wrong, Like it was frankly wrong. Um.

561
00:34:45,880 --> 00:34:48,960
Speaker 1: And because you know T e x a s has

562
00:34:49,320 --> 00:34:53,840
Speaker 1: pronounced Texas Yenglish and and M e x i ceo

563
00:34:54,080 --> 00:34:57,000
Speaker 1: was pronounced in Mexico and English. And the fact that

564
00:34:57,040 --> 00:35:01,840
Speaker 1: I have never studied Spanish beyond I think a semester

565
00:35:02,040 --> 00:35:06,840
Speaker 1: in third grade with yeah or maybe a quarter. It

566
00:35:06,880 --> 00:35:09,680
Speaker 1: was a very small amount of of third grade Spanish,

567
00:35:09,680 --> 00:35:13,080
Speaker 1: where we mostly learned numbers in the alphabet. Uh. It

568
00:35:13,120 --> 00:35:15,120
Speaker 1: did not occur to me that that was wrong. So

569
00:35:15,360 --> 00:35:19,120
Speaker 1: I'm sorry I messed that up. However, everyone who angrily

570
00:35:19,160 --> 00:35:24,200
Speaker 1: wrote to us, Uh, we got an email that literally started, um,

571
00:35:24,200 --> 00:35:28,200
Speaker 1: it's pronounced bear, like, don't don't, don't write to anyone

572
00:35:28,239 --> 00:35:33,160
Speaker 1: like that. It would not actually have been correct to

573
00:35:33,239 --> 00:35:36,759
Speaker 1: have called that town bear, but it also was not

574
00:35:36,840 --> 00:35:39,520
Speaker 1: correct to call it Bexar, which we should have called

575
00:35:39,560 --> 00:35:43,000
Speaker 1: it Behar. And just as a public service announcement, Uh,

576
00:35:43,040 --> 00:35:44,799
Speaker 1: most of you were nice. Thank you so much for

577
00:35:44,880 --> 00:35:47,120
Speaker 1: most of you being nice, But like, just in general,

578
00:35:47,160 --> 00:35:49,799
Speaker 1: as a general rule, if you're if you're writing to

579
00:35:49,960 --> 00:35:52,560
Speaker 1: anyone in the world to correct something they have done,

580
00:35:52,880 --> 00:35:57,080
Speaker 1: imagine that you yourself have just made a large and

581
00:35:57,280 --> 00:36:01,160
Speaker 1: and and irritating an upsetting air in front of literally

582
00:36:01,200 --> 00:36:04,600
Speaker 1: thousands of people. Kind Of imagine how you would feel

583
00:36:04,600 --> 00:36:07,640
Speaker 1: about that before you write your email to yell at

584
00:36:07,680 --> 00:36:09,840
Speaker 1: them about it, and know that you're one of thousands

585
00:36:09,840 --> 00:36:13,719
Speaker 1: of people doing something. Yeah, we got literally hundreds of emails.

586
00:36:14,360 --> 00:36:17,040
Speaker 1: My my, I mean, I don't. People are welcome to

587
00:36:17,800 --> 00:36:20,520
Speaker 1: couch their complaints anyway they want. I'm not there the

588
00:36:20,520 --> 00:36:23,040
Speaker 1: boss of them. My thing that is always like when

589
00:36:23,040 --> 00:36:27,280
Speaker 1: people start something like that and it's my ears bled

590
00:36:27,320 --> 00:36:29,399
Speaker 1: and I cried and I'm like, okay, Nobody on this

591
00:36:29,440 --> 00:36:31,879
Speaker 1: podcast is like, let's make some mirrors bleed today. We're

592
00:36:31,880 --> 00:36:34,680
Speaker 1: going to really rock this. You know, I don't want

593
00:36:34,719 --> 00:36:38,560
Speaker 1: to hurt anybody with mispronunciation. It is an accident, always right.

594
00:36:39,000 --> 00:36:41,200
Speaker 1: Neither of us are ever like I don't care, just saying, however,

595
00:36:41,280 --> 00:36:43,800
Speaker 1: you well, and to start of give you a little

596
00:36:43,840 --> 00:36:46,200
Speaker 1: behind the scenes, behind the scenes of stuff you missed

597
00:36:46,200 --> 00:36:49,600
Speaker 1: in history class. The level of effort that we take

598
00:36:49,640 --> 00:36:53,600
Speaker 1: to find correct pronunciations just does not correspond to a

599
00:36:53,680 --> 00:36:56,600
Speaker 1: reduction in how many corrections we get about it. It

600
00:36:56,680 --> 00:36:59,680
Speaker 1: does regardless of what steps we take. Like for example,

601
00:37:00,040 --> 00:37:05,520
Speaker 1: he gave the say Shanagon outline that I took for

602
00:37:05,560 --> 00:37:07,719
Speaker 1: the episode we mentioned at the top of the show. Coincidentally,

603
00:37:07,760 --> 00:37:09,759
Speaker 1: we gave it to someone who spoke Japanese and has

604
00:37:09,800 --> 00:37:12,960
Speaker 1: lived in Japan, and that person gave us phonetic pronunciations

605
00:37:13,000 --> 00:37:15,680
Speaker 1: for every single word in it. We still got pronunciation

606
00:37:15,680 --> 00:37:19,960
Speaker 1: corrections for Japanese. Or our Treaty of White Tangy episode.

607
00:37:20,640 --> 00:37:26,560
Speaker 1: I looked up documentary footage of New Zealanders talking about it,

608
00:37:27,360 --> 00:37:29,960
Speaker 1: and then then we imitated that, and we still got

609
00:37:30,920 --> 00:37:35,440
Speaker 1: corrections about that. So regardless of whether we're talking about uh,

610
00:37:36,080 --> 00:37:38,920
Speaker 1: accents of English that are not American English, or words

611
00:37:39,320 --> 00:37:41,480
Speaker 1: in languages that we don't speak, Like, regardless of what

612
00:37:41,560 --> 00:37:46,920
Speaker 1: steps we take, we still get things wrong. Sadly, we

613
00:37:46,920 --> 00:37:49,680
Speaker 1: cannot speak We don't speak all the languages, and Bracy

614
00:37:49,760 --> 00:37:54,160
Speaker 1: has more Spanish training than I do. And when it

615
00:37:54,200 --> 00:37:58,080
Speaker 1: comes to weird regional pronunciations, what these are actually good

616
00:37:58,080 --> 00:38:00,839
Speaker 1: for is separating who's from here with who's not from here,

617
00:38:00,880 --> 00:38:04,360
Speaker 1: and we're not from there. Uh, And we're gonna do

618
00:38:04,440 --> 00:38:06,640
Speaker 1: our best, but we are seriously always going to get

619
00:38:06,680 --> 00:38:09,480
Speaker 1: stuff wrong regardless of what effort we take. Yeah, it's

620
00:38:09,520 --> 00:38:12,720
Speaker 1: just kind of um comes with the package. Somebody suggested

621
00:38:12,760 --> 00:38:14,920
Speaker 1: asking fans on Twitter, and I was like, this is

622
00:38:15,040 --> 00:38:17,160
Speaker 1: that's an idea, but that like we don't have a

623
00:38:17,200 --> 00:38:20,200
Speaker 1: way to figure figure out which responses are legitimate and

624
00:38:20,239 --> 00:38:23,400
Speaker 1: which ones are people trolling us, and like regional pronunciations

625
00:38:23,400 --> 00:38:26,480
Speaker 1: can be so wacky, but it's hard to tell the difference. Well,

626
00:38:26,480 --> 00:38:29,640
Speaker 1: and even when we've done episodes and gotten really irate corrections,

627
00:38:29,680 --> 00:38:32,440
Speaker 1: they have often come in with like seven different options

628
00:38:32,480 --> 00:38:36,920
Speaker 1: about they are not all in agreement either, So at

629
00:38:36,920 --> 00:38:39,120
Speaker 1: that point you're kind of opening a can of worms

630
00:38:39,160 --> 00:38:41,680
Speaker 1: of like, let's start a Twitter fight over how things

631
00:38:41,719 --> 00:38:44,960
Speaker 1: are bron again. I don't want to do this podcast

632
00:38:44,960 --> 00:38:48,279
Speaker 1: to cause violence or unrest or make people's eyears lead

633
00:38:48,320 --> 00:38:51,000
Speaker 1: with our with our pronunciation. I don't want any of that. Yes,

634
00:38:51,160 --> 00:38:53,560
Speaker 1: So thank you Samantha for writing, and thank you Hayden

635
00:38:53,640 --> 00:38:55,359
Speaker 1: for writing, and thank you all the other people who

636
00:38:55,360 --> 00:38:58,160
Speaker 1: sent us nice corrections, and thank you to the people

637
00:38:58,160 --> 00:39:00,479
Speaker 1: who sent us main corrections to for taking the time.

638
00:39:00,920 --> 00:39:04,160
Speaker 1: Uh some of the things that I answered, I'm sure

639
00:39:04,200 --> 00:39:08,080
Speaker 1: I sounded frustrated and discouraged because I had answered literally

640
00:39:08,360 --> 00:39:13,080
Speaker 1: fifty mean emails that day. Yeah, by the seventieth time

641
00:39:13,120 --> 00:39:15,360
Speaker 1: that you've been told in like a three hour period

642
00:39:15,719 --> 00:39:18,480
Speaker 1: how terrible you are and that like you are killing

643
00:39:18,920 --> 00:39:23,759
Speaker 1: the universe with your evil, poorly pronounced words, it's hard

644
00:39:23,800 --> 00:39:26,719
Speaker 1: to maintain, Like, Hey, how you do him? Thanks so much.

645
00:39:27,040 --> 00:39:30,719
Speaker 1: I'm really I'm really sorry. I'm so I'm actually mortified,

646
00:39:30,840 --> 00:39:34,520
Speaker 1: frankly still that we got that so spectacularly wrong. But

647
00:39:34,719 --> 00:39:36,799
Speaker 1: it should not have been there, based on when we

648
00:39:36,840 --> 00:39:39,880
Speaker 1: were talking about it should have been by hard anyway.

649
00:39:40,239 --> 00:39:43,880
Speaker 1: So thank you so much to everyone who who correct

650
00:39:43,960 --> 00:39:46,359
Speaker 1: us on that. Please don't correct us anymore. We got

651
00:39:46,400 --> 00:39:49,600
Speaker 1: it now. If you would like to learn more about

652
00:39:49,640 --> 00:39:52,359
Speaker 1: what we talked about today a p M two our

653
00:39:52,400 --> 00:39:54,399
Speaker 1: website which is missing history dot com, and you will

654
00:39:54,440 --> 00:39:57,279
Speaker 1: find show notes, including the note where we corrected that

655
00:39:57,400 --> 00:40:00,680
Speaker 1: pronunciation the day of the episode came out. You can

656
00:40:00,760 --> 00:40:03,040
Speaker 1: also find a whole archive of everything we've talked about.

657
00:40:03,120 --> 00:40:05,200
Speaker 1: You can go to our parents company's website, which is

658
00:40:05,239 --> 00:40:07,359
Speaker 1: how stuff works dot com and find out all kinds

659
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Speaker 1: of stuff about etiquette. We have a whole collection of

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Speaker 1: etiquette articles if we put etiquette in the search bar.

661
00:40:12,960 --> 00:40:14,600
Speaker 1: If you want to write to us about things, we're

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Speaker 1: at history Podcast at how stuff works dot com. We're

663
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Speaker 1: also on Facebook at Facebook dot com slash miss in

664
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Speaker 1: history and on Twitter at missing History. Our tumbler is

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Speaker 1: missed in History dot tumbler dot com. We're on Pinterest

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Speaker 1: at pinterest dot com slash miss in history. So come

667
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Speaker 1: visit us at how stuff works dot com or missed

668
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Speaker 1: in history dot com and take a look at ask

669
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Speaker 1: the Best for more on this thousands of other topics

670
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Speaker 1: because it has stuff works dot com