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Speaker 4: Hey Daniel, what's your favorite part of a pizza?

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Speaker 1: Oh? I'm all about the crust. The crust makes the pizza.

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Speaker 4: Your crust guy? Huh, Well, it turned out that's just

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Speaker 4: like a planet. All the interesting stuff in a planet

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Speaker 4: like ours happens on the crust. That's where the good

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Speaker 4: stuff is, right.

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Speaker 1: You know that totally makes sense because I can't count

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Speaker 1: the number of times I've burnt my tongue on the

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Speaker 1: hot lava of tomato sauce on pizza.

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Speaker 4: It's like a molten core all that.

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Speaker 1: Cheese exactly exactly, and you always want to bite it

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Speaker 1: before it's cooled off and turned into a nice place

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Speaker 1: to live. You know, you're always got to get in there.

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Speaker 1: But you know, you're right. The crust is very important,

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Speaker 1: and you know that's where you hold the pizza. That's

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Speaker 1: where we hold onto our planet. So it's it's a

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Speaker 1: big deal.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, what about what about the cheese stuff crust? It's

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Speaker 4: like a crust in a crust.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, what is the what is the geological analogy of

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Speaker 1: cheese stuff crust? Right? That's like underwater, that's like a

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Speaker 1: sub subterranean lakes or something of cheese.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, well, I'm like those intolerant So.

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Speaker 1: Hi, I'm Orge and I'm Daniel.

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Speaker 4: Welcome to our podcast, Pizzas in the Universe.

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Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge explain what makes a pizza a pizza.

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Speaker 4: And what doesn't make a pizza. We have no idea.

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Speaker 1: We do have some idea based on my deep expertise

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Speaker 1: of being a particle physicist. I'm here to expound on

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Speaker 1: what's a pizza and what's not a pizza?

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Speaker 4: Now, Welcome to our podcast Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe,

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Speaker 4: a production of iHeartRadio in.

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Speaker 1: Which we find topics here, there, everywhere and break them

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Speaker 1: down so that you can understand them while you enjoy

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Speaker 1: your pizza.

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Speaker 4: That's right. We're also the authors of the book We

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Speaker 4: Have No Idea, which you can find in bookstores and online.

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Speaker 1: Or just borrow from your grandma because she read it

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Speaker 1: and she loved it.

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Speaker 4: She loved it. She told us.

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Speaker 1: Are you in touch with everybody's grandma?

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Speaker 4: Hey, I'm in touch with the cosmic grandma, like the

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Speaker 4: you know, like the idea.

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Speaker 1: I'm imagining all of a sudden, imagining some like you know,

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Speaker 1: underground Internet Grandma network that you've typed into.

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Speaker 4: It's just a giant book club.

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Speaker 1: Basically, can you mobilize them in emergencies to do something important?

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Speaker 4: Oh? Yes, there's I have a big red button here.

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Speaker 1: It says raise Grandma army.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, somebody's hungry quick, somebody hasn't had.

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Speaker 1: Lunch, somebody's looking thin. Cook cook.

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Speaker 4: But now today we're going to not talk about something

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Speaker 4: that's out there in the universe and mystery. But today

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Speaker 4: we're going to focus on a question very near us

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Speaker 4: and actually underneath you.

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Speaker 1: That's right. Today we're going to talk about where we

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Speaker 1: all live, the place that you call home.

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Speaker 4: Today's topic is what's inside the Earth or what is

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Speaker 4: the Earth made out of? We live on it, we

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Speaker 4: walk on it, we run in it, we swim in it.

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Speaker 4: But how many people know what this giant ball that

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Speaker 4: we're riding around space on is made out of.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a special place. I mean, as far as

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Speaker 1: we know so far, it's host to all life that

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Speaker 1: we've ever seen. Right, everything anybody has ever touched or

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Speaker 1: tasted has been on Earth. So it's an important place.

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Speaker 6: You know.

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Speaker 1: It's the spaceship we are riding through the universe on.

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Speaker 1: And there's a lot going on, right, you can't just

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Speaker 1: ignore it, especially for those of us living in California.

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Speaker 1: You know, we're wondering about like earthquakes and all sorts

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Speaker 1: of crazy stuff, So it's important to know what's going

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Speaker 1: on inside the Earth.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, magnetic fields and having them move around and shielding

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Speaker 4: us from cosmic rays it's all because of what's going

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Speaker 4: on inside.

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Speaker 1: Mm hmmm, you know, continental drift and super volcanoes and

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Speaker 1: all sorts of stuff. If the Earth was just a

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Speaker 1: quiet lump of rock, it wouldn't be quite so exciting

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Speaker 1: to live on. Yeah.

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Speaker 4: And lava, of course, lava.

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Speaker 1: Who doesn't love a lava?

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Speaker 4: Who doesn't love a lava lamp?

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Speaker 1: You know, I was teaching ones and I usually like

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Speaker 1: to open my class with asking people for random questions,

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Speaker 1: you know, get them warmed up. Hey, he's got a

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Speaker 1: totally random question, right, And somebody once asked me, what

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Speaker 1: does lava taste like? That is a good random question.

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Speaker 4: I said pain, Pure pain tastes like pain, tastes like

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Speaker 4: charred tongue.

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Speaker 1: No, I said pineapples. It tastes like pineapples?

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Speaker 4: Does it? Was that with authority?

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Speaker 1: I have no idea what lava tastes like. No, in

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Speaker 1: like the bill a second between lava like scorching your tongue.

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Speaker 1: It probably you It just tastes like a rock, right,

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Speaker 1: It's just probably like licking a rock. Salty, salty, exactly metallic. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: So people out there, do not do this investigation, Do

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Speaker 1: not approach lava, Do not play with lava. Do not

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Speaker 1: lick lava. I probably doesn't taste like pineapple maybe in Hawaii.

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Speaker 4: Actually, And so we got into this question a little bit, Daniel,

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Speaker 4: because we were wondering, we were thinking about ideas with

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Speaker 4: this for an episode, and we were wondering, what would

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Speaker 4: happen if you dug a hole through the entire Earth

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Speaker 4: and jumped into it? Right, that's a that's a pretty

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Speaker 4: weird question.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, And you know, this is the kind of thing

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Speaker 1: you see in science fiction all the time, you know,

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Speaker 1: journey to the center of the Earth. And I was

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Speaker 1: watching gravity falls and they have the bottomless pit, you know,

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Speaker 1: they jump in and fall forever. And so it's a

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Speaker 1: trope that you see a lot of times. You know,

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Speaker 1: people wonder like can you get into the center of

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Speaker 1: the Earth, And so it's fun. It's also a fun

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Speaker 1: physics question I asked in my freshman physics class sometimes,

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Speaker 1: like what would happen if you drill the hole all

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Speaker 1: the way through the Earth and then jumped inside, you know,

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Speaker 1: from the point of view of like gravitation.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, but you know, I'm an engineer, so I kind

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Speaker 4: of got hung up on the question of how you

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Speaker 4: even make that hole or could you have a tunnel

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Speaker 4: that goes through the center of the earth, And which

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Speaker 4: led us to the question what is inside the earth?

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Speaker 4: What's going on? What would you drill a hole through?

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Speaker 7: Yeah?

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Speaker 1: Exactly? Is it hard or easy? Do you have to

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Speaker 1: like dig down one hundred meters and then you know

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Speaker 1: it's just like a big pile of soft stuff or

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Speaker 1: is it like diamond down there, or you know, is

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Speaker 1: impossible to dig into? Yeah, this is pretty interesting stuff.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, so we might get to that question of what

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Speaker 4: would happen if you jumped through a hole that goes

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Speaker 4: through the entire earth? But today's episode we'll talk about

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Speaker 4: the earlier question, which is what is the earth made

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Speaker 4: out of?

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Speaker 1: That's right, we'll take you on a tour from the

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Speaker 1: very top all the way to the very center of

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Speaker 1: the earth.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, And as usual, we were wondering how many of

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Speaker 4: you out there know the answer to this question? How

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Speaker 4: many people know what inside the earth? And so Daniel

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Speaker 4: went out there as usual, out into the street and

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Speaker 4: as people, random strangers what they thought was inside the earth.

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Speaker 1: Here's what people had to say, Is the Earth just

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Speaker 1: one big rock? Or is it more complex? Under our feet?

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Speaker 7: There are more complex features below our feet.

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Speaker 5: All right, so like the mantle, core crusso metal sphere,

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Speaker 5: messal sphere or something like that.

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Speaker 1: Oh, you know a lot.

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Speaker 5: No, I know there's it's not just a big rock,

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Speaker 5: but yeah, I don't know the components of what's inside there.

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Speaker 8: Well, I think there's like different layers of rocks.

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Speaker 1: But that's it, Okay, like different but just different layers

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Speaker 1: and different just different components to make of the earth.

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Speaker 5: It's not just one big.

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Speaker 7: Rock, Okay, it's like layers and like there's like dirt, rock, gravel,

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Speaker 7: like all that stuff.

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Speaker 1: And they're like.

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Speaker 7: For some reason, like my mind went to like minecraft.

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Speaker 1: So then like.

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Speaker 4: It's like there's there should be like lava and areeah, a.

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Speaker 5: Crust is like made out of like different minerals, like

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Speaker 5: different rocks, and.

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Speaker 7: Well around the earth the first layers the crust. Then

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Speaker 7: there's soft, softer, more hot rock, and there are two

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Speaker 7: layers of magma at the center of the core of

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Speaker 7: the earth.

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Speaker 4: Well, it sounds like most people just sort of guess

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Speaker 4: that they just made out of rock and dirt and

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Speaker 4: some lava.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, a lot of people know there's like rock and

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Speaker 1: dirt and gravel. And I love the people who refer

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Speaker 1: to Minecraft as their their reference. But you know, there's

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Speaker 1: there's some evidence there, Like, you know, Minecraft is a

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Speaker 1: little bit educational. You dig down deep enough in Minecraft

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Speaker 1: and you get to Magma, So yeah, good job Minecraft.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, and zombies, And that's all that's all I know

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Speaker 4: about Minecraft is there are zombies.

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Speaker 1: Also. Minecraft, you know, says that the universe is pixelated,

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Speaker 1: and I'm pretty sure they get that right. Also, so

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Speaker 1: you know, the physics of Minecraft is really pretty.

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Speaker 4: Solid, interesting, just maybe a few orders of magnitude exactly.

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Speaker 1: They need a few more bits, you know, it's not

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Speaker 1: an eight bit universe we live in.

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Speaker 4: Well, there's the idea that we maybe we are all

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Speaker 4: in a video game, right.

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Speaker 1: That's true. Yeah, we could certainly be in a simulation.

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Speaker 1: My kids watched Ready Player one last week and they

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Speaker 1: looked at it and they were like, whoa, that's pretty cool.

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Speaker 1: He can almost live inside that game. And then you

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Speaker 1: could see the idea being formed in their minds. Wait,

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Speaker 1: what if we're inside the.

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Speaker 4: Game right now? Really? Whoa?

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Speaker 1: And they weren't even stoned. I promise they weren't even

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Speaker 1: stone They came up with that question totally.

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Speaker 4: Oh well, that's a that's a topic of a podcast

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Speaker 4: we already recorded, is are we living in a video game?

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Speaker 4: But today's we're going to focus on what's in what's

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Speaker 4: in the earth. So take us through, Daniel. If we

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Speaker 4: start where we are now sitting or standing or writing

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Speaker 4: on and we go down, what do we hit first?

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Speaker 1: Well, the thing to remember is that the Earth is huge, right,

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Speaker 1: So it seems like almost flat because the curvature is

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Speaker 1: so small. That's just because the Earth is enormous, right,

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Speaker 1: And so remember as we take our tour down to

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Speaker 1: the center of the Earth, the scale of things from

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Speaker 1: us all the way down to the center is thousands

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Speaker 1: of kilometers, right. So that amazes me already when I

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Speaker 1: learned that the crust, this part that we stand on,

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Speaker 1: you know, the part that's like rock and whatever, that's

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Speaker 1: only like fifty kilometers thick, and it varies under the ocean,

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Speaker 1: it's even thinner in the top of a mount Everest,

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Speaker 1: of course it's thicker. But it's like a tiny little shell.

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Speaker 1: It's like an eggshell around a yolk. And that's the

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Speaker 1: part that we live on.

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Speaker 4: Wait, what do you mean, so the first layer underneath

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Speaker 4: our feet is called the crust. Is that this is

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Speaker 4: the official physics name. The crust.

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Speaker 1: That's the official physics slash pizza name. Yeah, it's the crust.

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Speaker 1: It's where you grab onto the planet from. You know,

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Speaker 1: what could you have instead of a crust, Well, if

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Speaker 1: you were like on Jupiter, for example, Jupiter doesn't have

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Speaker 1: a crust. It has like a metallic hydrogen core and

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Speaker 1: then like helium rain and then like you know, liquid

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Speaker 1: hydrogen oceans, and you know, there's no like firm place

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Speaker 1: you can really land. There's no rock on Jupiter. Oh,

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Speaker 1: we're pretty lucky to be a rocky planet that has

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Speaker 1: some crust to it.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, Jupiter is just kind of like a big blob

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Speaker 4: of wet stuff.

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Speaker 1: It's like a sun that never took off right. And

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Speaker 1: and you know, earlier in Earth, in the life of Earth,

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Speaker 1: when it was really really young, it was just basically

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Speaker 1: a ball of magma, and so the surface was all

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Speaker 1: you know, hot molten rock. There was no cold crust

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Speaker 1: to walk on. Wait to Earth and so the Earth yeah,

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Speaker 1: very very early on.

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Speaker 4: Oh, we form from but I thought we formed from

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Speaker 4: like bits of stuff out there in space. How did

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Speaker 4: it turn into a big ball of lava?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, so we did form from big from bits of stuff. Right,

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Speaker 1: Let's rewind a few billion years, and you have like

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Speaker 1: a huge cloud of gas and dust, right and rubble,

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Speaker 1: and that's all left over from other stars that have

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Speaker 1: that you know, had you know, billions of years to

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Speaker 1: burn and then explode and spew their stuff into space,

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Speaker 1: and gravity gradually gathers it back together. And then gravity

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Speaker 1: made the Sun and it gathered all the extra bits

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Speaker 1: together into the planets. And the gravitational pressure, right, the

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Speaker 1: collision between the stuff and the pressure pulling this stuff together,

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Speaker 1: that's what creates a lot of the heat. Also, there's

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Speaker 1: when you have a really hot stuff inside the Earth

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Speaker 1: and you have things like uranium and all sorts of

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Speaker 1: other stuff emitting radiation, so it makes the Earth hot. Right.

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Speaker 1: The gravitational pressure and the radiation from the core made

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Speaker 1: the young Earth very very nasty and hot and wet,

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Speaker 1: so no place you can go for a nice walk.

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Speaker 4: It's being squeezed down into it. But okay, so the

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Speaker 4: first layer is this thing you call the crust, and

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Speaker 4: it's made out of just like rocks, like the same

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Speaker 4: rocks we see on the surface.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean it is the surface, right, and it

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Speaker 1: goes down about you know, thirty five kilometers, fifty kilometers

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Speaker 1: depends on exactly where you are. And people have tried

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Speaker 1: I love this. People have tried to dig through the

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Speaker 1: crust right to see like how far could we go?

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Speaker 1: How deep could we dig? You know? And the Russians

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Speaker 1: actually have won that race back when there was a

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Speaker 1: Soviet Union. They dug a shaft which was I think

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Speaker 1: twelve kilometers down. So it's like, you know, maybe a

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Speaker 1: third or a fourth of the way through the crust.

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Speaker 4: The idea, it was almost like a pin prick. They

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Speaker 4: didn't really get through the crust.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and you know, all of these things, these little

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Speaker 1: holes we're talking about the size of the crust, even

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Speaker 1: like the peak of Mount Everest, all these things are

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Speaker 1: tiny features compared to the size of the Earth. As

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Speaker 1: you're saying, it's like a pin prick. And remember, if

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Speaker 1: you held the Earth in your hand, none of the

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Speaker 1: features on the Earth would even be recognizable. They might

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Speaker 1: not even be observable. You could probably run your thumb

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Speaker 1: over the Earth and not even tell where Mount Everest was.

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Speaker 4: Wow, it would be like a it would look shiny,

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Speaker 4: like a shiny marble.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, shiny, slightly wet marble exactly, so, and the outer

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Speaker 1: layer is this crust which is only you know, thirty

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Speaker 1: to fifty kilometers thick, So it's really pretty then.

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Speaker 4: So we would see like just regular dirt and rocks

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Speaker 4: and stuff for fifty kilometers. That's a lot. I mean,

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Speaker 4: that's like.

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Speaker 1: From yeah, I know. And it's this conflict in scales, right,

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Speaker 1: Like fifty kilometers seems like a lot, and we try

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Speaker 1: to dig through it and it's too far, right, and

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Speaker 1: so on one hand, it feels like a lot. On

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Speaker 1: the other hand, it's a tiny, little fraction. But this

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Speaker 1: is the kind of thing you discover when you are

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Speaker 1: exploring physics and space and the universe, right, all these

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Speaker 1: conflict and scales, Like the Earth is huge, but actually

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Speaker 1: it's tiny compared to the Sun, which is huge, which

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Speaker 1: is actually tiny compared to the galaxy. Right, some of

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Speaker 1: the things I love about physics.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, and it meanly like you can drive fifty kilometers

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Speaker 4: in your car in less than an hour, but if

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Speaker 4: you try to dig fifty kilometers down it would take

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Speaker 4: you a little bit longer.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I don't even know how they did it. This

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Speaker 1: hole that they dug in the Soviet Union, that's twelve

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Speaker 1: kilometers deep. It's only like twenty something centimeters wide, right,

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Speaker 1: so they have to have like a crazy drill bit.

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Speaker 1: And you know, they probably had.

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Speaker 4: Really long extension cord, like a twelve k extension cord,

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Speaker 4: you know what I mean.

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Speaker 1: Probably they had like Christmas lights and everything. They were

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Speaker 1: using every extension cord in the Probably.

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Speaker 4: They were in the Soviet Union. That's why they went broke.

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Speaker 4: They're like, everybody, don't use any electronics, give us your cord.

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Speaker 1: And Russia hold rills you. I don't even know what

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Speaker 1: that means. Yeah, exactly.

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Speaker 7: So.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, so the crust is fifty kilometers thick. We've only

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Speaker 1: barely pricked the like the outer bits of it, right,

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Speaker 1: the deepest mines hardly scratch the surface. And it's a

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Speaker 1: tiny fraction of the size of the Earth.

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Speaker 4: Wow, it's just like a little X eggshell.

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Speaker 1: Really mm hmmmm exactly. It's like if you ordered a

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Speaker 1: pizza and the crust was like almost invisible, like you

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Speaker 1: could just barely grab it before you got the tomato sauce.

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Speaker 4: Right, Oh, it'd be like a I hate it when

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Speaker 4: they cut pieces and squares because then you get pieces

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Speaker 4: without crust.

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Speaker 1: You hate that that's the best way to cut pizza.

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Speaker 1: What are you talking about.

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Speaker 4: No, then you don't get any crust. I thought you

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Speaker 4: were a crustman.

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Speaker 1: Oh yeah, but you have crust on the bottom. I

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Speaker 1: mean that's what the crust is for to hold up

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Speaker 1: the pizza. The part of the crust without tomato and

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Speaker 1: cheese is wasted to dry.

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Speaker 4: I thought, okay, well that'll be another episode Daniel horri argue.

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Speaker 1: But pizza.

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Speaker 4: Okay. So let's say you dig through fifty kilometers down

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Speaker 4: and you break through the crust. What do you what

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Speaker 4: do you find?

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Speaker 1: Then you get to something they call the mantle, and

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Speaker 1: the mantle is basically rocks that are being squeezed really hard,

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Speaker 1: you know, by the gravitational pressure by the crust on

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Speaker 1: top of it, and they're like not fluid, but not

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Speaker 1: exactly solid. It's like a bunch of rocks that are

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Speaker 1: rubbed together really hard, and and they can slide around

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Speaker 1: a little bit.

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Speaker 4: Wait, what do you mean fluid? They're like like grain,

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Speaker 4: So sand is fluid or like really the rocks themselves

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Speaker 4: to form and flow.

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Speaker 1: I think it's a little bit of both. I think

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Speaker 1: it's a little bit like the way glaciers flow right.

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Speaker 1: You hear about glaciers like flowing across the surface of

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Speaker 1: the earth and carving out mountains, right, But then you

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Speaker 1: go visit a glacier and it's just a big piece

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Speaker 1: of ice and you're like, how is this thing flowing? Right? Well,

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Speaker 1: it flows very slowly, you know, like like glass flows

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Speaker 1: or something like that.

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Speaker 4: See, if you went up to it and touched it, it

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Speaker 4: would look feel solid, but over time it would be

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Speaker 4: deforming mm hm.

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Speaker 1: And you know, I think there's elements of it that

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Speaker 1: are more liquid and elements elements of it that are

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Speaker 1: more solid. Right. That's why we have magma that creeps

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Speaker 1: up through holes in the crust and turns into lava

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Speaker 1: when it spews out in volcanoes. By the way, huge

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Speaker 1: internet debate over whether what to call magma and what

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Speaker 1: to call lava?

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Speaker 4: Is there? Really that's what you mean? People are you?

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Speaker 4: You mean? People are you in the internet over things

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Speaker 4: that are not that important?

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Speaker 1: Someone on the Internet was wrong. I can't go to sleep.

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Speaker 1: It's magma when it's still underground, and as soon as

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Speaker 1: it comes above ground then you call it lava. So

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Speaker 1: if you say that a volcano spews out magma, you're

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Speaker 1: gonna go like a thousand pe people online telling you

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Speaker 1: you're wrong, that's actually lava, or you say that the

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Speaker 1: lava underground.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, well, let's be sure here to not anger anyone

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Speaker 4: on the internet.

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Speaker 1: That's not the point of this podcast is to annoy

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Speaker 1: people and piss them off.

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Speaker 4: So the dismantle, this kind of liquid rock is super thick,

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Speaker 4: you were telling me earlier.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's like almost three thousand kilometers thick. So it's

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Speaker 1: a huge chunk of the earth. Right, It's much much

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Speaker 1: thicker than the crust. So if you were to somehow

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Speaker 1: be able to dig all the way through the crust, right,

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Speaker 1: which seems almost impossible, you'd get to the mantle, and

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Speaker 1: the mantle is like, is really thick. So that's a

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Speaker 1: huge part of the drilling. If you wanted to get

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Speaker 1: down to the center of the earth.

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Speaker 4: You'd be like drilling from Florida to California.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, but it'd be super hot and super high pressure

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Speaker 1: the whole time. Right, So it's not just like a

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Speaker 1: nice drive across country, right, it's really difficult environment.

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Speaker 4: You need a lot of extension core for your air conditioning.

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00:21:00,080 --> 00:21:03,840
Speaker 1: Right, And it's because the mantle is not actually solid

437
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Speaker 1: that we have earthquakes and tectonic activities and mountains and

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Speaker 1: stuff like that.

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Speaker 4: Oh, it's always shifting and moving mm hmmm.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. You can sort of think of the crust as

441
00:21:14,000 --> 00:21:17,199
Speaker 1: broken into pieces that are floating in slow motion on

442
00:21:17,280 --> 00:21:20,919
Speaker 1: top of this, you know, semi liquid, semi solid mantle

443
00:21:21,040 --> 00:21:22,240
Speaker 1: magma business.

444
00:21:22,480 --> 00:21:22,600
Speaker 5: Right.

445
00:21:22,680 --> 00:21:25,240
Speaker 1: Oh, they slide around and bang into each other, and

446
00:21:25,320 --> 00:21:27,280
Speaker 1: all the interesting stuff that happens on the surface is

447
00:21:27,320 --> 00:21:28,240
Speaker 1: because of that action.

448
00:21:28,640 --> 00:21:31,520
Speaker 4: I see, because you're saying it's like the crust is

449
00:21:31,560 --> 00:21:35,080
Speaker 4: pretty solid, so we are kind of like floating icebergs

450
00:21:35,160 --> 00:21:37,359
Speaker 4: kind of right, So that the crust is solid, but

451
00:21:37,400 --> 00:21:40,440
Speaker 4: the rocks underneath is fluid. And so when you move

452
00:21:40,520 --> 00:21:43,240
Speaker 4: these like solid pieces, that's when you get the crunching

453
00:21:43,280 --> 00:21:44,480
Speaker 4: and the earthquakes.

454
00:21:45,040 --> 00:21:47,399
Speaker 1: And it's pretty thick, which is good because you wouldn't

455
00:21:47,400 --> 00:21:50,560
Speaker 1: want to drive, you know, an entire tectonic plate through

456
00:21:50,600 --> 00:21:53,920
Speaker 1: something like you know, as thin as water, and things

457
00:21:54,000 --> 00:21:57,000
Speaker 1: get pretty crazy. This mantle is really thick. It's like

458
00:21:57,200 --> 00:22:00,199
Speaker 1: ten to the ten times thicker than tar, right, not

459
00:22:00,280 --> 00:22:02,840
Speaker 1: something that you can easily sluice through.

460
00:22:04,119 --> 00:22:04,960
Speaker 4: Like denser.

461
00:22:05,160 --> 00:22:09,119
Speaker 1: Yeah, they have some measure of thickness, you know. The viscosity. Basically,

462
00:22:09,160 --> 00:22:11,639
Speaker 1: it's more viscous than tar by factor of ten to

463
00:22:11,760 --> 00:22:12,080
Speaker 1: the ten.

464
00:22:12,280 --> 00:22:15,040
Speaker 4: Oh, I see, I see viscous. Okay, it's not.

465
00:22:16,080 --> 00:22:17,360
Speaker 1: If you had a bowl of it. How long would

466
00:22:17,359 --> 00:22:19,560
Speaker 1: it take a drop to form and drop out? Actually,

467
00:22:19,560 --> 00:22:22,720
Speaker 1: that's fascinating. Have you seen this experiment, the tar pitch experiment.

468
00:22:22,960 --> 00:22:27,080
Speaker 4: Yeah, yeah, it's like something so thick it just hangs

469
00:22:27,080 --> 00:22:27,920
Speaker 4: there for a long time.

470
00:22:28,160 --> 00:22:30,520
Speaker 1: Yeah. It takes like, you know, two decades for a

471
00:22:30,600 --> 00:22:32,800
Speaker 1: drop to form and fall. And they've been doing the

472
00:22:32,840 --> 00:22:35,200
Speaker 1: experiment for like, I don't know, eighty years or something,

473
00:22:35,200 --> 00:22:37,680
Speaker 1: and in eighty years they had like four drops fall,

474
00:22:38,080 --> 00:22:40,119
Speaker 1: and every time one is about to fall, everybody's like

475
00:22:40,160 --> 00:22:44,679
Speaker 1: super excited about it. Anyway, this stuff is much thicker.

476
00:22:44,720 --> 00:22:47,040
Speaker 1: We take billions of years for a single drop to form.

477
00:22:47,280 --> 00:22:50,600
Speaker 4: Oh so, let's say so if we're digging our tunnel

478
00:22:50,640 --> 00:22:53,080
Speaker 4: through the center of the earth, we would dig a

479
00:22:53,080 --> 00:22:56,320
Speaker 4: tunnel and we'll be safe. We wouldn't move, would it,

480
00:22:56,520 --> 00:22:59,240
Speaker 4: like with the tunnel close in on itself or something.

481
00:22:59,400 --> 00:23:01,000
Speaker 1: Well, there's a lot a lot of pressure, right, Yeah,

482
00:23:01,000 --> 00:23:03,040
Speaker 1: it's really thick. You're right, so it might hold itself up.

483
00:23:03,040 --> 00:23:05,440
Speaker 1: But there's also a huge amount of pressure. Right, there's

484
00:23:05,760 --> 00:23:08,360
Speaker 1: tons and tons and tons of stuff bearing down, So

485
00:23:08,720 --> 00:23:10,840
Speaker 1: I think that that tunnel would have to be really

486
00:23:10,840 --> 00:23:13,600
Speaker 1: strong to survive. And that's my bone with like all

487
00:23:13,600 --> 00:23:15,520
Speaker 1: those movies about journey to the Center of the Earth,

488
00:23:15,600 --> 00:23:18,240
Speaker 1: I'm like, where's all the stuff? You know? It always

489
00:23:18,280 --> 00:23:20,679
Speaker 1: seems to be like fluffy empty space, like they're just

490
00:23:20,680 --> 00:23:23,399
Speaker 1: like digging through styrofoam peanuts or something.

491
00:23:24,880 --> 00:23:28,280
Speaker 4: But in reality, if you dug a truck tunnel, like

492
00:23:28,359 --> 00:23:30,600
Speaker 4: the walls would cave in really quickly because it's unders

493
00:23:30,600 --> 00:23:31,960
Speaker 4: so much pressure.

494
00:23:32,359 --> 00:23:35,760
Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, you need some super material to stabilize the walls. Yeah,

495
00:23:36,000 --> 00:23:37,280
Speaker 1: adam antium probably.

496
00:23:39,160 --> 00:23:41,240
Speaker 4: All right, let's keep digging down, but first let's take

497
00:23:41,280 --> 00:23:41,919
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498
00:23:46,520 --> 00:23:49,439
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Speaker 4: All right, so we're digging through to the center of

547
00:26:26,760 --> 00:26:30,800
Speaker 4: the Earth, and we passed the crust and we passed

548
00:26:30,800 --> 00:26:35,440
Speaker 4: the mantle. We're now about three thousand kilometers into the earth,

549
00:26:35,640 --> 00:26:39,000
Speaker 4: and then we things change right after the mantle. Now

550
00:26:39,000 --> 00:26:41,480
Speaker 4: we hit a new layer, which is called the liquid

551
00:26:41,560 --> 00:26:42,200
Speaker 4: outer core.

552
00:26:42,560 --> 00:26:45,119
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And you might wonder, like, why do they

553
00:26:45,200 --> 00:26:48,160
Speaker 1: give these things different names? Is the Earth really just continuous?

554
00:26:48,200 --> 00:26:50,800
Speaker 1: And this is just like scientists putting labels on stuff,

555
00:26:50,800 --> 00:26:53,200
Speaker 1: because scientists love putting labels on stuff.

556
00:26:53,240 --> 00:26:55,560
Speaker 4: Oh, like, is there a boundary? Really? Like it does?

557
00:26:56,080 --> 00:26:58,040
Speaker 4: Do things suddenly change when you keep digging?

558
00:26:58,119 --> 00:27:00,960
Speaker 1: They kind of do? Yeah, there really are surface is there? Right?

559
00:27:01,000 --> 00:27:03,920
Speaker 1: Like things do change. The mantle really is different from

560
00:27:03,920 --> 00:27:05,960
Speaker 1: the crust, and the crust and the mantle is really

561
00:27:06,040 --> 00:27:08,840
Speaker 1: also different from this from this core, both the liquid

562
00:27:08,840 --> 00:27:11,680
Speaker 1: outer core and then the solid inner core. There really

563
00:27:11,800 --> 00:27:14,040
Speaker 1: is a change there, which is fascinating. Right, Why isn't

564
00:27:14,080 --> 00:27:17,200
Speaker 1: it continuous? Why isn't it smooth? Why are there these edges?

565
00:27:17,840 --> 00:27:19,440
Speaker 1: But there are? And so you get to this place

566
00:27:19,480 --> 00:27:22,880
Speaker 1: where it's like liquid rock, you know, it's like molten

567
00:27:22,960 --> 00:27:25,840
Speaker 1: metal and rock it's like incredible.

568
00:27:25,320 --> 00:27:28,080
Speaker 4: Because it's so hot and un there's so much pressure

569
00:27:28,160 --> 00:27:31,400
Speaker 4: that basically all the rocks melt, right and you get lava.

570
00:27:31,640 --> 00:27:35,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right. And remember magma, I mean magma, magma, magma. Dude,

571
00:27:35,440 --> 00:27:39,639
Speaker 1: there's no lava that and so really hot and really dense,

572
00:27:39,840 --> 00:27:42,520
Speaker 1: and so you got this liquid metal and all sorts

573
00:27:42,520 --> 00:27:44,400
Speaker 1: of rock and other stuff mixing around in there.

574
00:27:44,600 --> 00:27:46,359
Speaker 4: Right, it's like super duper dense.

575
00:27:46,440 --> 00:27:51,040
Speaker 1: Right. Yeah, it's ten thousand kilograms per cubic meter percuber.

576
00:27:51,280 --> 00:27:55,640
Speaker 4: Oh, I see ten thousand, So it's like five tons

577
00:27:55,760 --> 00:27:58,760
Speaker 4: or so in a in a suitcase size.

578
00:27:58,920 --> 00:28:01,240
Speaker 1: Yeah, well you have a ubic meter size suitcase.

579
00:28:01,280 --> 00:28:01,520
Speaker 5: Wow.

580
00:28:02,280 --> 00:28:05,000
Speaker 1: I really don't want to travel with you, man, I

581
00:28:05,080 --> 00:28:10,000
Speaker 1: just it's only a cubic meter. I think you could

582
00:28:10,000 --> 00:28:14,520
Speaker 1: probably fit your whole family into a cubic meter. Man. No, yes, definitely.

583
00:28:15,200 --> 00:28:18,480
Speaker 1: That cubic meter is a lot. Anyway, it's pretty dense

584
00:28:18,520 --> 00:28:22,240
Speaker 1: down there, it's pretty hot, it's pretty nasty, but that's important. Right.

585
00:28:22,600 --> 00:28:24,800
Speaker 1: If it wasn't liquid down there, then you couldn't get

586
00:28:24,800 --> 00:28:27,879
Speaker 1: all sorts of interesting stuff happening, like magnetic fields.

587
00:28:28,119 --> 00:28:30,360
Speaker 4: Oh, that this is where the magnetic field comes from.

588
00:28:30,520 --> 00:28:35,360
Speaker 4: It's this liquid molten core, but it's really a layer, right,

589
00:28:35,359 --> 00:28:37,120
Speaker 4: because we're still not down to the core.

590
00:28:37,400 --> 00:28:40,320
Speaker 1: That's right. This is the liquid outer core. And we

591
00:28:40,360 --> 00:28:42,760
Speaker 1: don't really understand that there's a magnetic field very well.

592
00:28:42,840 --> 00:28:44,440
Speaker 1: And for those of you interested in that, we have

593
00:28:44,480 --> 00:28:47,840
Speaker 1: a whole awesome podcast episode just about the magnetic field.

594
00:28:48,160 --> 00:28:50,480
Speaker 1: But a critical thing for having a magnetic field is

595
00:28:50,520 --> 00:28:53,760
Speaker 1: having a conducting fluid, so a fluid that can conduct

596
00:28:53,800 --> 00:28:57,120
Speaker 1: electricity and move around. And so we think that like

597
00:28:57,520 --> 00:29:00,360
Speaker 1: currents in this inner bits, inner liquid bit to the

598
00:29:00,400 --> 00:29:03,840
Speaker 1: Earth are what provides the basically the motion for the

599
00:29:03,840 --> 00:29:05,080
Speaker 1: magnetic field of the Earth.

600
00:29:05,520 --> 00:29:09,880
Speaker 4: Oh, it acts like a giant, like a giant solenoid

601
00:29:10,000 --> 00:29:11,480
Speaker 4: kind of right, like a giant.

602
00:29:11,680 --> 00:29:14,480
Speaker 1: It's like a like a giant electromagnet. You know, there's

603
00:29:14,520 --> 00:29:17,800
Speaker 1: currents and they're spinning and that generates a magnetic field,

604
00:29:17,800 --> 00:29:20,520
Speaker 1: which causes more currents, which causes more spinning, which causes

605
00:29:20,560 --> 00:29:23,360
Speaker 1: more magnetic fields called the dynamo. It's pretty cool.

606
00:29:23,840 --> 00:29:26,440
Speaker 4: Wow, it's like a it's like we do have it.

607
00:29:26,440 --> 00:29:28,040
Speaker 4: It's like we have an engine in the middle of

608
00:29:28,040 --> 00:29:28,520
Speaker 4: the Earth.

609
00:29:28,640 --> 00:29:32,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, we do exactly, and it's a geological sized engine, right,

610
00:29:32,960 --> 00:29:35,840
Speaker 1: I mean building something that big would be incredible. Right.

611
00:29:35,880 --> 00:29:39,040
Speaker 1: This is these are structures that are powered and that

612
00:29:39,120 --> 00:29:43,040
Speaker 1: are operating and are bigger than anything humans have ever constructed. Right,

613
00:29:43,080 --> 00:29:45,680
Speaker 1: so we should definitely be in all of them. Wow.

614
00:29:46,080 --> 00:29:47,960
Speaker 4: Okay, and then if we if you make it through

615
00:29:48,000 --> 00:29:50,400
Speaker 4: and it's and again it's just like rock. But what

616
00:29:50,400 --> 00:29:53,479
Speaker 4: does that mean? Rock like a iron or metal like

617
00:29:53,560 --> 00:29:55,320
Speaker 4: everything is just kind of mixed in there.

618
00:29:55,440 --> 00:29:57,920
Speaker 1: So it's mostly iron, and there's a bunch of magnesium

619
00:29:57,920 --> 00:30:00,400
Speaker 1: mixed in there also, and then there's you just some

620
00:30:00,480 --> 00:30:02,640
Speaker 1: rocks which you know, silicate rocks and this kind of stuff.

621
00:30:02,720 --> 00:30:05,320
Speaker 1: And remember where all this comes from. Right, where does

622
00:30:05,360 --> 00:30:08,160
Speaker 1: all this iron come from? It comes from the heart

623
00:30:08,200 --> 00:30:11,200
Speaker 1: of a burning star? Right, All of this was created

624
00:30:11,200 --> 00:30:15,040
Speaker 1: in fusion inside a star somewhere else billions of years ago,

625
00:30:15,080 --> 00:30:17,680
Speaker 1: which was then flung through space and gathered back together.

626
00:30:18,160 --> 00:30:20,200
Speaker 1: You know, the Earth doesn't make any of these metals.

627
00:30:20,240 --> 00:30:23,120
Speaker 1: There's no fusion happening here. So everything that the Earth

628
00:30:23,160 --> 00:30:24,480
Speaker 1: is made out of, that you and me are made

629
00:30:24,520 --> 00:30:27,120
Speaker 1: out of, had to be formed somewhere else and then

630
00:30:27,160 --> 00:30:28,400
Speaker 1: exploded through space.

631
00:30:28,880 --> 00:30:33,680
Speaker 4: Wow, there was an event sometime ago that created a

632
00:30:33,760 --> 00:30:35,920
Speaker 4: whole earth full of these metals.

633
00:30:36,120 --> 00:30:40,239
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, and yeah, huge quantities. Right, It's not like

634
00:30:40,400 --> 00:30:43,160
Speaker 1: you got too a spoonful of iron here, like you

635
00:30:43,240 --> 00:30:47,040
Speaker 1: have enormous amounts. And it's it's not also a coincidence

636
00:30:47,080 --> 00:30:49,640
Speaker 1: that it's iron, it's not random. Iron is the point

637
00:30:49,800 --> 00:30:54,160
Speaker 1: where fusion stops being energetically favorable. Right. It's the point

638
00:30:54,200 --> 00:30:57,480
Speaker 1: in a star where squeezing things together to make something

639
00:30:57,520 --> 00:31:01,239
Speaker 1: heavier stops releasing energy and then costs energy to make

640
00:31:01,280 --> 00:31:04,160
Speaker 1: things heavier. So iron is sort of the natural endpoint

641
00:31:04,200 --> 00:31:06,360
Speaker 1: for fusion inside stars, which is why you find so

642
00:31:06,520 --> 00:31:07,120
Speaker 1: much of it.

643
00:31:07,440 --> 00:31:10,800
Speaker 4: Right, And so you that's why most rocky planets out

644
00:31:10,840 --> 00:31:12,240
Speaker 4: there would be made out of iron.

645
00:31:12,360 --> 00:31:14,120
Speaker 1: Right. I'm not sure about that, but I think there

646
00:31:14,160 --> 00:31:16,160
Speaker 1: must be a lot of iron out there and rocky planets.

647
00:31:16,240 --> 00:31:16,440
Speaker 7: Yeah.

648
00:31:17,200 --> 00:31:22,920
Speaker 4: Okay. So we're now about almost six thousand kilometers into

649
00:31:23,000 --> 00:31:26,080
Speaker 4: our tunnel to the center of the Earth, and we.

650
00:31:26,720 --> 00:31:31,000
Speaker 1: Bring enough snacks you did you pack one cubic meters?

651
00:31:31,040 --> 00:31:33,320
Speaker 4: No, No, we're just going for a daniel. We're just going.

652
00:31:33,560 --> 00:31:35,760
Speaker 4: We're holding our hunger here.

653
00:31:37,440 --> 00:31:40,560
Speaker 1: It's like a diet trip. On the weight trip to

654
00:31:40,600 --> 00:31:41,320
Speaker 1: the center of the Earth.

655
00:31:41,480 --> 00:31:44,440
Speaker 4: We're hoping there's a McDonald's down there at the center.

656
00:31:45,240 --> 00:31:47,800
Speaker 1: Actually to spoil the surprise, if you do make it

657
00:31:47,840 --> 00:31:49,560
Speaker 1: to the center of the Earth, your weight does drop

658
00:31:49,600 --> 00:31:50,000
Speaker 1: to zero.

659
00:31:50,520 --> 00:31:59,480
Speaker 4: Oh interesting, interesting teaser. So that we are, we're down,

660
00:31:59,520 --> 00:32:03,040
Speaker 4: and we we duck through the mantle. We swam through

661
00:32:03,080 --> 00:32:08,000
Speaker 4: the molten outer core. So here's here's where the tunnel

662
00:32:08,000 --> 00:32:11,080
Speaker 4: idea would collapse, right, because you couldn't. It's like it's

663
00:32:11,240 --> 00:32:13,080
Speaker 4: liquid magma down there, right.

664
00:32:13,600 --> 00:32:15,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's totally liquid metal. So you can't just dig

665
00:32:15,880 --> 00:32:18,240
Speaker 1: a tunnel, right, It's like digging a tunnel through the ocean. Right,

666
00:32:18,240 --> 00:32:20,880
Speaker 1: you get something to support it, and that's something would

667
00:32:20,920 --> 00:32:23,520
Speaker 1: have to be super strong and resistant to heat. So

668
00:32:23,560 --> 00:32:25,120
Speaker 1: I don't even know what you could make it out of.

669
00:32:25,400 --> 00:32:29,280
Speaker 4: You have to be like a diamond diamonds earthship, yeah,

670
00:32:29,320 --> 00:32:30,760
Speaker 4: something like something like that.

671
00:32:30,800 --> 00:32:33,560
Speaker 1: You have to construct a diamond tunnel as you go

672
00:32:33,720 --> 00:32:36,560
Speaker 1: or something. I mean, this is already implausible, but it

673
00:32:36,640 --> 00:32:39,440
Speaker 1: sounds possible. But they did it in movies. What do

674
00:32:39,440 --> 00:32:44,160
Speaker 1: you mean that was in Minecraft? You can dig the

675
00:32:44,240 --> 00:32:45,760
Speaker 1: cent of the Earth, so obviously.

676
00:32:47,560 --> 00:32:50,480
Speaker 4: So so there, let's say you're swimming through this magma

677
00:32:50,600 --> 00:32:54,080
Speaker 4: for another two thousand kilometers and then then you'll hit

678
00:32:54,240 --> 00:32:56,600
Speaker 4: You'll hit it like a surface, right if you keep

679
00:32:56,600 --> 00:32:57,400
Speaker 4: going down to the center.

680
00:32:57,680 --> 00:33:00,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, you hit a surface, right, And and what you

681
00:33:00,840 --> 00:33:04,120
Speaker 1: hit is this solid inner core which is mostly iron

682
00:33:04,160 --> 00:33:08,320
Speaker 1: and nickel. And it's basically just a huge ball of metal, right,

683
00:33:08,920 --> 00:33:11,920
Speaker 1: And then you might ask like why is it solid? Right?

684
00:33:12,160 --> 00:33:14,560
Speaker 1: And it's solid because of all the incredible pressure it's

685
00:33:14,560 --> 00:33:19,080
Speaker 1: squeezing it down, right, And and it's also it's interesting

686
00:33:19,120 --> 00:33:21,400
Speaker 1: to me that it's almost the size of the moon.

687
00:33:21,720 --> 00:33:24,200
Speaker 1: It's like three hours the size of the moon. Is

688
00:33:24,200 --> 00:33:26,280
Speaker 1: this just like ball of metal in the center of

689
00:33:26,320 --> 00:33:26,720
Speaker 1: the Earth?

690
00:33:27,240 --> 00:33:31,360
Speaker 4: Oh wait, why is it metal? Why isn't it like

691
00:33:31,360 --> 00:33:33,920
Speaker 4: like at some point of rocks, if you put them

692
00:33:33,960 --> 00:33:36,680
Speaker 4: under pressure, they'll melt into magma. But at some point,

693
00:33:36,720 --> 00:33:38,960
Speaker 4: if you keep pressing them, they'll actually solidify.

694
00:33:39,320 --> 00:33:43,800
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, they'll solidify. And you know the Earth is cooling, right.

695
00:33:43,840 --> 00:33:46,760
Speaker 1: The Earth was hot and nasty when it was borne,

696
00:33:47,000 --> 00:33:50,600
Speaker 1: and it's been cooling because space is cold, and eventually

697
00:33:50,600 --> 00:33:53,360
Speaker 1: it's gonna you know, cool down even more. And so

698
00:33:53,480 --> 00:33:55,760
Speaker 1: the scent it's cooling sort of from the center out.

699
00:33:56,000 --> 00:33:58,520
Speaker 1: I guess you could imagine, right, like this center is

700
00:33:59,720 --> 00:34:03,120
Speaker 1: it's solid and this solid inner core is growing right

701
00:34:03,200 --> 00:34:07,200
Speaker 1: as the liquid part is sort of falling, the falling

702
00:34:07,240 --> 00:34:09,880
Speaker 1: to the center, and it's growing by I think like

703
00:34:09,920 --> 00:34:14,080
Speaker 1: a millimeter or two every year. Wow, So we got time.

704
00:34:16,080 --> 00:34:19,200
Speaker 4: We got time before Earth freezes over, is what you're

705
00:34:19,200 --> 00:34:22,080
Speaker 4: saying exactly exactly.

706
00:34:22,320 --> 00:34:24,239
Speaker 1: You've got time to finish that novel you've been working

707
00:34:24,239 --> 00:34:26,640
Speaker 1: on or whatever before the core of the Earth solidifies.

708
00:34:26,880 --> 00:34:29,319
Speaker 4: But it's important because then it's sort of game over

709
00:34:29,360 --> 00:34:31,239
Speaker 4: for life on Earth, right, because then we wouldn't have

710
00:34:31,239 --> 00:34:32,320
Speaker 4: a magnetic field.

711
00:34:32,480 --> 00:34:35,279
Speaker 1: Yes, we need a magnetic field to survive because without

712
00:34:35,320 --> 00:34:38,279
Speaker 1: a magnetic field, we wouldn't be protected from space weather

713
00:34:38,360 --> 00:34:41,279
Speaker 1: and space radiation and stuff like that. But you know,

714
00:34:41,320 --> 00:34:43,400
Speaker 1: it's going to be a long time before the magnetic

715
00:34:43,400 --> 00:34:46,440
Speaker 1: field stops because the center of the Earth freezes. But

716
00:34:46,520 --> 00:34:48,520
Speaker 1: you know, it has happened, like on Mars. We think

717
00:34:48,600 --> 00:34:50,440
Speaker 1: Mars used to have a magnetic field. We think it

718
00:34:50,520 --> 00:34:53,240
Speaker 1: used to have all sorts of interesting stuff going on inside,

719
00:34:53,239 --> 00:34:56,719
Speaker 1: but now it's basically just a dead rock, right, wow,

720
00:34:57,280 --> 00:34:59,200
Speaker 1: And it doesn't have a magnetic field anymore, and we

721
00:34:59,200 --> 00:35:00,600
Speaker 1: don't think it has a whole a lot of stuff

722
00:35:00,640 --> 00:35:02,120
Speaker 1: going on on the inside though you know, we're not

723
00:35:02,160 --> 00:35:05,799
Speaker 1: one hundred percent sure. Wow, but yeah, that could be

724
00:35:05,800 --> 00:35:07,640
Speaker 1: the future of the Earth. But you know, by then

725
00:35:07,680 --> 00:35:10,040
Speaker 1: maybe we will have left the Earth and explore the

726
00:35:10,120 --> 00:35:13,799
Speaker 1: universe or developed ways to make artificial magnetic fields or

727
00:35:13,800 --> 00:35:14,680
Speaker 1: something else. Crazy.

728
00:35:14,880 --> 00:35:16,799
Speaker 4: All right, So that's that's at the center of the Earth.

729
00:35:16,840 --> 00:35:20,160
Speaker 4: It's a ball the size of the moon made out

730
00:35:20,200 --> 00:35:25,200
Speaker 4: of metal, really thick and hot and solid metal. That's

731
00:35:25,239 --> 00:35:26,879
Speaker 4: it is it? Is it like that all the way

732
00:35:26,880 --> 00:35:28,160
Speaker 4: to the very center of the Earth.

733
00:35:28,360 --> 00:35:29,839
Speaker 1: We think so, yeah, And we think it's just one

734
00:35:29,840 --> 00:35:32,040
Speaker 1: big ball of metal. And in fact, some people for

735
00:35:32,080 --> 00:35:34,440
Speaker 1: a while thought that maybe that ball of metal was

736
00:35:34,520 --> 00:35:37,440
Speaker 1: just one big crystal. Right, you know how metals can

737
00:35:37,520 --> 00:35:41,000
Speaker 1: form crystals. The'se like regular lattices of atoms that line up,

738
00:35:41,560 --> 00:35:43,440
Speaker 1: And for a while people thought it might just be

739
00:35:43,560 --> 00:35:46,399
Speaker 1: like a huge crystal. But now they're not so sure.

740
00:35:46,600 --> 00:35:50,640
Speaker 4: They downgraded their diamond rating on the Earth.

741
00:35:51,600 --> 00:35:53,920
Speaker 1: That's right, And we had to go change our insurance

742
00:35:53,960 --> 00:35:56,640
Speaker 1: policy because the new appraiser said it wasn't worth.

743
00:35:56,440 --> 00:35:57,480
Speaker 4: As much we have.

744
00:35:57,800 --> 00:35:59,600
Speaker 1: Sure, Hey, we like it, we love the Earth. It

745
00:35:59,600 --> 00:36:00,280
Speaker 1: doesn't matter.

746
00:36:00,840 --> 00:36:03,520
Speaker 4: I love you anyway, baby, It's not worth as much,

747
00:36:03,560 --> 00:36:04,520
Speaker 4: I guess it's.

748
00:36:04,400 --> 00:36:08,200
Speaker 1: Worth everything to me. Man, it's our home. Yeah, exactly.

749
00:36:08,280 --> 00:36:10,680
Speaker 1: So that's at the center of the earth. But remember,

750
00:36:10,719 --> 00:36:13,080
Speaker 1: you know, we haven't a visit these places. All this

751
00:36:13,120 --> 00:36:15,440
Speaker 1: stuff we've learned, we've learned sort of indirectly.

752
00:36:15,760 --> 00:36:18,880
Speaker 4: Yeah, that's the amazing thing. And so let's get into that.

753
00:36:19,000 --> 00:36:20,760
Speaker 4: But let's take a quick break.

754
00:36:25,520 --> 00:36:27,320
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth,

755
00:36:27,400 --> 00:36:30,560
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

756
00:36:30,600 --> 00:36:34,640
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

757
00:36:34,680 --> 00:36:37,280
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are. US dairy

758
00:36:37,320 --> 00:36:41,640
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

759
00:36:41,640 --> 00:36:44,239
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

760
00:36:44,280 --> 00:36:46,640
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

761
00:36:46,680 --> 00:36:50,879
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

762
00:36:50,920 --> 00:36:54,520
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four times.

763
00:36:54,560 --> 00:36:57,960
Speaker 1: The same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn,

764
00:36:58,040 --> 00:37:01,720
Speaker 1: and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy tackling greenhouse gases?

765
00:37:01,800 --> 00:37:04,799
Speaker 1: Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn the methane from

766
00:37:04,800 --> 00:37:08,200
Speaker 1: maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and

767
00:37:08,280 --> 00:37:10,520
Speaker 1: electric cars. So the next time you grab a slice

768
00:37:10,520 --> 00:37:12,400
Speaker 1: of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know that

769
00:37:12,480 --> 00:37:15,120
Speaker 1: dairy farmers and processors around the country are using the

770
00:37:15,200 --> 00:37:18,960
Speaker 1: latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense dairy

771
00:37:19,000 --> 00:37:22,000
Speaker 1: products we love with less of an impact. Visit Usdairy

772
00:37:22,040 --> 00:37:24,279
Speaker 1: dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

773
00:37:24,480 --> 00:37:28,080
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774
00:37:28,280 --> 00:37:31,680
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775
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776
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777
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778
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779
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780
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781
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782
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783
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784
00:37:59,200 --> 00:38:02,160
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785
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786
00:38:06,000 --> 00:38:08,120
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787
00:38:08,680 --> 00:38:11,640
Speaker 9: California has millions of homes that could be damaged in

788
00:38:11,680 --> 00:38:15,719
Speaker 9: a strong earthquake. Older homes are especially vulnerable to quake damage,

789
00:38:15,760 --> 00:38:18,360
Speaker 9: so you may need to take steps to strengthen yours.

790
00:38:18,600 --> 00:38:21,080
Speaker 9: Does it Strengthen your House? Dot com to learn how

791
00:38:21,120 --> 00:38:24,440
Speaker 9: to strengthen your home and help protect it from damage.

792
00:38:24,680 --> 00:38:27,120
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793
00:38:27,160 --> 00:38:30,200
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794
00:38:30,200 --> 00:38:33,840
Speaker 9: home and help protect your family. Get prepared today and

795
00:38:33,880 --> 00:38:46,720
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796
00:38:46,800 --> 00:38:48,480
Speaker 4: All right, so now we're going to get to the

797
00:38:48,520 --> 00:38:51,000
Speaker 4: question of what happens if you jump through hole down

798
00:38:51,040 --> 00:38:53,520
Speaker 4: through the middle of the earth. But first, I really

799
00:38:53,560 --> 00:38:55,480
Speaker 4: want to know how we know all this stuff, Daniel, Like,

800
00:38:55,600 --> 00:38:59,560
Speaker 4: if we haven't been able to drill down that deep,

801
00:38:59,600 --> 00:39:01,719
Speaker 4: how do we know what's all the way down to

802
00:39:01,719 --> 00:39:02,600
Speaker 4: the center of the earth.

803
00:39:02,800 --> 00:39:06,600
Speaker 1: It's really an impressive triumph of science, right science. We're

804
00:39:06,600 --> 00:39:08,560
Speaker 1: desperate to know the answer to a question, and sometimes

805
00:39:08,640 --> 00:39:11,400
Speaker 1: you can't see directly like you'd love to, right, So

806
00:39:11,440 --> 00:39:13,480
Speaker 1: you have to look indirectly. You have to look for clues,

807
00:39:13,760 --> 00:39:15,719
Speaker 1: and we look for ways to figure out what's going

808
00:39:15,760 --> 00:39:17,680
Speaker 1: on inside. And we have a whole bunch of them,

809
00:39:18,040 --> 00:39:19,319
Speaker 1: and then we try to make sure they all tell

810
00:39:19,400 --> 00:39:22,880
Speaker 1: us the same story. And my favorite one is the

811
00:39:22,920 --> 00:39:24,640
Speaker 1: way we look at the inside of the earth is

812
00:39:24,640 --> 00:39:29,600
Speaker 1: by looking at the impact from earthquakes. We use earthquakes

813
00:39:29,600 --> 00:39:31,759
Speaker 1: the way you might like tap on the wall of

814
00:39:31,760 --> 00:39:33,960
Speaker 1: your house to figure out like is it hollow or

815
00:39:34,000 --> 00:39:36,520
Speaker 1: is there a stud there? You can tell sort of

816
00:39:36,560 --> 00:39:40,040
Speaker 1: what's behind the wall by listening to how the sound

817
00:39:40,160 --> 00:39:40,920
Speaker 1: moves through it.

818
00:39:41,280 --> 00:39:43,240
Speaker 4: Oh, I've heard of that. Like, if there's an earthquake

819
00:39:43,280 --> 00:39:46,040
Speaker 4: that happens in one part of the world, then you

820
00:39:46,160 --> 00:39:49,200
Speaker 4: check with everybody else around the world to see how

821
00:39:49,280 --> 00:39:50,600
Speaker 4: that wave propagated.

822
00:39:50,760 --> 00:39:54,160
Speaker 1: That's right, because the wave from the earthquake. Right, Earthquakes

823
00:39:54,200 --> 00:39:56,919
Speaker 1: are these huge events and they cause a shockwave through

824
00:39:56,920 --> 00:40:00,400
Speaker 1: the earth, and that shockwave travels at different speed different

825
00:40:00,480 --> 00:40:02,719
Speaker 1: kinds of stuff. Right, So you can build a model

826
00:40:02,719 --> 00:40:04,640
Speaker 1: and you can say, all, right, well, if the earth

827
00:40:04,760 --> 00:40:07,480
Speaker 1: was all water, how fast would the shockwave arrive in

828
00:40:07,520 --> 00:40:10,680
Speaker 1: Hawaii or arrive in Russia? If the worth if the

829
00:40:10,760 --> 00:40:13,479
Speaker 1: earth was all you know, rock, how how fast would

830
00:40:13,480 --> 00:40:14,160
Speaker 1: it move? Right?

831
00:40:14,200 --> 00:40:17,879
Speaker 4: And they bounce when they when it changes a medium, right,

832
00:40:17,920 --> 00:40:20,480
Speaker 4: like a wave, some of some of some of your

833
00:40:20,719 --> 00:40:23,120
Speaker 4: wave will bounce back if it goes from like air

834
00:40:23,160 --> 00:40:26,319
Speaker 4: to water, or one type of rock to another type

835
00:40:26,320 --> 00:40:28,400
Speaker 4: of rock, And so that's another way they can they

836
00:40:28,400 --> 00:40:34,799
Speaker 4: can tell where these transitions between different kinds of earth are.

837
00:40:35,160 --> 00:40:37,719
Speaker 1: Yeah, you get all sorts of interesting reflections. Just like

838
00:40:37,960 --> 00:40:40,279
Speaker 1: when light hits the window. Most of it goes through,

839
00:40:40,320 --> 00:40:42,160
Speaker 1: but some of it bounces off, Right, You can use

840
00:40:42,160 --> 00:40:44,680
Speaker 1: a window sometimes like a mirror in the same way

841
00:40:44,680 --> 00:40:46,719
Speaker 1: as you were saying. Every time a wave goes through

842
00:40:46,760 --> 00:40:49,560
Speaker 1: a transition a boundary from one kind of material to another,

843
00:40:49,920 --> 00:40:52,960
Speaker 1: part of it reflects, so they can see these reflections.

844
00:40:53,000 --> 00:40:55,640
Speaker 1: That's how we know that there really are transitions there.

845
00:40:56,040 --> 00:40:58,720
Speaker 1: Is that every time there's an earthquake, the wave travels

846
00:40:58,760 --> 00:41:01,760
Speaker 1: around the mantle, but it also reflects off the mantle

847
00:41:01,800 --> 00:41:05,000
Speaker 1: interface with the core, and then sometimes it goes even

848
00:41:05,040 --> 00:41:07,400
Speaker 1: deeper and then it reflects off the inner core. So

849
00:41:07,440 --> 00:41:10,040
Speaker 1: we can tell that there really are layers there from

850
00:41:10,080 --> 00:41:13,480
Speaker 1: these reflections, and we can get estimates for their density

851
00:41:13,680 --> 00:41:15,320
Speaker 1: based on how fast they're moving.

852
00:41:15,560 --> 00:41:18,240
Speaker 4: We know that that's what the Earth looks like because

853
00:41:18,520 --> 00:41:20,680
Speaker 4: if it was made in any other way. If it

854
00:41:20,719 --> 00:41:23,960
Speaker 4: looked like any other way inside, we would see these

855
00:41:24,000 --> 00:41:25,320
Speaker 4: waves come out differently.

856
00:41:25,480 --> 00:41:27,520
Speaker 1: That's right. It's sort of like a big ultrasound. Right.

857
00:41:28,040 --> 00:41:30,360
Speaker 1: The way ultrasound works to see like a baby inside

858
00:41:30,400 --> 00:41:32,880
Speaker 1: the mom without cutting her open obviously, is it sends

859
00:41:32,880 --> 00:41:37,000
Speaker 1: these tiny little shock waves ultrasound meaning a higher frequency

860
00:41:37,000 --> 00:41:39,840
Speaker 1: than you can hear into your body, and it listens

861
00:41:39,880 --> 00:41:42,360
Speaker 1: to how they come back, and based on the speed

862
00:41:42,440 --> 00:41:45,040
Speaker 1: and etc. It tells where the stuff is and where

863
00:41:45,080 --> 00:41:47,600
Speaker 1: the stuff isn't. So basically earthquakes are a way to

864
00:41:47,719 --> 00:41:48,920
Speaker 1: ultrasound the earth.

865
00:41:49,239 --> 00:41:49,960
Speaker 4: That's amazing.

866
00:41:50,400 --> 00:41:52,160
Speaker 1: Those guys are the only ones who celebrate when it's

867
00:41:52,160 --> 00:41:54,680
Speaker 1: an earthquake. They're like, yeah, huge earthquake. We get a

868
00:41:54,680 --> 00:41:56,200
Speaker 1: new picture of the inside of the Earth.

869
00:41:56,480 --> 00:41:57,960
Speaker 4: We get to tell the earth as a boy or

870
00:41:58,000 --> 00:41:59,200
Speaker 4: a girl, Oh my god.

871
00:42:01,680 --> 00:42:03,440
Speaker 1: Or neither. Yeah, exactly what the quins?

872
00:42:03,560 --> 00:42:03,759
Speaker 9: What?

873
00:42:04,560 --> 00:42:07,560
Speaker 1: Yeah? And so that's really that's the primary way we

874
00:42:07,640 --> 00:42:09,200
Speaker 1: know about it. And to do that you have to

875
00:42:09,200 --> 00:42:11,279
Speaker 1: build models, right, and so you say, well, maybe the earth,

876
00:42:11,680 --> 00:42:14,000
Speaker 1: the Earth is this, in which case we would see

877
00:42:14,000 --> 00:42:16,480
Speaker 1: the reflections looking like that, and then you compare what

878
00:42:16,520 --> 00:42:19,240
Speaker 1: you predict to what you observe and the tweak and tune,

879
00:42:19,239 --> 00:42:21,719
Speaker 1: and this tells us a lot about what we know

880
00:42:21,800 --> 00:42:24,000
Speaker 1: about the inside of the Earth without ever going there.

881
00:42:24,239 --> 00:42:25,759
Speaker 4: Wow, that's pretty cool.

882
00:42:25,840 --> 00:42:28,040
Speaker 1: Go science, man, science, you are awesome.

883
00:42:28,640 --> 00:42:32,560
Speaker 4: Yeah, buy yourself a pizza, a real pizza, not one

884
00:42:32,560 --> 00:42:33,320
Speaker 4: with pineapples on it.

885
00:42:33,960 --> 00:42:36,560
Speaker 1: And you know, we have some direct evidence, like we

886
00:42:36,680 --> 00:42:39,840
Speaker 1: have dug down pretty far to see what the crust

887
00:42:39,880 --> 00:42:43,080
Speaker 1: is made out of. And you know, sometimes things do

888
00:42:43,120 --> 00:42:45,680
Speaker 1: crack open and magma comes out from the earth and

889
00:42:45,719 --> 00:42:48,560
Speaker 1: turns into lava, and we can sample that and see

890
00:42:48,560 --> 00:42:51,520
Speaker 1: what it is, right, And we can look at rock outcroppings,

891
00:42:51,560 --> 00:42:53,880
Speaker 1: you know, places where like the crust has been lifted

892
00:42:53,960 --> 00:42:56,000
Speaker 1: up so we could see what used to be underneath

893
00:42:56,880 --> 00:42:57,560
Speaker 1: stuff like that.

894
00:42:57,920 --> 00:43:01,120
Speaker 4: Wow. But it's pretty amazing that basically the Earth is

895
00:43:01,480 --> 00:43:03,520
Speaker 4: not a big ball of rock, right, Like it's this

896
00:43:03,719 --> 00:43:10,320
Speaker 4: kind of active, moving, squishy, dynamic ball of stuff.

897
00:43:10,640 --> 00:43:12,759
Speaker 1: Yeah. Yeah, it's there's a lot of stuff going on, right,

898
00:43:12,760 --> 00:43:15,000
Speaker 1: It's not just a rock. If it was just a rock,

899
00:43:15,040 --> 00:43:17,759
Speaker 1: then life on Earth would be very different, maybe impossible, right,

900
00:43:17,800 --> 00:43:20,839
Speaker 1: without the magnetic field to protect us in our atmosphere.

901
00:43:21,160 --> 00:43:23,440
Speaker 1: So we should be grateful that there's a huge engine

902
00:43:23,480 --> 00:43:25,720
Speaker 1: humming under our feet that all this stuff is happening,

903
00:43:26,200 --> 00:43:28,160
Speaker 1: you know. And I wonder something I was trying to

904
00:43:28,200 --> 00:43:30,600
Speaker 1: figure out but couldn't is like when we first became

905
00:43:30,640 --> 00:43:33,360
Speaker 1: aware of this, you know, because as humans, you know,

906
00:43:33,400 --> 00:43:35,600
Speaker 1: we know we live on the surface, but like a thousand,

907
00:43:35,680 --> 00:43:38,040
Speaker 1: two thousand years ago, people must have had a very

908
00:43:38,120 --> 00:43:40,440
Speaker 1: primitive understanding of what the Earth was made out of.

909
00:43:40,800 --> 00:43:43,480
Speaker 4: Hm, well, they probably thought what I thought, which is

910
00:43:43,760 --> 00:43:45,960
Speaker 4: just a giant rock, right.

911
00:43:46,040 --> 00:43:48,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, And people, I think, like more than one hundred

912
00:43:48,120 --> 00:43:50,800
Speaker 1: years ago, were able to make density measurements of the Earth.

913
00:43:51,000 --> 00:43:53,200
Speaker 1: Right they know the size of the Earth, they know,

914
00:43:54,239 --> 00:43:56,560
Speaker 1: you know, how big it is, and you can figure out,

915
00:43:56,560 --> 00:43:58,600
Speaker 1: you know, with the strength of the gravitational force, and

916
00:43:58,640 --> 00:44:00,160
Speaker 1: from that you can figure out with the mass the

917
00:44:00,200 --> 00:44:03,200
Speaker 1: Earth is, and that tells you, like what's the average density. So,

918
00:44:03,280 --> 00:44:04,759
Speaker 1: like more than one hundred years ago, we were able

919
00:44:04,760 --> 00:44:07,280
Speaker 1: to measure the average density of the Earth and discover

920
00:44:07,440 --> 00:44:09,719
Speaker 1: that it was more dense on average than it was

921
00:44:09,760 --> 00:44:13,719
Speaker 1: in the surface, which suggested that like something denser was

922
00:44:13,760 --> 00:44:15,719
Speaker 1: going on under our feet. But that was really the

923
00:44:15,800 --> 00:44:16,640
Speaker 1: first clue.

924
00:44:16,840 --> 00:44:23,520
Speaker 4: Wow, cool, all right, So that's that's what the Earth

925
00:44:23,600 --> 00:44:26,239
Speaker 4: is made out of. It's a thin crust on top

926
00:44:26,280 --> 00:44:30,560
Speaker 4: of a fluid rock, on top of a giant layer

927
00:44:30,680 --> 00:44:36,080
Speaker 4: of magma two thousand kilometers thick, and then down to

928
00:44:36,160 --> 00:44:40,399
Speaker 4: a little crystal diamond ball the size of the moon.

929
00:44:42,600 --> 00:44:46,200
Speaker 1: Iron nickel, iron, yeah, right, yeah, you can. You can

930
00:44:46,239 --> 00:44:49,040
Speaker 1: advertise it on the internet it's a crystal diamond, and

931
00:44:49,080 --> 00:44:51,480
Speaker 1: then you know they'll be disappointed when you send them

932
00:44:51,560 --> 00:44:52,719
Speaker 1: just an iron nickel ball.

933
00:44:52,840 --> 00:44:55,120
Speaker 4: But sure, go ahead, we'll call it like an iPhone.

934
00:44:55,560 --> 00:44:56,920
Speaker 4: You know, it's a metallic.

935
00:44:56,560 --> 00:45:01,160
Speaker 1: Nickel exactly, exactly right.

936
00:45:01,239 --> 00:45:03,719
Speaker 4: So okay, let's get down then to what we set

937
00:45:03,719 --> 00:45:06,480
Speaker 4: out to answer, which is what would happen if you

938
00:45:06,560 --> 00:45:09,640
Speaker 4: jump down a hole through the earth. Well, we're already

939
00:45:09,640 --> 00:45:11,439
Speaker 4: stablished it's impossible to dig that hole.

940
00:45:11,600 --> 00:45:14,759
Speaker 1: Yeah, So let's imagine it's possible that aliens come and

941
00:45:14,840 --> 00:45:17,799
Speaker 1: have some super digging technology and some super tunnel technology,

942
00:45:17,840 --> 00:45:20,319
Speaker 1: and we can actually make that hole all the way

943
00:45:20,360 --> 00:45:22,359
Speaker 1: through the Earth and out the other side, right through

944
00:45:22,400 --> 00:45:23,360
Speaker 1: the very center.

945
00:45:23,280 --> 00:45:26,200
Speaker 4: And hold it open because you know, the magma wants

946
00:45:26,239 --> 00:45:30,439
Speaker 4: to flow in, the liquid rock wants to crush it in,

947
00:45:30,680 --> 00:45:35,040
Speaker 4: and that that core in the middle doesn't really want

948
00:45:35,200 --> 00:45:37,920
Speaker 4: it's so dense it doesn't want to get drilled through.

949
00:45:37,840 --> 00:45:40,080
Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, exactly. So you need a lot of legal

950
00:45:40,080 --> 00:45:42,239
Speaker 1: paperwork before you can jump into this hole. But let's

951
00:45:42,239 --> 00:45:44,680
Speaker 1: assume that we figured out all the physics and all

952
00:45:44,719 --> 00:45:47,320
Speaker 1: the law aspects of it, and that we're ready to jump.

953
00:45:47,400 --> 00:45:50,040
Speaker 1: Right before we do that, we want to do some science. Okay.

954
00:45:50,120 --> 00:45:52,520
Speaker 4: So there's a hole, there's a tunnel going through the

955
00:45:52,560 --> 00:45:55,360
Speaker 4: center of the Earth out to the other side. Okay,

956
00:45:55,400 --> 00:45:57,680
Speaker 4: and what happened? What happens if you jump into it?

957
00:45:57,880 --> 00:46:00,239
Speaker 1: Yeah, So it's really fascinating because you have to think

958
00:46:00,280 --> 00:46:02,840
Speaker 1: about the force of gravity. So you're on the surface

959
00:46:02,840 --> 00:46:06,080
Speaker 1: of the Earth. The whole earth is pulling you towards

960
00:46:06,120 --> 00:46:08,440
Speaker 1: the center of the earth, right, because the whole earth

961
00:46:08,520 --> 00:46:11,600
Speaker 1: is a smaller radius than you do. Right, every little

962
00:46:11,600 --> 00:46:13,399
Speaker 1: bit of it is pulling it. But you can think

963
00:46:13,400 --> 00:46:16,200
Speaker 1: about you can treat it gravitationally as if it was

964
00:46:16,280 --> 00:46:18,920
Speaker 1: just like a particle at the center of the Earth

965
00:46:19,040 --> 00:46:21,920
Speaker 1: that was pulling on you, because it's all under your feet.

966
00:46:22,520 --> 00:46:26,720
Speaker 1: But once you jump into that hole, then some parts

967
00:46:26,760 --> 00:46:29,239
Speaker 1: of the Earth are no longer on the inside. Some

968
00:46:29,280 --> 00:46:32,080
Speaker 1: of them are on the outside. So imagine you're like

969
00:46:32,440 --> 00:46:33,520
Speaker 1: halfway down this hole.

970
00:46:33,640 --> 00:46:38,040
Speaker 4: Like, let's say you're a kilometer down falling eating your snack.

971
00:46:38,760 --> 00:46:40,920
Speaker 4: Now there's a whole bunch of earth, the Earth above you,

972
00:46:41,280 --> 00:46:42,439
Speaker 4: that's now pulling you back.

973
00:46:42,520 --> 00:46:46,080
Speaker 1: Right. Actually, the earth above you, on average doesn't have

974
00:46:46,160 --> 00:46:50,839
Speaker 1: any effect on you. The stuff that's just above you, yeah,

975
00:46:50,840 --> 00:46:53,719
Speaker 1: that's pulling on you. But there's like this kilometer thick

976
00:46:53,840 --> 00:46:56,880
Speaker 1: shell of earth, right, and the stuff that's on the

977
00:46:56,920 --> 00:46:58,719
Speaker 1: other side is pulling on you, and the stuff that's

978
00:46:58,719 --> 00:47:01,520
Speaker 1: above you is pulling on you. All cancels out. So

979
00:47:01,560 --> 00:47:05,400
Speaker 1: if you're inside a shell, then all the gravitational forces

980
00:47:05,480 --> 00:47:10,720
Speaker 1: cancel out. What yeah, yeah, I mean, imagine, for example,

981
00:47:10,800 --> 00:47:12,640
Speaker 1: what happens when you get to the center, right, What

982
00:47:12,640 --> 00:47:14,319
Speaker 1: happens when you get to the center. Is there any

983
00:47:14,320 --> 00:47:15,040
Speaker 1: gravity there?

984
00:47:15,520 --> 00:47:18,040
Speaker 4: No, because at every point, every little bit of the

985
00:47:18,080 --> 00:47:19,960
Speaker 4: Earth is pulling you equally in all.

986
00:47:19,760 --> 00:47:23,960
Speaker 1: Directions, exactly. And that's true for any shell that you're

987
00:47:24,000 --> 00:47:26,560
Speaker 1: on the inside of. So if you're halfway down the Earth,

988
00:47:26,920 --> 00:47:30,239
Speaker 1: then you only feel the gravitational force of the part

989
00:47:30,280 --> 00:47:33,480
Speaker 1: of the Earth that's closer to the center than you are, right,

990
00:47:33,520 --> 00:47:36,839
Speaker 1: a sphere of that radius. The stuff that's above you,

991
00:47:36,840 --> 00:47:37,440
Speaker 1: you don't.

992
00:47:37,200 --> 00:47:40,200
Speaker 4: Feel like, let's say we're digging the tunnel, and we

993
00:47:40,239 --> 00:47:43,960
Speaker 4: only get halfway there, and we stop and we stand

994
00:47:43,960 --> 00:47:46,160
Speaker 4: there on the bottom of that hole. You're saying, I

995
00:47:46,200 --> 00:47:49,040
Speaker 4: would weigh half as much like I could jump. It

996
00:47:49,040 --> 00:47:51,160
Speaker 4: would feel like were standing on the Moon. As you're

997
00:47:51,200 --> 00:47:53,920
Speaker 4: digging down, you would you would start to feel weightless.

998
00:47:54,200 --> 00:47:57,160
Speaker 1: Yes, exactly. So as you so you jump into this hole.

999
00:47:57,239 --> 00:47:59,919
Speaker 1: Right just before you jump, you're feeling the full grave

1000
00:48:00,040 --> 00:48:02,520
Speaker 1: vitational force of the Earth. And as you go down,

1001
00:48:02,560 --> 00:48:05,040
Speaker 1: the gravitational force starts to go down, and it goes

1002
00:48:05,080 --> 00:48:07,759
Speaker 1: down linearly, so that when you get to zero, when

1003
00:48:07,760 --> 00:48:10,480
Speaker 1: you get to the center, there's no force on you anymore,

1004
00:48:10,480 --> 00:48:12,160
Speaker 1: Which makes sense as you were saying, because you're pulled

1005
00:48:12,200 --> 00:48:12,920
Speaker 1: in every direction.

1006
00:48:13,320 --> 00:48:16,120
Speaker 4: Wow. So if you open, like if you drill through,

1007
00:48:16,320 --> 00:48:19,160
Speaker 4: you're falling through and you get to the center, you

1008
00:48:19,200 --> 00:48:22,160
Speaker 4: would be floating around in space just like Earth.

1009
00:48:22,239 --> 00:48:25,000
Speaker 1: No, because you'd have you'd have a huge velocity, right,

1010
00:48:25,680 --> 00:48:27,880
Speaker 1: have been pulled down from a bunch of stuff, so

1011
00:48:27,880 --> 00:48:30,400
Speaker 1: you have a huge amount of velocity, and you'd shoot

1012
00:48:30,520 --> 00:48:32,440
Speaker 1: right through the center. Right the center would be your

1013
00:48:32,480 --> 00:48:35,160
Speaker 1: highest speed. It's like on a roller coaster. You start

1014
00:48:35,160 --> 00:48:37,480
Speaker 1: at the top right and it rolls you down a hill.

1015
00:48:37,520 --> 00:48:40,000
Speaker 1: When the bottom of the hill right then you're going

1016
00:48:40,080 --> 00:48:40,920
Speaker 1: really really fast.

1017
00:48:41,000 --> 00:48:43,520
Speaker 4: If there's no friction, you would just keep going, yeah,

1018
00:48:43,560 --> 00:48:45,760
Speaker 4: because you've been falling all this time exactly.

1019
00:48:45,880 --> 00:48:47,799
Speaker 1: Unless it's like a party down there and people hanging

1020
00:48:47,840 --> 00:48:50,200
Speaker 1: out and ready to catch you. You just shoot right

1021
00:48:50,239 --> 00:48:52,879
Speaker 1: through the center of the earth, and then gravity would

1022
00:48:52,880 --> 00:48:55,280
Speaker 1: start to slow you down again on your way through

1023
00:48:55,400 --> 00:48:57,080
Speaker 1: the other side of the tunnel.

1024
00:48:56,880 --> 00:49:00,200
Speaker 4: Right it would. Now it's pulling you back.

1025
00:49:01,080 --> 00:49:04,160
Speaker 1: Holding you back, it's slowing you down, and it's just

1026
00:49:04,320 --> 00:49:06,680
Speaker 1: enough gravity to slow you down so that you would

1027
00:49:06,719 --> 00:49:09,600
Speaker 1: emerge from the tunnel on the other side and then

1028
00:49:09,800 --> 00:49:10,760
Speaker 1: just stop.

1029
00:49:10,640 --> 00:49:13,080
Speaker 4: With the same speed that you had just when you

1030
00:49:13,160 --> 00:49:13,680
Speaker 4: jumped in.

1031
00:49:13,719 --> 00:49:17,160
Speaker 1: Yeah, which is zero right. So assuming that the tunnel

1032
00:49:17,160 --> 00:49:20,319
Speaker 1: on the other side comes out at exactly the same elevation, right,

1033
00:49:21,680 --> 00:49:23,719
Speaker 1: then you would come right out of the tunnel and

1034
00:49:23,760 --> 00:49:25,960
Speaker 1: you just sort of like hover right above the tunnel

1035
00:49:25,960 --> 00:49:28,719
Speaker 1: for a second before falling back down again. And if

1036
00:49:28,719 --> 00:49:30,120
Speaker 1: you didn't do anything, you would just sort of go

1037
00:49:30,160 --> 00:49:33,360
Speaker 1: back and forth, oscillating back and forth through the earth forever.

1038
00:49:33,640 --> 00:49:36,719
Speaker 4: Whoa up and down, up and down. Have you calculated

1039
00:49:36,719 --> 00:49:38,680
Speaker 4: how long would take you to do that take that trip.

1040
00:49:39,120 --> 00:49:40,719
Speaker 1: I've not done that calculation.

1041
00:49:40,800 --> 00:49:43,280
Speaker 4: Actually leave it as homework for the listener.

1042
00:49:43,480 --> 00:49:45,840
Speaker 1: But you have to be careful because if you jump,

1043
00:49:45,920 --> 00:49:48,000
Speaker 1: if your elevation you're distance from the center of the

1044
00:49:48,040 --> 00:49:52,439
Speaker 1: Earth when you jump is less than the elevation where

1045
00:49:52,440 --> 00:49:53,840
Speaker 1: you're going to come out on the other side, then

1046
00:49:53,880 --> 00:49:56,320
Speaker 1: you're not going to make it. Right. If you start

1047
00:49:56,400 --> 00:49:58,200
Speaker 1: on a death valley and you want to come out

1048
00:49:58,239 --> 00:50:00,560
Speaker 1: the Mount Everest, you're not gonna make to the top

1049
00:50:00,560 --> 00:50:01,600
Speaker 1: of Mount Everest, right.

1050
00:50:02,880 --> 00:50:04,600
Speaker 4: You're just going to fall back down into the hole.

1051
00:50:04,719 --> 00:50:07,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, exactly. But if the Earth was a perfect

1052
00:50:07,880 --> 00:50:09,680
Speaker 1: sphere and you jumped on the one side, then you

1053
00:50:09,680 --> 00:50:11,640
Speaker 1: would come out the other side at exactly the same

1054
00:50:11,680 --> 00:50:12,680
Speaker 1: height above the surface.

1055
00:50:12,760 --> 00:50:15,200
Speaker 4: But if you slow yourself down and you stopped at

1056
00:50:15,200 --> 00:50:17,880
Speaker 4: the core, then you would be weightless and you'd be

1057
00:50:17,920 --> 00:50:18,480
Speaker 4: floating there.

1058
00:50:18,600 --> 00:50:21,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, because the Earth's gravity would be pulling on

1059
00:50:21,160 --> 00:50:25,040
Speaker 1: you from every direction simultaneously, which is like having no gravity. Whoa,

1060
00:50:25,560 --> 00:50:27,319
Speaker 1: And that'd be a pretty awesome moment, right, It'd be

1061
00:50:27,320 --> 00:50:29,680
Speaker 1: like at the center of the Earth, the entire Earth

1062
00:50:29,719 --> 00:50:32,759
Speaker 1: around you, right, that would be Yeah, I hope you're

1063
00:50:32,760 --> 00:50:33,560
Speaker 1: not calustaphobic.

1064
00:50:33,760 --> 00:50:36,120
Speaker 4: It'd be pretty hard to climb back out right, that's

1065
00:50:36,200 --> 00:50:36,960
Speaker 4: kind of the problem.

1066
00:50:37,080 --> 00:50:39,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, that would be a very long climb. Oh my gosh. Wow,

1067
00:50:40,000 --> 00:50:43,959
Speaker 1: I hope somebody built the ladder, all right.

1068
00:50:44,000 --> 00:50:47,160
Speaker 4: Well that that's that's what the Earth is made out of.

1069
00:50:47,239 --> 00:50:49,960
Speaker 4: And if you drop a pizza down a hole that

1070
00:50:50,320 --> 00:50:52,480
Speaker 4: goes through the center of Earth, it would just come

1071
00:50:52,560 --> 00:50:55,160
Speaker 4: right back to you, right eventually.

1072
00:50:55,440 --> 00:50:57,759
Speaker 1: Yeah, Or you could deliver pizza to the other side

1073
00:50:57,760 --> 00:50:59,480
Speaker 1: of the Earth just by dropping through that hole and

1074
00:50:59,520 --> 00:51:01,160
Speaker 1: it would just like come on out the other side

1075
00:51:01,239 --> 00:51:01,959
Speaker 1: and float there.

1076
00:51:01,880 --> 00:51:04,640
Speaker 4: For a second while somebody would grab it.

1077
00:51:04,800 --> 00:51:07,160
Speaker 1: A totally realistic way. I bet Elon Musk is working

1078
00:51:07,160 --> 00:51:08,240
Speaker 1: on that pizzas.

1079
00:51:09,920 --> 00:51:11,960
Speaker 4: And the bonus is it would be warm because it

1080
00:51:12,480 --> 00:51:14,200
Speaker 4: would heat up on the way. You could you could

1081
00:51:14,280 --> 00:51:16,560
Speaker 4: dump it in frozen and it would come out and

1082
00:51:16,600 --> 00:51:17,240
Speaker 4: nice and toasty.

1083
00:51:18,200 --> 00:51:20,600
Speaker 1: This is a great business opportunity. I hope the lawyers

1084
00:51:20,600 --> 00:51:22,080
Speaker 1: just scribbling this down as you're talking.

1085
00:51:24,239 --> 00:51:27,000
Speaker 4: All right, Well, thanks for joining us. I hope that

1086
00:51:27,000 --> 00:51:29,040
Speaker 4: that wasn't too hardcore for you guys out there.

1087
00:51:29,200 --> 00:51:31,319
Speaker 1: I hope we didn't get too crusty on you, all.

1088
00:51:31,360 --> 00:51:33,279
Speaker 4: Right, Thanks for joining us. See you next time.

1089
00:51:33,480 --> 00:51:43,720
Speaker 1: Thanks for tuning in. If you still have a question

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00:51:43,800 --> 00:51:47,239
Speaker 1: after listening to all these explanations, please drop us a line.

1091
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Speaker 1: We'd love to hear from you. You can find us

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Speaker 1: at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge That's

1093
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Speaker 1: one Word, or email us at Feedback at Daniel and

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00:51:56,719 --> 00:51:59,920
Speaker 1: Jorge dot com. Thanks for listening and remember that Dan.

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00:52:00,040 --> 00:52:03,680
Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio.

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00:52:03,920 --> 00:52:09,120
Speaker 1: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,

1097
00:52:09,239 --> 00:52:21,400
Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. When you

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Speaker 1: pop a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably

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Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in

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Speaker 1: the dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every

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Speaker 1: day to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources,

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Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is us dairy

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Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors to turn

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Speaker 1: the methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

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Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit you as dairy dot COM's Last

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Speaker 1: Sustainability to learn more.

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Speaker 3: Vitamin Water was born in New York because New Yorkers

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Speaker 3: wanted more flavor to pair with all.

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Speaker 1: New York. It's three favorite cheeses are chopped cheese, bacon,

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Speaker 1: egg and cheese, and a slice of cheese pizza.

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Speaker 6: Drink Vitamin water.

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Speaker 1: It's from New York.