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Speaker 1: Welcome to Unexplained Extra with me Richard McClain smith, where

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Speaker 1: for the weeks in between episodes, we look at stories

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Speaker 1: and ideas that, for one reason or other, didn't make

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Speaker 1: it into the previous show. In last week's episode, it

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Speaker 1: Came from Above, we looked at the strange story involving

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Speaker 1: a mysterious object said to have crashed near the town

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Speaker 1: of Downa Gorsk in far eastern Russia in January nineteen

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Speaker 1: eighty six. The object is believed by some to be

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Speaker 1: nothing less than an alien artifact, potential evidence of technology

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Speaker 1: that is not of this world. Whether true or not,

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Speaker 1: I find the idea of alien artifacts immense fun, and

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Speaker 1: it would have been impossible to discuss the idea without

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Speaker 1: mentioning the strange celestial body known as Omuamua. This classified

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Speaker 1: vaguely as an interstellar object due to its unusual properties,

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Speaker 1: is perhaps the closest we've come to seeing an object

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Speaker 1: whose potential alien provenance remains an open discussion within the

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Speaker 1: mainstream scientific community. Most, it should be said, are unconvinced

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Speaker 1: by the idea, and in all likelihood there will be

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Speaker 1: a fascinating but decidedly non intelligent design explanation for its existence. However,

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Speaker 1: much like the roadside picnic analogy I made in the

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Speaker 1: last episode. In a twenty nineteen interview with The New

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Speaker 1: Yorker magazine, Abraham Loebe, who's written extensively about Amoamoor's potential

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Speaker 1: alien origins, made the point that even if we saw

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Speaker 1: evidence of an advanced technological civilization, there's no guarantee that

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Speaker 1: we'd recognize it as such. As he said, if you

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Speaker 1: were to show a smartphone to a prehistoric human, they

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Speaker 1: would have absolutely no context or frames of reference to

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Speaker 1: even begin to understand it as anything other than an

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Speaker 1: unusual rock. In a November twenty eighteen article in Scientific American,

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Speaker 1: Abraham Lobe summarized six unusual facts about O'mohamoah that make

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Speaker 1: for compelling reading. One was that, due to the objects

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Speaker 1: relatively slow speed of motion, rather than thinking of it

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Speaker 1: as something that moved through the Solar System, it might

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Speaker 1: be better to think of it as the other way round,

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Speaker 1: that the Solar System was moving past it. In this sense,

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Speaker 1: as Lobe suggests, we might imagine O'mooamuah like a boy

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Speaker 1: on the surface of the ocean, moving slowly through space,

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Speaker 1: and the Solar system, as a large ship moving toward

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Speaker 1: it might o'mooamuah have in fact been some kind of

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Speaker 1: data gathering beacon positioned in space as part of a

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Speaker 1: wider network of similarly placed beacons. Another interesting point is

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Speaker 1: that since astronomers weren't able to get a picture of

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Speaker 1: the object, despite many artists impressions of it suggesting it

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Speaker 1: looks not too dissimilar to a cigar shaped asteroid, there's

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Speaker 1: no definitive answer and what it actually looks like. Lobe

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Speaker 1: suggests it could just as easily be flat and round,

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Speaker 1: like a pancake. The most unusual fact for Lobe was

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Speaker 1: how the object, as he says, deviated from an orbit

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Speaker 1: that is shaped purely by the gravitational force of the Sun,

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Speaker 1: which is to say, with no evidence of ice evaporating

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Speaker 1: from it as you might expect from a comet. Something

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Speaker 1: extremely unusual must be propelling it. One theory proposed by

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Speaker 1: Lobe is that the object is some kind of solas

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Speaker 1: sale using the heat of the Sun to keep it

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Speaker 1: in motion. In order for this to be the case,

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Speaker 1: it would have to be comprised of a material only

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Speaker 1: millimeters thick, something he believes only a technological civilization would

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Speaker 1: be able to manufacture. Despite some ambitious plans to build

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Speaker 1: a spacecraft to chase after Omuamua, it is likely this

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Speaker 1: object will forever remain a mystery, with it expected to

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Speaker 1: return to interstellar space at some point in the next

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Speaker 1: twenty or so years. Some, however, like the scientists in

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Speaker 1: Russia who examined the object that crashed near down a Gorsk,

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Speaker 1: might argue there's no need to travel into space to

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Speaker 1: find evidence of alien artifacts. In nineteen seventy five, in

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Speaker 1: West Ukraine, a quarry worker was digging out a section

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Speaker 1: of clay about eight meters below the surface when he

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Speaker 1: noticed an unusually spherical object embedded in it. Rubbing the

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Speaker 1: clay away with his hands exposed what appeared to be

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Speaker 1: a black ball of glass, like a giant marble, unlike

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Speaker 1: anything he'd seen before. After pulling it free, he struck

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Speaker 1: it against a metal bucket, and sure enough, a small

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Speaker 1: fragment of what appeared to be glass chipped off. The

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Speaker 1: man took the mysterious sphere home as a gift for

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Speaker 1: his son, who in turn took it to school, where

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Speaker 1: his teacher offered to get it looked into more closely.

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Speaker 1: Eventually lending it to a local museum, where it was

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Speaker 1: kept for a further three years. In nineteen seventy eight

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Speaker 1: that teacher's son, Boris Nowmenko, who was by then working

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Speaker 1: for the Earth Physics Institute of the Soviet Union's Academy

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Speaker 1: of Sciences, took an interest in it. Not only was

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Speaker 1: the object unusual in its shape, but since it was

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Speaker 1: found in a seam of clay thought to be close

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Speaker 1: to ten million years old, there was a good chance

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Speaker 1: the object was also millions of years old. In October

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Speaker 1: nineteen seventy nine, now Menko lent the ball to a

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Speaker 1: doctor Valentine Fomenko, a senior research fellow of the Sawyer's

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Speaker 1: Scientific and Industrial Association, in an effort to determine its

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Speaker 1: true age and physical make up. However, since now Menko

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Speaker 1: didn't want to damage the object, doctor Fomenko was restricted

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Speaker 1: to using only non destructive methods in his investigation. Despite

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Speaker 1: the limited conditions, Formenko was nonetheless able to make some

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Speaker 1: intriguing findings. Firstly, the ball was not actually a perfect sphere,

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Speaker 1: but rather slightly ovoid by the finest of margins, with

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Speaker 1: the longer axis measuring three millimeters more than its midsection.

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Speaker 1: With the use of a halogen light held up to

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Speaker 1: its surface, Formenko was also able to see it was

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Speaker 1: made from a black glass like substance that was so

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Speaker 1: dark the light was unable to penetrate it. Then, after

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Speaker 1: X raying the object, Famenko made the startling discovery that

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Speaker 1: there was in fact something else inside it and in

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Speaker 1: a core shaped like half an egg that appeared to

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Speaker 1: absorb X rays four times less intensely than the material

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Speaker 1: surrounding it. And that wasn't all. If there's ever been

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Speaker 1: slash unexplained for ten dollars off. Having discovered the inner COREPS,

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Speaker 1: a noninvasive test was carried out to determine the object's

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Speaker 1: overall density, which left Famenko and his team dumbfounded. According

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Speaker 1: to their calculations, the inner core appeared to have a

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Speaker 1: negative mass. If this were true, the material that comprised

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Speaker 1: it would be in complete violation of what most scientists

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Speaker 1: consider to be one of the fundamental laws that govern

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Speaker 1: all known matter in our universe, as recognized in all

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Speaker 1: classical theories concerning gravity, including Einstein's theory of general relativity,

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Speaker 1: all energy and by extension, matter exists in a positive state,

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Speaker 1: in the sense that it is something that increases cumulatively

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Speaker 1: as more and more energy or matter is added to it.

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Speaker 1: Something with negative mass would do the opposite. Very crudely,

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Speaker 1: that would be like putting a kilogram of material on

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Speaker 1: a weighing scale, then adding another material that, despite looking solid,

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Speaker 1: actually reduced the combined overall weight of the objects placed

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Speaker 1: on the scale. Since weight is actually a measure of

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Speaker 1: the force of gravity on an object, as opposed to mass,

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Speaker 1: which is simply how much matter is in an object,

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Speaker 1: this could theoretically be achieved by a substance that had

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Speaker 1: anti gravitational properties, despite no conclusive evidence that such a

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Speaker 1: thing exists in our universe. The concept of negative mass

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Speaker 1: has been applied to numerous hypothetical technologies, such as time

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Speaker 1: travel devices and machines that might one day be able

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Speaker 1: to artificially construct a traversible wormhole. After a number of

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Speaker 1: further tests, including one that revealed the dimensions of the

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Speaker 1: object to be based on a base twenty four number system,

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Speaker 1: as opposed to Base ten as we tend to use.

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Speaker 1: Famenko was left in little doubt that the strange black

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Speaker 1: sphere had been manufactured by an alien intelligence, possibly containing

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Speaker 1: a material with anti gravitational properties or even antimatter. A

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Speaker 1: week after receiving the object, however, just as Flemenko and

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Speaker 1: his team were starting to make headway, Boris now Menko

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Speaker 1: demanded the urgent return of the object, and the investigations

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Speaker 1: were brought to a swift end. It would be another

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Speaker 1: two years before doctor Farmenko heard of it again, as

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Speaker 1: reported by Vladimir Rubsov in the March twenty fifteen edition

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Speaker 1: of The Fourteen Times. In February nineteen eighty one, two

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Speaker 1: years after doctor Farmenko's experiments, an article appeared in the

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Speaker 1: popular Russian newspaper Izvestia titled A Mysterious Ball in the

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Speaker 1: Lebyanka Sellers. The article, written by doctor Yuri Kolodny, alleged

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Speaker 1: that shortly after Fermenko published his findings, his results made

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Speaker 1: their way to the Military Industrial Commission of the Soviet

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Speaker 1: Union's Council of Ministers. The Council in turn alert to

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Speaker 1: the Committee for State Security also known as the KGB,

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Speaker 1: and instructed them to find the object and confiscate it immediately,

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Speaker 1: and if Fermenco's results were found to be correct, to

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Speaker 1: neutralize it in an echo of the hexham head story

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Speaker 1: that I covered in Season one. Since being returned to

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Speaker 1: Boris Nowmenko, the ball had apparently been passed between a

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Speaker 1: number of individuals and was eventually found in the possession

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Speaker 1: of a man named mister d'ev dev, a parapsychologist, was

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Speaker 1: convinced the ball possessed some kind of unknown energy that

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Speaker 1: he'd been trying to harness. After being confronted by the KGB,

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Speaker 1: he agreed to lend it to them on the condition

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Speaker 1: that they returned it to him afterwards. The ball was

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Speaker 1: then given to a team of scientists, including doctor Colodney,

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Speaker 1: who wrote the nineteen eighty one article about it. Colodney

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Speaker 1: claimed that on opening the sphere, they found it to

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Speaker 1: be comprised of green glass with a brown colored core

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Speaker 1: that was also little more than glass, although it was

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Speaker 1: unusual for having virtually no sodium in it and a

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Speaker 1: high concentration of strontium. The team also found a number

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Speaker 1: of fine cracks on the sphere's surface, suggesting there was

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Speaker 1: no way it could have contained antimatter, since it was

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Speaker 1: not even airtight. Sadly, they found also that doctor Fermenko's

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Speaker 1: negative mass calculations had been made in error due to

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Speaker 1: a mistake in calculating the ball's center of gravity. Having

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Speaker 1: had the object formally carbon dated, Colodney revealed it was

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Speaker 1: not millions of years old at all, but something much

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Speaker 1: closer to a few hundred years old. After consulting with

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Speaker 1: a Ukrainian historian that specialized in the history of glass,

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Speaker 1: doctor Colodney and the rest of the team concluded that

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Speaker 1: the mysterious black sphere was nothing more than a gallow,

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Speaker 1: a large glass ball often constructed from waist glass that

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Speaker 1: in the past would be heated up and used as

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Speaker 1: an iron for pressing clothes. The mystery then appeared to

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Speaker 1: have been solved. After making a copy of the artifact,

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Speaker 1: Colodney wrote that what was left of the original sphere

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Speaker 1: was then returned to mister Diev to use however he pleased,

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Speaker 1: and that was almost that. After the article was published,

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Speaker 1: it soon came to the attention of doctor Famenko, who

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Speaker 1: carried out the original analysis of the object. His confusion

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Speaker 1: at what he read prompted him to write a letter

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Speaker 1: to the newspaper's editor, as he went on to explain

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Speaker 1: the sphere he'd examined had been undeniably black, not green

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Speaker 1: as doctor Colodney stated, nor were there any cracks on

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Speaker 1: it at all. Furthermore, he knew mister d'ev had enclosed

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Speaker 1: the ball in a block of epoxy resin, from which

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Speaker 1: it would have been virtually impossible to extract it without

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Speaker 1: damaging it. It was also odd he thought that Colodney

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Speaker 1: said it had been carbon dated, since if it was

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Speaker 1: nothing but glass, there'd be no carbon in it with

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Speaker 1: which to date it. There could only be one explanation,

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Speaker 1: he argued, the ball that KGB had taken from mister

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Speaker 1: d'ev had not been the original sphere, but rather a

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Speaker 1: genuine glass gallow that he used to palm them off.

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Speaker 1: Doctor Famenko left his contact details on the letter, hoping

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Speaker 1: that doctor Colodney would write back to him to explain

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Speaker 1: his findings further, but Colodney never replied. If you enjoy

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Speaker 1: Unexplained and would like to help support us, you can

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Speaker 1: how large or small, are greatly appreciated. Unexplained, the book

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Speaker 1: and audiobook, featuring ten stories that have never before been

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Speaker 1: covered on the show, is now available to buy worldwide.

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Speaker 1: You can purchase through Amazon, Barnes and Noble, and Waterstones,

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