1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,240 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:10,920 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. 3 00:00:11,920 --> 00:00:14,800 Speaker 2: Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson 4 00:00:14,880 --> 00:00:18,000 Speaker 2: and I'm Holly Frye. This is the second part of 5 00:00:18,040 --> 00:00:22,040 Speaker 2: our two parter about Anthony Burns, inspired by how frequently 6 00:00:22,160 --> 00:00:24,840 Speaker 2: I have seen a quote about him on social media 7 00:00:24,920 --> 00:00:29,280 Speaker 2: over the last several months. In part one, we talked 8 00:00:29,360 --> 00:00:32,560 Speaker 2: about his life in Virginia up until about the age 9 00:00:32,560 --> 00:00:36,240 Speaker 2: of twenty, during which he was enslaved. Then, in eighteen 10 00:00:36,320 --> 00:00:39,960 Speaker 2: fifty four, Burns escaped aboard a ship bound for Boston, 11 00:00:40,960 --> 00:00:44,239 Speaker 2: where we left off. His enslaver, Charles F. Suttle, had 12 00:00:44,360 --> 00:00:48,120 Speaker 2: learned where Burns was and had filed the necessary paperwork 13 00:00:48,159 --> 00:00:52,120 Speaker 2: to have him pursued as a fugitive slave catcher, and 14 00:00:52,280 --> 00:00:57,120 Speaker 2: Deputy Marshall ASA O. Buttman had arrested Burns under false 15 00:00:57,160 --> 00:01:01,360 Speaker 2: pretenses on the evening of Wednesday, May twenty fourth, eighteen 16 00:01:01,480 --> 00:01:04,880 Speaker 2: fifty four, saying that Burns had been accused of robbing 17 00:01:04,880 --> 00:01:09,280 Speaker 2: a jewelry store. Burns was taken to the courthouse and 18 00:01:09,360 --> 00:01:12,319 Speaker 2: held in the jury room, where he was kept under guard. 19 00:01:13,240 --> 00:01:15,840 Speaker 2: While Anthony Burns was being held in the jury room 20 00:01:15,880 --> 00:01:19,759 Speaker 2: at the courthouse, Charles F. Suttle and William Brent arrived 21 00:01:20,080 --> 00:01:22,440 Speaker 2: and they were let in to see him. As we 22 00:01:22,480 --> 00:01:25,399 Speaker 2: talked about in Part one, Burns had previously worked for 23 00:01:25,480 --> 00:01:28,800 Speaker 2: Brent for a couple of years, and Brent was managing 24 00:01:28,840 --> 00:01:32,600 Speaker 2: his hiring out in Richmond, so Brent knew Burns and 25 00:01:32,880 --> 00:01:37,440 Speaker 2: could identify him. Suttle asked Burns why he had run away, 26 00:01:37,520 --> 00:01:40,160 Speaker 2: and Burns told him he had fallen asleep on board 27 00:01:40,160 --> 00:01:42,520 Speaker 2: the vessel where he had been working, and when he 28 00:01:42,600 --> 00:01:47,160 Speaker 2: woke up, the ship had set sail and carried him off. This, 29 00:01:47,319 --> 00:01:50,680 Speaker 2: of course, had some elements of the truth, but without 30 00:01:50,720 --> 00:01:54,560 Speaker 2: an admission that he had been trying to escape. Then 31 00:01:55,040 --> 00:01:58,480 Speaker 2: Subtle asked Burns whether he had always been good to him, 32 00:01:58,840 --> 00:02:01,680 Speaker 2: whether Suttle had given Burns money when he needed it, 33 00:02:01,720 --> 00:02:05,280 Speaker 2: and Burns answered, quote, you have always given me twelve 34 00:02:05,360 --> 00:02:09,200 Speaker 2: and a half cents once a year. This statement would 35 00:02:09,280 --> 00:02:12,919 Speaker 2: later be used as evidence that Burns knew Subtle and 36 00:02:12,960 --> 00:02:15,640 Speaker 2: that he was the fugitive that Subtle was seeking. 37 00:02:16,520 --> 00:02:19,080 Speaker 1: Since it was late, Burns was held in the jury 38 00:02:19,160 --> 00:02:22,440 Speaker 1: room overnight to appear before the commissioner on the morning 39 00:02:22,520 --> 00:02:26,280 Speaker 1: of May twenty fifth. Buttman and several of his men 40 00:02:26,400 --> 00:02:30,160 Speaker 1: stayed in the room to guard him. They had dinner delivered, 41 00:02:30,200 --> 00:02:33,480 Speaker 1: which they did not share with him. They amused themselves 42 00:02:33,560 --> 00:02:37,160 Speaker 1: by playing cards and by telling Burns about Thomas Simms, 43 00:02:37,520 --> 00:02:39,760 Speaker 1: who had been held in the same room after being 44 00:02:39,840 --> 00:02:43,880 Speaker 1: arrested on April fourth, eighteen fifty one, about six months 45 00:02:43,919 --> 00:02:47,000 Speaker 1: after the Fugitive Slave Act of eighteen fifty was signed 46 00:02:47,000 --> 00:02:51,680 Speaker 1: into law. Thomas Simms had been enslaved in Georgia, and 47 00:02:51,720 --> 00:02:54,720 Speaker 1: he was about seventeen when he escaped to Boston by 48 00:02:54,760 --> 00:02:58,679 Speaker 1: stowing away on a ship. Asa Buttman had been one 49 00:02:58,720 --> 00:03:03,080 Speaker 1: of the men involved in his capture. Commissioner George Tickner 50 00:03:03,160 --> 00:03:06,800 Speaker 1: Curtis had presided over the hearing and had ruled in 51 00:03:06,880 --> 00:03:12,160 Speaker 1: favor of Sims's enslaver. About three hundred armed police and 52 00:03:12,240 --> 00:03:15,880 Speaker 1: members of the City Watch had escorted Simms to Long Wharf. 53 00:03:16,400 --> 00:03:19,200 Speaker 1: He was placed aboard a brig called the Acorn, which 54 00:03:19,360 --> 00:03:22,600 Speaker 1: set sail for Savannah with him aboard on April twelfth, 55 00:03:22,840 --> 00:03:27,160 Speaker 1: returning him to slavery. Abolitionists had made a plan to 56 00:03:27,200 --> 00:03:30,240 Speaker 1: try to liberate Sims from the courthouse, which they had 57 00:03:30,280 --> 00:03:33,160 Speaker 1: successfully done in the case of Shadrack Mincoln's just a 58 00:03:33,200 --> 00:03:37,040 Speaker 1: couple of months before. In Mencoln's case, a group of 59 00:03:37,080 --> 00:03:39,840 Speaker 1: black men led by Lewis Hayden had burst into the 60 00:03:39,880 --> 00:03:44,600 Speaker 1: courtroom during his hearing and rescued him afterward. Mencoln's had 61 00:03:44,600 --> 00:03:47,160 Speaker 1: been moved from one hiding place to another in and 62 00:03:47,200 --> 00:03:52,920 Speaker 1: around Boston before being successfully taken to Quebec. Burns's jailer's 63 00:03:53,120 --> 00:03:57,440 Speaker 1: did not tell him about Mincoln's successful escape, but that 64 00:03:57,640 --> 00:04:00,960 Speaker 1: escape is probably why the plan to resc you Thomas 65 00:04:01,000 --> 00:04:06,240 Speaker 1: Simms had failed. After the liberation of Shadrack, Mincoln's authorities 66 00:04:06,280 --> 00:04:10,560 Speaker 1: had prepared for Simms's hearing by draping chains around the courthouse, 67 00:04:11,000 --> 00:04:15,200 Speaker 1: placing the courthouse under guard, barring all the windows and doors, 68 00:04:15,560 --> 00:04:20,560 Speaker 1: and garrisoning a militia nearby at Daniel Hall. Hearing about 69 00:04:20,560 --> 00:04:23,680 Speaker 1: someone whose story was so similar to his own, who 70 00:04:23,760 --> 00:04:26,400 Speaker 1: was so close to his own age, who had been 71 00:04:26,440 --> 00:04:29,400 Speaker 1: held in the same room and then returned to slavery 72 00:04:29,839 --> 00:04:34,160 Speaker 1: even after people tried to free him, was as intended 73 00:04:34,279 --> 00:04:38,800 Speaker 1: demoralizing for Anthony Burns. When his guards were brought breakfast 74 00:04:38,800 --> 00:04:41,440 Speaker 1: in the morning, they offered to share it with him, 75 00:04:41,480 --> 00:04:45,320 Speaker 1: but after all of that he had no appetite He 76 00:04:45,440 --> 00:04:48,520 Speaker 1: was placed in shackles before being taken to the courtroom, 77 00:04:48,839 --> 00:04:54,000 Speaker 1: where US Marshall Watson Freeman posted guards around him. Authorities 78 00:04:54,000 --> 00:04:57,599 Speaker 1: had managed to keep Burns's arrest pretty quiet. That was 79 00:04:57,640 --> 00:05:00,440 Speaker 1: one of the reasons that Buttman had told Burne he 80 00:05:00,520 --> 00:05:04,920 Speaker 1: was being arrested for robbing a jewelry store. They thought 81 00:05:05,000 --> 00:05:05,960 Speaker 1: that if they told. 82 00:05:05,760 --> 00:05:08,680 Speaker 2: Him the real reason he was being arrested, that he 83 00:05:08,720 --> 00:05:12,320 Speaker 2: would probably fight back. He might make a much bigger spectacle. 84 00:05:12,440 --> 00:05:15,600 Speaker 2: He might even be killed in the process. So by 85 00:05:15,640 --> 00:05:18,640 Speaker 2: the morning of May twenty fifth, Burns's arrest had not 86 00:05:18,720 --> 00:05:21,159 Speaker 2: really raised much of an outcry. 87 00:05:21,440 --> 00:05:24,960 Speaker 1: But attorney Richard H. Dana Junior was passing by the 88 00:05:25,000 --> 00:05:28,240 Speaker 1: courthouse that morning and heard people talking about what was 89 00:05:28,279 --> 00:05:33,080 Speaker 1: going on. Dana was a prominent abolitionist. He had helped 90 00:05:33,160 --> 00:05:35,760 Speaker 1: establish the Free Soil Party and was a member of 91 00:05:35,839 --> 00:05:40,160 Speaker 1: the Boston Vigilance Committee. Dana had previously helped to defend 92 00:05:40,240 --> 00:05:45,320 Speaker 1: both Thomas Simms and Shadrack Mincoln's He did other anti 93 00:05:45,320 --> 00:05:48,160 Speaker 1: slavery legal work as well, and he refused to take 94 00:05:48,200 --> 00:05:51,520 Speaker 1: payment for any of it. He was also well known 95 00:05:51,600 --> 00:05:55,159 Speaker 1: because of his eighteen fifty memoir two years before the 96 00:05:55,279 --> 00:05:59,640 Speaker 1: mast detailing his time on a merchant ship. Dana made 97 00:05:59,680 --> 00:06:00,240 Speaker 1: his way. 98 00:06:00,120 --> 00:06:03,640 Speaker 2: Into the courtroom and he offered to represent Anthony Burns. 99 00:06:04,480 --> 00:06:08,080 Speaker 2: At first, Burns refused, saying quote, it will be of 100 00:06:08,120 --> 00:06:08,960 Speaker 2: no use. 101 00:06:09,080 --> 00:06:09,880 Speaker 1: They have got me. 102 00:06:11,440 --> 00:06:14,560 Speaker 2: Burns also thought that if he did anything other than 103 00:06:14,680 --> 00:06:17,039 Speaker 2: just to comply with what he was told to do, 104 00:06:17,520 --> 00:06:19,680 Speaker 2: that things would be much harder for him when he 105 00:06:19,800 --> 00:06:24,599 Speaker 2: was inevitably returned to Virginia. As word of Burns's arrest 106 00:06:24,680 --> 00:06:28,600 Speaker 2: started to spread around Boston, more people started arriving at 107 00:06:28,600 --> 00:06:33,800 Speaker 2: the courthouse, including other prominent abolitionists. A minister named Theodore 108 00:06:33,880 --> 00:06:37,440 Speaker 2: Parker approached Burns, told him who he was, and again 109 00:06:37,720 --> 00:06:42,279 Speaker 2: asked if he wanted representation. Burns answered, quote, I shall 110 00:06:42,320 --> 00:06:45,960 Speaker 2: have to go back. Mister Subtle knows me. Brent knows me. 111 00:06:46,480 --> 00:06:48,640 Speaker 2: If I must go back, I want to go back 112 00:06:48,680 --> 00:06:52,840 Speaker 2: as easy as I can. United States Commissioner Edward G. 113 00:06:53,040 --> 00:06:56,680 Speaker 2: Loring was presiding over this hearing, and his participation in 114 00:06:56,720 --> 00:07:01,080 Speaker 2: this was complicated. He was acting as a federal commissioner, 115 00:07:01,279 --> 00:07:06,400 Speaker 2: but he was also a Massachusetts probate judge. Massachusetts had 116 00:07:06,440 --> 00:07:10,320 Speaker 2: passed a personal liberty law in eighteen forty three after 117 00:07:10,360 --> 00:07:13,400 Speaker 2: efforts to return a man named George Latimer to slavery. 118 00:07:14,520 --> 00:07:19,400 Speaker 2: This law prohibited state officials from arresting and detaining quote, 119 00:07:19,480 --> 00:07:24,360 Speaker 2: fugitives from service, so Loring's interpretation was that he was 120 00:07:24,440 --> 00:07:29,320 Speaker 2: acting in his federal capacity for this hearing, not in 121 00:07:29,400 --> 00:07:33,040 Speaker 2: his state capacity, which would have prohibited him from being involved. 122 00:07:33,520 --> 00:07:36,640 Speaker 2: This same argument was also being made for the Suffolk 123 00:07:36,720 --> 00:07:40,240 Speaker 2: County Courthouse, where Burns was being held and where this 124 00:07:40,280 --> 00:07:43,880 Speaker 2: hearing was taking place. It was a county courthouse, but 125 00:07:43,960 --> 00:07:46,520 Speaker 2: it was being used also for federal cases. 126 00:07:47,560 --> 00:07:50,800 Speaker 1: Although Burns had virtually no rights guaranteed to him under 127 00:07:50,800 --> 00:07:54,480 Speaker 1: the Fugitive Slave Act of eighteen fifty, Loring had some 128 00:07:54,640 --> 00:07:58,440 Speaker 1: leeway in how he conducted the proceedings. When he entered 129 00:07:58,440 --> 00:08:02,640 Speaker 1: the courtroom, Dana approached him regarding his offer to represent Burns. 130 00:08:03,480 --> 00:08:07,080 Speaker 1: Dana said that he thought Burns was terrified, truly paralyzed 131 00:08:07,120 --> 00:08:10,680 Speaker 1: with fear, and quote, in a condition wholly unfit to 132 00:08:10,800 --> 00:08:15,000 Speaker 1: act for himself. He suggested that Loring call Burns to 133 00:08:15,040 --> 00:08:17,520 Speaker 1: the bench and try to figure out what his actual 134 00:08:17,600 --> 00:08:20,760 Speaker 1: wishes were, rather than questioning him while he was sitting 135 00:08:20,880 --> 00:08:24,680 Speaker 1: right next to Subtle, whose presence was obviously intimidating. 136 00:08:25,800 --> 00:08:30,360 Speaker 2: Loring started the hearing. Subtle's attorneys were Seth J. Thomas 137 00:08:30,400 --> 00:08:31,040 Speaker 2: and Edward G. 138 00:08:31,240 --> 00:08:31,640 Speaker 1: Parker. 139 00:08:32,559 --> 00:08:35,600 Speaker 2: One of them read the warrant for Burns's arrest, along 140 00:08:35,600 --> 00:08:38,559 Speaker 2: with the document that had been issued in Virginia finding 141 00:08:38,559 --> 00:08:42,480 Speaker 2: that Burns was Subtle's property. William Brent was called to 142 00:08:42,520 --> 00:08:45,360 Speaker 2: the stand as a witness that Burns was the man 143 00:08:45,440 --> 00:08:49,240 Speaker 2: who was named in these documents. There was really no 144 00:08:49,440 --> 00:08:52,760 Speaker 2: legal requirement for a more thorough preceding than this, or 145 00:08:52,760 --> 00:08:55,920 Speaker 2: for Burns to have any kind of legal representation, But 146 00:08:55,960 --> 00:09:00,120 Speaker 2: at this point Dana stood up. He had no authority 147 00:09:00,160 --> 00:09:03,640 Speaker 2: to represent Burns in any official capacity, so he addressed 148 00:09:03,679 --> 00:09:05,520 Speaker 2: Luring as a friend of the court and made a 149 00:09:05,559 --> 00:09:10,120 Speaker 2: motion that Burns be allowed to have counsel. Suttle's attorneys 150 00:09:10,200 --> 00:09:13,920 Speaker 2: objected to this, but then another attorney, Charles m Ellis, 151 00:09:14,160 --> 00:09:19,080 Speaker 2: made a similar motion to Danis. Commissioner Loring asked Burns 152 00:09:19,080 --> 00:09:21,439 Speaker 2: to be brought to the bench and for his shackles 153 00:09:21,480 --> 00:09:25,280 Speaker 2: to be removed. He asked whether Burns wanted to make 154 00:09:25,320 --> 00:09:29,559 Speaker 2: a defense. When Burns did not answer, Loring asked if 155 00:09:29,559 --> 00:09:31,559 Speaker 2: he would like a delay for a day or two 156 00:09:31,679 --> 00:09:35,439 Speaker 2: to make a decision. Burns ultimately said that he did, 157 00:09:35,640 --> 00:09:38,800 Speaker 2: and Loring postponed the proceedings until May twenty seventh. 158 00:09:39,880 --> 00:09:42,800 Speaker 1: Burns continued to be held in the courthouse in the 159 00:09:42,880 --> 00:09:46,720 Speaker 1: jury room, manacled and guarded by four men. In the 160 00:09:46,720 --> 00:09:50,360 Speaker 1: words of his biographer Charles Emery Stevens, quote, the interval 161 00:09:50,480 --> 00:09:53,840 Speaker 1: was industriously employed by these tools of the slaveholder in 162 00:09:53,880 --> 00:09:56,960 Speaker 1: the livery of the federal government in attempts to lead 163 00:09:57,040 --> 00:10:02,120 Speaker 1: Burns into making admissions fatal to himself. For example, quote, 164 00:10:02,360 --> 00:10:06,000 Speaker 1: they plied him with questions which, quietly, assuming the fact 165 00:10:06,000 --> 00:10:10,480 Speaker 1: that he was subtle slave, looked toward information on unimportant points. 166 00:10:11,280 --> 00:10:15,400 Speaker 1: Thus they inquired whether Subtle raised or bought him. In 167 00:10:15,480 --> 00:10:19,120 Speaker 1: this instance, Burns proved too shrewd for them and told 168 00:10:19,160 --> 00:10:24,400 Speaker 1: them to find out some other way. He wasn't always shrewd, though. 169 00:10:25,160 --> 00:10:27,640 Speaker 1: At one point one of the guards told him that 170 00:10:27,720 --> 00:10:31,800 Speaker 1: word around town was that Subtle had mistreated him. The 171 00:10:31,840 --> 00:10:34,360 Speaker 1: state of his hand from when he had been injured 172 00:10:34,440 --> 00:10:37,040 Speaker 1: working at a sawmill in his early teens was seen 173 00:10:37,080 --> 00:10:41,800 Speaker 1: as proof of this alleged mistreatment. The guard said that 174 00:10:41,800 --> 00:10:44,360 Speaker 1: Subtle was very annoyed by this, and that it might 175 00:10:44,480 --> 00:10:47,080 Speaker 1: help things go better for Burns if he wrote a 176 00:10:47,160 --> 00:10:52,320 Speaker 1: letter setting the record straight. So Burns did this, and 177 00:10:52,320 --> 00:10:55,400 Speaker 1: then a minister who came to visit him immediately realized 178 00:10:55,400 --> 00:10:57,440 Speaker 1: what was going on, that this letter was going to 179 00:10:57,480 --> 00:11:01,880 Speaker 1: be incriminating evidence, and demanded that it be destroyed. The guards, 180 00:11:01,920 --> 00:11:04,480 Speaker 1: of course, refused to destroy the letter, but then Burns 181 00:11:04,480 --> 00:11:06,520 Speaker 1: said that he had something to add to it. They 182 00:11:06,520 --> 00:11:10,360 Speaker 1: gave it back to him. He destroyed it himself. We 183 00:11:10,440 --> 00:11:13,400 Speaker 1: will talk about what was happening outside the courthouse during 184 00:11:13,440 --> 00:11:16,000 Speaker 1: this delay after we paused for a sponsor break. 185 00:11:25,800 --> 00:11:29,880 Speaker 2: While Anthony Burns was being held in the courthouse, Boston's 186 00:11:29,880 --> 00:11:33,359 Speaker 2: Committee of Vigilance was working on a plan to free him. 187 00:11:33,840 --> 00:11:37,200 Speaker 2: This racially integrated committee had been formed after the passage 188 00:11:37,200 --> 00:11:40,200 Speaker 2: of the Fugitive Slave Act of eighteen fifty to fight 189 00:11:40,320 --> 00:11:42,720 Speaker 2: back against the Act and to try to protect people 190 00:11:42,760 --> 00:11:46,960 Speaker 2: who were affected by it. The Committee monitored Southerners who 191 00:11:47,080 --> 00:11:49,680 Speaker 2: arrived in Boston to figure out if they were there 192 00:11:49,720 --> 00:11:53,960 Speaker 2: to apprehend somebody or for some other reason. If they 193 00:11:54,000 --> 00:11:57,040 Speaker 2: heard somebody had escaped and boarded a ship to Boston, 194 00:11:57,120 --> 00:11:59,680 Speaker 2: they would try to send a smaller vessel to intercept 195 00:11:59,760 --> 00:12:02,600 Speaker 2: that before it got to the harbor. Sometimes they would 196 00:12:02,720 --> 00:12:05,840 Speaker 2: make up a purportedly legal reason that they needed to 197 00:12:05,840 --> 00:12:08,720 Speaker 2: get aboard. They would then try to get that person 198 00:12:08,800 --> 00:12:13,000 Speaker 2: too shore outside of town rather than in Boston Harbor, 199 00:12:13,080 --> 00:12:15,040 Speaker 2: so that they had a better chance of getting away. 200 00:12:16,120 --> 00:12:19,520 Speaker 2: The committee also tried to shelter and protect people who 201 00:12:19,640 --> 00:12:22,960 Speaker 2: arrived in Massachusetts's fugitives, so they had a lot of 202 00:12:22,960 --> 00:12:26,760 Speaker 2: connections to the underground railroad. They had been involved in 203 00:12:26,800 --> 00:12:30,080 Speaker 2: the efforts to rescue Thomas Simms and Shadrack Mincoln's in 204 00:12:30,120 --> 00:12:34,600 Speaker 2: eighteen fifty one. The Committee and other activists in Boston 205 00:12:34,720 --> 00:12:37,520 Speaker 2: started working on a plan as soon as they heard 206 00:12:37,520 --> 00:12:41,160 Speaker 2: Burns was being held at the courthouse. They also set 207 00:12:41,280 --> 00:12:44,479 Speaker 2: around the clock watch on the courthouse in case authorities 208 00:12:44,520 --> 00:12:48,280 Speaker 2: tried to move Burns somewhere else or to hold his 209 00:12:48,360 --> 00:12:50,120 Speaker 2: hearing in the middle of the night to try to 210 00:12:50,120 --> 00:12:54,959 Speaker 2: avoid spectators. Members of the committee held secret meetings at 211 00:12:55,000 --> 00:12:59,960 Speaker 2: Faniel Hall and Tremont Temple, and two prevailing thoughts emerged. 212 00:13:01,000 --> 00:13:04,480 Speaker 2: One group thought that they should break into the courthouse 213 00:13:04,520 --> 00:13:08,040 Speaker 2: and remove Burns by force as soon as possible, as 214 00:13:08,080 --> 00:13:12,000 Speaker 2: had been done with Shadrack Mincoln's. Others thought that they 215 00:13:12,000 --> 00:13:15,600 Speaker 2: should wait until the Commissioner announced his decision and if 216 00:13:15,640 --> 00:13:18,120 Speaker 2: Burns was going to be returned to slavery, then they 217 00:13:18,120 --> 00:13:22,240 Speaker 2: should rally support from all over Boston fill the streets. 218 00:13:22,280 --> 00:13:24,640 Speaker 2: When he was being taken to the harbor. They would 219 00:13:24,720 --> 00:13:28,400 Speaker 2: make themselves into a physical human barrier so they could 220 00:13:28,400 --> 00:13:32,880 Speaker 2: get him to safety in the ensuing chaos. Ultimately, the 221 00:13:32,920 --> 00:13:36,280 Speaker 2: committee voted in favor of trying to rescue Burns after 222 00:13:36,320 --> 00:13:38,680 Speaker 2: the hearing when he was being taken to the harbor, 223 00:13:39,480 --> 00:13:42,119 Speaker 2: not trying to get him out of the courthouse itself. 224 00:13:44,040 --> 00:13:48,000 Speaker 1: A public meeting was also planned, with announcements in newspapers 225 00:13:48,040 --> 00:13:51,200 Speaker 1: and notices posted all over the city that read, a 226 00:13:51,280 --> 00:13:55,000 Speaker 1: man kidnapped. Public Meetings at Faniel Hall will be held 227 00:13:55,000 --> 00:13:58,720 Speaker 1: this Friday evening, May twenty six, at seven o'clock to 228 00:13:58,840 --> 00:14:01,680 Speaker 1: secure justice for a man claimed as a slave by 229 00:14:01,720 --> 00:14:06,480 Speaker 1: a Virginia kidnapper and now imprisoned in Boston Courthouse in 230 00:14:06,559 --> 00:14:10,600 Speaker 1: defiance of the laws of Massachusetts. Shall he be plunged 231 00:14:10,679 --> 00:14:14,680 Speaker 1: into the hell of Virginia slavery by a Massachusetts judge 232 00:14:14,720 --> 00:14:19,720 Speaker 1: of probate. Somewhere between two thousand and five thousand people 233 00:14:19,960 --> 00:14:23,600 Speaker 1: attended this public meeting. I saw both of those numbers. 234 00:14:24,600 --> 00:14:27,920 Speaker 1: One of the speakers was George R. Russell, former mayor 235 00:14:27,960 --> 00:14:30,600 Speaker 1: of Roxbury, who said, in part quote, the boast of 236 00:14:30,640 --> 00:14:33,960 Speaker 1: the slaveholder is that he will catch his slaves under 237 00:14:34,000 --> 00:14:38,440 Speaker 1: the shadow of Bunker Hill. We have made compromises until 238 00:14:38,480 --> 00:14:43,520 Speaker 1: we find that compromise is concession and concession is degradation. 239 00:14:45,040 --> 00:14:48,520 Speaker 1: Samuel Gridley Howe also presented a set of resolutions that 240 00:14:48,560 --> 00:14:52,800 Speaker 1: were adopted by the meeting, including no man's freedom is 241 00:14:52,920 --> 00:14:58,120 Speaker 1: safe unless all men are free. Even though the Vigilance 242 00:14:58,160 --> 00:15:02,080 Speaker 1: Committee voted to rescue Burne after the hearing, some of 243 00:15:02,120 --> 00:15:05,240 Speaker 1: the advocates for breaking him out of the courthouse went 244 00:15:05,280 --> 00:15:09,000 Speaker 1: ahead with that plan, including getting some axes to try 245 00:15:09,040 --> 00:15:12,480 Speaker 1: to break down the doors. After the public meeting at 246 00:15:12,480 --> 00:15:16,000 Speaker 1: Faniel Hall, word spread that people were attacking the courthouse 247 00:15:16,360 --> 00:15:20,720 Speaker 1: and thousands of people arrived on the scene. Someone grabbed 248 00:15:20,760 --> 00:15:24,080 Speaker 1: a beam from a nearby construction site to use as 249 00:15:24,120 --> 00:15:27,760 Speaker 1: a battering ram. As all of this was happening, Burns 250 00:15:27,840 --> 00:15:30,680 Speaker 1: was placed in the corner of the jury room, farthest 251 00:15:30,720 --> 00:15:34,560 Speaker 1: away from what was taking place outside. The people who 252 00:15:34,600 --> 00:15:38,680 Speaker 1: were attacking the courthouse doors did manage very briefly to 253 00:15:38,720 --> 00:15:42,960 Speaker 1: get through one of them, and Unitarian minister Thomas wentworth. 254 00:15:43,000 --> 00:15:46,360 Speaker 1: Higginson and another man both wound up inside the building, 255 00:15:47,120 --> 00:15:50,280 Speaker 1: not for very long, though they were quickly forced outside again. 256 00:15:50,400 --> 00:15:54,680 Speaker 1: But during this struggle, several people were injured, and twenty 257 00:15:54,720 --> 00:15:58,480 Speaker 1: four year old Deputy Marshal James Bachelder was fatally wounded. 258 00:15:59,200 --> 00:16:02,360 Speaker 1: He was either shot or stabbed, and he bled to 259 00:16:02,400 --> 00:16:06,480 Speaker 1: death within minutes. It is not clear exactly what happened. 260 00:16:06,880 --> 00:16:11,160 Speaker 1: Different physicians who examined the body came to different conclusions, 261 00:16:11,600 --> 00:16:14,840 Speaker 1: and multiple people believed that they had either fired the 262 00:16:14,840 --> 00:16:19,520 Speaker 1: fatal shot or had accidentally stabbed him. It is not 263 00:16:19,600 --> 00:16:22,280 Speaker 1: even clear whether Bachelder was struck by one of the 264 00:16:22,280 --> 00:16:25,160 Speaker 1: attackers trying to get into the building or one of 265 00:16:25,200 --> 00:16:29,040 Speaker 1: the people trying to defend the building. The US Marshall 266 00:16:29,080 --> 00:16:33,000 Speaker 1: called for federal troops to restore order. This included marines 267 00:16:33,000 --> 00:16:37,600 Speaker 1: from Fort Warren and the Charlestown Navy Yard. Multiple people 268 00:16:37,640 --> 00:16:40,600 Speaker 1: were arrested, and over the next couple of days, nine 269 00:16:40,720 --> 00:16:44,720 Speaker 1: people were charged with murder, including Higginson, although none of 270 00:16:44,760 --> 00:16:48,960 Speaker 1: these charges ever came to trial. On May twenty seventh, 271 00:16:49,040 --> 00:16:53,440 Speaker 1: Burns's hearing resumed, and President Franklin Pierce ordered federal troops 272 00:16:53,440 --> 00:16:57,200 Speaker 1: to guard the courthouse. Dana and Ellis had been joined 273 00:16:57,200 --> 00:16:59,720 Speaker 1: by Robert Morris, who we talked about in our episode 274 00:16:59,720 --> 00:17:03,240 Speaker 1: on Carl Sumner. Morris was one of the first black 275 00:17:03,280 --> 00:17:06,760 Speaker 1: attorneys in the United States. They were trying to find 276 00:17:06,800 --> 00:17:09,760 Speaker 1: a way to shift the legal proceedings from the administrative 277 00:17:09,800 --> 00:17:12,720 Speaker 1: hearing that was outlined under the Fugitive Slave Act of 278 00:17:12,720 --> 00:17:17,440 Speaker 1: eighteen fifty to an actual trial with a jury. This 279 00:17:17,480 --> 00:17:20,320 Speaker 1: would not only give Burns rights and protections he was 280 00:17:20,359 --> 00:17:23,639 Speaker 1: not entitled to under the Fugitive Slave Act, but it 281 00:17:23,680 --> 00:17:26,440 Speaker 1: could also potentially lead to a case that could challenge 282 00:17:26,440 --> 00:17:29,240 Speaker 1: the constitutionality of the Fugitive Slave Act. 283 00:17:30,320 --> 00:17:32,520 Speaker 2: One of the things they tried to do was to 284 00:17:32,600 --> 00:17:36,960 Speaker 2: file a writ of personal replevin, which is somewhat similar 285 00:17:37,000 --> 00:17:40,399 Speaker 2: to a writ of habeas corpus. With a writ of 286 00:17:40,440 --> 00:17:45,199 Speaker 2: habeas corpus, authorities who are keeping somewhat in custody have 287 00:17:45,320 --> 00:17:49,399 Speaker 2: to produce that person in court. In Massachusetts in eighteen 288 00:17:49,480 --> 00:17:53,560 Speaker 2: fifty four, a writ of habeas corpus did not necessarily 289 00:17:53,680 --> 00:17:57,200 Speaker 2: result in a jury trial, but a writ of personal 290 00:17:57,240 --> 00:18:02,600 Speaker 2: replevin did at that under the way this writ worked, 291 00:18:02,760 --> 00:18:05,680 Speaker 2: it was up to the defendant, meaning in this case, 292 00:18:05,760 --> 00:18:10,320 Speaker 2: the authorities that were detaining someone to prove that detention 293 00:18:10,760 --> 00:18:13,800 Speaker 2: was valid. So the hope was to use a writ 294 00:18:13,800 --> 00:18:17,840 Speaker 2: of personal replevin to force Subtle and his attorneys to 295 00:18:17,920 --> 00:18:22,639 Speaker 2: prove their case in front of a jury. This process 296 00:18:22,680 --> 00:18:26,520 Speaker 2: took days, during which they got another postponement of the hearing. 297 00:18:27,560 --> 00:18:30,199 Speaker 2: The coroner had been tasked with serving the writ, and 298 00:18:30,240 --> 00:18:32,800 Speaker 2: the first time he tried to do so, the US 299 00:18:32,880 --> 00:18:36,960 Speaker 2: Marshal simply refused, saying that Burns was being held under 300 00:18:37,000 --> 00:18:40,879 Speaker 2: the legal process outlined in the Fugitive Slave Act. The 301 00:18:40,880 --> 00:18:43,800 Speaker 2: federal troops who were stationed around the courthouse were also 302 00:18:44,000 --> 00:18:47,600 Speaker 2: trying to prohibit access to the building. A number of 303 00:18:47,680 --> 00:18:51,160 Speaker 2: Boston officials, including some of the Board of Aldermen, met 304 00:18:51,160 --> 00:18:53,720 Speaker 2: with the Chief of Police to figure out how to 305 00:18:53,800 --> 00:18:58,880 Speaker 2: serve the rent without the interference of federal troops. Burns's 306 00:18:58,920 --> 00:19:01,960 Speaker 2: attorneys were also trying to gather evidence that could raise 307 00:19:02,119 --> 00:19:05,119 Speaker 2: reasonable doubts if this did get in front of a jury. 308 00:19:05,880 --> 00:19:09,119 Speaker 2: Like Burns had been identified based on a scar on 309 00:19:09,200 --> 00:19:11,880 Speaker 2: his face and the one on his hand from when 310 00:19:11,880 --> 00:19:15,520 Speaker 2: he was injured as a teen, but when William Brent 311 00:19:15,800 --> 00:19:19,960 Speaker 2: testified about Burns's identity, he said that he had seen 312 00:19:20,160 --> 00:19:24,480 Speaker 2: Burns in Richmond at the end of March, that was impossible. 313 00:19:24,560 --> 00:19:27,240 Speaker 2: At the end of March, Burns was already in Boston, 314 00:19:27,320 --> 00:19:30,439 Speaker 2: and there were multiple witnesses from Boston who could attest 315 00:19:30,480 --> 00:19:35,320 Speaker 2: to that. As the public furor over Burns's detention increased 316 00:19:35,359 --> 00:19:39,040 Speaker 2: around Boston, the troops who were guarding him started saying 317 00:19:39,080 --> 00:19:43,000 Speaker 2: that they were fearing for their lives. Some reported taking 318 00:19:43,040 --> 00:19:45,840 Speaker 2: indirect routes to and from the courthouse with the hope 319 00:19:45,840 --> 00:19:50,480 Speaker 2: of avoiding demonstrators. Subtle moved from the ground floor of 320 00:19:50,480 --> 00:19:53,159 Speaker 2: his lodgings to the attic and went around with a 321 00:19:53,200 --> 00:19:58,520 Speaker 2: bodyguard made up of Harvard students from the South. Negotiations 322 00:19:58,560 --> 00:20:02,480 Speaker 2: to secure Burns's freedom were also going on outside the courtroom, 323 00:20:02,680 --> 00:20:05,680 Speaker 2: and on Saturday May twenty seventh, Subtle agreed to sell 324 00:20:05,760 --> 00:20:10,800 Speaker 2: him for twelve hundred dollars. Even though the ultimate purpose 325 00:20:11,000 --> 00:20:14,520 Speaker 2: of this sale would be to free him, it would 326 00:20:14,560 --> 00:20:19,920 Speaker 2: have been illegal in Massachusetts. Even so, the Reverend Leonard A. Grimes, 327 00:20:20,000 --> 00:20:24,119 Speaker 2: pastor at twelfth Baptist Church, started working on raising that money. 328 00:20:24,760 --> 00:20:28,960 Speaker 2: He got subscriptions from wealthy people around Boston, including one 329 00:20:28,960 --> 00:20:31,760 Speaker 2: that was basically a four hundred dollars loan to just 330 00:20:31,960 --> 00:20:35,280 Speaker 2: enable this transaction to happen, but they would need to 331 00:20:35,359 --> 00:20:37,920 Speaker 2: raise that money to return it to the donor after 332 00:20:37,960 --> 00:20:42,080 Speaker 2: the sale was over. Everything seemed to be lining up 333 00:20:42,119 --> 00:20:46,159 Speaker 2: for Burns to be freed, and Subtle signed paperwork agreeing 334 00:20:46,240 --> 00:20:49,280 Speaker 2: to this sale. But as they were in the US 335 00:20:49,400 --> 00:20:54,560 Speaker 2: Marshall's office finishing the negotiations, District Attorney Benjamin Hallett arrived 336 00:20:54,600 --> 00:20:58,080 Speaker 2: and refused to honor that sale. He argued that his 337 00:20:58,200 --> 00:21:01,960 Speaker 2: Subtle sold Burns to abolitionists, the US government would have 338 00:21:02,040 --> 00:21:05,880 Speaker 2: no opportunity to recoup the expenses that had already gone 339 00:21:05,880 --> 00:21:09,760 Speaker 2: into these proceedings, and there would also be no opportunity 340 00:21:09,760 --> 00:21:15,560 Speaker 2: for restitution in James Batchelder's death. Arguing over this stretched 341 00:21:15,640 --> 00:21:19,760 Speaker 2: past midnight, at which point it was Sunday being the sabbath, 342 00:21:19,920 --> 00:21:22,640 Speaker 2: and Commissioner Loring told everyone they would have to leave 343 00:21:23,040 --> 00:21:27,080 Speaker 2: and reconvene on Monday morning, May twenty ninth. When they 344 00:21:27,200 --> 00:21:30,760 Speaker 2: did reconvene that Monday, Subtle set his offer to sell 345 00:21:30,800 --> 00:21:33,320 Speaker 2: Burns had only been good for May twenty seventh, and 346 00:21:33,400 --> 00:21:37,280 Speaker 2: it had expired. When that matter was not settled before midnight, 347 00:21:38,359 --> 00:21:42,120 Speaker 2: Subtle said he would still sell Burns but only after 348 00:21:42,160 --> 00:21:44,200 Speaker 2: the hearing was over and had been found in his 349 00:21:44,200 --> 00:21:49,119 Speaker 2: favor and he had returned to Virginia. Although Burns's attorneys 350 00:21:49,119 --> 00:21:51,680 Speaker 2: were not successful in their efforts to get him a 351 00:21:51,760 --> 00:21:55,080 Speaker 2: jury trial, he did have a longer hearing than the 352 00:21:55,119 --> 00:21:59,639 Speaker 2: simple administrative hearing that the law required. Over the next 353 00:21:59,680 --> 00:22:03,600 Speaker 2: two days, attorneys on both sides submitted their evidence for 354 00:22:03,880 --> 00:22:08,840 Speaker 2: and against Anthony Burns. Richard Dana also delivered a four 355 00:22:09,000 --> 00:22:13,119 Speaker 2: hour closing argument in which he pointed out various contradictions 356 00:22:13,119 --> 00:22:16,399 Speaker 2: in the testimonies of Subtle and Brent and their legal 357 00:22:16,440 --> 00:22:20,600 Speaker 2: documents from Virginia, and spelled out arguments Loring could use 358 00:22:20,680 --> 00:22:25,399 Speaker 2: to justify freeing Burns. This included arguing that since Brent 359 00:22:25,600 --> 00:22:28,280 Speaker 2: was the one responsible for Burns when he left Virginia, 360 00:22:28,800 --> 00:22:32,119 Speaker 2: Subtle didn't even have standing to initiate the proceedings to 361 00:22:32,160 --> 00:22:36,959 Speaker 2: have him returned. Yeah, this whole argument was very explicit. 362 00:22:37,119 --> 00:22:40,520 Speaker 2: It was like, you can say these things. That is 363 00:22:40,560 --> 00:22:45,600 Speaker 2: a compelling legal argument to find in Burns's favor. As 364 00:22:45,840 --> 00:22:49,960 Speaker 2: all of this was happening, on May thirtieth, eighteen fifty four, 365 00:22:50,200 --> 00:22:54,400 Speaker 2: President Franklin Pierce signed the Kansas Nebraska Act into law. 366 00:22:55,560 --> 00:22:57,919 Speaker 2: We talked about this Act in our episode on Charles 367 00:22:57,920 --> 00:23:01,760 Speaker 2: Sumner last year as well. Under the Missouri Compromise of 368 00:23:01,800 --> 00:23:05,640 Speaker 2: eighteen twenty, a dividing line had been established, with slavery 369 00:23:05,760 --> 00:23:09,000 Speaker 2: outlawed in new states and territories north of that line, 370 00:23:09,760 --> 00:23:14,639 Speaker 2: But the Kansas Nebraska Act repealed that compromise, leaving the 371 00:23:14,720 --> 00:23:17,439 Speaker 2: question of whether slavery would be allowed in the newly 372 00:23:17,520 --> 00:23:22,080 Speaker 2: formed territories of Kansas and Nebraska up to popular sovereignty 373 00:23:22,840 --> 00:23:23,399 Speaker 2: or voting. 374 00:23:24,119 --> 00:23:28,480 Speaker 1: Abolitionists in Massachusetts and elsewhere were outraged over the Kansas 375 00:23:28,520 --> 00:23:31,800 Speaker 1: Nebraska Act, which had the potential to allow slavery in 376 00:23:31,880 --> 00:23:35,840 Speaker 1: places where it had previously been illegal, and it made 377 00:23:35,880 --> 00:23:38,000 Speaker 1: a lot of the people who were opposed to Anthony 378 00:23:38,040 --> 00:23:42,800 Speaker 1: Burns being returned to slavery even angrier. The following day, 379 00:23:42,920 --> 00:23:46,159 Speaker 1: June first, Amos Adams Lawrence wrote a letter to his 380 00:23:46,240 --> 00:23:49,520 Speaker 1: father in law, Giles Richards, that said, in part quote, 381 00:23:49,720 --> 00:23:53,280 Speaker 1: we went to bed one night, old fashioned conservative compromise 382 00:23:53,440 --> 00:23:58,560 Speaker 1: union whigs and waked up stark mad abolitionists. We'll get 383 00:23:58,600 --> 00:24:11,359 Speaker 1: to what happened next after sponsor break. On June first, 384 00:24:11,600 --> 00:24:15,800 Speaker 1: eighteen fifty four, Commissioner Edward Loring ordered Anthony Burns to 385 00:24:15,880 --> 00:24:19,760 Speaker 1: be returned to slavery in Virginia, and while there were, 386 00:24:19,760 --> 00:24:24,160 Speaker 1: of course pro slavery people in Boston, a significant part 387 00:24:24,320 --> 00:24:29,240 Speaker 1: of the population was outraged. This was a shift from 388 00:24:29,320 --> 00:24:33,160 Speaker 1: the public sentiment in eighteen fifty one, when Shadrack Mincoln's 389 00:24:33,160 --> 00:24:35,640 Speaker 1: had been freed from the courthouse and taken to Canada, 390 00:24:35,800 --> 00:24:40,159 Speaker 1: and when Thomas Simms had been returned to enslavement. In 391 00:24:40,240 --> 00:24:43,520 Speaker 1: eighteen fifty one, the Fugitive Slave Act had been controversial, 392 00:24:43,880 --> 00:24:46,840 Speaker 1: but more people had supported it or thought it was 393 00:24:46,920 --> 00:24:51,639 Speaker 1: necessary to keep the union intact. This shift is something 394 00:24:51,720 --> 00:24:55,960 Speaker 1: Burns's attorney, Richard ATE's Jana Junior remarked on saying, quote, 395 00:24:56,000 --> 00:25:00,080 Speaker 1: men who were hostile or unpleasant in eighteen fifty one 396 00:25:00,640 --> 00:25:04,879 Speaker 1: now are cordial and complimentary, and the prevailing talk among 397 00:25:04,960 --> 00:25:08,520 Speaker 1: merchants and lawyers is that of hostility to slavery and 398 00:25:08,680 --> 00:25:13,160 Speaker 1: the slave power. Amos Adams Lawrence, for example, was from 399 00:25:13,160 --> 00:25:16,040 Speaker 1: a family whose wealth had come from the textile industry, 400 00:25:16,119 --> 00:25:19,760 Speaker 1: and that meant it was reliant on southern cotton. He 401 00:25:19,800 --> 00:25:22,679 Speaker 1: had written a letter in eighteen fifty one expressing a 402 00:25:22,720 --> 00:25:26,480 Speaker 1: willingness to lynch the people who had freed Shadrack Minkns. 403 00:25:27,240 --> 00:25:29,880 Speaker 1: In addition to the sentiments expressed in the letter we've 404 00:25:29,960 --> 00:25:33,919 Speaker 1: quoted in these episodes, in eighteen fifty four he offered 405 00:25:33,920 --> 00:25:38,119 Speaker 1: to pay all of Dana's legal expenses. Not long after this, 406 00:25:38,280 --> 00:25:41,360 Speaker 1: he would also pour huge amounts of money into anti 407 00:25:41,359 --> 00:25:45,760 Speaker 1: slavery efforts in Kansas. The city of Lawrence, Kansas is 408 00:25:45,880 --> 00:25:46,680 Speaker 1: named for him. 409 00:25:47,480 --> 00:25:49,280 Speaker 2: Yeah, I read a couple of articles that kind of 410 00:25:49,400 --> 00:25:53,560 Speaker 2: characterized him as being radicalized by the case of Anthony Burns. 411 00:25:54,840 --> 00:25:56,040 Speaker 1: The federal government, of. 412 00:25:56,000 --> 00:25:59,240 Speaker 2: Course, wanted to ensure that the Fugitive Slave Act was 413 00:25:59,359 --> 00:26:02,720 Speaker 2: Uphell and that Burns was successfully put on a ship 414 00:26:02,880 --> 00:26:07,320 Speaker 2: and sent back to slavery in Virginia. Once again, federal 415 00:26:07,359 --> 00:26:10,760 Speaker 2: troops were tasked with doing this. On June second, more 416 00:26:10,760 --> 00:26:14,320 Speaker 2: than two thousand federal soldiers and marines were stationed around 417 00:26:14,320 --> 00:26:18,920 Speaker 2: Boston City. Police and Boston militia also lined the streets. 418 00:26:19,520 --> 00:26:23,040 Speaker 2: A nineteen twenty five piece by Canadian historian Fred Landen 419 00:26:23,119 --> 00:26:27,600 Speaker 2: described the law enforcement and military presence that day this way. 420 00:26:27,760 --> 00:26:31,280 Speaker 2: Quote in the guard that marched that day through the 421 00:26:31,320 --> 00:26:36,080 Speaker 2: streets of Boston. Surrounding Burns, there was a regiment of artillery, 422 00:26:36,680 --> 00:26:40,600 Speaker 2: a platoon of US Marines. The Marshall's civic posse of 423 00:26:40,600 --> 00:26:43,920 Speaker 2: one hundred and twenty five men close in about the prisoner, 424 00:26:44,520 --> 00:26:48,840 Speaker 2: two further platoons of marines immediately behind with a field piece, 425 00:26:49,400 --> 00:26:53,080 Speaker 2: and yet another platoon of marines to guard it. The 426 00:26:53,119 --> 00:26:56,040 Speaker 2: city of Boston had a population of about one hundred 427 00:26:56,040 --> 00:27:00,080 Speaker 2: and thirty seven thousand people in eighteen fifty four. An 428 00:27:00,200 --> 00:27:03,080 Speaker 2: estimated fifty thousand of those people took to the streets 429 00:27:03,119 --> 00:27:06,840 Speaker 2: on June tewod to protest the rendition of Anthony Burns. 430 00:27:07,640 --> 00:27:11,360 Speaker 2: People yelled things like shame and kidnappers at the federal 431 00:27:11,400 --> 00:27:15,720 Speaker 2: troops who escorted him to the harbor, some through bricks 432 00:27:15,760 --> 00:27:18,280 Speaker 2: and rocks, and there were a number of skirmishes along 433 00:27:18,320 --> 00:27:22,800 Speaker 2: the route, some of them resulting in injuries. Businesses and 434 00:27:22,880 --> 00:27:27,600 Speaker 2: homes draped their windows with funeral bunting. A coffin draped 435 00:27:27,640 --> 00:27:30,280 Speaker 2: in black cloth was suspended over the street in front 436 00:27:30,280 --> 00:27:33,679 Speaker 2: of the Old State House, emblazoned with the words the 437 00:27:33,720 --> 00:27:38,480 Speaker 2: funeral of Liberty. Yet rendition, if you're not familiar with 438 00:27:38,560 --> 00:27:41,080 Speaker 2: that use of that term is sort of the legal 439 00:27:41,240 --> 00:27:45,080 Speaker 2: term for an interstate extradition in the United States. 440 00:27:46,080 --> 00:27:47,399 Speaker 1: Richard Dana and. 441 00:27:47,280 --> 00:27:50,840 Speaker 2: The Reverend Leonard Grimes asked for permission to accompany Burns 442 00:27:50,920 --> 00:27:54,159 Speaker 2: to the harbor, but that permission was refused, so he 443 00:27:54,240 --> 00:27:58,560 Speaker 2: walked alone, flanked by soldiers through cordons established by law enforcement, 444 00:27:59,040 --> 00:28:00,879 Speaker 2: wearing a new suit that had been given to him 445 00:28:00,920 --> 00:28:04,199 Speaker 2: by some of the militia. When he got to the wharf, 446 00:28:04,240 --> 00:28:06,600 Speaker 2: he was put aboard a federal ship which had a 447 00:28:06,720 --> 00:28:11,400 Speaker 2: naval escort out of Boston Harbor. The cost of Burns's 448 00:28:11,520 --> 00:28:14,720 Speaker 2: transportation to the harbor and back to Virginia, which was 449 00:28:14,760 --> 00:28:19,240 Speaker 2: paid for by the federal government, was about forty thousand dollars, 450 00:28:19,440 --> 00:28:22,200 Speaker 2: which is very roughly equivalent to one and a half 451 00:28:22,320 --> 00:28:23,720 Speaker 2: million dollars today. 452 00:28:24,880 --> 00:28:28,080 Speaker 1: This was one of the most infamous fugitive slave trials 453 00:28:28,080 --> 00:28:30,560 Speaker 1: in the years leading up to the US Civil War, 454 00:28:31,119 --> 00:28:33,080 Speaker 1: and it was also the topic of a lot of 455 00:28:33,160 --> 00:28:36,880 Speaker 1: Sunday sermons that week in Boston and elsewhere in Massachusetts. 456 00:28:37,680 --> 00:28:41,080 Speaker 1: In the words of Burns's biographer, Charles Emory Stevens, quote, 457 00:28:41,200 --> 00:28:44,800 Speaker 1: the extradition of Anthony Burns as a fugitive slave was 458 00:28:44,840 --> 00:28:48,000 Speaker 1: the most memorable case of the kind that has occurred 459 00:28:48,040 --> 00:28:52,000 Speaker 1: since the adoption of the Federal Constitution. It was memorable 460 00:28:52,120 --> 00:28:54,320 Speaker 1: for the place and for the time of its occurrence, 461 00:28:54,720 --> 00:28:57,320 Speaker 1: the place being the ancient and chief seat of liberty 462 00:28:57,320 --> 00:29:00,080 Speaker 1: in America, and the time being just the moment, but 463 00:29:00,120 --> 00:29:03,240 Speaker 1: when the cause of liberty had received a most wicked 464 00:29:03,560 --> 00:29:06,560 Speaker 1: and crushing blow from the hand of the federal government. 465 00:29:07,520 --> 00:29:10,160 Speaker 1: It was memorable also for the difficulty with which it 466 00:29:10,240 --> 00:29:14,080 Speaker 1: was accomplished, for the intense popular excitement which it caused, 467 00:29:14,360 --> 00:29:17,800 Speaker 1: for the unexampled expense which it entailed, for the grave 468 00:29:17,960 --> 00:29:21,480 Speaker 1: questions of law which it involved, for the punishment which 469 00:29:21,520 --> 00:29:23,840 Speaker 1: it brought down upon the head of the chief actor, 470 00:29:24,240 --> 00:29:26,880 Speaker 1: and for the political revolution which it drew on. 471 00:29:27,880 --> 00:29:31,520 Speaker 2: After arriving in Norfolk, Virginia, Burns was kept in jail 472 00:29:31,600 --> 00:29:35,000 Speaker 2: for two days before boarding another ship bound for Richmond. 473 00:29:35,960 --> 00:29:39,440 Speaker 2: There he was incarcerated at a slave trading complex run 474 00:29:39,440 --> 00:29:44,000 Speaker 2: by Robert Lumpkin, which was known as Lumpkin's Jail. While 475 00:29:44,040 --> 00:29:46,960 Speaker 2: most of the other people there were being held before 476 00:29:47,000 --> 00:29:50,520 Speaker 2: being sold, and they were kept in cells together, Burns 477 00:29:50,800 --> 00:29:54,320 Speaker 2: was shackled in an attic room that was accessible only 478 00:29:54,400 --> 00:29:55,320 Speaker 2: through a trapdoor. 479 00:29:55,600 --> 00:29:56,000 Speaker 1: Alone. 480 00:29:56,920 --> 00:29:59,080 Speaker 2: He had a bench rather than a bed, and was 481 00:29:59,120 --> 00:30:01,920 Speaker 2: only given a thin blanket and one meal a day. 482 00:30:02,920 --> 00:30:06,280 Speaker 2: This was an attic room in Virginia in the summer, 483 00:30:06,760 --> 00:30:09,360 Speaker 2: so it was very hot, and since he was chained 484 00:30:09,400 --> 00:30:12,960 Speaker 2: by the hands and feet, Burns had no way to try. 485 00:30:12,760 --> 00:30:17,480 Speaker 1: To make himself more comfortable. This permanently affected his health, 486 00:30:17,640 --> 00:30:21,360 Speaker 1: and he said that it felt like revenge. At the 487 00:30:21,400 --> 00:30:26,479 Speaker 1: beginning of his incarceration, his chains were periodically removed so 488 00:30:26,520 --> 00:30:29,280 Speaker 1: that he could be taken downstairs and shown to visitors. 489 00:30:30,560 --> 00:30:33,200 Speaker 1: Most of them wanted not just to gawk at him, 490 00:30:33,400 --> 00:30:36,080 Speaker 1: but to tell them how they thought he had damaged 491 00:30:36,120 --> 00:30:38,880 Speaker 1: to the state of Virginia and that his life should 492 00:30:38,880 --> 00:30:41,960 Speaker 1: have been sacrificed for the good of the slaveholding class. 493 00:30:42,880 --> 00:30:46,920 Speaker 1: These visits eventually tapered off, at which point his only 494 00:30:47,120 --> 00:30:50,320 Speaker 1: contact with other people was through a hole that he 495 00:30:50,560 --> 00:30:52,120 Speaker 1: enlarged through the floor. 496 00:30:51,880 --> 00:30:55,280 Speaker 2: With a spoon. In the area that was covered up 497 00:30:55,320 --> 00:30:58,400 Speaker 2: by the trap door. When it was open, he would 498 00:30:58,400 --> 00:31:00,520 Speaker 2: talk to the people who were in the cell beneath 499 00:31:00,600 --> 00:31:01,560 Speaker 2: him through that hole. 500 00:31:02,840 --> 00:31:06,000 Speaker 1: He had managed to conceal a pen and some paper 501 00:31:06,080 --> 00:31:09,520 Speaker 1: in his clothes while still in Boston, and someone in 502 00:31:09,560 --> 00:31:12,440 Speaker 1: the cell below had managed to smuggle him some ink. 503 00:31:13,400 --> 00:31:15,880 Speaker 1: He worked pieces of brick out of the wall, and 504 00:31:15,960 --> 00:31:18,920 Speaker 1: he wrapped letters around them, written to friends in Boston 505 00:31:18,960 --> 00:31:22,320 Speaker 1: and elsewhere. He would wait until he saw a black 506 00:31:22,360 --> 00:31:25,480 Speaker 1: person pass by on the street below before dropping them 507 00:31:25,520 --> 00:31:27,800 Speaker 1: out of the window, and he knew that this was 508 00:31:27,840 --> 00:31:31,600 Speaker 1: a risk because a black person finding that letter probably 509 00:31:31,640 --> 00:31:33,680 Speaker 1: wouldn't be able to read and would need to find 510 00:31:33,680 --> 00:31:37,520 Speaker 1: someone who could. One of these notes ended up being 511 00:31:37,560 --> 00:31:41,520 Speaker 1: delivered to Subtle, who had his jailers confiscate his paper 512 00:31:41,560 --> 00:31:44,760 Speaker 1: and pen. Yeah, I think he determined that none of 513 00:31:44,800 --> 00:31:47,400 Speaker 1: the letters that he tried to send this way actually 514 00:31:47,440 --> 00:31:53,000 Speaker 1: wound up getting to their intended recipient. Abolitionists in Boston 515 00:31:53,280 --> 00:31:56,040 Speaker 1: were still trying to get Subtle to sell Burns to them, 516 00:31:56,440 --> 00:31:58,720 Speaker 1: but at this point he refused. He said that his 517 00:31:58,800 --> 00:32:01,800 Speaker 1: friends in Virginia were a posed to it. They said 518 00:32:01,840 --> 00:32:05,240 Speaker 1: it might encourage more people to try to escape, knowing 519 00:32:05,320 --> 00:32:08,240 Speaker 1: that doing so might lead to their being purchased by 520 00:32:08,280 --> 00:32:11,880 Speaker 1: somebody in the North. But eventually some members of the 521 00:32:11,920 --> 00:32:14,440 Speaker 1: militia got in touch with him about it, and since 522 00:32:14,480 --> 00:32:18,440 Speaker 1: they were militia and not abolitionists, he seemed more willing 523 00:32:18,480 --> 00:32:19,600 Speaker 1: to entertain their offer. 524 00:32:20,600 --> 00:32:24,240 Speaker 2: At this point, though, he wanted fifteen hundred dollars, which 525 00:32:24,320 --> 00:32:30,080 Speaker 2: they were unable to raise. Finally, Subtle sold Burns at auction, 526 00:32:30,800 --> 00:32:33,320 Speaker 2: telling the auctioneer to make sure that he did not 527 00:32:33,520 --> 00:32:37,520 Speaker 2: go to anyone in the North. Burns was sold to 528 00:32:37,600 --> 00:32:41,120 Speaker 2: David McDaniel of Rocky Mountain, North Carolina for nine hundred 529 00:32:41,160 --> 00:32:45,840 Speaker 2: and five dollars. McDaniel left Richmond with Burns at night 530 00:32:45,960 --> 00:32:48,480 Speaker 2: to try to avoid the possibility of an angry mob 531 00:32:48,560 --> 00:32:51,880 Speaker 2: harassing them on their way out of town. He was 532 00:32:52,000 --> 00:32:55,600 Speaker 2: really notorious in the South at this point. He was 533 00:32:55,640 --> 00:32:59,240 Speaker 2: getting a comparable level of attention to what he had 534 00:32:59,280 --> 00:33:03,520 Speaker 2: gotten in Boston, but like from the absolute opposite angle. 535 00:33:03,600 --> 00:33:07,160 Speaker 2: People were ready to tell him that he had harmed 536 00:33:07,200 --> 00:33:09,800 Speaker 2: the whole state of Virginia, that he deserved everything, that 537 00:33:09,840 --> 00:33:11,080 Speaker 2: he was getting, all kinds of. 538 00:33:11,080 --> 00:33:11,720 Speaker 1: Stuff like that. 539 00:33:12,920 --> 00:33:16,160 Speaker 2: Once he was sold to McDaniel, the people of Boston 540 00:33:16,240 --> 00:33:19,600 Speaker 2: basically lost track of Anthony Burns, but eventually one of 541 00:33:19,680 --> 00:33:23,520 Speaker 2: McDaniel's neighbors realized who he was, and word made its 542 00:33:23,560 --> 00:33:27,440 Speaker 2: way back to a minister named George Stockwell contacted the 543 00:33:27,480 --> 00:33:31,440 Speaker 2: Reverend Leonard Grimes, who worked with black abolitionists in Boston, 544 00:33:31,480 --> 00:33:35,280 Speaker 2: to raise thirteen hundred dollars to purchase Burns from McDaniel. 545 00:33:36,280 --> 00:33:39,640 Speaker 2: They traveled to Baltimore to make this transaction, which was 546 00:33:39,720 --> 00:33:43,200 Speaker 2: carried out with some difficulty on February twenty seventh of 547 00:33:43,280 --> 00:33:47,320 Speaker 2: eighteen fifty five, and after that Burns was free. A 548 00:33:47,440 --> 00:33:50,400 Speaker 2: reception was held in his honor at Tremont Temple in 549 00:33:50,480 --> 00:33:55,600 Speaker 2: Boston on March seventh, eighteen fifty five. After returning to Boston, 550 00:33:56,000 --> 00:33:59,480 Speaker 2: Burns told his life story to Charles Emery Stevens, who 551 00:33:59,640 --> 00:34:02,200 Speaker 2: had also witnessed a lot of the events surrounding his 552 00:34:02,280 --> 00:34:07,320 Speaker 2: case in Boston firsthand. Stevens wrote Anthony Burns, a History 553 00:34:07,400 --> 00:34:09,920 Speaker 2: based on this and other research, and he published that 554 00:34:09,960 --> 00:34:13,440 Speaker 2: book in eighteen fifty six. Burns sold copies of the 555 00:34:13,440 --> 00:34:16,440 Speaker 2: book and also did speaking engagements to help pay for 556 00:34:16,520 --> 00:34:21,480 Speaker 2: his education. He reportedly refused an offer of five hundred 557 00:34:21,520 --> 00:34:24,799 Speaker 2: dollars to speak at P. T. Barnum's museum, saying that 558 00:34:24,880 --> 00:34:28,880 Speaker 2: Barnum wanted to quote show him like a monkey. He 559 00:34:28,920 --> 00:34:31,920 Speaker 2: didn't want to earn a living off of this book 560 00:34:32,120 --> 00:34:35,440 Speaker 2: and speaking, though he sort of thought that it was 561 00:34:35,719 --> 00:34:38,840 Speaker 2: making money off of something evil. What he wanted was 562 00:34:38,920 --> 00:34:43,360 Speaker 2: to become an ordained minister. A Boston donor funded a 563 00:34:43,360 --> 00:34:46,719 Speaker 2: scholarship for him to study at Oberlin College in Ohio. 564 00:34:47,320 --> 00:34:50,040 Speaker 2: It's possible that he also spent some time at Fairmount 565 00:34:50,080 --> 00:34:52,160 Speaker 2: Theological Seminary in Cincinnati. 566 00:34:52,880 --> 00:34:55,600 Speaker 1: In eighteen fifty five, Burns wrote to a church that 567 00:34:55,640 --> 00:34:59,160 Speaker 1: he had attended in Virginia, asking for a letter of dismission, 568 00:34:59,680 --> 00:35:02,800 Speaker 1: ending his membership there so that he could join another church. 569 00:35:03,880 --> 00:35:07,200 Speaker 1: This church published its response in the Fort Royal Gazette 570 00:35:07,200 --> 00:35:11,400 Speaker 1: on November eighth, eighteen fifty five, saying, quote, Anthony Burns 571 00:35:11,440 --> 00:35:14,640 Speaker 1: absconded from the service of his master and refused to 572 00:35:14,680 --> 00:35:20,040 Speaker 1: return voluntarily, thereby disobeying both the laws of God and man. 573 00:35:20,880 --> 00:35:24,560 Speaker 1: Although he subsequently obtained his freedom by purchase, yet we 574 00:35:24,640 --> 00:35:28,280 Speaker 1: have now to consider him only as a fugitive from labor, 575 00:35:28,640 --> 00:35:32,360 Speaker 1: as he was before his arrest and restoration to his master. 576 00:35:33,600 --> 00:35:37,040 Speaker 2: Burns's response to this was printed as an appendix to 577 00:35:37,080 --> 00:35:41,279 Speaker 2: his biography. He told Stevens that he had some assistance 578 00:35:41,360 --> 00:35:44,440 Speaker 2: in preparing it, but that the substance was all his own. 579 00:35:45,360 --> 00:35:48,120 Speaker 2: It's said in part quote, I admit that I left 580 00:35:48,160 --> 00:35:51,600 Speaker 2: my master so called and refused to return. But I 581 00:35:51,840 --> 00:35:54,799 Speaker 2: deny that in this I disobeyed either the law of 582 00:35:54,880 --> 00:35:58,440 Speaker 2: God or any real law of men. Look at my 583 00:35:58,560 --> 00:36:02,200 Speaker 2: case I was stolen and made a slave as soon 584 00:36:02,239 --> 00:36:04,960 Speaker 2: as I was born. No man had any right to 585 00:36:05,000 --> 00:36:08,600 Speaker 2: steal me. That man stealer who stole me trampled on 586 00:36:08,680 --> 00:36:12,279 Speaker 2: my dearest rights. He committed an outrage on the law 587 00:36:12,320 --> 00:36:15,960 Speaker 2: of God. Therefore, his man stealing gave him no right 588 00:36:16,000 --> 00:36:19,319 Speaker 2: in me, and laid me under no obligation to be 589 00:36:19,400 --> 00:36:22,920 Speaker 2: his slave. God made me a man, not a slave, 590 00:36:23,440 --> 00:36:25,640 Speaker 2: and gave me the same right to myself that he 591 00:36:25,680 --> 00:36:29,400 Speaker 2: gave the man who stole me to himself. The great 592 00:36:29,520 --> 00:36:32,280 Speaker 2: wrongs he has done me in stealing me and making 593 00:36:32,280 --> 00:36:35,239 Speaker 2: me a slave, and compelling me to work for him 594 00:36:35,280 --> 00:36:38,799 Speaker 2: many years without wages, and in holding me as merchandise, 595 00:36:39,480 --> 00:36:42,360 Speaker 2: these wrongs could never put me under obligation to stay 596 00:36:42,360 --> 00:36:46,920 Speaker 2: with him or return voluntarily. When once escaped, he. 597 00:36:46,920 --> 00:36:49,279 Speaker 1: Went on to say, quote, you charge me that in 598 00:36:49,440 --> 00:36:54,759 Speaker 1: escaping I disobeyed God's law. No, indeed, that law which 599 00:36:54,800 --> 00:36:57,440 Speaker 1: God wrote on the table of my heart, inspiring the 600 00:36:57,480 --> 00:36:59,719 Speaker 1: love of freedom and impelling me to seek it at 601 00:36:59,719 --> 00:37:03,359 Speaker 1: every hazard, I obeyed, and by the good hand of 602 00:37:03,400 --> 00:37:05,720 Speaker 1: my God upon me, I walked out of the house 603 00:37:05,760 --> 00:37:09,120 Speaker 1: of bondage. You charge me with disobeying the laws of 604 00:37:09,200 --> 00:37:13,000 Speaker 1: men I utterly deny that those things which outrage all 605 00:37:13,160 --> 00:37:16,880 Speaker 1: right are laws. To be real laws, they must be 606 00:37:16,960 --> 00:37:20,120 Speaker 1: founded in equity. You have thrust me out of your 607 00:37:20,200 --> 00:37:23,880 Speaker 1: church fellowship, so be it. You can do no more. 608 00:37:24,440 --> 00:37:27,880 Speaker 1: You cannot exclude me from Heaven. You cannot hinder my 609 00:37:28,000 --> 00:37:29,520 Speaker 1: daily fellowship with God. 610 00:37:30,440 --> 00:37:33,400 Speaker 2: In eighteen sixty, Burns was offered a position as a 611 00:37:33,440 --> 00:37:37,239 Speaker 2: preacher at a church in Indianapolis, Indiana, but he wasn't 612 00:37:37,239 --> 00:37:40,879 Speaker 2: able to accept that position since Indiana's eighteen fifty one 613 00:37:40,960 --> 00:37:45,360 Speaker 2: constitution banned black people from entering, passing through, or settling 614 00:37:45,400 --> 00:37:49,080 Speaker 2: in the state. Not long after, he was hired at 615 00:37:49,200 --> 00:37:52,800 Speaker 2: Zion Baptist Church in Saint Catharine's, Canada West, which was 616 00:37:52,880 --> 00:37:56,359 Speaker 2: later known as Ontario. He moved there and took up 617 00:37:56,360 --> 00:37:59,480 Speaker 2: his position, but he died of tuberculosis a couple of 618 00:37:59,520 --> 00:38:02,759 Speaker 2: years later on July twenty seventh, eighteen sixty two, at 619 00:38:02,800 --> 00:38:05,839 Speaker 2: the age of twenty eight. He was buried at Saint 620 00:38:05,920 --> 00:38:09,160 Speaker 2: Catherine's Cemetery, and his grave there was restored in the 621 00:38:09,200 --> 00:38:10,040 Speaker 2: year two thousand. 622 00:38:11,160 --> 00:38:13,920 Speaker 1: In the words of an obituary in a Saint Catherine's 623 00:38:13,960 --> 00:38:17,799 Speaker 1: newspaper quote, mister Burns's memory will be cherished long by 624 00:38:17,840 --> 00:38:21,319 Speaker 1: not a few in this town. His gentle, unassuming, and 625 00:38:21,400 --> 00:38:26,040 Speaker 1: yet manly bearing secured him many friends. His removal is 626 00:38:26,080 --> 00:38:28,560 Speaker 1: felt to be a great loss, and his place will 627 00:38:28,600 --> 00:38:29,760 Speaker 1: not soon be filled. 628 00:38:30,760 --> 00:38:34,319 Speaker 2: The trial and rendition of Anthony Burns had impacts on 629 00:38:34,520 --> 00:38:36,840 Speaker 2: a number of other people who were connected to it, 630 00:38:36,960 --> 00:38:42,800 Speaker 2: and on Massachusetts more broadly. In particular, although Commissioner Edward G. 631 00:38:43,000 --> 00:38:47,040 Speaker 2: Loring had given Burns a more thorough legal proceeding than 632 00:38:47,080 --> 00:38:50,399 Speaker 2: he was legally entitled to under the Fugitive Slave Act 633 00:38:50,400 --> 00:38:54,880 Speaker 2: of eighteen fifty, people were outraged that he had found 634 00:38:54,880 --> 00:38:58,319 Speaker 2: for Burns and slaver. There were also people who were 635 00:38:58,360 --> 00:39:01,600 Speaker 2: angry because they thought Loring's role as a state probate 636 00:39:01,719 --> 00:39:04,360 Speaker 2: judge that have prevented him from being involved in the 637 00:39:04,400 --> 00:39:08,480 Speaker 2: first place. The Harvard Board of Overseers voted not to 638 00:39:08,520 --> 00:39:12,360 Speaker 2: reappoint him for his position at Harvard Law. He was 639 00:39:12,440 --> 00:39:16,440 Speaker 2: also removed from his position as a probate judge. However, 640 00:39:16,480 --> 00:39:19,839 Speaker 2: President James Buchanan later appointed him to the Federal Court 641 00:39:19,880 --> 00:39:21,040 Speaker 2: of Claims. 642 00:39:21,200 --> 00:39:24,680 Speaker 1: In eighteen fifty five. In response to the Burns case 643 00:39:24,800 --> 00:39:28,560 Speaker 1: and the events surrounding it, Massachusetts also passed one of 644 00:39:28,560 --> 00:39:32,759 Speaker 1: the strictest personal liberty laws in the United States. The 645 00:39:32,880 --> 00:39:36,400 Speaker 1: legislature had to override the veto of Governor Henry Gardner 646 00:39:36,480 --> 00:39:40,040 Speaker 1: to pass this law, which was written specifically to limit 647 00:39:40,080 --> 00:39:42,840 Speaker 1: the power of the Fugitive Slave Act of eighteen fifty. 648 00:39:43,840 --> 00:39:47,360 Speaker 1: It explicitly applied the terms of the earlier eighteen forty 649 00:39:47,360 --> 00:39:51,560 Speaker 1: three personal liberty law to the Fugitive Slave Act. It 650 00:39:51,640 --> 00:39:54,960 Speaker 1: declared that quote every person imprisoned or restrained of his 651 00:39:55,080 --> 00:39:58,480 Speaker 1: liberty is entitled, as of right and of course, to 652 00:39:58,560 --> 00:40:02,360 Speaker 1: the writ of habeas corpus accept in the cases mentioned 653 00:40:02,440 --> 00:40:07,120 Speaker 1: in the second section of the chapter, A wide array 654 00:40:07,360 --> 00:40:12,160 Speaker 1: of legal bodies and legal officials were authorized to issue 655 00:40:12,280 --> 00:40:16,120 Speaker 1: these writs. A court would then have to order a 656 00:40:16,160 --> 00:40:20,680 Speaker 1: trial by jury at which the confessions, admissions, and declarations 657 00:40:20,719 --> 00:40:25,480 Speaker 1: of the alleged fugitive against themselves would not be admissible 658 00:40:25,600 --> 00:40:29,040 Speaker 1: as evidence. So you could not, for example, go ask 659 00:40:29,080 --> 00:40:32,920 Speaker 1: somebody a bunch of leading questions to then introduce the 660 00:40:33,040 --> 00:40:37,520 Speaker 1: answers to those questions as evidence. The burden of proof 661 00:40:37,800 --> 00:40:42,279 Speaker 1: was explicitly on the acclaimant, meaning the enslaver, not on 662 00:40:42,360 --> 00:40:46,080 Speaker 1: the alleged fugitive. This law is a big reason why 663 00:40:46,120 --> 00:40:49,400 Speaker 1: Anthony Burns was the last person to face a rendition 664 00:40:49,560 --> 00:40:55,439 Speaker 1: hearing after escaping from enslavement and fleeing to Massachusetts. Where 665 00:40:55,440 --> 00:40:57,560 Speaker 1: are we at on listener mail Tracy. 666 00:40:57,840 --> 00:41:03,399 Speaker 2: Well, we are at Iguanadon, been at Guanadon tennor hooray. 667 00:41:04,040 --> 00:41:06,560 Speaker 2: This is from Grace. It's a short email, but Grace 668 00:41:06,600 --> 00:41:09,600 Speaker 2: said hello. When I started the episode on the New 669 00:41:09,680 --> 00:41:12,800 Speaker 2: Year's Eve Iguanadon Dinner, I could have sworn that y'all 670 00:41:12,840 --> 00:41:16,000 Speaker 2: had already done an episode on it until I remembered 671 00:41:16,600 --> 00:41:20,440 Speaker 2: I was thinking of Tasting History. Max Miller did an 672 00:41:20,480 --> 00:41:24,439 Speaker 2: episode about the dinner and making salmi de pedri. I'm 673 00:41:24,520 --> 00:41:27,160 Speaker 2: saying that real bad. It's French. It's sort of French, 674 00:41:27,560 --> 00:41:30,279 Speaker 2: which was on the menu that night. Love hearing about 675 00:41:30,320 --> 00:41:32,840 Speaker 2: something from two different angles. Thanks for joining me on 676 00:41:32,880 --> 00:41:36,800 Speaker 2: so many car rides and household chores with a smile, Grace, 677 00:41:37,360 --> 00:41:40,319 Speaker 2: Thank you so much, Grace for this email. I did 678 00:41:40,360 --> 00:41:44,000 Speaker 2: not watch or really look at this episode of Tasting 679 00:41:44,080 --> 00:41:47,440 Speaker 2: History when I was working on this, but they did 680 00:41:48,440 --> 00:41:52,480 Speaker 2: make this dish. I'm always fascinated with the historical recipes. 681 00:41:52,600 --> 00:41:55,600 Speaker 2: There is a recipe on their website that is from 682 00:41:55,680 --> 00:41:59,040 Speaker 2: Beaton's Book of Household Management by Isabella Beaton from eighteen 683 00:41:59,120 --> 00:42:03,760 Speaker 2: sixty one that has this whole recipe and so it 684 00:42:03,840 --> 00:42:11,560 Speaker 2: is partridge and then Sawmi is a French cooking method. 685 00:42:12,280 --> 00:42:17,040 Speaker 1: Yeah, it's like roasting, yeah, and then in a sauce. Yeah. 686 00:42:17,080 --> 00:42:20,360 Speaker 2: I did not look too deeply into what any of 687 00:42:20,440 --> 00:42:24,440 Speaker 2: the individual dishes that were served in the Iguanadon that 688 00:42:24,480 --> 00:42:26,640 Speaker 2: I had never heard of were I actually like. And 689 00:42:26,680 --> 00:42:30,560 Speaker 2: now I kind of want to maybe try to recreate 690 00:42:30,600 --> 00:42:34,600 Speaker 2: as many of them as possible in the cold winter 691 00:42:34,800 --> 00:42:37,560 Speaker 2: where there's currently so much snow that I definitely do 692 00:42:37,640 --> 00:42:40,160 Speaker 2: not want to go out to buy ingredients. 693 00:42:41,120 --> 00:42:42,800 Speaker 1: But anyway, thank you so much. 694 00:42:42,640 --> 00:42:47,440 Speaker 2: For that email, Grace, and for reminding me about tasting history, 695 00:42:47,560 --> 00:42:52,080 Speaker 2: because I have not really partaken in any tasting history 696 00:42:52,080 --> 00:42:55,160 Speaker 2: stuff in a while, and it's really cool. If you 697 00:42:55,200 --> 00:42:57,800 Speaker 2: would like to send us a note, we're at history 698 00:42:57,840 --> 00:43:01,520 Speaker 2: Podcasts at iHeartRadio dot com. If you want to look 699 00:43:01,560 --> 00:43:04,759 Speaker 2: at the source list for our episodes, that is on 700 00:43:04,800 --> 00:43:09,400 Speaker 2: our website at mistonhistory dot com. Also, you can subscribe 701 00:43:09,440 --> 00:43:12,040 Speaker 2: to our show on the iHeartRadio app and anywhere else 702 00:43:12,080 --> 00:43:19,400 Speaker 2: you'd like to get your podcasts. Stuff you missed in 703 00:43:19,480 --> 00:43:23,160 Speaker 2: history class is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts 704 00:43:23,160 --> 00:43:27,320 Speaker 2: from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever 705 00:43:27,400 --> 00:43:29,160 Speaker 2: you listen to your favorite shows.