WEBVTT - How Braille Works 0:00:00.240 --> 0:00:03.040 Brought to you by the reinvented two thousand twelve Camray. 0:00:03.120 --> 0:00:07.480 It's ready. Are you welcome to Stuff you Should Know 0:00:08.080 --> 0:00:17.479 from how Stuff Works dot Com? So, Chuck, it's really 0:00:17.560 --> 0:00:20.919 hot here. Yes, we are still in Guatemala here on Thursday. 0:00:21.880 --> 0:00:25.400 Although we recorded this we bypass the spacetime continue them 0:00:25.440 --> 0:00:27.920 to fool you all. Then it's actually quite comfortable here 0:00:27.960 --> 0:00:30.160 in the studio. It is. It's lovely and hopefully neither 0:00:30.160 --> 0:00:32.040 one of us have died from typhoid at this point 0:00:32.120 --> 0:00:34.479 or been taken hostage. We take out to tell you 0:00:34.520 --> 0:00:37.040 I'm worried about, right, and hopefully what's happening is you 0:00:37.080 --> 0:00:39.800 guys are reading about this on our blog at how 0:00:39.840 --> 0:00:42.519 Stuff Works dot com Stuff you Should Know blog. Depending 0:00:42.560 --> 0:00:45.479 on our internet we are uploading daily post about our 0:00:45.520 --> 0:00:48.920 experience here. Either that or if what Chuck just said 0:00:48.960 --> 0:00:51.440 proved false, that means that we have spotty internet down 0:00:51.440 --> 0:00:53.840 in Guatemala and all of them will be uploaded the 0:00:53.840 --> 0:00:56.600 following week after we get back. Right, that's it, okay, 0:00:56.680 --> 0:00:59.360 So look for those live now on the blogs that 0:00:59.440 --> 0:01:17.040 how stuff We're dot com or the week beginning the fifteen. Hey, 0:01:17.200 --> 0:01:20.320 welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark with me is 0:01:20.360 --> 0:01:25.240 always a Charles W. Bryant, and guest producer Matt Frederick. Yeah, 0:01:25.640 --> 0:01:28.520 Matt is filling in for Jerry, who's sick right now 0:01:28.880 --> 0:01:32.080 because she's got the hepatitis. She doesn't really I got 0:01:32.080 --> 0:01:34.280 the hepatitis. Now you don't. What do you think they 0:01:34.319 --> 0:01:37.880 injected us with? Uh? Folks, we got hepatitis shots by 0:01:37.880 --> 0:01:41.280 the way, because we are traveling to Central America, Guatemala, 0:01:41.360 --> 0:01:43.280 and they said that that's a good thing to get. 0:01:43.440 --> 0:01:45.479 And I don't know what they inject you with. They 0:01:45.480 --> 0:01:48.880 inject you within active hepatitis, so your body can form anybody. 0:01:49.600 --> 0:01:52.320 So when you get with the active one, it's like 0:01:52.560 --> 0:01:55.240 you can't stay here. C Jerry like got sick, and 0:01:55.280 --> 0:01:58.520 I was like, I feel good, I feel awful, my 0:01:58.720 --> 0:02:00.720 arms hurt, I feel so or. I feel like I'm 0:02:00.760 --> 0:02:04.080 getting sick because I also got the the T DApp Yeah, 0:02:04.080 --> 0:02:07.360 the the technics dip theory. Yeah, And um, I don't 0:02:07.400 --> 0:02:09.679 feel very good right now, Chuck. Do you remember last 0:02:09.720 --> 0:02:12.519 year when I got sick for like eighteen straight weeks. 0:02:12.760 --> 0:02:15.000 That was fun. Well, I'm hoping to fight this one off. 0:02:15.440 --> 0:02:17.400 So we got Maddie in here. This is a pleasure 0:02:17.560 --> 0:02:19.640 matte of lines and scissors. Are you guys still together? 0:02:21.440 --> 0:02:24.640 At one point the singer left and the guitar player left, 0:02:24.639 --> 0:02:27.520 and like Matt was left with a drum kit and 0:02:27.639 --> 0:02:30.480 like a part time keyboard player or something. You can 0:02:30.560 --> 0:02:33.239 make something these days with that. I think it's weeks 0:02:33.360 --> 0:02:35.639 later they decided they wanted to be in the band again, though, 0:02:35.680 --> 0:02:37.840 so I think they were like working on a reunion 0:02:37.880 --> 0:02:41.080 tour now. And it all began with a camping trip 0:02:41.680 --> 0:02:47.600 that one person wasn't invited to this historic So Matt, 0:02:47.680 --> 0:02:51.000 good to have you here, my friend. I concur Do 0:02:51.040 --> 0:02:52.679 you have an intro? Or should we just say, let's 0:02:52.720 --> 0:02:55.520 talk about Braille. Let's talk about Brill. I do a 0:02:55.560 --> 0:02:58.919 little bit. You know much about Louis Braille. Yeah, sure. 0:02:59.360 --> 0:03:02.600 Louis Braille invented brail because he was a blind boy. 0:03:02.760 --> 0:03:05.760 You know how he got blind? He stuck something sharp 0:03:05.760 --> 0:03:10.000 in his eye. He did in all a w l yes, 0:03:10.080 --> 0:03:12.639 thank you. My thick tongue does not allow for distinction 0:03:12.720 --> 0:03:15.680 between all and all. He did that when he was 0:03:15.720 --> 0:03:18.360 three years old. Yeah. His dad was a leather worker 0:03:18.480 --> 0:03:21.359 and he used the all, which is a basically a 0:03:21.480 --> 0:03:24.959 very sharp pointed instrument with a you could lobotomize somebody 0:03:25.000 --> 0:03:28.600 with it. It's a little big, but sure. He almost 0:03:28.639 --> 0:03:31.680 lobotomized himself with a gruesome lobotomy. He was screwed around 0:03:31.680 --> 0:03:33.080 with it and it slid out of his hand and 0:03:33.160 --> 0:03:36.400 hit his eye right and then what he got infected? Yeah, 0:03:36.480 --> 0:03:38.760 he got infected and then he lost sight in his 0:03:38.800 --> 0:03:42.680 other eye because of sympathetic ophthalmia, which is when one 0:03:42.720 --> 0:03:45.560 eye says I that I's not gonna stick around, then 0:03:45.840 --> 0:03:49.080 I'm gonna go off the duty as well. Yeah, but 0:03:49.160 --> 0:03:51.280 that wasn't mentioned in this article. I thought that was surprising. 0:03:51.600 --> 0:03:54.200 It is a bit surprising. Um. That reminds me of 0:03:54.200 --> 0:03:56.839 a King of the Hill where Um Hank Hill goes 0:03:56.920 --> 0:03:59.160 blind in one eye and then he goes blind in 0:03:59.200 --> 0:04:03.000 the other and Gary his mom's boyfriends, like, I've never 0:04:03.080 --> 0:04:06.080 heard of an eye sympathetically shutting down before. I was 0:04:06.120 --> 0:04:08.960 hoping you're gonna say it had something to do with con. No, 0:04:09.080 --> 0:04:11.280 I can't do a good con that was good. I 0:04:11.360 --> 0:04:14.840 gotta say it's con right, I'm a Oshan, and then 0:04:14.880 --> 0:04:18.000 you're supposed to say you're from the ocean. I can't 0:04:18.000 --> 0:04:20.080 do a good hand kill either of I don't watch 0:04:20.120 --> 0:04:22.479 it anymore. Every singday brought Tom Petty on. I'm like 0:04:22.560 --> 0:04:27.560 this yeah as a character, yeah, or as Tom Petty 0:04:27.640 --> 0:04:30.279 as a character. Yeah, it's awful. I love Petty and 0:04:30.279 --> 0:04:32.000 I love King of the Hill. Do you love Tom 0:04:32.040 --> 0:04:35.840 Petty because he's great? I'm sorry, I just threw up 0:04:35.839 --> 0:04:39.800 in my mouth a little bit. Um anyway, Wow, we 0:04:39.960 --> 0:04:44.480 already got off all right. Louis Brow was not wanting 0:04:44.520 --> 0:04:47.760 to be kept down despite an all sticking into his 0:04:47.839 --> 0:04:52.320 eye and going completely blind by age three. Right. Yeah. 0:04:52.360 --> 0:04:55.200 He was inspired in fact, some years later when he 0:04:55.240 --> 0:04:58.440 was a teen by a visitor that came from the 0:04:58.520 --> 0:05:02.600 Royal Institution for Blind Youth, guy named Charles Barbier. Yeah. 0:05:02.640 --> 0:05:05.480 And this was in the early eighteen twenties or mid 0:05:05.520 --> 0:05:08.680 eighteen twenties, depending on who you ask. Late eighteen twenties. 0:05:09.200 --> 0:05:13.159 Other sources say early. Another issue with this article, uh, 0:05:13.160 --> 0:05:17.080 and he and this guy Barbia had invented a code 0:05:17.680 --> 0:05:21.599 called uh night riding to allow soldiers to communicate to 0:05:21.640 --> 0:05:23.200 each other in the dark. And this is not to 0:05:23.240 --> 0:05:29.159 be confused with night rider or night swimming. No, um, 0:05:29.360 --> 0:05:32.200 is it not night rider? I thought it was night rider. 0:05:32.760 --> 0:05:35.880 Night rider. I thought he invented the car. No, he 0:05:35.920 --> 0:05:39.680 invented night writing, totally different, and that did not catch 0:05:39.720 --> 0:05:43.440 on an army right right, So he he went to 0:05:43.560 --> 0:05:47.479 the School for the Blind where Louis Braille was twelve. 0:05:47.560 --> 0:05:52.120 When Barbier visited, I guess and boom, yeah, smart little 0:05:52.160 --> 0:05:55.039 kid says I can use this. He yeah, and he could. 0:05:55.080 --> 0:05:58.919 And actually within three years he had worked out the kinks. UM. 0:05:59.800 --> 0:06:04.960 He basically optimized night writing UH, and UM created his 0:06:04.960 --> 0:06:07.320 own system, which we know and love now is Brail 0:06:07.760 --> 0:06:11.600 at age fifteen. By age twenty, he prints. He published 0:06:11.600 --> 0:06:14.560 his first book in Brail Awesome. It was probably large 0:06:14.600 --> 0:06:18.560 and bulky, but strangely enough, Brail didn't catch on UH 0:06:19.000 --> 0:06:24.920 globally or even UM in France UH until after he died, right, 0:06:25.080 --> 0:06:28.360 And even then it was popular with the Institute UH 0:06:28.440 --> 0:06:31.760 for Blind Youth, but it still wasn't like super widespread 0:06:31.800 --> 0:06:33.560 because and this is something I didn't know. This is 0:06:33.600 --> 0:06:35.360 sort of like the Totem podcast. There's all these little 0:06:35.360 --> 0:06:40.279 tidbits I never knew. Ah, there were competing codes, and 0:06:40.320 --> 0:06:43.920 different inventors came up with different code. So clearly, when 0:06:43.920 --> 0:06:45.960 there's different systems out there, it's going to be hard 0:06:45.960 --> 0:06:47.839 to decide which one to use, and hard for one 0:06:47.880 --> 0:06:51.320 to become widespread. So that's one reason. Did you know 0:06:51.480 --> 0:06:55.960 there's no universal sign language. I believe it didn't know that. Yeah, 0:06:56.120 --> 0:07:00.560 one of the competing UM. I guess. A tactile alphabet 0:07:00.640 --> 0:07:02.960 is what you call these things in general. UM. It 0:07:03.040 --> 0:07:07.080 was created by a guy named Valentine. How we Yeah, 0:07:07.120 --> 0:07:08.880 I don't even know. You shouldn't even try h a 0:07:09.080 --> 0:07:12.320 u um out why it's not uter now it's um 0:07:12.360 --> 0:07:17.680 aout okay. UM. He created a system that is basically 0:07:17.800 --> 0:07:24.360 kind of wavy uh Latin characters, but it looked very 0:07:24.440 --> 0:07:27.760 much like the characters that we use here in the West, 0:07:28.400 --> 0:07:30.920 but they were a little waverer, a little more elongated, 0:07:31.080 --> 0:07:34.680 I guess, ostensibly so that you could feel them more easily. 0:07:35.080 --> 0:07:40.120 And still to this day some people UM considered this 0:07:40.600 --> 0:07:47.600 type of tactile writing UM easier to learn. Very good point. Thanks. 0:07:48.040 --> 0:07:52.080 The thing is Brail eventually did catch on, chuck and um. 0:07:52.200 --> 0:07:55.120 These days, Louis Brail is looked upon in much the 0:07:55.200 --> 0:08:00.640 same way that UM. Uh. Johann Guttenberg is Yeah, sure, 0:08:01.120 --> 0:08:06.560 I think actually UM. Helen Keller on the anniversary anniversary 0:08:06.640 --> 0:08:10.640 of Louis Brail's death said something along the lines of um, 0:08:10.680 --> 0:08:13.400 in our small way, we the Blinder is indebted to 0:08:13.440 --> 0:08:17.440 Louis Braila's mankind is the Gutenberg. Sure, he basically took 0:08:17.720 --> 0:08:23.800 a group of humans who were virtually unrecognized in the 0:08:23.960 --> 0:08:28.800 educational system and gave them a way to become educated people. 0:08:30.080 --> 0:08:32.839 Literate created literacy, both of them, Yeah, among the blind, 0:08:33.120 --> 0:08:34.560 and they both took a little while to catch on, 0:08:34.679 --> 0:08:38.160 largely because, um. What one of the reasons we said 0:08:38.160 --> 0:08:39.800 with the Brail is because they were competing codes. But 0:08:39.840 --> 0:08:44.320 they're also the books. Brail books were really bulky and large. 0:08:44.600 --> 0:08:47.080 Still are, well, they still are, but back then, dude, 0:08:47.080 --> 0:08:49.440 it was even worse. Like you didn't want to be 0:08:49.520 --> 0:08:53.199 lugging around Brail books in your rucksack. No. And Tracy, 0:08:53.240 --> 0:08:56.640 who wrote this article, um, is a huge Harry Potter fan. 0:08:57.679 --> 0:09:01.400 So she described how big Harry Potter and what the 0:09:01.480 --> 0:09:05.839 half Blood something else something I don't know whatever, Harry floodprints. 0:09:05.960 --> 0:09:09.400 They go that Harry Potter book is fourteen volumes long, 0:09:09.480 --> 0:09:13.160 and its Brail edition that's long. Yeah. Uh, and yet 0:09:13.240 --> 0:09:17.000 they're heavy. They have to be um published uh using 0:09:17.080 --> 0:09:20.400 a loof loose leaf so that the with a with 0:09:20.480 --> 0:09:23.120 a ring binder in the middle so that the pages 0:09:23.120 --> 0:09:24.880 can sit flat, so you can hit the cells all 0:09:24.920 --> 0:09:27.000 the way. And I think, actually, Chuck, we may be 0:09:27.120 --> 0:09:29.280 getting ahead of ourselves a little bit. Let's talk about 0:09:29.320 --> 0:09:34.360 Brail at its basis, like what it is literally, Yes, well, 0:09:34.920 --> 0:09:39.720 Josh Louis Brail realized that the night writing method used 0:09:40.040 --> 0:09:44.680 cells to create an alphabet using dots and dashes. Yeah, 0:09:44.760 --> 0:09:48.559 and originally Brail us dashes as well. Does not anymore. No, 0:09:49.320 --> 0:09:51.720 but the Brail cells today, they they're a little bit 0:09:51.760 --> 0:09:55.120 different than um, the original Brail. They do not use dashes. 0:09:55.160 --> 0:09:57.839 Like you said, there are two dots wide and three 0:09:57.840 --> 0:10:00.960 dots tall. At this point, I w everybody who's listening 0:10:01.000 --> 0:10:04.400 to this podcast to close your eyes. Okay, okay, you 0:10:04.440 --> 0:10:08.520 have in your head a cell made up of six dots. 0:10:09.080 --> 0:10:12.480 Like Chuck just said, it's two dots across and three 0:10:12.520 --> 0:10:15.720 dots down in each of the columns. Right, so you 0:10:15.840 --> 0:10:19.760 have one to three dots down, and to the next 0:10:19.800 --> 0:10:23.040 column to the right, you have one to three dots down. Now, 0:10:23.080 --> 0:10:26.160 if you go to the first dot on the first column, 0:10:26.160 --> 0:10:27.800 which would be the one on the left hand side, 0:10:28.360 --> 0:10:31.680 that's that's the number one dot, the one below that 0:10:31.840 --> 0:10:35.079 is two, and then three. At the top of the 0:10:35.160 --> 0:10:38.800 right hand um line of dots you have four and 0:10:38.840 --> 0:10:42.600 then five and then six. Using these six dots, you 0:10:42.640 --> 0:10:46.839 can create sixty three character combinations, correct, Josh, And you 0:10:46.840 --> 0:10:50.040 would think pretty easy because we've only got twenty six 0:10:50.120 --> 0:10:55.959 letters in our alphabet. But they also have to cover punctuation, contractions, um, 0:10:56.240 --> 0:10:59.240 musical notes, and symbols, basically anything you can think of. 0:10:59.840 --> 0:11:01.760 The it you would be able to read with your eyes. 0:11:01.800 --> 0:11:05.360 It needs to be accounted for within those Brail dots, right, 0:11:05.360 --> 0:11:08.640 and there are some in the original Brail, the English 0:11:08.640 --> 0:11:13.280 Brail alphabet. There Um, there is some punctuation included. Like uh, 0:11:13.760 --> 0:11:16.520 close your eyes again, everybody. Uh, go back to the 0:11:16.520 --> 0:11:19.120 brail cell and think of it like a domino. That's 0:11:19.120 --> 0:11:22.920 a rectangle with the dots inside. A dot in position 0:11:23.040 --> 0:11:26.640 to alone is a comma. So remember that's the middle 0:11:26.679 --> 0:11:30.000 one and the left hand column. Uh one, that is 0:11:30.080 --> 0:11:34.280 the imposition six alone is the capital sign. Right, So 0:11:34.360 --> 0:11:36.880 you put that before the next character and you know 0:11:36.920 --> 0:11:40.640 that it's the it's a capital letter. Yeah. Um, And 0:11:40.679 --> 0:11:42.600 it just kind of goes on like this, right, And 0:11:42.600 --> 0:11:44.400 you also have to represent the numbers two we we 0:11:44.800 --> 0:11:47.320 forgot to add. So zero through nine are represented and 0:11:47.320 --> 0:11:49.920 you can obviously make up any combination with those, and 0:11:49.960 --> 0:11:53.679 you zero through nine are actually the same thing as 0:11:53.800 --> 0:11:58.960 letters A through J, but before each number you would 0:11:59.000 --> 0:12:01.200 have a number sign, which like you have a capital 0:12:01.240 --> 0:12:03.800 sign before the next letter to indicate that it's the number. 0:12:03.880 --> 0:12:07.800 So the number sign is the letter or the third position, 0:12:08.280 --> 0:12:10.360 and then four or five and six, and then you 0:12:10.440 --> 0:12:13.360 might have a B, C, D, E, F, G, H, 0:12:13.559 --> 0:12:15.800 I or J, and then that would be a number 0:12:15.800 --> 0:12:18.640 instead of a letter. It sounds so complicated. It does, 0:12:19.120 --> 0:12:23.000 But I imagine if you are, UM looking at a 0:12:23.040 --> 0:12:25.520 book for the first time. I don't remember back that far, 0:12:26.440 --> 0:12:29.960 but if you're looking at a normal book, UM, you're 0:12:30.000 --> 0:12:33.200 probably like, I couldn't think of anything more complicated than 0:12:33.200 --> 0:12:34.839 I have to do exact And that's that's the point. 0:12:34.880 --> 0:12:36.439 I'm glad you brought that up, because they say that 0:12:36.760 --> 0:12:39.320 it is very much like learning to read and write 0:12:39.320 --> 0:12:42.120 for the first time, UM, using the same pathways in 0:12:42.120 --> 0:12:44.439 the brain. And should we talk about the Wonder machine 0:12:44.520 --> 0:12:46.560 real quick since I brought that up. Yeah, this is 0:12:46.600 --> 0:12:50.000 really interesting. Yes, the fm R I when they people 0:12:50.040 --> 0:12:55.720 read Brail their visual cortex. Visual cortex actually fires up. Yeah, 0:12:55.800 --> 0:12:58.800 And there's a couple of theories why. The first is 0:12:58.840 --> 0:13:01.520 that when you are line, do you have this uh 0:13:01.600 --> 0:13:05.720 basically this storage area that is put to use doing 0:13:05.720 --> 0:13:09.400 other stuff. Pretty cool, right, uh, which would be tactile 0:13:09.440 --> 0:13:12.760 sensory input rather than visual sensory input. Uh. And then 0:13:12.760 --> 0:13:17.200 the other theory, Chuck, is that the language processing centers 0:13:17.760 --> 0:13:22.600 actually serve as holding areas for this tactile information. So cool. Yeah, 0:13:22.640 --> 0:13:24.520 But because it's the brain, we really have no clue. 0:13:24.559 --> 0:13:26.360 We just don't know when it's firing up and when 0:13:26.400 --> 0:13:28.840 it's not. I've lost a tremendous amount of faith in 0:13:28.880 --> 0:13:32.080 the wonder machine, dude. Yeah. I read the study where 0:13:32.080 --> 0:13:35.760 this guy um scanned a dead salmon while he showed 0:13:35.760 --> 0:13:39.199 it pictures of humans and asked them what emotions it 0:13:39.320 --> 0:13:42.079 was showing. Any got a response on the m R 0:13:42.160 --> 0:13:45.920 I Yeah, that's disappointing. Yeah, it is so moving on, Josh. 0:13:46.240 --> 0:13:49.440 A typical line of brail is about forty characters, and 0:13:49.480 --> 0:13:52.480 a typical page of brails about lines, right, So think 0:13:52.480 --> 0:13:56.600 about that that domino. Each domino is a character, and 0:13:56.800 --> 0:14:01.360 in uncontracted brail or grade one brail every word is 0:14:01.400 --> 0:14:04.160 spelled out letter by letter, which is why the Harry 0:14:04.200 --> 0:14:07.720 Potter book is fourteen volumes long. Yeah, exactly right. So 0:14:07.800 --> 0:14:10.920 to combat against this huge bulky nous, they've come up 0:14:10.920 --> 0:14:15.080 with contracted brail Grade two brail. And this is when 0:14:15.160 --> 0:14:21.120 they group or or they contract braille literally using representations 0:14:21.160 --> 0:14:24.000 of whole words or letter combinations sort of like shorthand. Yeah, 0:14:24.040 --> 0:14:27.920 like ing or ed or the or. And they have 0:14:28.040 --> 0:14:31.880 their own, um rather than three cells for and you 0:14:32.040 --> 0:14:34.320 just have one in its and right. But there's a 0:14:34.360 --> 0:14:39.160 little controversy. There's always some people say that uncontracted brail 0:14:39.280 --> 0:14:43.160 is really important because it's a foundation for learning contracted brail, 0:14:43.800 --> 0:14:48.040 and opponents say that uncontracted rail is uh, time and 0:14:48.080 --> 0:14:51.840 space consuming and basically you just don't need to learn 0:14:51.880 --> 0:14:56.920 two codes. So why bother? That's a good question. I 0:14:56.920 --> 0:15:00.440 guess a good answer would be that, um, what is 0:15:00.480 --> 0:15:03.560 the standard? What are you gonna encounter? Contracted or uncontracted? 0:15:03.560 --> 0:15:06.120 When you're at the A T M machine, Uh, and 0:15:06.360 --> 0:15:10.640 you're you're you're reading the keys, is that contracted or uncontracted? 0:15:10.840 --> 0:15:15.560 I'm pretty sure if I remember correctly, Uh, it's uncontracted 0:15:16.000 --> 0:15:19.320 it because yeah, there's one dot at the number one position, 0:15:19.760 --> 0:15:23.160 et cetera. I can read that kind of brail. Well. Yeah, 0:15:23.240 --> 0:15:27.520 and actually when there's a great illustration showing basic English 0:15:27.640 --> 0:15:31.360 the English brail alphabet, and um, it seems like something 0:15:31.400 --> 0:15:33.280 you could pick up if you really set your mind 0:15:33.280 --> 0:15:35.760 to it would be kind of cool. Should we talk 0:15:35.800 --> 0:15:39.000 more about? Uh? You you how you read it? Like 0:15:39.000 --> 0:15:41.160 you read it from left or right like a regular book, 0:15:41.400 --> 0:15:43.600 but you write it right to left? Is that correct? Yeah? 0:15:43.640 --> 0:15:46.240 You have to you when you make the impression on 0:15:46.280 --> 0:15:48.480 the page, you have to do it going from right 0:15:48.560 --> 0:15:51.760 to left because think about it, you're going to be 0:15:51.760 --> 0:15:55.760 flipping the page over to read the bomb. Pretty interesting. Interesting, 0:15:56.400 --> 0:15:59.440 And you can do this handheld still with a stylist. Yes, 0:15:59.600 --> 0:16:05.120 some books are translated from site books to brail hand 0:16:05.160 --> 0:16:08.880 by hand, which takes hundreds of hours, but that's not 0:16:08.920 --> 0:16:10.400 the way to do it anymore. I mean you can, 0:16:10.520 --> 0:16:14.200 but there's different ways. Um. Now, you can get a 0:16:14.240 --> 0:16:16.720 brail writer which has a key for each of the 0:16:16.720 --> 0:16:19.160 six dots, so the cell, which makes sense, makes sense. 0:16:19.240 --> 0:16:22.880 You can actually get a regular quarty keyboard attached to 0:16:22.920 --> 0:16:27.760 a brail printer, very easy to use. And um, what else, 0:16:27.840 --> 0:16:31.960 Josh well, if you want to read in the future 0:16:32.400 --> 0:16:36.360 right now, there's movable UM type that reads a screen 0:16:36.400 --> 0:16:40.040 line by line, and UM there's you have basically like 0:16:40.120 --> 0:16:45.080 a pad that has a recessed pins that represent a dot, 0:16:45.400 --> 0:16:47.640 and then based on what the line of text on 0:16:47.720 --> 0:16:51.520 the screen says, the corresponding dots pop up and you 0:16:51.600 --> 0:16:53.880 read them, and then as it goes down, they refresh 0:16:53.960 --> 0:16:56.680 and then pop up again. It's very motorized. It's very cool. 0:16:56.680 --> 0:17:00.000 I actually read UM an article about a NASA science 0:17:00.040 --> 0:17:03.560 hist who's figured out how to use UM. I think 0:17:03.600 --> 0:17:08.359 they're called like active polymers artificial muscles, basically to create 0:17:08.440 --> 0:17:13.480 a very highly compressed, movable type brail keyboard. So you 0:17:13.480 --> 0:17:15.560 could apply it to the iPhone or whatever. It looks 0:17:15.560 --> 0:17:18.480 like the future of it. That's pretty cool. Uh. And 0:17:18.520 --> 0:17:21.040 then there obviously, if you want to skirt around all 0:17:21.119 --> 0:17:24.480 the brail. Blind people use things like screen readers for 0:17:24.520 --> 0:17:30.600 their computer, to audio books obviously, and recordings of lecturers 0:17:30.800 --> 0:17:33.520 or friends and family letters from their friends and family. 0:17:33.840 --> 0:17:35.720 But I don't know if you remember, we did something 0:17:35.760 --> 0:17:39.159 on the webcast on a blind man being blind in 0:17:39.200 --> 0:17:42.120 Modern society and the New York Times, and this guy 0:17:42.280 --> 0:17:45.720 was very anti all these readers. He said, it basically 0:17:45.760 --> 0:17:48.880 makes blind people lazy, and they need to get out 0:17:48.880 --> 0:17:51.960 and and learn Brail, just as you need to go 0:17:52.040 --> 0:17:53.840 out and learn how to read, because you get a 0:17:53.840 --> 0:17:56.680 better understanding of a word if you understand how to 0:17:56.800 --> 0:17:59.359 spell it and write it and read it. And plus 0:17:59.359 --> 0:18:02.199 also it's you know, you use a different part of 0:18:02.200 --> 0:18:05.560 your brain to process language orally than you do visually 0:18:05.760 --> 0:18:08.800 or um tactically. Yeah, so I mean there's like a 0:18:08.840 --> 0:18:11.320 whole part of your brain that would be underdeveloped, and 0:18:11.359 --> 0:18:13.640 that just in and of itself is a bad idea, 0:18:14.000 --> 0:18:16.560 I would think. So. Um. They also have you can 0:18:16.600 --> 0:18:19.320 scan books now too. That's one of the easier ways 0:18:19.359 --> 0:18:24.040 to translate now using um optical character recognition technology, and 0:18:24.080 --> 0:18:26.159 you can scan a book and they can translate it 0:18:26.160 --> 0:18:28.000 into Brail for you. They well, you can send it 0:18:28.040 --> 0:18:31.800 to a brail printer. Well. Um, you can understand though 0:18:31.800 --> 0:18:35.520 why somebody who is blind would want to, you know, 0:18:36.119 --> 0:18:40.720 listen to an audio book. It is faster, apparently. Um. 0:18:40.760 --> 0:18:43.840 The average Brail reader can read at a rate of 0:18:43.880 --> 0:18:48.480 one to two hundred words per minute. By contrast, the 0:18:48.560 --> 0:18:51.520 average cited eighth grader can read about two hundred and 0:18:51.520 --> 0:18:54.360 five words per minute, and college students read about two 0:18:54.560 --> 0:18:57.040 d and eighty words per minute. So if you're in 0:18:57.119 --> 0:19:00.720 college and you're blind, it's probably not a necessarily a 0:19:00.800 --> 0:19:03.280 question of laziness. It's a question of just trying to 0:19:03.359 --> 0:19:07.320 keep up. You know, I'm a slow reader. What about you? 0:19:08.400 --> 0:19:11.760 Very slow? Are you interesting? I am too. Like when 0:19:11.800 --> 0:19:13.960 I read a book, I'm a I call it deliberate 0:19:14.440 --> 0:19:16.440 because yeah, I say you read slow, but I read 0:19:16.600 --> 0:19:19.199 very deliberately, and I'll reread a sentence to get it 0:19:19.240 --> 0:19:21.120 just right. I'm not a scanner at all. No, I'm 0:19:21.119 --> 0:19:24.560 not either, And I say scanner stink. I do too, Chuck. 0:19:24.600 --> 0:19:27.080 These people that I see reading like you take these 0:19:27.080 --> 0:19:29.280 tests where you read see how fast you can read 0:19:29.320 --> 0:19:32.560 reading comprehension. And I've done this on like people's blogs, 0:19:32.600 --> 0:19:35.120 and people logged on and said they read this many 0:19:35.160 --> 0:19:38.480 words and I literally didn't my eyes and time myself, 0:19:38.680 --> 0:19:41.560 and it's I can't even scan that fast. I don't 0:19:41.560 --> 0:19:43.480 see how they can be absorbing these words, so they're 0:19:43.520 --> 0:19:45.879 probably not. It's all just sitting there and working memory 0:19:45.920 --> 0:19:48.320 for a minute and then it's gone. I ingested, buddy, 0:19:48.480 --> 0:19:52.959 I do too, like a pie. Like pie or like 0:19:53.000 --> 0:19:56.000 a pie, like a whole pie. I thought you meant 0:19:56.040 --> 0:20:00.440 like pie, so chuck. Um. Still, like we said, there's 0:20:00.000 --> 0:20:03.639 all over the place many languages of Brail specific to 0:20:03.680 --> 0:20:07.000 that country. Yeah. Again, there's no universal Brail. There's not 0:20:07.040 --> 0:20:10.600 even a universal English Brail. The Brail in the UK 0:20:10.960 --> 0:20:14.320 and Wales and the United States are all different. Well, yeah, 0:20:14.320 --> 0:20:18.439 they're different codes. And luckily we have the the Brail 0:20:18.520 --> 0:20:21.320 Authority of North America here in the us of A. 0:20:21.840 --> 0:20:24.919 And they do publish standards for these codes. But you 0:20:25.000 --> 0:20:28.440 have to know what code you're reading, because the same 0:20:28.480 --> 0:20:30.480 cell can mean one thing in one code and something 0:20:30.480 --> 0:20:34.720 else in a different code. Right. And um, Also there's notations. 0:20:34.800 --> 0:20:39.840 There's Brail for music. English Brail American edition is used 0:20:39.880 --> 0:20:44.160 for things like novels and magazines, basically literature. Right. Then 0:20:44.200 --> 0:20:47.320 you have the nemic code of Brail mathematics and scientific 0:20:47.400 --> 0:20:50.560 notation for math and science because I mean, think about sigma. 0:20:50.840 --> 0:20:54.120 There's nothing in the English alphabet that that signifies sigma. 0:20:54.560 --> 0:20:56.919 And that thing pops up a lot and terrifies me 0:20:57.000 --> 0:20:59.439 whenever I see it in an equation. Me too. Uh. 0:20:59.520 --> 0:21:03.720 Then you've computer Brail code uh code for ASKEI A 0:21:03.760 --> 0:21:08.000 S C, I, A, K A, t um and chemical 0:21:08.119 --> 0:21:12.200 notations and music right right, So you the the whole 0:21:12.200 --> 0:21:15.520 point of these um standard authorities is to bring all 0:21:15.600 --> 0:21:19.280 this together so that they're uncited. People in their country 0:21:19.480 --> 0:21:21.840 can all know what the hell they're reading, right, and 0:21:21.880 --> 0:21:25.879 they're like we said, every country literally has their own brail, 0:21:26.080 --> 0:21:30.199 which there's even Chinese Brail with the characters representing sounds 0:21:30.280 --> 0:21:33.240 that make up the language. Hebrew brailed Josh as well, 0:21:33.240 --> 0:21:36.760 which sounds like the grade one brail, with each letter 0:21:36.840 --> 0:21:41.880 and number representing its own cell. And then, of course, Chuck, 0:21:41.920 --> 0:21:47.360 there's the newest Braille alphabet, which is Tibetan. Welcome Tibetan 0:21:47.400 --> 0:21:52.200 Brail to the family. A a woman named Sebrie ten 0:21:52.359 --> 0:21:57.040 Berkin created the code so that she could read Tobetan manuscripts, 0:21:57.440 --> 0:22:00.360 and she realized that she had just created a new 0:22:00.400 --> 0:22:04.159 Brail language and took it to to Tibet and started 0:22:04.160 --> 0:22:07.600 teaching blind Tibetan children. That's Tibetan Brail. So you could 0:22:07.600 --> 0:22:10.120 literally invent a brail method if you wanted to. Oh, 0:22:10.160 --> 0:22:14.760 I have really Josh Braille. Yeah uh, And you know 0:22:14.800 --> 0:22:17.320 they're still working on this. Many countries have agencies and 0:22:17.359 --> 0:22:20.679 departments that evaluate their own codes and try and uh 0:22:21.160 --> 0:22:24.560 institute or implement new improvements in technology. That kind of 0:22:24.560 --> 0:22:27.520 thing like this one I saw. I don't understand that 0:22:27.560 --> 0:22:30.359 the benefit here. So there's a new display prototype that 0:22:30.400 --> 0:22:34.080 can be rolled up like paper. Yeah, uh do people 0:22:34.119 --> 0:22:36.560 do we still do scrolls? Who does that? I think 0:22:36.560 --> 0:22:40.399 that's on its way out with the refreshable type. Aside 0:22:40.400 --> 0:22:43.399 from your like diploma and what what else poster of 0:22:44.400 --> 0:22:47.520 you know, anything that has to do with papyrus, it's 0:22:47.600 --> 0:22:50.600 generally scrolled, you know, silk, that kind of thing. I 0:22:50.600 --> 0:22:53.080 guess that's a good thing. And then well, uh well sorry, 0:22:53.359 --> 0:22:57.919 Brail libraries web, Brail libraries available online. So it seems 0:22:58.000 --> 0:23:01.800 like brail is everywhere, right, sure, I'll tell you one place. 0:23:01.840 --> 0:23:04.919 It's not in the United States. Oh no, it's just 0:23:04.960 --> 0:23:08.399