1 00:00:00,240 --> 00:00:03,040 Speaker 1: Brought to you by the reinvented two thousand twelve Camray. 2 00:00:03,120 --> 00:00:07,480 Speaker 1: It's ready. Are you welcome to Stuff you Should Know 3 00:00:08,080 --> 00:00:17,479 Speaker 1: from how Stuff Works dot Com? So, Chuck, it's really 4 00:00:17,560 --> 00:00:20,919 Speaker 1: hot here. Yes, we are still in Guatemala here on Thursday. 5 00:00:21,880 --> 00:00:25,400 Speaker 1: Although we recorded this we bypass the spacetime continue them 6 00:00:25,440 --> 00:00:27,920 Speaker 1: to fool you all. Then it's actually quite comfortable here 7 00:00:27,960 --> 00:00:30,160 Speaker 1: in the studio. It is. It's lovely and hopefully neither 8 00:00:30,160 --> 00:00:32,040 Speaker 1: one of us have died from typhoid at this point 9 00:00:32,120 --> 00:00:34,479 Speaker 1: or been taken hostage. We take out to tell you 10 00:00:34,520 --> 00:00:37,040 Speaker 1: I'm worried about, right, and hopefully what's happening is you 11 00:00:37,080 --> 00:00:39,800 Speaker 1: guys are reading about this on our blog at how 12 00:00:39,840 --> 00:00:42,519 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com Stuff you Should Know blog. Depending 13 00:00:42,560 --> 00:00:45,479 Speaker 1: on our internet we are uploading daily post about our 14 00:00:45,520 --> 00:00:48,920 Speaker 1: experience here. Either that or if what Chuck just said 15 00:00:48,960 --> 00:00:51,440 Speaker 1: proved false, that means that we have spotty internet down 16 00:00:51,440 --> 00:00:53,840 Speaker 1: in Guatemala and all of them will be uploaded the 17 00:00:53,840 --> 00:00:56,600 Speaker 1: following week after we get back. Right, that's it, okay, 18 00:00:56,680 --> 00:00:59,360 Speaker 1: So look for those live now on the blogs that 19 00:00:59,440 --> 00:01:17,040 Speaker 1: how stuff We're dot com or the week beginning the fifteen. Hey, 20 00:01:17,200 --> 00:01:20,320 Speaker 1: welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark with me is 21 00:01:20,360 --> 00:01:25,240 Speaker 1: always a Charles W. Bryant, and guest producer Matt Frederick. Yeah, 22 00:01:25,640 --> 00:01:28,520 Speaker 1: Matt is filling in for Jerry, who's sick right now 23 00:01:28,880 --> 00:01:32,080 Speaker 1: because she's got the hepatitis. She doesn't really I got 24 00:01:32,080 --> 00:01:34,280 Speaker 1: the hepatitis. Now you don't. What do you think they 25 00:01:34,319 --> 00:01:37,880 Speaker 1: injected us with? Uh? Folks, we got hepatitis shots by 26 00:01:37,880 --> 00:01:41,280 Speaker 1: the way, because we are traveling to Central America, Guatemala, 27 00:01:41,360 --> 00:01:43,280 Speaker 1: and they said that that's a good thing to get. 28 00:01:43,440 --> 00:01:45,479 Speaker 1: And I don't know what they inject you with. They 29 00:01:45,480 --> 00:01:48,880 Speaker 1: inject you within active hepatitis, so your body can form anybody. 30 00:01:49,600 --> 00:01:52,320 Speaker 1: So when you get with the active one, it's like 31 00:01:52,560 --> 00:01:55,240 Speaker 1: you can't stay here. C Jerry like got sick, and 32 00:01:55,280 --> 00:01:58,520 Speaker 1: I was like, I feel good, I feel awful, my 33 00:01:58,720 --> 00:02:00,720 Speaker 1: arms hurt, I feel so or. I feel like I'm 34 00:02:00,760 --> 00:02:04,080 Speaker 1: getting sick because I also got the the T DApp Yeah, 35 00:02:04,080 --> 00:02:07,360 Speaker 1: the the technics dip theory. Yeah, And um, I don't 36 00:02:07,400 --> 00:02:09,679 Speaker 1: feel very good right now, Chuck. Do you remember last 37 00:02:09,720 --> 00:02:12,519 Speaker 1: year when I got sick for like eighteen straight weeks. 38 00:02:12,760 --> 00:02:15,000 Speaker 1: That was fun. Well, I'm hoping to fight this one off. 39 00:02:15,440 --> 00:02:17,400 Speaker 1: So we got Maddie in here. This is a pleasure 40 00:02:17,560 --> 00:02:19,640 Speaker 1: matte of lines and scissors. Are you guys still together? 41 00:02:21,440 --> 00:02:24,640 Speaker 1: At one point the singer left and the guitar player left, 42 00:02:24,639 --> 00:02:27,520 Speaker 1: and like Matt was left with a drum kit and 43 00:02:27,639 --> 00:02:30,480 Speaker 1: like a part time keyboard player or something. You can 44 00:02:30,560 --> 00:02:33,239 Speaker 1: make something these days with that. I think it's weeks 45 00:02:33,360 --> 00:02:35,639 Speaker 1: later they decided they wanted to be in the band again, though, 46 00:02:35,680 --> 00:02:37,840 Speaker 1: so I think they were like working on a reunion 47 00:02:37,880 --> 00:02:41,080 Speaker 1: tour now. And it all began with a camping trip 48 00:02:41,680 --> 00:02:47,600 Speaker 1: that one person wasn't invited to this historic So Matt, 49 00:02:47,680 --> 00:02:51,000 Speaker 1: good to have you here, my friend. I concur Do 50 00:02:51,040 --> 00:02:52,679 Speaker 1: you have an intro? Or should we just say, let's 51 00:02:52,720 --> 00:02:55,520 Speaker 1: talk about Braille. Let's talk about Brill. I do a 52 00:02:55,560 --> 00:02:58,919 Speaker 1: little bit. You know much about Louis Braille. Yeah, sure. 53 00:02:59,360 --> 00:03:02,600 Speaker 1: Louis Braille invented brail because he was a blind boy. 54 00:03:02,760 --> 00:03:05,760 Speaker 1: You know how he got blind? He stuck something sharp 55 00:03:05,760 --> 00:03:10,000 Speaker 1: in his eye. He did in all a w l yes, 56 00:03:10,080 --> 00:03:12,639 Speaker 1: thank you. My thick tongue does not allow for distinction 57 00:03:12,720 --> 00:03:15,680 Speaker 1: between all and all. He did that when he was 58 00:03:15,720 --> 00:03:18,360 Speaker 1: three years old. Yeah. His dad was a leather worker 59 00:03:18,480 --> 00:03:21,359 Speaker 1: and he used the all, which is a basically a 60 00:03:21,480 --> 00:03:24,959 Speaker 1: very sharp pointed instrument with a you could lobotomize somebody 61 00:03:25,000 --> 00:03:28,600 Speaker 1: with it. It's a little big, but sure. He almost 62 00:03:28,639 --> 00:03:31,680 Speaker 1: lobotomized himself with a gruesome lobotomy. He was screwed around 63 00:03:31,680 --> 00:03:33,080 Speaker 1: with it and it slid out of his hand and 64 00:03:33,160 --> 00:03:36,400 Speaker 1: hit his eye right and then what he got infected? Yeah, 65 00:03:36,480 --> 00:03:38,760 Speaker 1: he got infected and then he lost sight in his 66 00:03:38,800 --> 00:03:42,680 Speaker 1: other eye because of sympathetic ophthalmia, which is when one 67 00:03:42,720 --> 00:03:45,560 Speaker 1: eye says I that I's not gonna stick around, then 68 00:03:45,840 --> 00:03:49,080 Speaker 1: I'm gonna go off the duty as well. Yeah, but 69 00:03:49,160 --> 00:03:51,280 Speaker 1: that wasn't mentioned in this article. I thought that was surprising. 70 00:03:51,600 --> 00:03:54,200 Speaker 1: It is a bit surprising. Um. That reminds me of 71 00:03:54,200 --> 00:03:56,839 Speaker 1: a King of the Hill where Um Hank Hill goes 72 00:03:56,920 --> 00:03:59,160 Speaker 1: blind in one eye and then he goes blind in 73 00:03:59,200 --> 00:04:03,000 Speaker 1: the other and Gary his mom's boyfriends, like, I've never 74 00:04:03,080 --> 00:04:06,080 Speaker 1: heard of an eye sympathetically shutting down before. I was 75 00:04:06,120 --> 00:04:08,960 Speaker 1: hoping you're gonna say it had something to do with con. No, 76 00:04:09,080 --> 00:04:11,280 Speaker 1: I can't do a good con that was good. I 77 00:04:11,360 --> 00:04:14,840 Speaker 1: gotta say it's con right, I'm a Oshan, and then 78 00:04:14,880 --> 00:04:18,000 Speaker 1: you're supposed to say you're from the ocean. I can't 79 00:04:18,000 --> 00:04:20,080 Speaker 1: do a good hand kill either of I don't watch 80 00:04:20,120 --> 00:04:22,479 Speaker 1: it anymore. Every singday brought Tom Petty on. I'm like 81 00:04:22,560 --> 00:04:27,560 Speaker 1: this yeah as a character, yeah, or as Tom Petty 82 00:04:27,640 --> 00:04:30,279 Speaker 1: as a character. Yeah, it's awful. I love Petty and 83 00:04:30,279 --> 00:04:32,000 Speaker 1: I love King of the Hill. Do you love Tom 84 00:04:32,040 --> 00:04:35,840 Speaker 1: Petty because he's great? I'm sorry, I just threw up 85 00:04:35,839 --> 00:04:39,800 Speaker 1: in my mouth a little bit. Um anyway, Wow, we 86 00:04:39,960 --> 00:04:44,480 Speaker 1: already got off all right. Louis Brow was not wanting 87 00:04:44,520 --> 00:04:47,760 Speaker 1: to be kept down despite an all sticking into his 88 00:04:47,839 --> 00:04:52,320 Speaker 1: eye and going completely blind by age three. Right. Yeah. 89 00:04:52,360 --> 00:04:55,200 Speaker 1: He was inspired in fact, some years later when he 90 00:04:55,240 --> 00:04:58,440 Speaker 1: was a teen by a visitor that came from the 91 00:04:58,520 --> 00:05:02,600 Speaker 1: Royal Institution for Blind Youth, guy named Charles Barbier. Yeah. 92 00:05:02,640 --> 00:05:05,480 Speaker 1: And this was in the early eighteen twenties or mid 93 00:05:05,520 --> 00:05:08,680 Speaker 1: eighteen twenties, depending on who you ask. Late eighteen twenties. 94 00:05:09,200 --> 00:05:13,159 Speaker 1: Other sources say early. Another issue with this article, uh, 95 00:05:13,160 --> 00:05:17,080 Speaker 1: and he and this guy Barbia had invented a code 96 00:05:17,680 --> 00:05:21,599 Speaker 1: called uh night riding to allow soldiers to communicate to 97 00:05:21,640 --> 00:05:23,200 Speaker 1: each other in the dark. And this is not to 98 00:05:23,240 --> 00:05:29,159 Speaker 1: be confused with night rider or night swimming. No, um, 99 00:05:29,360 --> 00:05:32,200 Speaker 1: is it not night rider? I thought it was night rider. 100 00:05:32,760 --> 00:05:35,880 Speaker 1: Night rider. I thought he invented the car. No, he 101 00:05:35,920 --> 00:05:39,680 Speaker 1: invented night writing, totally different, and that did not catch 102 00:05:39,720 --> 00:05:43,440 Speaker 1: on an army right right, So he he went to 103 00:05:43,560 --> 00:05:47,479 Speaker 1: the School for the Blind where Louis Braille was twelve. 104 00:05:47,560 --> 00:05:52,120 Speaker 1: When Barbier visited, I guess and boom, yeah, smart little 105 00:05:52,160 --> 00:05:55,039 Speaker 1: kid says I can use this. He yeah, and he could. 106 00:05:55,080 --> 00:05:58,919 Speaker 1: And actually within three years he had worked out the kinks. UM. 107 00:05:59,800 --> 00:06:04,960 Speaker 1: He basically optimized night writing UH, and UM created his 108 00:06:04,960 --> 00:06:07,320 Speaker 1: own system, which we know and love now is Brail 109 00:06:07,760 --> 00:06:11,600 Speaker 1: at age fifteen. By age twenty, he prints. He published 110 00:06:11,600 --> 00:06:14,560 Speaker 1: his first book in Brail Awesome. It was probably large 111 00:06:14,600 --> 00:06:18,560 Speaker 1: and bulky, but strangely enough, Brail didn't catch on UH 112 00:06:19,000 --> 00:06:24,920 Speaker 1: globally or even UM in France UH until after he died, right, 113 00:06:25,080 --> 00:06:28,360 Speaker 1: And even then it was popular with the Institute UH 114 00:06:28,440 --> 00:06:31,760 Speaker 1: for Blind Youth, but it still wasn't like super widespread 115 00:06:31,800 --> 00:06:33,560 Speaker 1: because and this is something I didn't know. This is 116 00:06:33,600 --> 00:06:35,360 Speaker 1: sort of like the Totem podcast. There's all these little 117 00:06:35,360 --> 00:06:40,279 Speaker 1: tidbits I never knew. Ah, there were competing codes, and 118 00:06:40,320 --> 00:06:43,920 Speaker 1: different inventors came up with different code. So clearly, when 119 00:06:43,920 --> 00:06:45,960 Speaker 1: there's different systems out there, it's going to be hard 120 00:06:45,960 --> 00:06:47,839 Speaker 1: to decide which one to use, and hard for one 121 00:06:47,880 --> 00:06:51,320 Speaker 1: to become widespread. So that's one reason. Did you know 122 00:06:51,480 --> 00:06:55,960 Speaker 1: there's no universal sign language. I believe it didn't know that. Yeah, 123 00:06:56,120 --> 00:07:00,560 Speaker 1: one of the competing UM. I guess. A tactile alphabet 124 00:07:00,640 --> 00:07:02,960 Speaker 1: is what you call these things in general. UM. It 125 00:07:03,040 --> 00:07:07,080 Speaker 1: was created by a guy named Valentine. How we Yeah, 126 00:07:07,120 --> 00:07:08,880 Speaker 1: I don't even know. You shouldn't even try h a 127 00:07:09,080 --> 00:07:12,320 Speaker 1: u um out why it's not uter now it's um 128 00:07:12,360 --> 00:07:17,680 Speaker 1: aout okay. UM. He created a system that is basically 129 00:07:17,800 --> 00:07:24,360 Speaker 1: kind of wavy uh Latin characters, but it looked very 130 00:07:24,440 --> 00:07:27,760 Speaker 1: much like the characters that we use here in the West, 131 00:07:28,400 --> 00:07:30,920 Speaker 1: but they were a little waverer, a little more elongated, 132 00:07:31,080 --> 00:07:34,680 Speaker 1: I guess, ostensibly so that you could feel them more easily. 133 00:07:35,080 --> 00:07:40,120 Speaker 1: And still to this day some people UM considered this 134 00:07:40,600 --> 00:07:47,600 Speaker 1: type of tactile writing UM easier to learn. Very good point. Thanks. 135 00:07:48,040 --> 00:07:52,080 Speaker 1: The thing is Brail eventually did catch on, chuck and um. 136 00:07:52,200 --> 00:07:55,120 Speaker 1: These days, Louis Brail is looked upon in much the 137 00:07:55,200 --> 00:08:00,640 Speaker 1: same way that UM. Uh. Johann Guttenberg is Yeah, sure, 138 00:08:01,120 --> 00:08:06,560 Speaker 1: I think actually UM. Helen Keller on the anniversary anniversary 139 00:08:06,640 --> 00:08:10,640 Speaker 1: of Louis Brail's death said something along the lines of um, 140 00:08:10,680 --> 00:08:13,400 Speaker 1: in our small way, we the Blinder is indebted to 141 00:08:13,440 --> 00:08:17,440 Speaker 1: Louis Braila's mankind is the Gutenberg. Sure, he basically took 142 00:08:17,720 --> 00:08:23,800 Speaker 1: a group of humans who were virtually unrecognized in the 143 00:08:23,960 --> 00:08:28,800 Speaker 1: educational system and gave them a way to become educated people. 144 00:08:30,080 --> 00:08:32,839 Speaker 1: Literate created literacy, both of them, Yeah, among the blind, 145 00:08:33,120 --> 00:08:34,560 Speaker 1: and they both took a little while to catch on, 146 00:08:34,679 --> 00:08:38,160 Speaker 1: largely because, um. What one of the reasons we said 147 00:08:38,160 --> 00:08:39,800 Speaker 1: with the Brail is because they were competing codes. But 148 00:08:39,840 --> 00:08:44,320 Speaker 1: they're also the books. Brail books were really bulky and large. 149 00:08:44,600 --> 00:08:47,080 Speaker 1: Still are, well, they still are, but back then, dude, 150 00:08:47,080 --> 00:08:49,440 Speaker 1: it was even worse. Like you didn't want to be 151 00:08:49,520 --> 00:08:53,199 Speaker 1: lugging around Brail books in your rucksack. No. And Tracy, 152 00:08:53,240 --> 00:08:56,640 Speaker 1: who wrote this article, um, is a huge Harry Potter fan. 153 00:08:57,679 --> 00:09:01,400 Speaker 1: So she described how big Harry Potter and what the 154 00:09:01,480 --> 00:09:05,839 Speaker 1: half Blood something else something I don't know whatever, Harry floodprints. 155 00:09:05,960 --> 00:09:09,400 Speaker 1: They go that Harry Potter book is fourteen volumes long, 156 00:09:09,480 --> 00:09:13,160 Speaker 1: and its Brail edition that's long. Yeah. Uh, and yet 157 00:09:13,240 --> 00:09:17,000 Speaker 1: they're heavy. They have to be um published uh using 158 00:09:17,080 --> 00:09:20,400 Speaker 1: a loof loose leaf so that the with a with 159 00:09:20,480 --> 00:09:23,120 Speaker 1: a ring binder in the middle so that the pages 160 00:09:23,120 --> 00:09:24,880 Speaker 1: can sit flat, so you can hit the cells all 161 00:09:24,920 --> 00:09:27,000 Speaker 1: the way. And I think, actually, Chuck, we may be 162 00:09:27,120 --> 00:09:29,280 Speaker 1: getting ahead of ourselves a little bit. Let's talk about 163 00:09:29,320 --> 00:09:34,360 Speaker 1: Brail at its basis, like what it is literally, Yes, well, 164 00:09:34,920 --> 00:09:39,720 Speaker 1: Josh Louis Brail realized that the night writing method used 165 00:09:40,040 --> 00:09:44,680 Speaker 1: cells to create an alphabet using dots and dashes. Yeah, 166 00:09:44,760 --> 00:09:48,559 Speaker 1: and originally Brail us dashes as well. Does not anymore. No, 167 00:09:49,320 --> 00:09:51,720 Speaker 1: but the Brail cells today, they they're a little bit 168 00:09:51,760 --> 00:09:55,120 Speaker 1: different than um, the original Brail. They do not use dashes. 169 00:09:55,160 --> 00:09:57,839 Speaker 1: Like you said, there are two dots wide and three 170 00:09:57,840 --> 00:10:00,960 Speaker 1: dots tall. At this point, I w everybody who's listening 171 00:10:01,000 --> 00:10:04,400 Speaker 1: to this podcast to close your eyes. Okay, okay, you 172 00:10:04,440 --> 00:10:08,520 Speaker 1: have in your head a cell made up of six dots. 173 00:10:09,080 --> 00:10:12,480 Speaker 1: Like Chuck just said, it's two dots across and three 174 00:10:12,520 --> 00:10:15,720 Speaker 1: dots down in each of the columns. Right, so you 175 00:10:15,840 --> 00:10:19,760 Speaker 1: have one to three dots down, and to the next 176 00:10:19,800 --> 00:10:23,040 Speaker 1: column to the right, you have one to three dots down. Now, 177 00:10:23,080 --> 00:10:26,160 Speaker 1: if you go to the first dot on the first column, 178 00:10:26,160 --> 00:10:27,800 Speaker 1: which would be the one on the left hand side, 179 00:10:28,360 --> 00:10:31,680 Speaker 1: that's that's the number one dot, the one below that 180 00:10:31,840 --> 00:10:35,079 Speaker 1: is two, and then three. At the top of the 181 00:10:35,160 --> 00:10:38,800 Speaker 1: right hand um line of dots you have four and 182 00:10:38,840 --> 00:10:42,600 Speaker 1: then five and then six. Using these six dots, you 183 00:10:42,640 --> 00:10:46,839 Speaker 1: can create sixty three character combinations, correct, Josh, And you 184 00:10:46,840 --> 00:10:50,040 Speaker 1: would think pretty easy because we've only got twenty six 185 00:10:50,120 --> 00:10:55,959 Speaker 1: letters in our alphabet. But they also have to cover punctuation, contractions, um, 186 00:10:56,240 --> 00:10:59,240 Speaker 1: musical notes, and symbols, basically anything you can think of. 187 00:10:59,840 --> 00:11:01,760 Speaker 1: The it you would be able to read with your eyes. 188 00:11:01,800 --> 00:11:05,360 Speaker 1: It needs to be accounted for within those Brail dots, right, 189 00:11:05,360 --> 00:11:08,640 Speaker 1: and there are some in the original Brail, the English 190 00:11:08,640 --> 00:11:13,280 Speaker 1: Brail alphabet. There Um, there is some punctuation included. Like uh, 191 00:11:13,760 --> 00:11:16,520 Speaker 1: close your eyes again, everybody. Uh, go back to the 192 00:11:16,520 --> 00:11:19,120 Speaker 1: brail cell and think of it like a domino. That's 193 00:11:19,120 --> 00:11:22,920 Speaker 1: a rectangle with the dots inside. A dot in position 194 00:11:23,040 --> 00:11:26,640 Speaker 1: to alone is a comma. So remember that's the middle 195 00:11:26,679 --> 00:11:30,000 Speaker 1: one and the left hand column. Uh one, that is 196 00:11:30,080 --> 00:11:34,280 Speaker 1: the imposition six alone is the capital sign. Right, So 197 00:11:34,360 --> 00:11:36,880 Speaker 1: you put that before the next character and you know 198 00:11:36,920 --> 00:11:40,640 Speaker 1: that it's the it's a capital letter. Yeah. Um, And 199 00:11:40,679 --> 00:11:42,600 Speaker 1: it just kind of goes on like this, right, And 200 00:11:42,600 --> 00:11:44,400 Speaker 1: you also have to represent the numbers two we we 201 00:11:44,800 --> 00:11:47,320 Speaker 1: forgot to add. So zero through nine are represented and 202 00:11:47,320 --> 00:11:49,920 Speaker 1: you can obviously make up any combination with those, and 203 00:11:49,960 --> 00:11:53,679 Speaker 1: you zero through nine are actually the same thing as 204 00:11:53,800 --> 00:11:58,960 Speaker 1: letters A through J, but before each number you would 205 00:11:59,000 --> 00:12:01,200 Speaker 1: have a number sign, which like you have a capital 206 00:12:01,240 --> 00:12:03,800 Speaker 1: sign before the next letter to indicate that it's the number. 207 00:12:03,880 --> 00:12:07,800 Speaker 1: So the number sign is the letter or the third position, 208 00:12:08,280 --> 00:12:10,360 Speaker 1: and then four or five and six, and then you 209 00:12:10,440 --> 00:12:13,360 Speaker 1: might have a B, C, D, E, F, G, H, 210 00:12:13,559 --> 00:12:15,800 Speaker 1: I or J, and then that would be a number 211 00:12:15,800 --> 00:12:18,640 Speaker 1: instead of a letter. It sounds so complicated. It does, 212 00:12:19,120 --> 00:12:23,000 Speaker 1: But I imagine if you are, UM looking at a 213 00:12:23,040 --> 00:12:25,520 Speaker 1: book for the first time. I don't remember back that far, 214 00:12:26,440 --> 00:12:29,960 Speaker 1: but if you're looking at a normal book, UM, you're 215 00:12:30,000 --> 00:12:33,200 Speaker 1: probably like, I couldn't think of anything more complicated than 216 00:12:33,200 --> 00:12:34,839 Speaker 1: I have to do exact And that's that's the point. 217 00:12:34,880 --> 00:12:36,439 Speaker 1: I'm glad you brought that up, because they say that 218 00:12:36,760 --> 00:12:39,320 Speaker 1: it is very much like learning to read and write 219 00:12:39,320 --> 00:12:42,120 Speaker 1: for the first time, UM, using the same pathways in 220 00:12:42,120 --> 00:12:44,439 Speaker 1: the brain. And should we talk about the Wonder machine 221 00:12:44,520 --> 00:12:46,560 Speaker 1: real quick since I brought that up. Yeah, this is 222 00:12:46,600 --> 00:12:50,000 Speaker 1: really interesting. Yes, the fm R I when they people 223 00:12:50,040 --> 00:12:55,720 Speaker 1: read Brail their visual cortex. Visual cortex actually fires up. Yeah, 224 00:12:55,800 --> 00:12:58,800 Speaker 1: And there's a couple of theories why. The first is 225 00:12:58,840 --> 00:13:01,520 Speaker 1: that when you are line, do you have this uh 226 00:13:01,600 --> 00:13:05,720 Speaker 1: basically this storage area that is put to use doing 227 00:13:05,720 --> 00:13:09,400 Speaker 1: other stuff. Pretty cool, right, uh, which would be tactile 228 00:13:09,440 --> 00:13:12,760 Speaker 1: sensory input rather than visual sensory input. Uh. And then 229 00:13:12,760 --> 00:13:17,200 Speaker 1: the other theory, Chuck, is that the language processing centers 230 00:13:17,760 --> 00:13:22,600 Speaker 1: actually serve as holding areas for this tactile information. So cool. Yeah, 231 00:13:22,640 --> 00:13:24,520 Speaker 1: But because it's the brain, we really have no clue. 232 00:13:24,559 --> 00:13:26,360 Speaker 1: We just don't know when it's firing up and when 233 00:13:26,400 --> 00:13:28,840 Speaker 1: it's not. I've lost a tremendous amount of faith in 234 00:13:28,880 --> 00:13:32,080 Speaker 1: the wonder machine, dude. Yeah. I read the study where 235 00:13:32,080 --> 00:13:35,760 Speaker 1: this guy um scanned a dead salmon while he showed 236 00:13:35,760 --> 00:13:39,199 Speaker 1: it pictures of humans and asked them what emotions it 237 00:13:39,320 --> 00:13:42,079 Speaker 1: was showing. Any got a response on the m R 238 00:13:42,160 --> 00:13:45,920 Speaker 1: I Yeah, that's disappointing. Yeah, it is so moving on, Josh. 239 00:13:46,240 --> 00:13:49,440 Speaker 1: A typical line of brail is about forty characters, and 240 00:13:49,480 --> 00:13:52,480 Speaker 1: a typical page of brails about lines, right, So think 241 00:13:52,480 --> 00:13:56,600 Speaker 1: about that that domino. Each domino is a character, and 242 00:13:56,800 --> 00:14:01,360 Speaker 1: in uncontracted brail or grade one brail every word is 243 00:14:01,400 --> 00:14:04,160 Speaker 1: spelled out letter by letter, which is why the Harry 244 00:14:04,200 --> 00:14:07,720 Speaker 1: Potter book is fourteen volumes long. Yeah, exactly right. So 245 00:14:07,800 --> 00:14:10,920 Speaker 1: to combat against this huge bulky nous, they've come up 246 00:14:10,920 --> 00:14:15,080 Speaker 1: with contracted brail Grade two brail. And this is when 247 00:14:15,160 --> 00:14:21,120 Speaker 1: they group or or they contract braille literally using representations 248 00:14:21,160 --> 00:14:24,000 Speaker 1: of whole words or letter combinations sort of like shorthand. Yeah, 249 00:14:24,040 --> 00:14:27,920 Speaker 1: like ing or ed or the or. And they have 250 00:14:28,040 --> 00:14:31,880 Speaker 1: their own, um rather than three cells for and you 251 00:14:32,040 --> 00:14:34,320 Speaker 1: just have one in its and right. But there's a 252 00:14:34,360 --> 00:14:39,160 Speaker 1: little controversy. There's always some people say that uncontracted brail 253 00:14:39,280 --> 00:14:43,160 Speaker 1: is really important because it's a foundation for learning contracted brail, 254 00:14:43,800 --> 00:14:48,040 Speaker 1: and opponents say that uncontracted rail is uh, time and 255 00:14:48,080 --> 00:14:51,840 Speaker 1: space consuming and basically you just don't need to learn 256 00:14:51,880 --> 00:14:56,920 Speaker 1: two codes. So why bother? That's a good question. I 257 00:14:56,920 --> 00:15:00,440 Speaker 1: guess a good answer would be that, um, what is 258 00:15:00,480 --> 00:15:03,560 Speaker 1: the standard? What are you gonna encounter? Contracted or uncontracted? 259 00:15:03,560 --> 00:15:06,120 Speaker 1: When you're at the A T M machine, Uh, and 260 00:15:06,360 --> 00:15:10,640 Speaker 1: you're you're you're reading the keys, is that contracted or uncontracted? 261 00:15:10,840 --> 00:15:15,560 Speaker 1: I'm pretty sure if I remember correctly, Uh, it's uncontracted 262 00:15:16,000 --> 00:15:19,320 Speaker 1: it because yeah, there's one dot at the number one position, 263 00:15:19,760 --> 00:15:23,160 Speaker 1: et cetera. I can read that kind of brail. Well. Yeah, 264 00:15:23,240 --> 00:15:27,520 Speaker 1: and actually when there's a great illustration showing basic English 265 00:15:27,640 --> 00:15:31,360 Speaker 1: the English brail alphabet, and um, it seems like something 266 00:15:31,400 --> 00:15:33,280 Speaker 1: you could pick up if you really set your mind 267 00:15:33,280 --> 00:15:35,760 Speaker 1: to it would be kind of cool. Should we talk 268 00:15:35,800 --> 00:15:39,000 Speaker 1: more about? Uh? You you how you read it? Like 269 00:15:39,000 --> 00:15:41,160 Speaker 1: you read it from left or right like a regular book, 270 00:15:41,400 --> 00:15:43,600 Speaker 1: but you write it right to left? Is that correct? Yeah? 271 00:15:43,640 --> 00:15:46,240 Speaker 1: You have to you when you make the impression on 272 00:15:46,280 --> 00:15:48,480 Speaker 1: the page, you have to do it going from right 273 00:15:48,560 --> 00:15:51,760 Speaker 1: to left because think about it, you're going to be 274 00:15:51,760 --> 00:15:55,760 Speaker 1: flipping the page over to read the bomb. Pretty interesting. Interesting, 275 00:15:56,400 --> 00:15:59,440 Speaker 1: And you can do this handheld still with a stylist. Yes, 276 00:15:59,600 --> 00:16:05,120 Speaker 1: some books are translated from site books to brail hand 277 00:16:05,160 --> 00:16:08,880 Speaker 1: by hand, which takes hundreds of hours, but that's not 278 00:16:08,920 --> 00:16:10,400 Speaker 1: the way to do it anymore. I mean you can, 279 00:16:10,520 --> 00:16:14,200 Speaker 1: but there's different ways. Um. Now, you can get a 280 00:16:14,240 --> 00:16:16,720 Speaker 1: brail writer which has a key for each of the 281 00:16:16,720 --> 00:16:19,160 Speaker 1: six dots, so the cell, which makes sense, makes sense. 282 00:16:19,240 --> 00:16:22,880 Speaker 1: You can actually get a regular quarty keyboard attached to 283 00:16:22,920 --> 00:16:27,760 Speaker 1: a brail printer, very easy to use. And um, what else, 284 00:16:27,840 --> 00:16:31,960 Speaker 1: Josh well, if you want to read in the future 285 00:16:32,400 --> 00:16:36,360 Speaker 1: right now, there's movable UM type that reads a screen 286 00:16:36,400 --> 00:16:40,040 Speaker 1: line by line, and UM there's you have basically like 287 00:16:40,120 --> 00:16:45,080 Speaker 1: a pad that has a recessed pins that represent a dot, 288 00:16:45,400 --> 00:16:47,640 Speaker 1: and then based on what the line of text on 289 00:16:47,720 --> 00:16:51,520 Speaker 1: the screen says, the corresponding dots pop up and you 290 00:16:51,600 --> 00:16:53,880 Speaker 1: read them, and then as it goes down, they refresh 291 00:16:53,960 --> 00:16:56,680 Speaker 1: and then pop up again. It's very motorized. It's very cool. 292 00:16:56,680 --> 00:17:00,000 Speaker 1: I actually read UM an article about a NASA science 293 00:17:00,040 --> 00:17:03,560 Speaker 1: hist who's figured out how to use UM. I think 294 00:17:03,600 --> 00:17:08,359 Speaker 1: they're called like active polymers artificial muscles, basically to create 295 00:17:08,440 --> 00:17:13,480 Speaker 1: a very highly compressed, movable type brail keyboard. So you 296 00:17:13,480 --> 00:17:15,560 Speaker 1: could apply it to the iPhone or whatever. It looks 297 00:17:15,560 --> 00:17:18,480 Speaker 1: like the future of it. That's pretty cool. Uh. And 298 00:17:18,520 --> 00:17:21,040 Speaker 1: then there obviously, if you want to skirt around all 299 00:17:21,119 --> 00:17:24,480 Speaker 1: the brail. Blind people use things like screen readers for 300 00:17:24,520 --> 00:17:30,600 Speaker 1: their computer, to audio books obviously, and recordings of lecturers 301 00:17:30,800 --> 00:17:33,520 Speaker 1: or friends and family letters from their friends and family. 302 00:17:33,840 --> 00:17:35,720 Speaker 1: But I don't know if you remember, we did something 303 00:17:35,760 --> 00:17:39,159 Speaker 1: on the webcast on a blind man being blind in 304 00:17:39,200 --> 00:17:42,120 Speaker 1: Modern society and the New York Times, and this guy 305 00:17:42,280 --> 00:17:45,720 Speaker 1: was very anti all these readers. He said, it basically 306 00:17:45,760 --> 00:17:48,880 Speaker 1: makes blind people lazy, and they need to get out 307 00:17:48,880 --> 00:17:51,960 Speaker 1: and and learn Brail, just as you need to go 308 00:17:52,040 --> 00:17:53,840 Speaker 1: out and learn how to read, because you get a 309 00:17:53,840 --> 00:17:56,680 Speaker 1: better understanding of a word if you understand how to 310 00:17:56,800 --> 00:17:59,359 Speaker 1: spell it and write it and read it. And plus 311 00:17:59,359 --> 00:18:02,199 Speaker 1: also it's you know, you use a different part of 312 00:18:02,200 --> 00:18:05,560 Speaker 1: your brain to process language orally than you do visually 313 00:18:05,760 --> 00:18:08,800 Speaker 1: or um tactically. Yeah, so I mean there's like a 314 00:18:08,840 --> 00:18:11,320 Speaker 1: whole part of your brain that would be underdeveloped, and 315 00:18:11,359 --> 00:18:13,640 Speaker 1: that just in and of itself is a bad idea, 316 00:18:14,000 --> 00:18:16,560 Speaker 1: I would think. So. Um. They also have you can 317 00:18:16,600 --> 00:18:19,320 Speaker 1: scan books now too. That's one of the easier ways 318 00:18:19,359 --> 00:18:24,040 Speaker 1: to translate now using um optical character recognition technology, and 319 00:18:24,080 --> 00:18:26,159 Speaker 1: you can scan a book and they can translate it 320 00:18:26,160 --> 00:18:28,000 Speaker 1: into Brail for you. They well, you can send it 321 00:18:28,040 --> 00:18:31,800 Speaker 1: to a brail printer. Well. Um, you can understand though 322 00:18:31,800 --> 00:18:35,520 Speaker 1: why somebody who is blind would want to, you know, 323 00:18:36,119 --> 00:18:40,720 Speaker 1: listen to an audio book. It is faster, apparently. Um. 324 00:18:40,760 --> 00:18:43,840 Speaker 1: The average Brail reader can read at a rate of 325 00:18:43,880 --> 00:18:48,480 Speaker 1: one to two hundred words per minute. By contrast, the 326 00:18:48,560 --> 00:18:51,520 Speaker 1: average cited eighth grader can read about two hundred and 327 00:18:51,520 --> 00:18:54,360 Speaker 1: five words per minute, and college students read about two 328 00:18:54,560 --> 00:18:57,040 Speaker 1: d and eighty words per minute. So if you're in 329 00:18:57,119 --> 00:19:00,720 Speaker 1: college and you're blind, it's probably not a necessarily a 330 00:19:00,800 --> 00:19:03,280 Speaker 1: question of laziness. It's a question of just trying to 331 00:19:03,359 --> 00:19:07,320 Speaker 1: keep up. You know, I'm a slow reader. What about you? 332 00:19:08,400 --> 00:19:11,760 Speaker 1: Very slow? Are you interesting? I am too. Like when 333 00:19:11,800 --> 00:19:13,960 Speaker 1: I read a book, I'm a I call it deliberate 334 00:19:14,440 --> 00:19:16,440 Speaker 1: because yeah, I say you read slow, but I read 335 00:19:16,600 --> 00:19:19,199 Speaker 1: very deliberately, and I'll reread a sentence to get it 336 00:19:19,240 --> 00:19:21,120 Speaker 1: just right. I'm not a scanner at all. No, I'm 337 00:19:21,119 --> 00:19:24,560 Speaker 1: not either, And I say scanner stink. I do too, Chuck. 338 00:19:24,600 --> 00:19:27,080 Speaker 1: These people that I see reading like you take these 339 00:19:27,080 --> 00:19:29,280 Speaker 1: tests where you read see how fast you can read 340 00:19:29,320 --> 00:19:32,560 Speaker 1: reading comprehension. And I've done this on like people's blogs, 341 00:19:32,600 --> 00:19:35,120 Speaker 1: and people logged on and said they read this many 342 00:19:35,160 --> 00:19:38,480 Speaker 1: words and I literally didn't my eyes and time myself, 343 00:19:38,680 --> 00:19:41,560 Speaker 1: and it's I can't even scan that fast. I don't 344 00:19:41,560 --> 00:19:43,480 Speaker 1: see how they can be absorbing these words, so they're 345 00:19:43,520 --> 00:19:45,879 Speaker 1: probably not. It's all just sitting there and working memory 346 00:19:45,920 --> 00:19:48,320 Speaker 1: for a minute and then it's gone. I ingested, buddy, 347 00:19:48,480 --> 00:19:52,959 Speaker 1: I do too, like a pie. Like pie or like 348 00:19:53,000 --> 00:19:56,000 Speaker 1: a pie, like a whole pie. I thought you meant 349 00:19:56,040 --> 00:20:00,440 Speaker 1: like pie, so chuck. Um. Still, like we said, there's 350 00:20:00,000 --> 00:20:03,639 Speaker 1: all over the place many languages of Brail specific to 351 00:20:03,680 --> 00:20:07,000 Speaker 1: that country. Yeah. Again, there's no universal Brail. There's not 352 00:20:07,040 --> 00:20:10,600 Speaker 1: even a universal English Brail. The Brail in the UK 353 00:20:10,960 --> 00:20:14,320 Speaker 1: and Wales and the United States are all different. Well, yeah, 354 00:20:14,320 --> 00:20:18,439 Speaker 1: they're different codes. And luckily we have the the Brail 355 00:20:18,520 --> 00:20:21,320 Speaker 1: Authority of North America here in the us of A. 356 00:20:21,840 --> 00:20:24,919 Speaker 1: And they do publish standards for these codes. But you 357 00:20:25,000 --> 00:20:28,440 Speaker 1: have to know what code you're reading, because the same 358 00:20:28,480 --> 00:20:30,480 Speaker 1: cell can mean one thing in one code and something 359 00:20:30,480 --> 00:20:34,720 Speaker 1: else in a different code. Right. And um, Also there's notations. 360 00:20:34,800 --> 00:20:39,840 Speaker 1: There's Brail for music. English Brail American edition is used 361 00:20:39,880 --> 00:20:44,160 Speaker 1: for things like novels and magazines, basically literature. Right. Then 362 00:20:44,200 --> 00:20:47,320 Speaker 1: you have the nemic code of Brail mathematics and scientific 363 00:20:47,400 --> 00:20:50,560 Speaker 1: notation for math and science because I mean, think about sigma. 364 00:20:50,840 --> 00:20:54,120 Speaker 1: There's nothing in the English alphabet that that signifies sigma. 365 00:20:54,560 --> 00:20:56,919 Speaker 1: And that thing pops up a lot and terrifies me 366 00:20:57,000 --> 00:20:59,439 Speaker 1: whenever I see it in an equation. Me too. Uh. 367 00:20:59,520 --> 00:21:03,720 Speaker 1: Then you've computer Brail code uh code for ASKEI A 368 00:21:03,760 --> 00:21:08,000 Speaker 1: S C, I, A, K A, t um and chemical 369 00:21:08,119 --> 00:21:12,200 Speaker 1: notations and music right right, So you the the whole 370 00:21:12,200 --> 00:21:15,520 Speaker 1: point of these um standard authorities is to bring all 371 00:21:15,600 --> 00:21:19,280 Speaker 1: this together so that they're uncited. People in their country 372 00:21:19,480 --> 00:21:21,840 Speaker 1: can all know what the hell they're reading, right, and 373 00:21:21,880 --> 00:21:25,879 Speaker 1: they're like we said, every country literally has their own brail, 374 00:21:26,080 --> 00:21:30,199 Speaker 1: which there's even Chinese Brail with the characters representing sounds 375 00:21:30,280 --> 00:21:33,240 Speaker 1: that make up the language. Hebrew brailed Josh as well, 376 00:21:33,240 --> 00:21:36,760 Speaker 1: which sounds like the grade one brail, with each letter 377 00:21:36,840 --> 00:21:41,880 Speaker 1: and number representing its own cell. And then, of course, Chuck, 378 00:21:41,920 --> 00:21:47,360 Speaker 1: there's the newest Braille alphabet, which is Tibetan. Welcome Tibetan 379 00:21:47,400 --> 00:21:52,200 Speaker 1: Brail to the family. A a woman named Sebrie ten 380 00:21:52,359 --> 00:21:57,040 Speaker 1: Berkin created the code so that she could read Tobetan manuscripts, 381 00:21:57,440 --> 00:22:00,360 Speaker 1: and she realized that she had just created a new 382 00:22:00,400 --> 00:22:04,159 Speaker 1: Brail language and took it to to Tibet and started 383 00:22:04,160 --> 00:22:07,600 Speaker 1: teaching blind Tibetan children. That's Tibetan Brail. So you could 384 00:22:07,600 --> 00:22:10,120 Speaker 1: literally invent a brail method if you wanted to. Oh, 385 00:22:10,160 --> 00:22:14,760 Speaker 1: I have really Josh Braille. Yeah uh, And you know 386 00:22:14,800 --> 00:22:17,320 Speaker 1: they're still working on this. Many countries have agencies and 387 00:22:17,359 --> 00:22:20,679 Speaker 1: departments that evaluate their own codes and try and uh 388 00:22:21,160 --> 00:22:24,560 Speaker 1: institute or implement new improvements in technology. That kind of 389 00:22:24,560 --> 00:22:27,520 Speaker 1: thing like this one I saw. I don't understand that 390 00:22:27,560 --> 00:22:30,359 Speaker 1: the benefit here. So there's a new display prototype that 391 00:22:30,400 --> 00:22:34,080 Speaker 1: can be rolled up like paper. Yeah, uh do people 392 00:22:34,119 --> 00:22:36,560 Speaker 1: do we still do scrolls? Who does that? I think 393 00:22:36,560 --> 00:22:40,399 Speaker 1: that's on its way out with the refreshable type. Aside 394 00:22:40,400 --> 00:22:43,399 Speaker 1: from your like diploma and what what else poster of 395 00:22:44,400 --> 00:22:47,520 Speaker 1: you know, anything that has to do with papyrus, it's 396 00:22:47,600 --> 00:22:50,600 Speaker 1: generally scrolled, you know, silk, that kind of thing. I 397 00:22:50,600 --> 00:22:53,080 Speaker 1: guess that's a good thing. And then well, uh well sorry, 398 00:22:53,359 --> 00:22:57,919 Speaker 1: Brail libraries web, Brail libraries available online. So it seems 399 00:22:58,000 --> 00:23:01,800 Speaker 1: like brail is everywhere, right, sure, I'll tell you one place. 400 00:23:01,840 --> 00:23:04,919 Speaker 1: It's not in the United States. Oh no, it's just 401 00:23:04,960 --> 00:23:08,399 Speaker 1: the fact of the day. Our currency chuck. Out. Of 402 00:23:08,480 --> 00:23:11,240 Speaker 1: one hundred and eighty countries in the world that use 403 00:23:11,320 --> 00:23:14,240 Speaker 1: paper currency, the United States is the only one that 404 00:23:14,400 --> 00:23:17,560 Speaker 1: makes its paper currency the same size and the same shape, 405 00:23:17,680 --> 00:23:22,119 Speaker 1: regardless of denomination. If you are blind, you have to 406 00:23:22,160 --> 00:23:24,080 Speaker 1: come up with your own clever tricks to keep track 407 00:23:24,160 --> 00:23:27,880 Speaker 1: of it. And you're although it probably rarely happens. You're 408 00:23:27,960 --> 00:23:30,800 Speaker 1: constantly under throat of being ripped off because you have 409 00:23:30,880 --> 00:23:33,280 Speaker 1: no idea. You just know you have a paper bill. 410 00:23:33,359 --> 00:23:35,280 Speaker 1: It could be a one or a hundred. You have 411 00:23:35,320 --> 00:23:38,480 Speaker 1: no clue. They fold the paper the bills. Isn't that 412 00:23:38,480 --> 00:23:41,000 Speaker 1: one of the tricks? That is one trick. And there's 413 00:23:41,280 --> 00:23:46,879 Speaker 1: a big debate even within UM blind uh blind advocacy 414 00:23:46,920 --> 00:23:48,760 Speaker 1: groups of whether or not the U s should go 415 00:23:48,760 --> 00:23:52,080 Speaker 1: to the trouble of putting any kind of tactile imprint 416 00:23:52,440 --> 00:23:55,639 Speaker 1: on their currency or should blind people just make do 417 00:23:55,880 --> 00:24:00,280 Speaker 1: you know, uh, but I'm getting you a gift, Chuck what. 418 00:24:00,640 --> 00:24:03,280 Speaker 1: I went onto Amazon and I found this thing called 419 00:24:03,320 --> 00:24:06,399 Speaker 1: the pocket brailer, okay, and it hooks on your key 420 00:24:06,480 --> 00:24:11,040 Speaker 1: chain and it has UM one, two, three, four, five, 421 00:24:11,280 --> 00:24:16,280 Speaker 1: has six little UM notches and you put the corner 422 00:24:16,480 --> 00:24:19,639 Speaker 1: of your paper currency into the appropriate notch. So if 423 00:24:19,640 --> 00:24:21,080 Speaker 1: it's the one, you put it in the one notch 424 00:24:21,320 --> 00:24:24,480 Speaker 1: and you press down and you can actually emboss you 425 00:24:24,520 --> 00:24:27,919 Speaker 1: can brail uh your currency. That's a great idea, not 426 00:24:27,960 --> 00:24:30,240 Speaker 1: for yourself, but if a blind person ever comes in 427 00:24:30,280 --> 00:24:33,760 Speaker 1: contact with it, they have it already brailed for him. 428 00:24:33,960 --> 00:24:36,240 Speaker 1: So if everyone got these and did this to their 429 00:24:36,359 --> 00:24:39,639 Speaker 1: the dollars that flow their way. Eventually we could have 430 00:24:39,760 --> 00:24:42,800 Speaker 1: enough money out there that we're where we've done it ourselves. Yeah, 431 00:24:42,880 --> 00:24:44,880 Speaker 1: I mean think about it. Just every time you came 432 00:24:44,920 --> 00:24:47,840 Speaker 1: in contact with a piece of paper currency, you marked 433 00:24:47,840 --> 00:24:51,520 Speaker 1: it forgot about it, got back into circulation. That kind 434 00:24:51,560 --> 00:24:53,320 Speaker 1: of gets around, you know what I say to that? 435 00:24:53,359 --> 00:24:57,680 Speaker 1: What So I'm going onto Amazon. It's actually from a 436 00:24:57,720 --> 00:25:00,600 Speaker 1: site called maxie Aid, which is a very unfore name 437 00:25:00,640 --> 00:25:04,959 Speaker 1: for a website, but they sell the pocket brailer for 438 00:25:05,080 --> 00:25:08,480 Speaker 1: six dollars and seventy nine cents. And I'm getting you one, buddy. Really, 439 00:25:08,680 --> 00:25:11,920 Speaker 1: I'm getting myself one. Two. That's pretty cool, all right. Well, 440 00:25:12,000 --> 00:25:13,639 Speaker 1: if everyone else out there god him, then maybe we 441 00:25:13,640 --> 00:25:16,960 Speaker 1: could make a real difference in this world. I agree, 442 00:25:17,359 --> 00:25:19,560 Speaker 1: of course, that the blind people would have to know 443 00:25:20,400 --> 00:25:23,040 Speaker 1: that this movement is going on, not necessarily I think 444 00:25:23,080 --> 00:25:25,720 Speaker 1: the trust that they were marked correctly. Well, that's kind 445 00:25:25,720 --> 00:25:27,400 Speaker 1: of thing. I mean, I'm sure there's a jerk out 446 00:25:27,400 --> 00:25:30,560 Speaker 1: there who will do it the opposite way that Chris 447 00:25:30,640 --> 00:25:33,560 Speaker 1: is going to hell anyway. So yeah, good point. Yeah, threefold, 448 00:25:33,640 --> 00:25:35,960 Speaker 1: remember the which is rule of three right, come back 449 00:25:35,960 --> 00:25:38,120 Speaker 1: in your head three times, buddy, If you want to 450 00:25:38,480 --> 00:25:42,240 Speaker 1: read more about rail Um, you can type that ord 451 00:25:42,359 --> 00:25:44,720 Speaker 1: b R A, I L L E into the handy 452 00:25:44,760 --> 00:25:47,960 Speaker 1: search bar at how stuff works dot com, which leads us, 453 00:25:48,040 --> 00:25:55,360 Speaker 1: of course to listener mail. Ye yes, Josh. Anyone out 454 00:25:55,359 --> 00:25:57,600 Speaker 1: there who listens to this much of the show and 455 00:25:57,640 --> 00:26:01,000 Speaker 1: listens to listener mail, all eight of you know two things. 456 00:26:01,200 --> 00:26:04,480 Speaker 1: We love email from our young friends, Yes, and we 457 00:26:04,600 --> 00:26:08,600 Speaker 1: love email in broken English, and we love free stuff. 458 00:26:08,840 --> 00:26:11,080 Speaker 1: And this is both actually not all three. This is 459 00:26:11,080 --> 00:26:13,479 Speaker 1: not free stuff. This is I'm gonna call this broken 460 00:26:13,480 --> 00:26:18,560 Speaker 1: English from Young Lucy. Ah, Young Lucy. What is called 461 00:26:18,640 --> 00:26:22,600 Speaker 1: the cutest recent immigrant in the United States is great 462 00:26:23,200 --> 00:26:25,480 Speaker 1: and of course, as we always like to see O 463 00:26:25,600 --> 00:26:28,080 Speaker 1: A and say, we're not making fun of anyone. This 464 00:26:28,200 --> 00:26:30,280 Speaker 1: is doing a great job of writing in English, and 465 00:26:30,320 --> 00:26:33,240 Speaker 1: we just think it's a good time. Hello Josh and 466 00:26:33,320 --> 00:26:36,600 Speaker 1: Chuck from the podcast. I am fourteen years of age 467 00:26:36,600 --> 00:26:40,040 Speaker 1: and I enjoy to listen to the podcast plenty good start. 468 00:26:40,560 --> 00:26:43,080 Speaker 1: I write this on friends email due to the fact 469 00:26:43,160 --> 00:26:47,040 Speaker 1: that I myself do not have email. I write another before, 470 00:26:47,800 --> 00:26:50,160 Speaker 1: but is not certain if it arrived to the dwelling 471 00:26:50,200 --> 00:26:53,720 Speaker 1: of you, so I write again. I love the podcast 472 00:26:53,760 --> 00:26:56,760 Speaker 1: and the joke you say, make eye laughing so hard. 473 00:26:57,960 --> 00:27:00,960 Speaker 1: That's good. So she thinks you're funny. I try hard 474 00:27:01,000 --> 00:27:04,359 Speaker 1: on English, but it's still no good. Josh and Chuck 475 00:27:04,400 --> 00:27:07,480 Speaker 1: helped plenty, and I find I learned new thing every 476 00:27:07,520 --> 00:27:10,199 Speaker 1: one of the days. Awesome. So she's learning things all 477 00:27:10,240 --> 00:27:12,600 Speaker 1: the time from us. She should her parents should probably 478 00:27:12,600 --> 00:27:16,480 Speaker 1: be afraid. Probably so. I come to Canada from China 479 00:27:17,000 --> 00:27:19,600 Speaker 1: and like to live here. Every day here is joyous, 480 00:27:20,040 --> 00:27:23,720 Speaker 1: and all people are happy and also kind. That's about Canada. 481 00:27:23,840 --> 00:27:27,720 Speaker 1: She must mean Vancouver. My mother jokes that I am 482 00:27:27,760 --> 00:27:30,680 Speaker 1: too much in interest with podcasts and says she is 483 00:27:30,720 --> 00:27:34,240 Speaker 1: wondering if I am in love with podcast Josh m M. 484 00:27:35,240 --> 00:27:38,560 Speaker 1: I respond with wholehearted no, and declare him too married 485 00:27:39,160 --> 00:27:41,760 Speaker 1: and he much too old for my young and small 486 00:27:41,800 --> 00:27:45,040 Speaker 1: age fourteen. Very true. That is a good girl. Josh 487 00:27:45,160 --> 00:27:47,960 Speaker 1: is not married, though, we should say. I listened to 488 00:27:48,040 --> 00:27:51,760 Speaker 1: old podcast with Chris, and I'm wondered, why, oh why 489 00:27:52,680 --> 00:27:57,200 Speaker 1: Chris does Josh work? Is Chris slave? Slavery not accepted 490 00:27:57,320 --> 00:28:02,000 Speaker 1: in Canada, neither should in US? Agreed? Agreed. I love 491 00:28:02,080 --> 00:28:04,160 Speaker 1: to hear you, and good day to you. I try 492 00:28:04,200 --> 00:28:06,280 Speaker 1: hard to write this and I'm hoping happiness and health 493 00:28:06,840 --> 00:28:11,080 Speaker 1: for you from your fan number one, Lucy. Goodbye, no 494 00:28:11,359 --> 00:28:16,880 Speaker 1: use slave. Okay, Lucy, I am not married. I am 495 00:28:17,000 --> 00:28:19,680 Speaker 1: very much taken, but I gotta tell yet. If I weren't, 496 00:28:19,800 --> 00:28:22,560 Speaker 1: I would wait for you. You sound like a very 497 00:28:22,600 --> 00:28:25,520 Speaker 1: she is quite a charmer, passionate, charming and lady. And 498 00:28:25,560 --> 00:28:28,680 Speaker 1: welcome to Canada. But can I speak for Canadians? I 499 00:28:28,760 --> 00:28:32,000 Speaker 1: guess welcome to Canada. We do here in the US anyway, 500 00:28:32,800 --> 00:28:35,680 Speaker 1: And thanks for listening, Lucy. It's really very, very cute. 501 00:28:36,600 --> 00:28:41,120 Speaker 1: So if you have a super heartbreakingly cute email that 502 00:28:41,200 --> 00:28:43,480 Speaker 1: you want to send us, you know we like those 503 00:28:43,480 --> 00:28:47,000 Speaker 1: a lot. We're suckers for him. You just wrap it up, 504 00:28:47,240 --> 00:28:51,520 Speaker 1: send it along to stuff podcast at how stuff works 505 00:28:51,640 --> 00:28:59,200 Speaker 1: dot com for more on this and thousands of other topics. 506 00:28:59,320 --> 00:29:02,320 Speaker 1: Does it house to works dot com. Want more house 507 00:29:02,360 --> 00:29:05,040 Speaker 1: stuff works, check out our blogs on the house stuff 508 00:29:05,040 --> 00:29:09,640 Speaker 1: works dot com home page. M HM brought to you 509 00:29:09,680 --> 00:29:13,040 Speaker 1: by the reinvented two thousand twelve camera. It's ready, are 510 00:29:13,080 --> 00:29:13,240 Speaker 1: you