1 00:00:03,279 --> 00:00:06,160 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind from how Stuff 2 00:00:06,160 --> 00:00:13,960 Speaker 1: Works dot com. Hey, you're gonna stuff to blow your mind. 3 00:00:13,960 --> 00:00:17,120 Speaker 1: My name is Robert Lamb, and I'm gonna rehash here 4 00:00:17,160 --> 00:00:19,279 Speaker 1: just a little bit. But if you've been listening to 5 00:00:19,280 --> 00:00:21,520 Speaker 1: this podcast for long, then you know a few simple 6 00:00:21,640 --> 00:00:25,360 Speaker 1: facts about our life here on Earth. Organisms as a 7 00:00:25,360 --> 00:00:29,840 Speaker 1: whole can only survive in a really slim portion of 8 00:00:29,880 --> 00:00:33,400 Speaker 1: our environment. You know, you go too too high, gets 9 00:00:33,440 --> 00:00:38,280 Speaker 1: too cold, less atmosphere, go too deep, gets too hot. 10 00:00:38,360 --> 00:00:41,159 Speaker 1: Goldilocks principle. Goldilocks principle, the same thing you see with 11 00:00:41,360 --> 00:00:44,199 Speaker 1: with our planets exactly that the Earth is just right, 12 00:00:44,560 --> 00:00:48,000 Speaker 1: whereas if you tread on out to the Venus, then 13 00:00:48,040 --> 00:00:49,600 Speaker 1: it gets starts getting too hot. You go to Mars, 14 00:00:49,600 --> 00:00:52,440 Speaker 1: it starts getting too cold. So there aren't many places 15 00:00:52,479 --> 00:00:55,880 Speaker 1: in the world where we can actually live. Now as humans, 16 00:00:56,160 --> 00:00:58,480 Speaker 1: we we've managed to spread out just about everyone on 17 00:00:58,520 --> 00:01:01,360 Speaker 1: this planet. Because we have this this intellect, we're able 18 00:01:01,400 --> 00:01:04,800 Speaker 1: to to build things that can so that can sustain us, 19 00:01:04,840 --> 00:01:07,440 Speaker 1: that can insulate us, that can allow us to survive 20 00:01:07,720 --> 00:01:13,120 Speaker 1: in otherwise deadly environments. But other members of the animal 21 00:01:13,160 --> 00:01:16,160 Speaker 1: world have had to depend on pure brown on their 22 00:01:16,200 --> 00:01:22,440 Speaker 1: bodies on their peculiar physiology that allows them to really 23 00:01:22,720 --> 00:01:28,120 Speaker 1: survive for ages in otherwise deadly situations. It's true if 24 00:01:28,560 --> 00:01:30,960 Speaker 1: if you're a human and you live in a really 25 00:01:31,000 --> 00:01:34,560 Speaker 1: cold part of the world, just imagine it being like 26 00:01:34,720 --> 00:01:38,360 Speaker 1: ten times colder and trying to survive out in the open. 27 00:01:38,800 --> 00:01:41,679 Speaker 1: Because we have some some animals that we're going to 28 00:01:41,720 --> 00:01:44,600 Speaker 1: talk about today that can do that, and they really 29 00:01:44,640 --> 00:01:48,760 Speaker 1: are the sort of Chuck Norris of animal species out there, 30 00:01:48,880 --> 00:01:53,960 Speaker 1: and they make humans look like coddled little babies. Yeah, 31 00:01:54,000 --> 00:01:57,480 Speaker 1: and baby humans. Yeah. I mean, it's important to realize 32 00:01:57,520 --> 00:02:00,840 Speaker 1: that that oftentimes survival comes down to just agrees, because 33 00:02:00,960 --> 00:02:02,840 Speaker 1: it's easy to get caught up from the human perspective, 34 00:02:02,840 --> 00:02:05,640 Speaker 1: not only in survival but in comfort level. But I 35 00:02:05,680 --> 00:02:09,600 Speaker 1: was reading about various species of like of moss that 36 00:02:09,680 --> 00:02:13,000 Speaker 1: were able to survive the ice ages because they happen 37 00:02:13,040 --> 00:02:16,400 Speaker 1: to be close to a volcanic area where there was 38 00:02:16,480 --> 00:02:20,160 Speaker 1: volcanic activity, where where the the volcanic activity in the 39 00:02:20,160 --> 00:02:23,519 Speaker 1: area managed to to raise the temperature just just a 40 00:02:23,639 --> 00:02:26,840 Speaker 1: few degrees necessary to sustain them and allow them to 41 00:02:26,880 --> 00:02:30,000 Speaker 1: avoid extinction. So this episode is really an ode to 42 00:02:30,040 --> 00:02:32,359 Speaker 1: these creatures and their superpowers. And to kick it off, 43 00:02:32,560 --> 00:02:35,000 Speaker 1: we are going to introduce you all to the red 44 00:02:35,240 --> 00:02:40,560 Speaker 1: flat bark beetle. Yes, this amazing beetle is is a 45 00:02:40,600 --> 00:02:44,560 Speaker 1: resident of northern Alaska, where obviously things get a bit chilly, 46 00:02:44,600 --> 00:02:48,359 Speaker 1: and this beetle is able to survive arctic conditions through 47 00:02:48,440 --> 00:02:52,600 Speaker 1: a really amazing method. It uses a cocktail of internal 48 00:02:52,680 --> 00:02:57,440 Speaker 1: chemicals that essentially works like anti freeze. Yeah. Beginning in August, 49 00:02:57,440 --> 00:03:00,760 Speaker 1: they begin to produce anti freeze proach means that bind 50 00:03:00,760 --> 00:03:03,720 Speaker 1: to sites where ice might form. And then later in 51 00:03:03,720 --> 00:03:08,160 Speaker 1: the fall, the beetles produce glycerol that drives their freezing 52 00:03:08,200 --> 00:03:11,079 Speaker 1: point down as anti freeze does in a car. And 53 00:03:11,120 --> 00:03:14,120 Speaker 1: finally they begin to lose water in their bodies. They 54 00:03:14,120 --> 00:03:17,040 Speaker 1: begin to dehydrate themselves. Yeah. Their larva have been known 55 00:03:17,040 --> 00:03:20,560 Speaker 1: as their vive temperatures of negative one fifty degrees celsius 56 00:03:20,680 --> 00:03:25,600 Speaker 1: or negative two thirty eight degrees fahrenheit, which is crazy. Uh. 57 00:03:25,720 --> 00:03:27,239 Speaker 1: And it's important to note that, like, one of the 58 00:03:27,480 --> 00:03:29,920 Speaker 1: key things when you're talking about animals, any kind of 59 00:03:30,000 --> 00:03:33,880 Speaker 1: organism being able to survive freezing temperatures is that if 60 00:03:33,880 --> 00:03:37,000 Speaker 1: that organism has water in its tissue, what happens when 61 00:03:37,080 --> 00:03:41,080 Speaker 1: water freezes, it expands. And this always brings me back 62 00:03:41,120 --> 00:03:43,360 Speaker 1: to that part in Dante's Inferno where you have the 63 00:03:43,360 --> 00:03:46,040 Speaker 1: individuals that are frozen in the Lake of Cocitis, the 64 00:03:46,120 --> 00:03:48,880 Speaker 1: very bottom of Hell, and they they're weeping because of 65 00:03:48,880 --> 00:03:51,440 Speaker 1: their sins and because of their suffering. The water fills 66 00:03:51,480 --> 00:03:54,200 Speaker 1: their eye sockets because they're they're gazing upwards, they're frozen 67 00:03:54,200 --> 00:03:57,200 Speaker 1: with their their their face looking straight up. When the 68 00:03:57,320 --> 00:03:59,920 Speaker 1: when the tears freeze in their eye sockets, that expand, 69 00:04:00,440 --> 00:04:02,960 Speaker 1: adding to their their torment, cain and anguish. Yeah, and 70 00:04:03,000 --> 00:04:06,800 Speaker 1: so when when when tissue freezes normally like that is 71 00:04:06,840 --> 00:04:10,200 Speaker 1: happening throughout the tissue at a much smaller level, which 72 00:04:10,400 --> 00:04:14,560 Speaker 1: is disastrous and has and that's why you see a 73 00:04:14,680 --> 00:04:17,159 Speaker 1: number of animals have have ways around this, often using 74 00:04:17,200 --> 00:04:19,800 Speaker 1: something like like glycerol in their system. And it's one 75 00:04:19,839 --> 00:04:23,440 Speaker 1: of the big hurdles to to to freezing a human 76 00:04:23,480 --> 00:04:27,880 Speaker 1: body and perhaps using that tissue again or or conceivably 77 00:04:27,960 --> 00:04:30,640 Speaker 1: bringing that person back to life, which is why the 78 00:04:30,680 --> 00:04:35,320 Speaker 1: beetles have been of interest to cryo preservation right exactly. Um, 79 00:04:35,320 --> 00:04:37,520 Speaker 1: but it all kind of comes down to that dehydration 80 00:04:37,560 --> 00:04:40,440 Speaker 1: for the beatles, and according to Professor John Derman from 81 00:04:40,440 --> 00:04:43,400 Speaker 1: the University of Notre Dom in Indiana. He says that 82 00:04:43,480 --> 00:04:48,320 Speaker 1: purposely dehydrating internal tissue concentrates the anti freezes several folds, 83 00:04:48,360 --> 00:04:51,960 Speaker 1: such that if they're exposed to really low temperatures, their 84 00:04:52,040 --> 00:04:55,560 Speaker 1: body water then vitrifies, and this is forming a glass 85 00:04:55,600 --> 00:04:59,680 Speaker 1: like substance rather than freezing. And this really is amazing, 86 00:04:59,760 --> 00:05:01,640 Speaker 1: becau as if you think about it, these beetles are 87 00:05:01,720 --> 00:05:05,280 Speaker 1: completely out there naked. You know, they haven't found any 88 00:05:05,440 --> 00:05:09,760 Speaker 1: leaf litter to um to try to get some insulation from. 89 00:05:09,800 --> 00:05:13,440 Speaker 1: They're just out there bear in the snow doing this. 90 00:05:14,000 --> 00:05:17,960 Speaker 1: They have not knit any little caps for themselves they 91 00:05:18,000 --> 00:05:19,680 Speaker 1: do that right. No, No, though that would be cute 92 00:05:19,680 --> 00:05:21,479 Speaker 1: if they did. But yeah, these guys don't need caps. 93 00:05:21,680 --> 00:05:23,520 Speaker 1: So that's an insect that's really able to gain the 94 00:05:23,560 --> 00:05:29,080 Speaker 1: system in frigid environments. But what about really hot environments, Uh, 95 00:05:29,200 --> 00:05:33,520 Speaker 1: particularly say the Sahara Desert, where you'll you'll find just 96 00:05:33,640 --> 00:05:38,000 Speaker 1: extreme temperatures that would just just boil the flesh off 97 00:05:38,040 --> 00:05:40,080 Speaker 1: of just about anything that would step out in it. 98 00:05:40,160 --> 00:05:43,320 Speaker 1: We're talking temperatures of sixty degrees celsius or a hundred 99 00:05:43,400 --> 00:05:45,960 Speaker 1: forty degrees fahrenheit. Well, that's where you're going to find 100 00:05:45,960 --> 00:05:50,800 Speaker 1: the Saharan silver aunt or the cataglyphist Bombasina. Biologists EO. 101 00:05:50,880 --> 00:05:53,120 Speaker 1: Wilson said of these guys that they live at the 102 00:05:53,240 --> 00:05:56,960 Speaker 1: very edge of the envelope of life. And indeed they 103 00:05:57,000 --> 00:06:00,560 Speaker 1: do because what they do is kind of sscinating, because 104 00:06:00,600 --> 00:06:02,560 Speaker 1: it's not just that they don't get scorched by the sun, 105 00:06:03,080 --> 00:06:05,800 Speaker 1: is that they have a really narrow window in which 106 00:06:05,839 --> 00:06:08,360 Speaker 1: they can go out into the desert before they do 107 00:06:08,520 --> 00:06:11,440 Speaker 1: get fried. And the reason why they go out at 108 00:06:11,480 --> 00:06:16,360 Speaker 1: mid day is because reptiles like lizards, which are predators 109 00:06:16,400 --> 00:06:19,040 Speaker 1: for them, well they are all nice and tucked away 110 00:06:19,040 --> 00:06:21,560 Speaker 1: in their burrows cooling off. So they know they have 111 00:06:21,680 --> 00:06:24,920 Speaker 1: this one window to try to go around and find 112 00:06:25,000 --> 00:06:29,680 Speaker 1: the dying carcasses of other insects that didn't survive the 113 00:06:29,680 --> 00:06:32,400 Speaker 1: heat and round them up. Yea, their environment is a killer, 114 00:06:32,800 --> 00:06:34,960 Speaker 1: at least above ground it is. And they know that 115 00:06:35,120 --> 00:06:38,080 Speaker 1: this part of the day it has either it has 116 00:06:38,160 --> 00:06:41,320 Speaker 1: driven away the animals that would eat them and killed 117 00:06:41,360 --> 00:06:45,120 Speaker 1: things or weaken thinks as significantly that they might themselves 118 00:06:45,160 --> 00:06:47,280 Speaker 1: prey upon. And so they go out there with this 119 00:06:47,440 --> 00:06:51,440 Speaker 1: limited window there they move fast. They have long legs. 120 00:06:51,600 --> 00:06:54,440 Speaker 1: They're making this little contact with the ground is possible 121 00:06:54,440 --> 00:06:56,760 Speaker 1: so that there's less time for that heat to rise 122 00:06:56,839 --> 00:06:59,440 Speaker 1: up through their body and cook them in their in 123 00:06:59,480 --> 00:07:02,240 Speaker 1: their skin. Yeah, it's like their their trucks are kind 124 00:07:02,240 --> 00:07:04,919 Speaker 1: of like monster truck legs. They are longer than usual. 125 00:07:04,960 --> 00:07:07,320 Speaker 1: They're at a quarter of an inch long, and that 126 00:07:07,480 --> 00:07:10,360 Speaker 1: raises them about a quarter of an inch above the 127 00:07:10,360 --> 00:07:14,840 Speaker 1: ground and that's just enough to get a thirty degree differential. Yeah, 128 00:07:14,840 --> 00:07:17,920 Speaker 1: you don't want any belly dragon out there now. Um. 129 00:07:17,960 --> 00:07:20,920 Speaker 1: They also scale any kind of vegetation they can to 130 00:07:20,960 --> 00:07:24,239 Speaker 1: cool themselves, and then in a game of what looks 131 00:07:24,280 --> 00:07:27,960 Speaker 1: like hot lava, they kind of sprint and hop over 132 00:07:28,000 --> 00:07:29,840 Speaker 1: the terrain. We just like any of us do when 133 00:07:30,080 --> 00:07:32,040 Speaker 1: we're trying to get from the beach house to the 134 00:07:32,040 --> 00:07:34,320 Speaker 1: beach across the hot sand. And if you're an asphalt 135 00:07:34,440 --> 00:07:36,240 Speaker 1: and you have bare feet, you do the same sort 136 00:07:36,280 --> 00:07:38,320 Speaker 1: of thing. Although this is what they do that we don't. Uh. 137 00:07:38,440 --> 00:07:41,320 Speaker 1: Sometimes they run with two of their six legs held 138 00:07:41,360 --> 00:07:43,880 Speaker 1: up in the air as they try to navigate that 139 00:07:43,960 --> 00:07:47,080 Speaker 1: scorching hot sand, So another way to try to cool 140 00:07:47,160 --> 00:07:49,880 Speaker 1: that body. They can run a distance that corresponds to 141 00:07:50,080 --> 00:07:52,760 Speaker 1: one hundred of their body length per second. That's how 142 00:07:52,840 --> 00:07:56,600 Speaker 1: fast they are. And they also have special heat shot 143 00:07:56,720 --> 00:07:59,640 Speaker 1: proteins so that a hot body, their hot bodies continue 144 00:07:59,640 --> 00:08:03,040 Speaker 1: to funk. So even though that the temperature is really hot, 145 00:08:03,200 --> 00:08:05,760 Speaker 1: it's still it's still functioning. But again, they only have 146 00:08:05,800 --> 00:08:07,840 Speaker 1: that slim window and it it. I can't help but 147 00:08:07,920 --> 00:08:10,000 Speaker 1: be reminded of the old I forget the title, but 148 00:08:10,000 --> 00:08:12,080 Speaker 1: there was an Isaac Asimov short story, one of the 149 00:08:12,120 --> 00:08:17,160 Speaker 1: robots stories. I think about humans on Mercury and uh, 150 00:08:17,200 --> 00:08:20,160 Speaker 1: and they could they could only venture outside in their suits, 151 00:08:20,200 --> 00:08:22,800 Speaker 1: of course, for a very short period of time. And 152 00:08:22,840 --> 00:08:25,040 Speaker 1: so of course the story ends up concerning someone who 153 00:08:25,080 --> 00:08:27,800 Speaker 1: has become stranded and uh, and it's basically a death 154 00:08:27,800 --> 00:08:30,440 Speaker 1: sentence that they're stuck out there. Now here's where it 155 00:08:30,520 --> 00:08:34,960 Speaker 1: gets really poignant. These guys have a life expectancy of 156 00:08:35,000 --> 00:08:39,360 Speaker 1: like six days, and so this this is a big 157 00:08:39,480 --> 00:08:43,679 Speaker 1: run for their lives, really for food that will sustain 158 00:08:43,800 --> 00:08:47,199 Speaker 1: them for that amount of time, because they will return 159 00:08:47,280 --> 00:08:50,840 Speaker 1: from from their foraging expeditions with about fifteen to twenty 160 00:08:50,880 --> 00:08:53,640 Speaker 1: times their weight in food. And not all of them 161 00:08:53,679 --> 00:08:55,760 Speaker 1: will returned, right, I mean some of them are going 162 00:08:55,800 --> 00:08:58,680 Speaker 1: to get scorched out there. That's kind of be ant life, 163 00:08:58,720 --> 00:09:01,240 Speaker 1: I guess, you know, just in general, it's not about 164 00:09:01,280 --> 00:09:04,520 Speaker 1: the individual, it's about the group, about the colony. Yeah. 165 00:09:04,520 --> 00:09:06,280 Speaker 1: And what's interesting about this too is when they burst 166 00:09:06,320 --> 00:09:09,280 Speaker 1: forth from from their little underground burrows. They do it 167 00:09:09,360 --> 00:09:11,959 Speaker 1: in hundreds, right, but they all go off in their 168 00:09:12,000 --> 00:09:15,800 Speaker 1: own individual directions and then they come back individually and 169 00:09:15,800 --> 00:09:18,800 Speaker 1: and bring the spoils of what they have found to 170 00:09:18,840 --> 00:09:22,920 Speaker 1: each other. Nice. Now, our next creature on the list 171 00:09:22,960 --> 00:09:25,600 Speaker 1: is another one that lives in a realm of death, 172 00:09:25,720 --> 00:09:30,880 Speaker 1: just a place of just lifeless, harsh circumstances, and that 173 00:09:31,040 --> 00:09:34,880 Speaker 1: is the Himalayan jumping spider, which lives at heights altitudes 174 00:09:34,920 --> 00:09:38,320 Speaker 1: of up to sixty seven thousand meters or twenty one 175 00:09:39,640 --> 00:09:43,240 Speaker 1: one feet higher than any other species. So here they 176 00:09:43,240 --> 00:09:46,760 Speaker 1: are on the top of the Himalayan mountains. They look 177 00:09:46,840 --> 00:09:48,760 Speaker 1: like something out of Star Wars. Yeah, they have that 178 00:09:48,880 --> 00:09:50,559 Speaker 1: very you know, that kind of hunting spider look with 179 00:09:50,600 --> 00:09:53,320 Speaker 1: all the eyes either. I think of those as the 180 00:09:53,320 --> 00:09:55,160 Speaker 1: cute spiders. Yeah, I think like, oh, this is something 181 00:09:55,200 --> 00:09:57,839 Speaker 1: you might find on HOTH right, Um, some sort of 182 00:09:57,920 --> 00:10:01,600 Speaker 1: like spider assass android. But anyway, Um, it's lonely up 183 00:10:01,640 --> 00:10:03,320 Speaker 1: there at the top. There's not a lot of species 184 00:10:03,320 --> 00:10:05,600 Speaker 1: they can prey upon. Well, the other side, of course, 185 00:10:05,640 --> 00:10:08,880 Speaker 1: is there's virtually nothing to eat them, so they're safe. 186 00:10:08,960 --> 00:10:10,880 Speaker 1: But then but then there's nothing to eat there is 187 00:10:10,920 --> 00:10:13,319 Speaker 1: there's like there's literally nothing that they can kill and 188 00:10:13,440 --> 00:10:15,600 Speaker 1: eat up there. So you're how do they live? Sure 189 00:10:15,600 --> 00:10:18,880 Speaker 1: they found this place that where they're safe, but how 190 00:10:18,920 --> 00:10:23,960 Speaker 1: did they sustain themselves? And the answer is wonderfully grim 191 00:10:24,080 --> 00:10:26,719 Speaker 1: and and dark. I love it. Uh. And it all 192 00:10:26,760 --> 00:10:31,440 Speaker 1: involves the frozen corpses of insects that are blown their 193 00:10:31,480 --> 00:10:34,720 Speaker 1: way by the wind. Yeah, it was like passive eating here. Yeah. 194 00:10:34,720 --> 00:10:38,079 Speaker 1: The wind is picking up dead, frozen insect carcasses from 195 00:10:38,120 --> 00:10:41,400 Speaker 1: from lower altitudes and blowing them up and then they 196 00:10:41,440 --> 00:10:44,160 Speaker 1: fall right on the doorstep for the Himalayan jumping spider 197 00:10:44,200 --> 00:10:46,199 Speaker 1: and they say, well, I don't mind if I do well, 198 00:10:46,200 --> 00:10:48,640 Speaker 1: And there are flash frozen right, so they're probably still 199 00:10:48,679 --> 00:10:52,800 Speaker 1: really tasty, I'm sure. Yeah, Like basically the trader Joe's 200 00:10:52,840 --> 00:10:55,360 Speaker 1: for the Himalayan jumping spider. I think they have a 201 00:10:55,400 --> 00:10:58,080 Speaker 1: good deal up there. Yeah, And again it's another environment 202 00:10:58,080 --> 00:11:02,400 Speaker 1: where this creature is depending upon the harsh environment around 203 00:11:02,679 --> 00:11:05,080 Speaker 1: around it to kill its prey. Like it doesn't even 204 00:11:05,160 --> 00:11:06,520 Speaker 1: have to do anything, It just lives in such a 205 00:11:06,600 --> 00:11:10,680 Speaker 1: dangerous place that it has it is outsourced the killing 206 00:11:10,720 --> 00:11:12,640 Speaker 1: of prey. Yeah, and you could also say that it's 207 00:11:12,640 --> 00:11:15,720 Speaker 1: exploiting this niche to saying, hey, let's go up higher 208 00:11:15,720 --> 00:11:17,880 Speaker 1: because nobody's going to eat us up there. We've got 209 00:11:17,880 --> 00:11:20,719 Speaker 1: food delivered at our doorstep. This is great. And that's 210 00:11:20,800 --> 00:11:23,400 Speaker 1: ultimately how you you see life in all these extreme 211 00:11:23,520 --> 00:11:27,040 Speaker 1: places is because life creeps out like that slime mold 212 00:11:27,080 --> 00:11:29,600 Speaker 1: in the maze, and it's going to find every place 213 00:11:29,640 --> 00:11:32,840 Speaker 1: it can it can possibly get a foothold. All right, 214 00:11:32,880 --> 00:11:34,800 Speaker 1: let's take a break, and when we get back, we're 215 00:11:34,840 --> 00:11:44,760 Speaker 1: going to talk about a super leach. Al Right, we 216 00:11:44,840 --> 00:11:47,880 Speaker 1: are back. We're gonna talk about us super leach. But 217 00:11:48,000 --> 00:11:49,760 Speaker 1: before we do, I want to point out that most 218 00:11:49,840 --> 00:11:53,120 Speaker 1: organisms can't survive exposure to temperatures be a low zero 219 00:11:53,280 --> 00:11:57,240 Speaker 1: degrees celsius, let alone temperatures as low as something like 220 00:11:57,600 --> 00:12:02,440 Speaker 1: liquid nitrogen. Yeah, that's a negative one degrees celsius. Just 221 00:12:02,480 --> 00:12:05,440 Speaker 1: to put that in perspective. Yes, but there exists a 222 00:12:05,520 --> 00:12:10,360 Speaker 1: wiley leach also Bronchus gent cy on Us or fancy 223 00:12:10,360 --> 00:12:12,360 Speaker 1: pantis chance in Us and I like to call it. 224 00:12:12,720 --> 00:12:16,000 Speaker 1: That can survive exposure to super low temperatures by storage 225 00:12:16,080 --> 00:12:19,840 Speaker 1: in liquid nitrogen, which again is the stuff that generally 226 00:12:19,840 --> 00:12:22,640 Speaker 1: you only think of the T one thousand surviving liquid nitrogen. 227 00:12:22,720 --> 00:12:24,319 Speaker 1: You know, this is the freeze, the bad guy and 228 00:12:24,400 --> 00:12:27,960 Speaker 1: shattering stuff in case any of you were unaware, right 229 00:12:28,120 --> 00:12:30,120 Speaker 1: and they can do that. They can survive in liquid 230 00:12:30,160 --> 00:12:33,160 Speaker 1: natures for twenty four hours, as well as long term 231 00:12:33,240 --> 00:12:37,040 Speaker 1: storage at temperatures as low as ninety degrees celsius minus 232 00:12:37,120 --> 00:12:40,719 Speaker 1: ninety degrees for up to thirty two months. Uh. They 233 00:12:40,720 --> 00:12:44,360 Speaker 1: are also capable of enduring repeated freeze thaw cycles and 234 00:12:44,559 --> 00:12:48,959 Speaker 1: temperature ranges from twenty degrees celsius to minus one d 235 00:12:49,080 --> 00:12:52,320 Speaker 1: degrees celsius and then back to twenty degrees celsius. So 236 00:12:52,360 --> 00:12:56,000 Speaker 1: they're flexible here. Right now, you're probably wondering, why is 237 00:12:56,040 --> 00:12:58,200 Speaker 1: this leach so hardy? What comes back to what we're 238 00:12:58,200 --> 00:13:01,400 Speaker 1: talking about before life goes where it can wherever it 239 00:13:01,400 --> 00:13:03,800 Speaker 1: can get a foothold, and if you're a parasitic leech, 240 00:13:03,920 --> 00:13:06,160 Speaker 1: while then you were depending upon a host, and in 241 00:13:06,200 --> 00:13:09,880 Speaker 1: this case, these particular leeches depend on sea turtles. They 242 00:13:09,880 --> 00:13:12,960 Speaker 1: pray exclusively on sea turtles, and these particular sea turtles 243 00:13:13,440 --> 00:13:15,640 Speaker 1: swim in waters no cold or than negative to or 244 00:13:15,679 --> 00:13:19,680 Speaker 1: negative four degrees celsius. So their their prey, their host 245 00:13:20,120 --> 00:13:23,320 Speaker 1: is a cold water organism, so they have to have 246 00:13:23,440 --> 00:13:26,640 Speaker 1: to survive and really hack these cold conditions in order 247 00:13:26,960 --> 00:13:30,600 Speaker 1: to get that meal. It's like if that person who 248 00:13:30,640 --> 00:13:33,640 Speaker 1: is trying to swim the English Channel, if they you know, 249 00:13:33,679 --> 00:13:36,040 Speaker 1: it's so freezing, like if they never got out of 250 00:13:36,080 --> 00:13:38,360 Speaker 1: that water, that's basically what they would turn into, is 251 00:13:38,360 --> 00:13:40,840 Speaker 1: this kind of leach. Because the crazy thing about this 252 00:13:40,920 --> 00:13:43,479 Speaker 1: leech is that they don't have any sort of cryo 253 00:13:43,640 --> 00:13:46,280 Speaker 1: protectant like that glyph for all that we were talking about, 254 00:13:46,800 --> 00:13:49,960 Speaker 1: and they don't dehydrate their internal tissues. So scientists are like, 255 00:13:50,200 --> 00:13:52,280 Speaker 1: maybe this is just something that they have been able 256 00:13:52,360 --> 00:13:56,400 Speaker 1: to do adapt to over a period of time. Yeah, 257 00:13:56,400 --> 00:13:59,280 Speaker 1: it remains kind of a mystery. They just somehow evolved 258 00:13:59,280 --> 00:14:02,079 Speaker 1: a highly special lies and largely unknown way of tolerating 259 00:14:02,360 --> 00:14:06,320 Speaker 1: physiological water freezing in their tissues. So so again, the 260 00:14:06,320 --> 00:14:09,319 Speaker 1: the the the old people with billions of dollars that 261 00:14:09,400 --> 00:14:11,679 Speaker 1: want to live forever, very interested in these leeches, or 262 00:14:11,720 --> 00:14:13,920 Speaker 1: at least the scientists that work for them are as 263 00:14:13,960 --> 00:14:16,280 Speaker 1: well as you know, anyone that is interested in UH 264 00:14:16,880 --> 00:14:19,560 Speaker 1: in space exploration, about the idea of you know, either 265 00:14:19,880 --> 00:14:23,640 Speaker 1: a preserving a human body for long distance travel through 266 00:14:23,640 --> 00:14:27,160 Speaker 1: space or to get into the whole werewolf principal territory 267 00:14:27,320 --> 00:14:30,400 Speaker 1: of figuring out how to adapt the human form or 268 00:14:30,440 --> 00:14:34,240 Speaker 1: some variation of the human form for continued existence on 269 00:14:34,320 --> 00:14:38,240 Speaker 1: other world or aboard a spaceship out in the void. 270 00:14:38,480 --> 00:14:40,480 Speaker 1: What could we learn from these other species that we're 271 00:14:40,520 --> 00:14:43,720 Speaker 1: discussing here today that could be utilized in the future, 272 00:14:44,400 --> 00:14:48,200 Speaker 1: perhaps at a genetic level, to change the species for 273 00:14:48,400 --> 00:14:52,320 Speaker 1: survival beyond the Earth. Yeah, and UM and you mentioned 274 00:14:52,400 --> 00:14:55,080 Speaker 1: bio gerontology are pretty gray of course, being the person 275 00:14:55,120 --> 00:14:57,120 Speaker 1: who's outfair saying like, we could just need to maintain 276 00:14:57,160 --> 00:15:00,600 Speaker 1: our bodies like a classic car. And the answer to 277 00:15:00,640 --> 00:15:03,560 Speaker 1: this might be in some of these creatures, in some 278 00:15:03,640 --> 00:15:07,760 Speaker 1: of the ways in which UM those cryo protective elements 279 00:15:08,160 --> 00:15:12,880 Speaker 1: help them. Now I'm thinking too of UM trauma medicine, 280 00:15:12,880 --> 00:15:15,880 Speaker 1: because we've talked about this before. Suspended animation, this ability 281 00:15:15,960 --> 00:15:20,480 Speaker 1: to to to stop our vital processes and suspend them 282 00:15:20,520 --> 00:15:24,360 Speaker 1: has been really important in emergency medicine. So this is 283 00:15:24,400 --> 00:15:27,400 Speaker 1: another area that we can get into. But I digress 284 00:15:27,520 --> 00:15:30,200 Speaker 1: because we really need to talk about the Pompeii worm. 285 00:15:30,440 --> 00:15:33,280 Speaker 1: And this is not a dance move that I'm doing, right, 286 00:15:33,360 --> 00:15:35,080 Speaker 1: it does sound kind of festive now you mentioned it, 287 00:15:35,080 --> 00:15:37,280 Speaker 1: but of course his name for Pompeii. The city of 288 00:15:37,320 --> 00:15:41,080 Speaker 1: course destroyed, uh and buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. 289 00:15:41,360 --> 00:15:45,960 Speaker 1: And Uh. They are really interesting looking critters. They very 290 00:15:46,080 --> 00:15:48,600 Speaker 1: vibrant looking. They look like some sort of dancy Yeah, 291 00:15:48,680 --> 00:15:52,480 Speaker 1: like some sort of elaborate sushi of some kind, you know. Uh. 292 00:15:52,560 --> 00:15:56,840 Speaker 1: They are perhaps the most heat tolerant complex organisms on 293 00:15:56,880 --> 00:15:59,720 Speaker 1: the planet. And these are the extreme of files that 294 00:16:00,040 --> 00:16:03,760 Speaker 1: they thrive along hydrothermal vents deep in the Pacific Ocean, 295 00:16:04,000 --> 00:16:06,240 Speaker 1: like so deep that there they don't they don't even 296 00:16:06,280 --> 00:16:09,400 Speaker 1: depend on light. There's no light reaching them. Lightless environment, 297 00:16:09,480 --> 00:16:12,440 Speaker 1: that's right. There's darkness, and there's the crushing pressure of 298 00:16:12,440 --> 00:16:14,760 Speaker 1: the deep ocean that they have to contend with. And 299 00:16:14,840 --> 00:16:16,880 Speaker 1: yet they do it in style because they are wrapped 300 00:16:16,880 --> 00:16:19,840 Speaker 1: in fleece like mantles of symbiotic bacteria that kind of 301 00:16:19,880 --> 00:16:22,920 Speaker 1: gives them this look like they've got a furn or 302 00:16:22,960 --> 00:16:25,240 Speaker 1: some sort of Yeah, it really adds that thefted sushi 303 00:16:25,280 --> 00:16:27,800 Speaker 1: look like what did they farnish that Pompeii worm with 304 00:16:28,160 --> 00:16:30,760 Speaker 1: some sort of vaudeful outfit or something. Um, they're about 305 00:16:30,760 --> 00:16:33,600 Speaker 1: four inches long, that's ten centimeters long, and they live 306 00:16:33,720 --> 00:16:36,440 Speaker 1: in papery tubes which they brow into the side of 307 00:16:36,520 --> 00:16:39,600 Speaker 1: deep sea geysers. And then you have to keep in 308 00:16:39,680 --> 00:16:43,000 Speaker 1: mind that these hydrothermal vents are spewing a toxic brew 309 00:16:43,160 --> 00:16:47,720 Speaker 1: of boiling water, sulfur, and metal compounds, yeah, which just 310 00:16:48,080 --> 00:16:51,800 Speaker 1: compounds the the the harshness of that environment. Like they're 311 00:16:51,960 --> 00:16:55,920 Speaker 1: they're essentially living in poison, in the heated poison, without 312 00:16:56,080 --> 00:16:58,960 Speaker 1: without light. And it was really when these were discovered 313 00:16:59,000 --> 00:17:03,040 Speaker 1: and the past few decades, it was surprising, you know 314 00:17:03,080 --> 00:17:05,560 Speaker 1: that like we we really didn't think that life could 315 00:17:05,600 --> 00:17:08,520 Speaker 1: potentially thrive in such a harsh environment, and it gave 316 00:17:08,880 --> 00:17:12,639 Speaker 1: a new possibility of a new possibilities concerning what life 317 00:17:12,920 --> 00:17:15,640 Speaker 1: might look like on other worlds. You know, suddenly people 318 00:17:15,640 --> 00:17:18,679 Speaker 1: were thinking about, well, you know, there there are potentially 319 00:17:18,760 --> 00:17:21,040 Speaker 1: places elsewhere in our own solar system, some of the 320 00:17:21,119 --> 00:17:24,440 Speaker 1: Jovian moons for instance, where we might see life resembling 321 00:17:24,480 --> 00:17:27,280 Speaker 1: this in harsh environments. You're right if they're they're saying, 322 00:17:27,280 --> 00:17:29,320 Speaker 1: if this creature can live at a hundred and seventy 323 00:17:29,320 --> 00:17:32,919 Speaker 1: six degrees f Ahnheit or eighty degrees celsius um, what 324 00:17:33,040 --> 00:17:37,320 Speaker 1: else can can survive such extreme conditions? And this is 325 00:17:37,440 --> 00:17:40,200 Speaker 1: particularly true when you're looking at like the whole panspermia, 326 00:17:40,359 --> 00:17:43,560 Speaker 1: and in life outside of Earth um in something called 327 00:17:43,600 --> 00:17:45,560 Speaker 1: a tarte grade which I know we've talked about before, 328 00:17:45,600 --> 00:17:48,080 Speaker 1: but these are called the water bears or also my 329 00:17:48,280 --> 00:17:52,679 Speaker 1: personal favorite moss piglets. Yes, now, like the Koala bear, 330 00:17:52,720 --> 00:17:54,879 Speaker 1: it's not an actual bear, and it's it's not an 331 00:17:54,880 --> 00:17:58,919 Speaker 1: actual piglet either, But yes, the tartar grade is is 332 00:17:58,920 --> 00:18:04,280 Speaker 1: probably the most mis space faring species, second only to 333 00:18:04,520 --> 00:18:08,760 Speaker 1: two humans, because they have proven a remarkable ability to 334 00:18:09,000 --> 00:18:12,879 Speaker 1: survive not only the void, but cosmic radiation as well. Now, 335 00:18:13,000 --> 00:18:18,000 Speaker 1: with some will clarify what constitutes survival though right um. 336 00:18:18,160 --> 00:18:21,760 Speaker 1: They are found in lichens or mosses and soil on 337 00:18:21,800 --> 00:18:24,480 Speaker 1: mountaintops and in the sediment on ocean floor depths of 338 00:18:24,520 --> 00:18:27,840 Speaker 1: thirteen thousand feet or four thousand meters. They are one 339 00:18:28,000 --> 00:18:32,400 Speaker 1: millimeter long orthopods um. Their natural life cycle. I believe 340 00:18:32,440 --> 00:18:35,200 Speaker 1: it's about a year. But if they dehydrate themselves, the 341 00:18:35,560 --> 00:18:37,720 Speaker 1: record UM that we know of at least is a 342 00:18:37,760 --> 00:18:41,000 Speaker 1: hundred and twenty five years. There's a key study in 343 00:18:41,280 --> 00:18:44,560 Speaker 1: UH two thousand seven. UH. This was this came to 344 00:18:44,640 --> 00:18:49,160 Speaker 1: us from ecologist at Igma Johnson of Christianstodd University and 345 00:18:49,400 --> 00:18:54,119 Speaker 1: his colleagues. They put different different species of tartar grade 346 00:18:54,520 --> 00:18:58,440 Speaker 1: aboard the European Space Agencies photon in three mission again 347 00:18:58,480 --> 00:19:01,720 Speaker 1: back in two thousand seven, and they exposed, UH exposed 348 00:19:02,040 --> 00:19:04,600 Speaker 1: the hair grades of the vacuum for ten days. Some 349 00:19:04,640 --> 00:19:06,600 Speaker 1: of them were shielded from the Sun's light and the 350 00:19:06,680 --> 00:19:10,720 Speaker 1: accompanying radiation UM, while others had to endure that all 351 00:19:10,720 --> 00:19:14,320 Speaker 1: that you know, rich UV radiation. So what they find 352 00:19:14,640 --> 00:19:17,360 Speaker 1: they found that those that were exposed only to the vacuum, 353 00:19:17,440 --> 00:19:20,240 Speaker 1: they survived pretty well, like they they had really good 354 00:19:20,240 --> 00:19:23,679 Speaker 1: survival rating. Yeah, and they had little larvae that hatched 355 00:19:23,680 --> 00:19:26,760 Speaker 1: into eggs and we're fine too. Exactly now, the ones 356 00:19:26,800 --> 00:19:30,240 Speaker 1: that were exposed to both vacuum and solar radiation, UH, 357 00:19:30,280 --> 00:19:32,840 Speaker 1: there was only a ten percent survival rating there. So 358 00:19:33,000 --> 00:19:36,119 Speaker 1: that was a lot harsher environment and none of the 359 00:19:36,160 --> 00:19:40,720 Speaker 1: irradiated eggs hatched right, but still ten percent. Yeah, that 360 00:19:40,880 --> 00:19:45,040 Speaker 1: that that's amazing that they were able to survive simultaneous 361 00:19:45,080 --> 00:19:48,879 Speaker 1: exposures the vacuum of space and radiation. And plus when 362 00:19:48,920 --> 00:19:50,679 Speaker 1: they were they were looking at the results here, they 363 00:19:50,680 --> 00:19:54,359 Speaker 1: found that the haterro grades must have some cellular mechanism 364 00:19:54,359 --> 00:19:58,960 Speaker 1: that repairs radiation um as well as radiation damage as 365 00:19:58,960 --> 00:20:01,720 Speaker 1: well as damage from drying out. There's evidence of DNA 366 00:20:01,800 --> 00:20:04,960 Speaker 1: repair induced by this radiation. Uh. And I actually I 367 00:20:04,960 --> 00:20:07,240 Speaker 1: have found a two thousand thirteen study by the same 368 00:20:07,280 --> 00:20:11,000 Speaker 1: group they were They were looking at at water bears 369 00:20:11,040 --> 00:20:14,560 Speaker 1: again and they said, quote, the results from tolerance experiments 370 00:20:14,560 --> 00:20:17,840 Speaker 1: with drying out, freezing, and radiation are therefore consistent with 371 00:20:17,880 --> 00:20:20,600 Speaker 1: the idea that the tolerance to all of these agents 372 00:20:20,680 --> 00:20:25,200 Speaker 1: is based on the same mechanism. So surviving the radiation, 373 00:20:25,280 --> 00:20:29,480 Speaker 1: surviving you know, dry environments, surviving freezing, it all comes 374 00:20:29,520 --> 00:20:32,399 Speaker 1: down to the same mechanism that we're still trying to 375 00:20:32,600 --> 00:20:35,480 Speaker 1: fully understand. Yeah, I mean, a lot of these animals 376 00:20:35,520 --> 00:20:38,840 Speaker 1: actually bring up more questions than answers. But still I 377 00:20:38,880 --> 00:20:41,560 Speaker 1: hold out hope that one day all be embalmed yet 378 00:20:41,640 --> 00:20:45,360 Speaker 1: alive to see my great grandchildren, or you'll be half 379 00:20:45,400 --> 00:20:48,280 Speaker 1: water bear. Uh, I would be fine with that, like 380 00:20:48,280 --> 00:20:51,680 Speaker 1: a water bear center. Yeah, somebody. I'm sure somebody will 381 00:20:51,680 --> 00:20:56,040 Speaker 1: photoshop that. Um but anyway, yeah, yeah, the water bear 382 00:20:56,160 --> 00:20:59,760 Speaker 1: is is is a fabulous organism, the tartar grade. I mean, 383 00:21:00,000 --> 00:21:02,040 Speaker 1: not only is it kind of adorable looking, but it's 384 00:21:02,080 --> 00:21:06,360 Speaker 1: just so durable, just so and just really like all 385 00:21:06,359 --> 00:21:09,399 Speaker 1: of these animals, it makes you rethink what life is 386 00:21:09,440 --> 00:21:12,920 Speaker 1: and what life where life is capable thrive. And once 387 00:21:12,920 --> 00:21:15,000 Speaker 1: again that sort of makes us rethink our position in 388 00:21:15,000 --> 00:21:17,840 Speaker 1: the world and how hardy are we and how adaptable 389 00:21:17,920 --> 00:21:21,120 Speaker 1: are we? Yeah again, we're not much. Yeah again, we're 390 00:21:21,119 --> 00:21:24,560 Speaker 1: the brains and and these species are the bronze by far. 391 00:21:25,680 --> 00:21:27,360 Speaker 1: All right, Well, on that note, uh, you know, let's 392 00:21:27,359 --> 00:21:29,400 Speaker 1: call the robot over. Let's catch up on some listr mail. 393 00:21:31,640 --> 00:21:34,000 Speaker 1: First of all, let's let's go through some some mail 394 00:21:34,080 --> 00:21:37,480 Speaker 1: that we received via Facebook. Jade writes then and says, 395 00:21:37,640 --> 00:21:39,919 Speaker 1: I recently discovered your podcast and it is now my 396 00:21:40,000 --> 00:21:41,879 Speaker 1: favorite part of my day. Each day I get home 397 00:21:41,960 --> 00:21:43,919 Speaker 1: from university, sit down with a cup of tea and 398 00:21:43,960 --> 00:21:46,440 Speaker 1: listen to your back catalog of podcasts as I relax. 399 00:21:46,760 --> 00:21:49,399 Speaker 1: I find it interesting and educational but not too heavy, 400 00:21:49,560 --> 00:21:51,560 Speaker 1: so it's perfect to listen to as I wind down 401 00:21:51,640 --> 00:21:53,440 Speaker 1: or head to bed. Thanks so much for your work. 402 00:21:53,440 --> 00:21:55,520 Speaker 1: I respect and admire you both and actually hope to 403 00:21:55,560 --> 00:21:58,159 Speaker 1: one day have a similar career to both of you 404 00:21:58,240 --> 00:22:01,439 Speaker 1: as I love learning, teaching, and writing as well as presenting. 405 00:22:01,480 --> 00:22:03,919 Speaker 1: Keep up the utterly amazing work, and thank you so 406 00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:07,040 Speaker 1: much for making my day better. Thanks Jane. Yeah, so 407 00:22:07,040 --> 00:22:08,720 Speaker 1: there you go. Stuff with alow your mind goes great 408 00:22:08,720 --> 00:22:12,520 Speaker 1: with tea and great with sleep. So in university and university. 409 00:22:12,880 --> 00:22:15,840 Speaker 1: We also heard from l D l D rights in 410 00:22:15,920 --> 00:22:17,879 Speaker 1: and says, Hi, Robert and Julie. First of all, I 411 00:22:17,880 --> 00:22:19,520 Speaker 1: hope that you're not tired of hearing it yet, but 412 00:22:19,560 --> 00:22:23,439 Speaker 1: I love the podcast. We're not don't get tired. It 413 00:22:23,520 --> 00:22:26,840 Speaker 1: just doesn't wear them um. L V continues. I co 414 00:22:26,960 --> 00:22:31,040 Speaker 1: own a small local music and art supply store, Rock Rock, 415 00:22:31,040 --> 00:22:34,720 Speaker 1: Paper Scissors in Cincinnati, Ohio, and we exclusively play local 416 00:22:34,800 --> 00:22:37,000 Speaker 1: music in the store. So I was definitely taking notes 417 00:22:37,119 --> 00:22:40,160 Speaker 1: during a musical time machine for your brain. Since we're 418 00:22:40,200 --> 00:22:43,440 Speaker 1: too small and new to have any employees, I'm here 419 00:22:43,480 --> 00:22:45,159 Speaker 1: six days a week and I'm happy to say I 420 00:22:45,200 --> 00:22:47,520 Speaker 1: haven't gotten sick of the music yet, though I'll admit 421 00:22:47,640 --> 00:22:50,080 Speaker 1: to cheating a bit when we're really slow. I listened 422 00:22:50,119 --> 00:22:53,600 Speaker 1: to podcast in contrast to previous more corporate retail jobs 423 00:22:53,640 --> 00:22:55,240 Speaker 1: where we were forced to listen to the same two 424 00:22:55,240 --> 00:22:58,240 Speaker 1: hours of can music. I feel like I'm constantly having 425 00:22:58,320 --> 00:23:01,000 Speaker 1: new music from new local bands to listen to, and 426 00:23:01,000 --> 00:23:03,879 Speaker 1: it keeps me on my toes thinking and problem solving 427 00:23:03,960 --> 00:23:07,360 Speaker 1: more creatively. I love the information that new music makes 428 00:23:07,359 --> 00:23:10,480 Speaker 1: customers linger longer, as most of our customers haven't really 429 00:23:10,520 --> 00:23:13,520 Speaker 1: listened to local music before. Maybe we can. We can 430 00:23:13,600 --> 00:23:16,399 Speaker 1: use that fact to our advantage to sell local music 431 00:23:16,960 --> 00:23:21,240 Speaker 1: compilations to other retail stores. Thanks again, as always for 432 00:23:21,280 --> 00:23:25,000 Speaker 1: the great and thought provoking content, lb Man. That store 433 00:23:25,040 --> 00:23:28,119 Speaker 1: sounds awesome. Yeah. I mean it's got art, supplies and music, 434 00:23:29,440 --> 00:23:31,760 Speaker 1: I agree, and exposure to the local music. Yeah, it's 435 00:23:31,760 --> 00:23:33,919 Speaker 1: got got everything. So yeah, check that out again. That 436 00:23:34,000 --> 00:23:37,560 Speaker 1: store is Rock Paper Scissors in Cincinnati, Ohio. All right. 437 00:23:37,600 --> 00:23:40,040 Speaker 1: We also heard on Facebook from Jack. Jack wrote in 438 00:23:40,240 --> 00:23:42,760 Speaker 1: and said I have discovered your podcast recently and have 439 00:23:42,880 --> 00:23:45,000 Speaker 1: listened to a couple of dozen episodes so far. I 440 00:23:45,000 --> 00:23:47,000 Speaker 1: truly enjoyed the perspective you bring to such a wide 441 00:23:47,080 --> 00:23:50,480 Speaker 1: variety of topics. As a respiratory therapist specializing in hyperbaric 442 00:23:50,520 --> 00:23:53,600 Speaker 1: medicine and wound care, I have used medicinal leeches on 443 00:23:53,640 --> 00:23:57,040 Speaker 1: a number of occasions on compromised flaps and limb reattachments. 444 00:23:57,600 --> 00:24:00,399 Speaker 1: I was gratified to hear your talk on their history 445 00:24:00,440 --> 00:24:04,040 Speaker 1: and use in today's arsenal of medical medical tools. I 446 00:24:04,080 --> 00:24:07,080 Speaker 1: have also used maggots, perhaps six times. They are used 447 00:24:07,080 --> 00:24:10,320 Speaker 1: to de bride stubbornly necrotic wounds. Since they would seem 448 00:24:10,359 --> 00:24:13,480 Speaker 1: to be equally exotic by today's cultural standards, perhaps you 449 00:24:13,480 --> 00:24:16,320 Speaker 1: can present their history and use at some time as well. 450 00:24:16,560 --> 00:24:18,680 Speaker 1: Keep out the stimulating talks, and they make my days 451 00:24:18,760 --> 00:24:22,800 Speaker 1: much more interesting. Maggots you say, yes, wow, you know, 452 00:24:23,040 --> 00:24:25,399 Speaker 1: with the leeches and the use, you know, as a 453 00:24:25,440 --> 00:24:28,480 Speaker 1: medical concept. I wasn't too taken back, but I have 454 00:24:28,640 --> 00:24:32,880 Speaker 1: to say, maggots never entering my my mind space like that. 455 00:24:33,560 --> 00:24:37,200 Speaker 1: I feel a little bit queasy with that. But yeah, 456 00:24:37,200 --> 00:24:39,000 Speaker 1: maybe we should do an episode of maggot stuff. That's 457 00:24:39,040 --> 00:24:41,480 Speaker 1: fascinating him. I mean it makes sense because they're so small, 458 00:24:41,520 --> 00:24:43,560 Speaker 1: and when we were doing some the research, it was 459 00:24:43,600 --> 00:24:45,480 Speaker 1: the tiny veins in the child's ear I think that 460 00:24:45,560 --> 00:24:48,800 Speaker 1: was the first breakthrough um during surgery that it was 461 00:24:48,880 --> 00:24:51,399 Speaker 1: the leeches were helpful. So I can only imagine in 462 00:24:51,560 --> 00:24:55,359 Speaker 1: other areas of surgery where that would be helpful as well. Well, 463 00:24:55,359 --> 00:24:57,600 Speaker 1: it's like like a The analogy I like to go 464 00:24:57,680 --> 00:25:00,119 Speaker 1: to is it's like that movie where the hack he 465 00:25:00,320 --> 00:25:02,399 Speaker 1: has been on the wrong side of the law, but 466 00:25:02,520 --> 00:25:04,639 Speaker 1: suddenly the police have to have to catch the hacker 467 00:25:04,640 --> 00:25:07,000 Speaker 1: and make the hacker work with with them to stop 468 00:25:07,000 --> 00:25:10,160 Speaker 1: an even greater adversary. It's the same thing. Animals like maggots, 469 00:25:10,160 --> 00:25:12,840 Speaker 1: like leeches, they have learned to hack the system, and 470 00:25:12,920 --> 00:25:16,280 Speaker 1: we have developed ways to use the hacker to our advantage. Well, 471 00:25:16,320 --> 00:25:19,040 Speaker 1: the thing is maggots are usually aligned with death right, 472 00:25:19,359 --> 00:25:22,360 Speaker 1: you don't necessarily think about them as being a life sustainers. 473 00:25:22,400 --> 00:25:25,520 Speaker 1: But here you go, new view. All right. We also 474 00:25:25,560 --> 00:25:29,760 Speaker 1: heard on Facebook from Camilla written in before She says, Hi, there, 475 00:25:29,760 --> 00:25:31,800 Speaker 1: I just finished listen to your episode about elephants great 476 00:25:31,800 --> 00:25:34,199 Speaker 1: stuff as usual, and this article pops up on my 477 00:25:34,280 --> 00:25:36,399 Speaker 1: news feed and she sent to us one about the 478 00:25:36,440 --> 00:25:40,280 Speaker 1: elephants distinguishing age, gender and ethnicity from human voices, which 479 00:25:40,320 --> 00:25:44,640 Speaker 1: was an interesting article. She says, also just because here's 480 00:25:44,640 --> 00:25:46,240 Speaker 1: a picture of me and a friend writing an elephant 481 00:25:46,240 --> 00:25:48,280 Speaker 1: in Thailand. It was a great experience, but looking back 482 00:25:48,280 --> 00:25:50,560 Speaker 1: and I probably wouldn't do it again. Although the elephants 483 00:25:50,560 --> 00:25:52,920 Speaker 1: looked very well treated and well fed, we buy a 484 00:25:52,960 --> 00:25:55,640 Speaker 1: bunch of bananas and feeder as we walked. They would 485 00:25:55,640 --> 00:25:58,040 Speaker 1: be tied up to a post when not writing with tourists. 486 00:25:58,080 --> 00:26:00,240 Speaker 1: She was very gentle and understood a few command words 487 00:26:00,240 --> 00:26:02,320 Speaker 1: and tie and a few gestures. The guide had a 488 00:26:02,359 --> 00:26:04,600 Speaker 1: stick that he'd used to scratch her behind the ear 489 00:26:04,640 --> 00:26:07,280 Speaker 1: and she would turn in that direction. So yes, Camilla 490 00:26:07,320 --> 00:26:10,760 Speaker 1: brings up a good point again about elephants in our world. 491 00:26:11,200 --> 00:26:12,959 Speaker 1: And uh, and I have I may have actually been 492 00:26:12,960 --> 00:26:15,120 Speaker 1: to the exact same place that she rode this elephant, 493 00:26:15,160 --> 00:26:17,560 Speaker 1: because when I was in Thailand, we had like the 494 00:26:17,600 --> 00:26:20,000 Speaker 1: same experience, you know, where the the elephants are really 495 00:26:20,040 --> 00:26:23,000 Speaker 1: well cared for and the hoots that to handle them 496 00:26:23,000 --> 00:26:25,560 Speaker 1: to you know that they they seem to approach the 497 00:26:25,560 --> 00:26:27,080 Speaker 1: elephants with a lot of love, and there's a great 498 00:26:27,119 --> 00:26:30,159 Speaker 1: lot of respect for elephants and Thai culture. But at 499 00:26:30,200 --> 00:26:32,359 Speaker 1: the end of the day, you still have this situation 500 00:26:32,359 --> 00:26:36,400 Speaker 1: where humans have taken this this wild animal and indented 501 00:26:36,600 --> 00:26:38,840 Speaker 1: to their needs and their will and how do you 502 00:26:38,920 --> 00:26:41,320 Speaker 1: relate to that even in the best of circumstances. So, yeah, 503 00:26:41,359 --> 00:26:44,600 Speaker 1: elephants definitely is one of those things that people are 504 00:26:44,680 --> 00:26:46,960 Speaker 1: very sensitive about. And we got a lot of really 505 00:26:47,000 --> 00:26:49,720 Speaker 1: great feedback about that episode. Yeah, some more that I'll 506 00:26:49,720 --> 00:26:53,080 Speaker 1: hopefully read in the future. 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