1 00:00:01,480 --> 00:00:07,760 Speaker 1: Welcome to stuff you should know a production of iHeartRadio. 2 00:00:11,200 --> 00:00:13,840 Speaker 2: Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh, and there's 3 00:00:13,960 --> 00:00:17,200 Speaker 2: Chuck and Jerry's here too, and that makes this stuff 4 00:00:17,239 --> 00:00:19,880 Speaker 2: you should know that, doodle Lee do. 5 00:00:23,880 --> 00:00:24,400 Speaker 3: That's great. 6 00:00:24,560 --> 00:00:27,280 Speaker 2: Thanks, You're welcome. It has nothing to do with what 7 00:00:27,280 --> 00:00:30,720 Speaker 2: we're talking about. I don't believe, but it was worth saying. 8 00:00:30,760 --> 00:00:34,960 Speaker 4: I think, uh, do you know what does what? The 9 00:00:36,040 --> 00:00:39,960 Speaker 4: season three of Reservation Dogs. 10 00:00:40,320 --> 00:00:43,120 Speaker 2: Yeah, that's why I figured you were Probably you suggested 11 00:00:43,159 --> 00:00:43,720 Speaker 2: this topic. 12 00:00:44,240 --> 00:00:47,800 Speaker 4: It's not why actually, because I suggested this a long 13 00:00:47,840 --> 00:00:48,320 Speaker 4: time ago. 14 00:00:49,720 --> 00:00:51,360 Speaker 3: I've been sitting on this one. I kind of forgot. 15 00:00:51,400 --> 00:00:54,760 Speaker 4: But then Reservation Dog season three, the finale season started, 16 00:00:55,600 --> 00:00:57,480 Speaker 4: and I know talked about the show a lot, but 17 00:00:57,600 --> 00:01:03,360 Speaker 4: big recommendation. A show shot and crewed up and written 18 00:01:03,400 --> 00:01:08,920 Speaker 4: and directed and acted entirely by Native Americans. I believe 19 00:01:08,959 --> 00:01:12,800 Speaker 4: it's shot inside the Muscogee Nation Reservation. 20 00:01:14,360 --> 00:01:17,600 Speaker 3: And it's great. It's one of the best shows ever. Wow. 21 00:01:18,080 --> 00:01:21,600 Speaker 2: That's full throated endorsement. Man, I'll have to check it out. 22 00:01:22,000 --> 00:01:22,560 Speaker 3: It's awesome. 23 00:01:22,600 --> 00:01:26,280 Speaker 4: It's funny and heartwarming and sweet and meaningful, and it's 24 00:01:26,360 --> 00:01:27,160 Speaker 4: just really really good. 25 00:01:27,800 --> 00:01:30,399 Speaker 2: I would also direct people to the movie Smoke Signals 26 00:01:30,440 --> 00:01:32,800 Speaker 2: that was made not too long ago. That, oh, yeah, 27 00:01:33,560 --> 00:01:37,920 Speaker 2: reservation life in a fairly lighthearted manner, but pretty accurately too. 28 00:01:38,720 --> 00:01:39,160 Speaker 3: Yeah. 29 00:01:39,200 --> 00:01:41,920 Speaker 4: And we also want to caveat this by saying, this 30 00:01:41,959 --> 00:01:46,160 Speaker 4: is a very broad overview of Native American or American 31 00:01:46,160 --> 00:01:50,840 Speaker 4: Indian reservations. There's a lot to it, and certainly could 32 00:01:50,880 --> 00:01:53,200 Speaker 4: have been you know, like five or six episodes long. 33 00:01:53,280 --> 00:01:55,680 Speaker 4: But as we do, we try to give a good 34 00:01:55,680 --> 00:01:56,440 Speaker 4: broad overview. 35 00:01:56,560 --> 00:01:57,320 Speaker 2: That's how we do. 36 00:01:58,000 --> 00:01:58,400 Speaker 3: That's right. 37 00:01:58,480 --> 00:02:01,920 Speaker 4: And if this episod, so does band in schools in 38 00:02:01,960 --> 00:02:07,040 Speaker 4: Florida listened to it outside of school. 39 00:02:07,040 --> 00:02:09,480 Speaker 2: Just go travel to Valdosta and download it and go 40 00:02:09,560 --> 00:02:13,800 Speaker 2: back to Florida exactly. That was an odd thing to say. 41 00:02:14,000 --> 00:02:16,160 Speaker 2: What's said is I have no idea what you're talking about, 42 00:02:16,160 --> 00:02:18,560 Speaker 2: but I can totally believe what you just said is real. 43 00:02:20,120 --> 00:02:25,080 Speaker 4: Well, the governor of Florida, Ron DeSantis, is on a 44 00:02:25,120 --> 00:02:30,800 Speaker 4: push to keep children from being indoctrinated by true history 45 00:02:30,919 --> 00:02:35,320 Speaker 4: of our country. I see, and so he has, and 46 00:02:35,600 --> 00:02:38,280 Speaker 4: I believe it was in the Guba editorial debate, the 47 00:02:38,400 --> 00:02:42,000 Speaker 4: last one, he was saying that his opponent said it 48 00:02:42,040 --> 00:02:45,440 Speaker 4: was okay to teach that you know, some of the 49 00:02:45,560 --> 00:02:49,519 Speaker 4: land in America was stolen from the native indigenous people, 50 00:02:50,000 --> 00:02:52,120 Speaker 4: and he said, that's not appropriate for our schools, and 51 00:02:52,120 --> 00:02:53,720 Speaker 4: it's not true. 52 00:02:53,840 --> 00:02:55,760 Speaker 2: Yeah, that's not true at all. 53 00:02:55,840 --> 00:02:56,520 Speaker 3: No, it's not. 54 00:02:56,840 --> 00:02:58,920 Speaker 4: And I'm not sure how you get away with just 55 00:02:59,000 --> 00:03:01,760 Speaker 4: saying completely entruy things on a debate stage. 56 00:03:01,400 --> 00:03:03,840 Speaker 3: But yeah, that's where we are these days, for sure. 57 00:03:04,000 --> 00:03:09,799 Speaker 2: So the very fact that reservations exist prove that that's true. 58 00:03:09,960 --> 00:03:14,480 Speaker 2: Because the entire reservation system that we still have today 59 00:03:14,639 --> 00:03:18,200 Speaker 2: that dates back to the nineteenth century and actually earlier, 60 00:03:19,240 --> 00:03:25,079 Speaker 2: it was and is entirely a way of removing Native 61 00:03:25,080 --> 00:03:30,560 Speaker 2: Americans from their traditional lands, putting them somewhere they probably 62 00:03:30,600 --> 00:03:35,240 Speaker 2: had never been and didn't know anybody, and then taking 63 00:03:35,360 --> 00:03:38,560 Speaker 2: that land away and increasingly shrink the land that they 64 00:03:38,600 --> 00:03:45,160 Speaker 2: have so that European colonists and then eventually Americans settlers 65 00:03:45,200 --> 00:03:49,480 Speaker 2: colonists could take that land for themselves. And the reservation 66 00:03:49,600 --> 00:03:53,480 Speaker 2: system is just proof that that is this. It was 67 00:03:53,520 --> 00:03:59,400 Speaker 2: this ongoing century plus long process that still has just 68 00:03:59,800 --> 00:04:03,960 Speaker 2: very fresh wounds today, like it's not like, Okay, that 69 00:04:04,120 --> 00:04:06,760 Speaker 2: happened in the past and things are good now. That 70 00:04:06,920 --> 00:04:08,760 Speaker 2: is not the case. In a lot of a lot 71 00:04:08,760 --> 00:04:12,320 Speaker 2: of places. It's that happened in the past and the 72 00:04:12,360 --> 00:04:15,360 Speaker 2: effects of it are still being felt generations later. 73 00:04:16,320 --> 00:04:19,360 Speaker 4: Yeah, for sure, and before we get emails from people 74 00:04:19,440 --> 00:04:22,159 Speaker 4: that say, you know, much of much of that land 75 00:04:22,279 --> 00:04:25,320 Speaker 4: was negotiated for and there were treaties over it and 76 00:04:25,440 --> 00:04:28,480 Speaker 4: deals made. That is that is certainly true, but much 77 00:04:28,480 --> 00:04:31,839 Speaker 4: of it was also outright seized. And that's that's just 78 00:04:31,839 --> 00:04:33,560 Speaker 4: a fact of what happened here. 79 00:04:33,640 --> 00:04:35,880 Speaker 2: You know, dude, we don't need to debate somebody who's 80 00:04:35,920 --> 00:04:38,360 Speaker 2: trying to tell us that the Amerenta didn't steal land 81 00:04:38,400 --> 00:04:41,320 Speaker 2: from the Native America. They don't even deserve our attention, let. 82 00:04:41,200 --> 00:04:44,279 Speaker 3: Alone our breath, I agree these days. 83 00:04:44,320 --> 00:04:46,520 Speaker 4: Just to start off with a stat for you, and 84 00:04:46,640 --> 00:04:48,839 Speaker 4: big thanks to Olivia for helping out with this one. 85 00:04:50,400 --> 00:04:53,719 Speaker 4: In the twenty twenty census, nine point seven million people 86 00:04:54,920 --> 00:04:59,240 Speaker 4: in these United States, yeah, identified as either Alaska Native 87 00:04:59,360 --> 00:05:00,360 Speaker 4: or American Indian. 88 00:05:01,000 --> 00:05:05,000 Speaker 3: And although we'll talk a little bit about. 89 00:05:04,760 --> 00:05:07,039 Speaker 4: The fact that the census isn't always accurate when it 90 00:05:07,040 --> 00:05:12,320 Speaker 4: comes to Native populations. Yeah, but one point two million, 91 00:05:13,040 --> 00:05:17,320 Speaker 4: thirteen percent of those people live on reservations today as 92 00:05:17,360 --> 00:05:18,880 Speaker 4: of you know, a few years ago. 93 00:05:19,040 --> 00:05:23,480 Speaker 2: Right, So we have yeah, a big population of Native Americans. 94 00:05:23,480 --> 00:05:25,800 Speaker 2: I think there's something like five hundred and thirty four 95 00:05:26,080 --> 00:05:31,800 Speaker 2: tribes recognized by the federal government as their own tribe. 96 00:05:32,080 --> 00:05:35,400 Speaker 2: But yeah, the vast majority do not live on reservations. 97 00:05:35,680 --> 00:05:38,000 Speaker 2: The reason that some people live on reservations because they 98 00:05:38,000 --> 00:05:40,200 Speaker 2: were born there, their parents were born there, that's just 99 00:05:40,240 --> 00:05:43,400 Speaker 2: where they were raised. But another reason that a lot 100 00:05:43,440 --> 00:05:46,080 Speaker 2: of Native Americans live on reservations is because that is 101 00:05:46,480 --> 00:05:50,560 Speaker 2: the place where they can still do whatever they can 102 00:05:50,800 --> 00:05:54,039 Speaker 2: to keep their culture alive in whatever ways that they can, 103 00:05:54,560 --> 00:05:57,839 Speaker 2: and they have a certain amount of self determination there 104 00:05:58,040 --> 00:06:03,080 Speaker 2: because in the United States, reservations are considered sovereign nations. 105 00:06:03,200 --> 00:06:06,880 Speaker 2: They're ruled by the tribe that whose reservation that is. 106 00:06:07,520 --> 00:06:11,040 Speaker 2: So that's why there's casinos, and that's why you can 107 00:06:11,080 --> 00:06:14,040 Speaker 2: buy cigarettes for super cheap on a reservation and all 108 00:06:14,080 --> 00:06:18,560 Speaker 2: sorts of other stuff. Why the state can't prosecute somebody 109 00:06:18,600 --> 00:06:21,479 Speaker 2: for a crime that happened on the reservation if they're 110 00:06:21,480 --> 00:06:24,320 Speaker 2: a member of the tribe, it's because it's like little 111 00:06:24,360 --> 00:06:27,719 Speaker 2: pockets of independent nations that exist in the United States. 112 00:06:28,120 --> 00:06:31,560 Speaker 4: Yeah, it's a little convoluted, but generally it's there under 113 00:06:31,600 --> 00:06:35,680 Speaker 4: federal law. And purview, but not under state law. So 114 00:06:36,040 --> 00:06:37,840 Speaker 4: like you were saying, that's why you can have casinos 115 00:06:37,839 --> 00:06:39,400 Speaker 4: in states where you otherwise could not. 116 00:06:39,760 --> 00:06:42,159 Speaker 2: Yeah, and I saw that even the federal law is 117 00:06:42,279 --> 00:06:46,320 Speaker 2: usually kind of just the big stuff. Sure, yeah, but 118 00:06:46,480 --> 00:06:49,920 Speaker 2: states have almost no jurisdiction. And Oklahoma was really really 119 00:06:49,920 --> 00:06:56,039 Speaker 2: pushing recently to I guess, gain more jurisdiction over members 120 00:06:56,040 --> 00:06:59,960 Speaker 2: of tribes there, because Oklahoma is about half reservation these days. 121 00:07:01,440 --> 00:07:05,200 Speaker 2: But there was a Supreme Court ruling in McGirt versus 122 00:07:05,200 --> 00:07:09,840 Speaker 2: Oklahoma in twenty twenty that said, no, states, including Oklahoma, 123 00:07:10,400 --> 00:07:15,120 Speaker 2: have no jurisdiction to prosecute tribal members of crimes that 124 00:07:15,200 --> 00:07:19,080 Speaker 2: happened on tribal land, and they're having to dismiss tons 125 00:07:19,080 --> 00:07:22,720 Speaker 2: of cases just outright because Oklahoma, I guess kind of 126 00:07:22,720 --> 00:07:26,000 Speaker 2: went buck wilde and started arresting people on tribal land, 127 00:07:26,360 --> 00:07:30,040 Speaker 2: knowing full well that this has been recognized for nearly 128 00:07:30,040 --> 00:07:33,080 Speaker 2: a century if not longer, that the tribe whose reservation 129 00:07:33,160 --> 00:07:35,160 Speaker 2: that is is essentially a sovereign nation. 130 00:07:35,920 --> 00:07:38,960 Speaker 3: Yeah. So I say we kind of start with. 131 00:07:40,920 --> 00:07:44,080 Speaker 4: After maybe the quickest overview of how this happened to 132 00:07:44,120 --> 00:07:47,440 Speaker 4: begin with, start with the with how the system evolved 133 00:07:47,440 --> 00:07:50,200 Speaker 4: to begin with. We don't need to go over everything 134 00:07:50,240 --> 00:07:53,000 Speaker 4: before that because we have covered a lot of it 135 00:07:53,040 --> 00:07:55,560 Speaker 4: before in our are really, if I may say so, 136 00:07:56,240 --> 00:07:58,920 Speaker 4: really great two part episode on the Trail of Tears 137 00:07:59,600 --> 00:08:06,840 Speaker 4: from twenty twenty seventeen I think twenty seventeen, and that 138 00:08:06,960 --> 00:08:10,520 Speaker 4: was the one where Hulk himself, Mark Ruffalo tweeted out 139 00:08:10,520 --> 00:08:10,960 Speaker 4: about that one. 140 00:08:11,000 --> 00:08:13,120 Speaker 2: Remember that's right, Yeah, yeah for sure. 141 00:08:13,000 --> 00:08:16,160 Speaker 3: And we were like, holy cow, doctor Banner listens to 142 00:08:16,200 --> 00:08:16,840 Speaker 3: our show. 143 00:08:17,160 --> 00:08:19,240 Speaker 2: Right, the Hulk doesn't, Doctor Banner does? 144 00:08:19,600 --> 00:08:21,160 Speaker 3: Yeah, of course Hulk Smash when. 145 00:08:21,040 --> 00:08:23,720 Speaker 2: He turns into the Hulk, he's like, what is this crap? 146 00:08:23,800 --> 00:08:25,960 Speaker 2: When you know when it's still playing, So. 147 00:08:26,560 --> 00:08:27,600 Speaker 3: Hulk Smash podcast. 148 00:08:27,680 --> 00:08:31,000 Speaker 2: I would also I would also direct people to the 149 00:08:31,120 --> 00:08:33,560 Speaker 2: Louisiana Purchase one too, that had a lot to do 150 00:08:33,640 --> 00:08:34,440 Speaker 2: with this as well. 151 00:08:35,040 --> 00:08:37,440 Speaker 4: Sure that was a good one, but I will just 152 00:08:37,480 --> 00:08:42,920 Speaker 4: say in like a sentence that Native Americans were generally 153 00:08:42,960 --> 00:08:47,679 Speaker 4: forced west and further west, and then as we decided, 154 00:08:47,920 --> 00:08:50,280 Speaker 4: well we actually want to live west now, they were 155 00:08:50,320 --> 00:08:55,920 Speaker 4: squeezed into smaller and smaller spaces because you know, we 156 00:08:56,040 --> 00:08:58,640 Speaker 4: renigged on deals on like hey, this is your land. 157 00:08:58,840 --> 00:09:01,480 Speaker 3: We kind of actually want that now, And. 158 00:09:01,480 --> 00:09:04,640 Speaker 4: They were squeezed into smaller and smaller territories in what 159 00:09:04,760 --> 00:09:08,320 Speaker 4: was known as Indian Territory, much of which ended up 160 00:09:08,520 --> 00:09:10,280 Speaker 4: in Oklahoma, right. 161 00:09:10,880 --> 00:09:16,079 Speaker 2: And there was from the outset basically too pronged effort 162 00:09:16,400 --> 00:09:20,640 Speaker 2: to move Native Americans further and further west. And that 163 00:09:20,760 --> 00:09:25,400 Speaker 2: was through violence and through treaties essentially. And like you said, 164 00:09:25,440 --> 00:09:28,160 Speaker 2: those treaties would be negotiated, but they would also be broken. 165 00:09:28,440 --> 00:09:31,199 Speaker 2: But some of them are still intact. There's actually reservations 166 00:09:31,240 --> 00:09:35,480 Speaker 2: that are state recognized because of a treaty that the 167 00:09:35,520 --> 00:09:37,960 Speaker 2: tribe had with the state that goes back sometimes to 168 00:09:38,080 --> 00:09:42,600 Speaker 2: colonial days. But a lot of them were broken, for sure. 169 00:09:43,600 --> 00:09:47,040 Speaker 2: But it was a patchwork of different localities and different 170 00:09:47,120 --> 00:09:50,400 Speaker 2: colonies and different states that were negotiating with the tribes 171 00:09:50,440 --> 00:09:54,000 Speaker 2: they needed to negotiate with to get their land. It 172 00:09:54,080 --> 00:09:56,760 Speaker 2: wasn't until eighteen fifty one that the federal government said, 173 00:09:56,840 --> 00:09:58,960 Speaker 2: forget this patchwork stuff. We're going to create like a 174 00:09:58,960 --> 00:10:04,839 Speaker 2: federal system of recognizing and moving Native Americans on to land, 175 00:10:04,920 --> 00:10:09,120 Speaker 2: settling them onto reservations. It was the Indian Appropriations Act 176 00:10:09,120 --> 00:10:10,200 Speaker 2: of eighteen fifty one. 177 00:10:10,920 --> 00:10:14,280 Speaker 4: Yeah, and that was basically, here's some funding. We're going 178 00:10:14,360 --> 00:10:17,360 Speaker 4: to move you where we say you should go, and 179 00:10:17,720 --> 00:10:20,360 Speaker 4: you should become more like us. Basically, you should live 180 00:10:20,400 --> 00:10:22,280 Speaker 4: your life a little more like us. You should farm 181 00:10:22,360 --> 00:10:22,679 Speaker 4: like us. 182 00:10:22,760 --> 00:10:25,839 Speaker 2: Shop at the Gap, Yeah, the gap. 183 00:10:26,200 --> 00:10:28,800 Speaker 3: Where podcaster Chuck worked for a couple of months. Sure, 184 00:10:29,240 --> 00:10:31,200 Speaker 3: how many times did I talk about that yesterday at 185 00:10:31,200 --> 00:10:31,840 Speaker 3: our book events? 186 00:10:32,000 --> 00:10:32,360 Speaker 1: A lot? 187 00:10:32,480 --> 00:10:36,360 Speaker 3: I came up, like four times. Yeah, be a little 188 00:10:36,360 --> 00:10:37,199 Speaker 3: bit more like us. 189 00:10:38,880 --> 00:10:41,040 Speaker 4: Eat the stuff that we eat, even though it's not 190 00:10:41,120 --> 00:10:43,000 Speaker 4: the stuff that you usually eat. And you know what, 191 00:10:43,120 --> 00:10:46,800 Speaker 4: maybe we'll even send you some food sometimes and supplies 192 00:10:46,880 --> 00:10:49,240 Speaker 4: when we feel like it. And so what if some 193 00:10:49,320 --> 00:10:52,320 Speaker 4: of that food shows up spoiled, and so what if 194 00:10:52,360 --> 00:10:56,360 Speaker 4: it's not very good for you. And also this tribe 195 00:10:56,400 --> 00:11:00,480 Speaker 4: that may have been your long long term rival, maybe 196 00:11:00,480 --> 00:11:03,040 Speaker 4: that's your neighbor now. And good luck working all that out. 197 00:11:03,320 --> 00:11:05,640 Speaker 2: Yeah, so that's a big deal though, that they said 198 00:11:05,640 --> 00:11:07,800 Speaker 2: they would supply them with food. The reason why they 199 00:11:07,800 --> 00:11:10,520 Speaker 2: said they would supply them with food is that they said, 200 00:11:10,559 --> 00:11:14,120 Speaker 2: you can't you can't hunt any longer. You can't do 201 00:11:14,240 --> 00:11:17,200 Speaker 2: what you used to do as a Native American tribe 202 00:11:17,240 --> 00:11:20,120 Speaker 2: to support yourself, to sustain yourselves, You're going to have 203 00:11:20,160 --> 00:11:22,520 Speaker 2: to rely on us, the federal government, and by the way, 204 00:11:22,520 --> 00:11:25,679 Speaker 2: we're going to take shabby care of you in return 205 00:11:25,760 --> 00:11:27,160 Speaker 2: for you agreeing to that. 206 00:11:28,040 --> 00:11:31,440 Speaker 4: And that was over a roughly thirty year period from 207 00:11:32,000 --> 00:11:35,160 Speaker 4: eighteen fifties through the late almost into the eighteen eighties, 208 00:11:35,920 --> 00:11:42,080 Speaker 4: and you know, involved all the planes tribes Apache, Comanche, Kickapoo, Kiowa, Cheyenne, 209 00:11:42,200 --> 00:11:43,200 Speaker 4: among many others. 210 00:11:43,240 --> 00:11:45,920 Speaker 2: Did we do did we do a whole Apache or Geronimo? 211 00:11:46,200 --> 00:11:49,280 Speaker 2: Was it a Durnimo episode because that's when he was fighting. 212 00:11:50,280 --> 00:11:52,880 Speaker 3: I don't remember what? Does it sound familiar? 213 00:11:52,880 --> 00:11:55,240 Speaker 2: But you know me, don't you remember he like personally 214 00:11:55,280 --> 00:11:58,200 Speaker 2: lobbied Teddy Roosevelt, and Roosevelt just basically patted him on 215 00:11:58,240 --> 00:11:58,640 Speaker 2: the head. 216 00:11:58,679 --> 00:12:01,360 Speaker 4: And I think that's sound familiar. 217 00:12:01,440 --> 00:12:04,360 Speaker 2: It was a Geronimo or an Apache or was it 218 00:12:04,360 --> 00:12:06,360 Speaker 2: it was the Apache Wars, I think is what it was. 219 00:12:06,960 --> 00:12:11,720 Speaker 4: Okay, Well, they eventually settled again in the eighteen eighties 220 00:12:13,040 --> 00:12:15,880 Speaker 4: in Oklahoma. They were squeezed down to a smaller and 221 00:12:15,920 --> 00:12:19,560 Speaker 4: smaller area. There were twenty seven tribes by that point 222 00:12:20,000 --> 00:12:23,840 Speaker 4: in this you know, relatively small part of land. And 223 00:12:24,240 --> 00:12:27,080 Speaker 4: in the ensuing decades there was a lot of changes. 224 00:12:27,120 --> 00:12:30,360 Speaker 4: There were a bunch of different policy shifts. There was 225 00:12:30,440 --> 00:12:33,480 Speaker 4: the DAWs Act of eighteen eighty seven. This is just 226 00:12:33,520 --> 00:12:36,280 Speaker 4: a for instance. Basically, there were all kinds of changes. Yeah, 227 00:12:36,800 --> 00:12:38,840 Speaker 4: but the DAWs Act was when they said, all right, 228 00:12:39,080 --> 00:12:42,600 Speaker 4: let's not do reservations, let's break them all up. Let's 229 00:12:42,679 --> 00:12:45,880 Speaker 4: give families plots of land, because we want you to 230 00:12:45,920 --> 00:12:48,640 Speaker 4: be more like us. Like here, like we're Americans. We 231 00:12:48,720 --> 00:12:51,480 Speaker 4: like to own our own little small pieces of land, 232 00:12:51,840 --> 00:12:54,240 Speaker 4: and we find that that's pretty awesome. So this is 233 00:12:54,240 --> 00:12:57,320 Speaker 4: how you should do it too. So here's little pieces 234 00:12:57,320 --> 00:13:00,320 Speaker 4: of land for each of your families. And a lot 235 00:13:00,400 --> 00:13:02,080 Speaker 4: of it wasn't great land. A lot of it couldn't 236 00:13:02,120 --> 00:13:04,960 Speaker 4: be farmed or they're not from there, so they didn't 237 00:13:05,000 --> 00:13:09,040 Speaker 4: know how to farm that land. They were further displaced. 238 00:13:09,120 --> 00:13:12,280 Speaker 4: And then finally, in nineteen thirty four, there was the 239 00:13:12,320 --> 00:13:15,480 Speaker 4: Indian Reorganization Act as part of the Indian New Deal. 240 00:13:16,040 --> 00:13:19,960 Speaker 4: They reversed that policy and said, all right, here's some 241 00:13:20,040 --> 00:13:23,160 Speaker 4: funds you can repurchase some of your original tribal lands. 242 00:13:23,520 --> 00:13:26,480 Speaker 4: But this started the termination era of the nineteen fifties 243 00:13:26,520 --> 00:13:31,640 Speaker 4: and sixties, when they said, but you should really move 244 00:13:31,679 --> 00:13:34,000 Speaker 4: to cities, Like why don't you just assimilate with everyone 245 00:13:34,040 --> 00:13:36,680 Speaker 4: and be a lot easier if you moved into urban areas. 246 00:13:36,760 --> 00:13:40,520 Speaker 2: Yeah, and the termination policies referred to termination of tribes, 247 00:13:40,720 --> 00:13:44,440 Speaker 2: like the federal government stopped recognizing tribes, broke up reservations, 248 00:13:44,480 --> 00:13:48,320 Speaker 2: and it was a concerted effort to just get rid 249 00:13:48,360 --> 00:13:51,040 Speaker 2: of Native American tribes in the United States and make 250 00:13:51,080 --> 00:13:53,920 Speaker 2: everybody assimilate into cities, like you said, And that's one 251 00:13:53,960 --> 00:13:58,720 Speaker 2: reason why the Native American movement, the American Indian Movement 252 00:13:58,760 --> 00:14:04,240 Speaker 2: AIM alongside the Civil Rights era or Civil rights movement 253 00:14:05,240 --> 00:14:07,319 Speaker 2: as a response to that and saying like, no, you're 254 00:14:07,320 --> 00:14:11,479 Speaker 2: not going to terminate our tribe. And they were largely successful, 255 00:14:12,200 --> 00:14:15,880 Speaker 2: and finally, in nineteen seventy five, thanks in large part 256 00:14:16,000 --> 00:14:19,640 Speaker 2: to AIM and other activists in the Native American community, 257 00:14:20,920 --> 00:14:24,760 Speaker 2: the Indian Self Determination and Education Act said, Okay, we're 258 00:14:24,760 --> 00:14:28,800 Speaker 2: not doing termination anymore. We're officially going to keep recognizing tribes, 259 00:14:28,960 --> 00:14:33,000 Speaker 2: We're going to support reservations, and like that is that? 260 00:14:33,000 --> 00:14:35,560 Speaker 3: That's right? I think that's a robust intro. 261 00:14:35,800 --> 00:14:37,320 Speaker 2: I think so too. You want to take a break, 262 00:14:37,360 --> 00:14:38,440 Speaker 2: then yeah. 263 00:14:38,280 --> 00:14:39,960 Speaker 4: Let's take a break that kind of brings us up 264 00:14:39,960 --> 00:14:42,560 Speaker 4: to the modern system and we'll get back into that 265 00:14:42,640 --> 00:14:43,120 Speaker 4: right after this. 266 00:14:43,360 --> 00:15:00,120 Speaker 1: Okay. 267 00:15:08,600 --> 00:15:11,120 Speaker 4: I find it interesting that every time we study this stuff, 268 00:15:11,920 --> 00:15:14,360 Speaker 4: it seems like there were just periods from the beginning 269 00:15:14,400 --> 00:15:18,240 Speaker 4: where every so often someone else would come into you know, 270 00:15:18,360 --> 00:15:20,720 Speaker 4: a new president or a new administration, someone would come 271 00:15:20,720 --> 00:15:23,680 Speaker 4: into power, and it was always like, oh Jesus, like, 272 00:15:23,720 --> 00:15:25,720 Speaker 4: what do we do with a what do we do 273 00:15:25,760 --> 00:15:27,920 Speaker 4: with the Indians? And out right, and they would just 274 00:15:28,040 --> 00:15:30,320 Speaker 4: change policies and you know, let's not do that, let's 275 00:15:30,360 --> 00:15:33,400 Speaker 4: do this. So not only had they been displaced to 276 00:15:33,440 --> 00:15:35,720 Speaker 4: begin with, but then it was just a series of 277 00:15:35,760 --> 00:15:39,720 Speaker 4: like shuffling around and moving and consolidation and now we 278 00:15:39,760 --> 00:15:41,280 Speaker 4: want to do this with you and that with you, 279 00:15:41,880 --> 00:15:43,640 Speaker 4: and the whole time we were just like, man, we 280 00:15:43,760 --> 00:15:44,960 Speaker 4: we were here. 281 00:15:44,840 --> 00:15:48,480 Speaker 2: First, Yeah, for sure, and all that that whiplash going on, 282 00:15:48,880 --> 00:15:52,880 Speaker 2: you know, back and forth between totally termination and reservations 283 00:15:53,200 --> 00:15:55,400 Speaker 2: that took place over like the course of less than 284 00:15:55,480 --> 00:15:58,720 Speaker 2: a century. Yeah, I can't imagine that. That means that 285 00:15:58,720 --> 00:16:02,480 Speaker 2: there are people who lived almost entirely through that, you know, 286 00:16:02,640 --> 00:16:05,960 Speaker 2: that's that's just crazy. You can't treat people that way. 287 00:16:06,280 --> 00:16:09,360 Speaker 4: No, And it's it's just it's amazing to think about 288 00:16:09,400 --> 00:16:12,840 Speaker 4: the fact that like if someone tried to, uh, not 289 00:16:12,880 --> 00:16:15,240 Speaker 4: calling out any particular politicians, but if they thought about 290 00:16:15,280 --> 00:16:18,080 Speaker 4: their family all of a sudden being told, well, you 291 00:16:18,160 --> 00:16:19,640 Speaker 4: have to leave, and we're going to tell you where 292 00:16:19,640 --> 00:16:22,040 Speaker 4: to go, and we're gonna make it hard for you 293 00:16:22,120 --> 00:16:25,280 Speaker 4: to get by in a place that you're not familiar with, 294 00:16:25,360 --> 00:16:28,920 Speaker 4: maybe next to your enemy that you've always had. It 295 00:16:29,040 --> 00:16:31,000 Speaker 4: just is hard for someone to imagine that happening. And 296 00:16:31,080 --> 00:16:32,240 Speaker 4: that's exactly what happened. 297 00:16:32,240 --> 00:16:36,360 Speaker 2: But that's precisely why the United States has tucked Native 298 00:16:36,400 --> 00:16:39,960 Speaker 2: Americans away on reservations and forgotten them, because they don't 299 00:16:40,280 --> 00:16:43,120 Speaker 2: we don't want to imagine that happening to We can't 300 00:16:43,160 --> 00:16:46,920 Speaker 2: imagine that happening to our families. And so the brain goes, well, 301 00:16:46,920 --> 00:16:48,640 Speaker 2: it didn't happen to your family, so you can stop 302 00:16:48,680 --> 00:16:49,720 Speaker 2: thinking about that now. 303 00:16:49,960 --> 00:16:51,800 Speaker 3: Yeah, and not and let's not even teach that in 304 00:16:51,840 --> 00:16:53,880 Speaker 3: schools just because let's just not do that. Let's just 305 00:16:53,880 --> 00:16:54,760 Speaker 3: say just a lie. 306 00:16:55,360 --> 00:16:58,960 Speaker 4: I know, oh boy, all right, I need to bring 307 00:16:59,000 --> 00:17:01,480 Speaker 4: my blood temperature down. So I'm doing a little mental 308 00:17:01,480 --> 00:17:02,160 Speaker 4: stretch right now. 309 00:17:02,320 --> 00:17:03,240 Speaker 2: Drink some mice water. 310 00:17:04,160 --> 00:17:05,040 Speaker 3: I've got some right. 311 00:17:04,880 --> 00:17:08,879 Speaker 4: Here under today's system, and we're going to go through 312 00:17:08,920 --> 00:17:11,680 Speaker 4: a lot of sort of staty things right now as 313 00:17:11,680 --> 00:17:14,200 Speaker 4: we tell this sort of early story, But there are 314 00:17:14,480 --> 00:17:16,720 Speaker 4: three hundred and twenty five tracts of land that the 315 00:17:16,840 --> 00:17:21,920 Speaker 4: US government now holds in trusts. Some are called reservations, 316 00:17:21,960 --> 00:17:27,000 Speaker 4: some are called villages, some are missions, some are pueblos. Yeah, 317 00:17:27,040 --> 00:17:29,359 Speaker 4: rancheria is in California, which sounds kind of nice, but 318 00:17:29,640 --> 00:17:31,200 Speaker 4: sounds like a top menut. 319 00:17:33,280 --> 00:17:34,200 Speaker 3: It totally does. 320 00:17:36,400 --> 00:17:40,560 Speaker 4: The largest is the today is the Navajo Nation. It's 321 00:17:40,560 --> 00:17:45,680 Speaker 4: about twenty seven thousand square miles. I think the smallest 322 00:17:45,920 --> 00:17:48,560 Speaker 4: is one of those ranch areas. It's called the Likely 323 00:17:48,640 --> 00:17:52,680 Speaker 4: Rancheria in California. It's in the upper upper tippy top 324 00:17:52,760 --> 00:17:56,600 Speaker 4: northeast corner of California, and it is one point three 325 00:17:56,680 --> 00:18:03,840 Speaker 4: to two acres. And there are also some state some 326 00:18:04,000 --> 00:18:06,760 Speaker 4: land held by state trust. There are also reservations, but 327 00:18:06,920 --> 00:18:08,879 Speaker 4: generally this is a federal government thing. 328 00:18:09,080 --> 00:18:11,479 Speaker 2: That trust thing is a big that's a big point, 329 00:18:12,160 --> 00:18:16,040 Speaker 2: these reservations. The land that the Native American tribes live on, 330 00:18:16,280 --> 00:18:19,880 Speaker 2: that belongs to them, that's their sovereign land. That land 331 00:18:19,960 --> 00:18:23,600 Speaker 2: is held in trust by the US federal government for them, 332 00:18:24,240 --> 00:18:27,159 Speaker 2: and that seems pretty precarious if you think about it. 333 00:18:27,400 --> 00:18:29,879 Speaker 2: But the reason that that is held in trust is 334 00:18:29,920 --> 00:18:32,360 Speaker 2: because if it weren't held in trust by the US 335 00:18:32,480 --> 00:18:36,439 Speaker 2: government and was just owned by the Native American tribes 336 00:18:36,440 --> 00:18:39,080 Speaker 2: that lived there, then it would be subject to the 337 00:18:39,160 --> 00:18:41,879 Speaker 2: laws and the taxes of the state that the reservation 338 00:18:42,080 --> 00:18:47,720 Speaker 2: is in. So by removing that land from ownership and 339 00:18:47,840 --> 00:18:50,320 Speaker 2: putting it with the federal government for the benefit of 340 00:18:50,359 --> 00:18:54,000 Speaker 2: those sovereign tribes, it cuts that out entirely. 341 00:18:54,520 --> 00:18:59,200 Speaker 3: Yeah, yeah, very very thought out, singly. 342 00:18:59,359 --> 00:19:02,359 Speaker 2: Yeah, and I deally on paper, it's not supposed to 343 00:19:02,400 --> 00:19:08,400 Speaker 2: be a paternalistic arrangement. It's supposed to be a fiduciarial arrangement, 344 00:19:09,160 --> 00:19:13,960 Speaker 2: where like the US government has a very important responsibility 345 00:19:14,520 --> 00:19:18,360 Speaker 2: to take care of that land and meet its obligations 346 00:19:18,359 --> 00:19:20,760 Speaker 2: and taking care of the people on the reservation. They 347 00:19:20,880 --> 00:19:23,240 Speaker 2: just don't do it typically, that's right. 348 00:19:24,040 --> 00:19:27,880 Speaker 4: Not every tribe has their own reservation. Sometimes they share 349 00:19:27,880 --> 00:19:31,280 Speaker 4: a reservation. Some of the larger tribes may have more 350 00:19:31,280 --> 00:19:33,679 Speaker 4: than one if they're a little more spread out. 351 00:19:34,280 --> 00:19:35,720 Speaker 3: This is something I. 352 00:19:35,359 --> 00:19:39,879 Speaker 4: Actually didn't know until yesterday, is that non native people 353 00:19:39,920 --> 00:19:43,520 Speaker 4: can live on reservations, and some of them are majority 354 00:19:43,560 --> 00:19:47,159 Speaker 4: non native, And I never knew that I just I 355 00:19:47,200 --> 00:19:49,160 Speaker 4: knew that you could pass through and do your thing. 356 00:19:49,280 --> 00:19:51,760 Speaker 4: And a lot of them are you know, have businesses 357 00:19:51,800 --> 00:19:54,240 Speaker 4: and like you said, casinos and much more as we'll 358 00:19:54,240 --> 00:19:56,439 Speaker 4: see in the state of Florida. But I did not 359 00:19:56,600 --> 00:19:59,560 Speaker 4: know that you could just live there. And there's in 360 00:19:59,600 --> 00:20:02,600 Speaker 4: fact one in upstate New York where I believe this, 361 00:20:02,760 --> 00:20:06,879 Speaker 4: the Oneida Indian Nation, and they have about five hundred 362 00:20:07,840 --> 00:20:12,520 Speaker 4: American Indians living there in about sixty thousand total residents, 363 00:20:12,560 --> 00:20:16,240 Speaker 4: so very few Native Americans and mostly not. 364 00:20:16,560 --> 00:20:19,240 Speaker 2: Yeah, and the Ononeida tribe is one of the largest, 365 00:20:19,480 --> 00:20:23,240 Speaker 2: if not the largest employer of Upstate New York thanks 366 00:20:23,320 --> 00:20:26,520 Speaker 2: to their Turning Stone Resort and casino and veronas York. 367 00:20:27,080 --> 00:20:31,240 Speaker 2: All right, and they're actually one of the success stories 368 00:20:31,400 --> 00:20:36,080 Speaker 2: of a Native American tribe becoming self sufficient and actually 369 00:20:36,080 --> 00:20:37,680 Speaker 2: wealthy in a lot of cases. 370 00:20:38,040 --> 00:20:38,760 Speaker 3: Yeah. 371 00:20:38,800 --> 00:20:41,320 Speaker 4: We mentioned Oklahoma a lot, and that's because about half 372 00:20:41,359 --> 00:20:45,480 Speaker 4: of the land in Oklahoma, legally speaking, is reservation land. 373 00:20:46,480 --> 00:20:50,600 Speaker 4: And California we mentioned those rancherias that you can get 374 00:20:50,880 --> 00:20:52,520 Speaker 4: on special at Taco Bell. 375 00:20:54,880 --> 00:20:55,360 Speaker 3: That's right. 376 00:20:56,400 --> 00:20:59,000 Speaker 4: These are usually I mean, that's why they call them rancherias. 377 00:20:59,000 --> 00:21:01,080 Speaker 4: They're usually really small, like the one we talked about, 378 00:21:01,480 --> 00:21:06,160 Speaker 4: the likely rancheria. They were created because you know, California 379 00:21:06,240 --> 00:21:09,360 Speaker 4: did the California thing and created these in the twentieth 380 00:21:09,400 --> 00:21:13,080 Speaker 4: century when after those genocidal campaigns worked out to the 381 00:21:13,119 --> 00:21:14,800 Speaker 4: ones that were left over, and they're like, listen, we 382 00:21:14,880 --> 00:21:16,080 Speaker 4: got to give you some land. 383 00:21:16,119 --> 00:21:19,640 Speaker 2: I guess, right. And if you're starting to notice there's 384 00:21:19,640 --> 00:21:23,240 Speaker 2: a pattern that this is all kind of patternless, you're correct. 385 00:21:23,359 --> 00:21:27,800 Speaker 2: Like there's not one reservation system that the federal government administers. 386 00:21:27,840 --> 00:21:31,720 Speaker 2: They kind of have developed on their own, ideally to 387 00:21:31,840 --> 00:21:35,600 Speaker 2: meet local needs or kind of jibe with the tribe's culture. 388 00:21:36,440 --> 00:21:38,760 Speaker 2: An example of that is in Alaska. 389 00:21:39,200 --> 00:21:40,240 Speaker 3: Yeah, very unique. 390 00:21:40,359 --> 00:21:44,040 Speaker 2: There's two hundred and seventy nine federally recognized tribes. By 391 00:21:44,080 --> 00:21:47,480 Speaker 2: my account, more than half of the federally recognized tribes 392 00:21:47,520 --> 00:21:50,640 Speaker 2: in the United States all live in Alaska. But there's 393 00:21:50,680 --> 00:21:55,480 Speaker 2: only one reservation that they all share. And so rather 394 00:21:55,520 --> 00:22:00,119 Speaker 2: than living in a kind of a paternalistic relationship with 395 00:22:00,160 --> 00:22:03,960 Speaker 2: the United States on a reservation, instead all of those 396 00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:09,080 Speaker 2: Alaskan Natives get I guess dividends. 397 00:22:09,840 --> 00:22:12,160 Speaker 3: Well, if you enroll, which most of them have right. 398 00:22:12,520 --> 00:22:17,280 Speaker 2: From the mineral rights in Alaska and other resource rights. 399 00:22:17,280 --> 00:22:20,040 Speaker 2: So when you extract something in Alaska, when you cut 400 00:22:20,040 --> 00:22:23,040 Speaker 2: down a tree, when you remove a fish, I believe 401 00:22:24,240 --> 00:22:28,640 Speaker 2: you are contributing to that fund that benefits those two 402 00:22:28,760 --> 00:22:30,200 Speaker 2: hundred and seventy nine tribes. 403 00:22:30,760 --> 00:22:34,760 Speaker 3: Yeah, and Hawaii I think has a similar system, right, I. 404 00:22:34,720 --> 00:22:37,600 Speaker 2: Guess, but they don't have any reservations at all. 405 00:22:37,680 --> 00:22:37,960 Speaker 3: Right. 406 00:22:38,080 --> 00:22:43,400 Speaker 4: Yeah, So you mentioned that they are recognized as sovereign nations. 407 00:22:44,119 --> 00:22:48,600 Speaker 4: That was in the Constitution from the beginning, and that 408 00:22:48,640 --> 00:22:51,399 Speaker 4: basically says, you know, we can engage with you like 409 00:22:51,440 --> 00:22:55,920 Speaker 4: a foreign country if we want to. Chief Justice John 410 00:22:55,960 --> 00:23:00,000 Speaker 4: Marshall in eighteen thirty one, in a pretty landmark case 411 00:23:00,080 --> 00:23:03,800 Speaker 4: for everything that followed, wrote that tribes possess a nationhood 412 00:23:03,800 --> 00:23:08,440 Speaker 4: status and retain inherent powers of self government, but they 413 00:23:08,440 --> 00:23:13,680 Speaker 4: are domestic dependent nations that are award to his guardian, 414 00:23:14,240 --> 00:23:17,600 Speaker 4: which is it's all a little confusing if. 415 00:23:17,520 --> 00:23:19,120 Speaker 3: You just sort of read the words. 416 00:23:19,119 --> 00:23:19,960 Speaker 2: That's a big butt. 417 00:23:20,520 --> 00:23:20,879 Speaker 3: Yeah. 418 00:23:20,960 --> 00:23:24,199 Speaker 2: Yeah, you're a sovereign nation, but you're also dependent on 419 00:23:24,359 --> 00:23:25,280 Speaker 2: us essentially. 420 00:23:25,400 --> 00:23:25,600 Speaker 3: Right. 421 00:23:26,480 --> 00:23:29,560 Speaker 2: Yeah. That just opens up the gate for all sorts 422 00:23:29,600 --> 00:23:33,359 Speaker 2: of weird interpretations and misinterpretations and all sorts of stuff. 423 00:23:33,400 --> 00:23:35,359 Speaker 2: And as a result, that's kind of what goes on. 424 00:23:36,520 --> 00:23:38,840 Speaker 4: Yeah, I think it's sort of like a patchwork of 425 00:23:39,640 --> 00:23:42,920 Speaker 4: because it works different. You can't summarize, like all reservations 426 00:23:42,920 --> 00:23:46,160 Speaker 4: are like blank and it's kind of like a patchwork 427 00:23:46,160 --> 00:23:49,560 Speaker 4: because in Reservoir Dogs, the one of my favorite character 428 00:23:49,640 --> 00:23:50,680 Speaker 4: Reservation Dogs. 429 00:23:51,160 --> 00:23:53,679 Speaker 2: What I say, you said, reservoir Dogs. It's understandable. 430 00:23:54,000 --> 00:23:56,640 Speaker 3: No one cuts any ears off in reservation. 431 00:23:57,880 --> 00:24:00,000 Speaker 4: That is what it is, you know, named for obviously, 432 00:24:00,080 --> 00:24:02,240 Speaker 4: and in the I think in the pilot they sort 433 00:24:02,240 --> 00:24:06,840 Speaker 4: of mimic that great opening shot of Reservoir Dogs, the 434 00:24:06,960 --> 00:24:07,920 Speaker 4: sort of slow my walk. 435 00:24:09,080 --> 00:24:10,680 Speaker 3: But on Reservation Dogs, one. 436 00:24:10,600 --> 00:24:13,359 Speaker 4: Of my favorite characters, although it's hard to say because 437 00:24:13,359 --> 00:24:15,840 Speaker 4: I love them all, but is the sheriff that the 438 00:24:15,880 --> 00:24:20,119 Speaker 4: actor is on McLaren and he's just great and hysterical 439 00:24:20,680 --> 00:24:23,720 Speaker 4: and he's the local sheriff and in at the res 440 00:24:23,760 --> 00:24:26,520 Speaker 4: as they call it, he's very just sort of low 441 00:24:26,560 --> 00:24:29,000 Speaker 4: key and doesn't want to arrest anyone, and it's usually 442 00:24:29,000 --> 00:24:31,960 Speaker 4: like I'd rather just take someone home who's disturbing the 443 00:24:32,000 --> 00:24:34,600 Speaker 4: peace and tuck them into bed than you know, cause 444 00:24:34,600 --> 00:24:37,520 Speaker 4: any real trouble. But that kind of got me thinking 445 00:24:37,760 --> 00:24:42,320 Speaker 4: about the modern system and it's really kind of patchwork, 446 00:24:42,359 --> 00:24:46,280 Speaker 4: But it all depends some tribes have their own courts. 447 00:24:47,080 --> 00:24:50,000 Speaker 4: If they don't, then there are five Regional Courts of 448 00:24:50,040 --> 00:24:53,280 Speaker 4: Indian Defenses that kind of gather up what tribes don't 449 00:24:53,280 --> 00:24:55,120 Speaker 4: have their own courts and serve them, right. 450 00:24:55,320 --> 00:24:59,040 Speaker 2: Yeah, And they also very frequently operate their own law 451 00:24:59,119 --> 00:25:03,960 Speaker 2: enforcement agency, although they also may have a Bureau of 452 00:25:04,040 --> 00:25:09,000 Speaker 2: Indian Affairs police agencies patrolling as well. Sometimes it can 453 00:25:09,040 --> 00:25:11,639 Speaker 2: be a combination of the two. In Alaska, they have 454 00:25:11,680 --> 00:25:16,679 Speaker 2: the Village Public Safety Officer program, so there is they 455 00:25:16,840 --> 00:25:19,280 Speaker 2: have their own court system, they have their own law enforcement. 456 00:25:19,280 --> 00:25:22,480 Speaker 2: They also have their own school districts there as well. Again, 457 00:25:22,520 --> 00:25:25,640 Speaker 2: they can be administered by the Bureau of Indian Education 458 00:25:26,280 --> 00:25:29,200 Speaker 2: or they can be run themselves like a charter school 459 00:25:29,240 --> 00:25:32,000 Speaker 2: would be or a private school would be. But these 460 00:25:32,040 --> 00:25:36,920 Speaker 2: are often public schools in the reservation. And they also 461 00:25:37,000 --> 00:25:38,800 Speaker 2: have boarding schools. 462 00:25:39,119 --> 00:25:42,520 Speaker 4: Still, yeah, that needs to be a whole episode. I 463 00:25:42,560 --> 00:25:44,359 Speaker 4: think that would kind of be a nice way to 464 00:25:44,400 --> 00:25:45,080 Speaker 4: finish this trio. 465 00:25:45,280 --> 00:25:49,679 Speaker 2: Definitely. So, I mean the boarding schools that kids go 466 00:25:49,760 --> 00:25:54,040 Speaker 2: to today are sometimes the same boarding schools that treated 467 00:25:54,800 --> 00:25:58,560 Speaker 2: the younger Native Americans in the late nineteenth and early 468 00:25:58,560 --> 00:26:01,720 Speaker 2: twentieth centuries, like just like they were disposable and often 469 00:26:01,840 --> 00:26:08,359 Speaker 2: killed them and did everything they could, yeah to beat 470 00:26:07,880 --> 00:26:11,080 Speaker 2: the Native American out of them and just remove them 471 00:26:11,080 --> 00:26:13,879 Speaker 2: from their tribe. Sometimes they never saw their family again. 472 00:26:14,880 --> 00:26:17,760 Speaker 2: But those still exist. They're not doing stuff like that anymore, 473 00:26:17,760 --> 00:26:20,199 Speaker 2: and in fact, they're trying to figure out how to 474 00:26:20,359 --> 00:26:22,280 Speaker 2: kind of make amends. And in one way that they're 475 00:26:22,280 --> 00:26:26,040 Speaker 2: making amends, as we'll see, is there's a big revitalization 476 00:26:26,720 --> 00:26:33,159 Speaker 2: of Native American culture, specific tribal cultures around the United 477 00:26:33,160 --> 00:26:36,720 Speaker 2: States right now, and it's being taught on the reservations 478 00:26:36,720 --> 00:26:38,840 Speaker 2: and schools. It's also being taught in the boarding schools. 479 00:26:39,160 --> 00:26:42,760 Speaker 2: It's the exact opposite of what the United States has 480 00:26:42,760 --> 00:26:50,680 Speaker 2: been trying to do since the nineteenth century, reinstilling Native 481 00:26:50,680 --> 00:26:56,000 Speaker 2: American culture into the tribes that had been had had 482 00:26:56,000 --> 00:26:59,160 Speaker 2: that culture stripped and beaten and killed out of them 483 00:26:59,520 --> 00:27:02,159 Speaker 2: for a cent Now it's like, hey, let's teach you 484 00:27:02,200 --> 00:27:05,000 Speaker 2: about your culture that you would have already known about 485 00:27:05,000 --> 00:27:07,879 Speaker 2: had we not made you go to this compulsory boarding 486 00:27:07,960 --> 00:27:12,680 Speaker 2: school and teach you to forget just break that lineage 487 00:27:12,680 --> 00:27:17,160 Speaker 2: of cultural transmission. Now it's like, let's give that back 488 00:27:17,200 --> 00:27:19,399 Speaker 2: to you. Let's make sure you know what you're talking about, 489 00:27:19,600 --> 00:27:23,439 Speaker 2: and then they'll bring in elders of the tribe to 490 00:27:23,640 --> 00:27:27,119 Speaker 2: teach it. Because there are some people who didn't go 491 00:27:27,160 --> 00:27:29,439 Speaker 2: to the boarding schools. Typically they might have been hidden 492 00:27:31,680 --> 00:27:36,159 Speaker 2: and they escaped, and those people are fonts, incredibly valuable 493 00:27:36,320 --> 00:27:43,040 Speaker 2: reservoirs of the cultural information that when those people die, 494 00:27:43,280 --> 00:27:46,320 Speaker 2: if they haven't passed down what they know, that information 495 00:27:46,480 --> 00:27:50,399 Speaker 2: dies with them and the culture dies in that way, 496 00:27:51,119 --> 00:27:54,520 Speaker 2: slowly but surely. So there's a big push among Native 497 00:27:54,560 --> 00:27:58,640 Speaker 2: American schools to prevent that from happening. 498 00:27:59,440 --> 00:28:03,159 Speaker 4: Yeah, especially I mean the culture as a whole, for sure, 499 00:28:03,800 --> 00:28:07,639 Speaker 4: but especially with efforts for saving and preserving the languages 500 00:28:07,680 --> 00:28:12,520 Speaker 4: these native tongues. One good example is the Cherokee Nation 501 00:28:13,119 --> 00:28:18,639 Speaker 4: in Oklahoma. Two thousand or fewer fluent speakers left, and 502 00:28:19,560 --> 00:28:22,200 Speaker 4: most of them are older. They're losing about one hundred 503 00:28:22,240 --> 00:28:26,040 Speaker 4: and fifty Native speakers a year. And what they're trying 504 00:28:26,040 --> 00:28:28,920 Speaker 4: to do. They have what's called the Durban Feeling Language Center, 505 00:28:29,640 --> 00:28:33,359 Speaker 4: named after the skuy durban Feeling, who wrote the Cherokee 506 00:28:33,440 --> 00:28:38,320 Speaker 4: English Dictionary. Among other things, he put symbols of the 507 00:28:38,400 --> 00:28:42,200 Speaker 4: Cherokee language into Unicode. So they could be used on smartphones, 508 00:28:42,800 --> 00:28:45,560 Speaker 4: and he was kind of he might be worth a 509 00:28:45,600 --> 00:28:48,680 Speaker 4: shorty at the very least doing one on durban feeling. 510 00:28:48,720 --> 00:28:51,400 Speaker 4: He really led the charge and was sort of probably 511 00:28:51,400 --> 00:28:54,800 Speaker 4: the leading person in history as far as preserving at 512 00:28:54,880 --> 00:28:57,479 Speaker 4: least the Cherokee language. But they have a fifty two 513 00:28:57,520 --> 00:29:02,720 Speaker 4: thousand square foot building at the language center there where 514 00:29:02,880 --> 00:29:05,120 Speaker 4: they're you know, they're doing everything they can. Their goal 515 00:29:05,200 --> 00:29:08,720 Speaker 4: is to basically, within the decade to gain more speakers 516 00:29:08,800 --> 00:29:11,560 Speaker 4: than the elders that know the language are dying off. 517 00:29:11,600 --> 00:29:14,120 Speaker 2: Yeah, and again, the reason why they're so gung ho 518 00:29:14,280 --> 00:29:18,520 Speaker 2: about doing this is because the as the language dies, 519 00:29:18,560 --> 00:29:21,800 Speaker 2: the culture dies. Because there are a lot of Native 520 00:29:21,800 --> 00:29:25,479 Speaker 2: American languages that weren't written. They were all oral. So 521 00:29:25,640 --> 00:29:27,320 Speaker 2: not only do they have to make sure that that 522 00:29:27,520 --> 00:29:30,360 Speaker 2: oral tradition gets passed down, they then have to figure 523 00:29:30,360 --> 00:29:33,080 Speaker 2: out how to turn it into something tech space as well. 524 00:29:33,520 --> 00:29:36,760 Speaker 2: So it's a huge challenge. And finally the United States 525 00:29:36,760 --> 00:29:39,520 Speaker 2: government has started to kind of show some signs of 526 00:29:39,560 --> 00:29:42,960 Speaker 2: trying to help out. I mean, it's not very much 527 00:29:43,000 --> 00:29:45,000 Speaker 2: if you think about it, but in twenty twenty two, 528 00:29:45,120 --> 00:29:48,400 Speaker 2: the US government donated seven million dollars in grants to 529 00:29:48,480 --> 00:29:53,560 Speaker 2: forty five different tribes to support their preservation of their language. 530 00:29:54,200 --> 00:29:56,959 Speaker 2: So there's there's a movement for that for sure, and 531 00:29:57,040 --> 00:30:00,400 Speaker 2: it has this sense that like they're racing against the clock, 532 00:30:00,440 --> 00:30:03,080 Speaker 2: which they pretty much are the biological clock. 533 00:30:04,280 --> 00:30:06,760 Speaker 4: Yeah, and if I may hear for a minute now, 534 00:30:07,000 --> 00:30:10,520 Speaker 4: we try not to get super overtly political, but there's 535 00:30:10,560 --> 00:30:14,440 Speaker 4: really been a tale of two really three administrations over 536 00:30:14,440 --> 00:30:22,720 Speaker 4: the last fifteen ish years, with the Obama administrations, then 537 00:30:22,760 --> 00:30:27,240 Speaker 4: the Trump administration, and now the Biden administration. Of course, 538 00:30:27,280 --> 00:30:29,200 Speaker 4: in twenty twenty two, like you said, the seven million 539 00:30:29,240 --> 00:30:33,640 Speaker 4: that's under the Biden administration, they also delivered twenty one 540 00:30:33,680 --> 00:30:37,280 Speaker 4: million dollars for road safety on tribal lands because a 541 00:30:37,320 --> 00:30:40,480 Speaker 4: lot of these roads they don't have like street lines 542 00:30:41,000 --> 00:30:45,480 Speaker 4: and rumble strips and the little reflective signs and reflective 543 00:30:45,480 --> 00:30:48,520 Speaker 4: markers on the roads, just sort of basic infrastructure things 544 00:30:48,560 --> 00:30:50,200 Speaker 4: that keep driving safer. 545 00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:53,920 Speaker 2: Right, and that's the main roads don't even get on 546 00:30:53,960 --> 00:30:55,640 Speaker 2: the side streets. 547 00:30:56,160 --> 00:30:56,480 Speaker 3: Yeah. 548 00:30:56,520 --> 00:31:00,800 Speaker 4: Absolutely, also one hundred and thirty five million dollars to 549 00:31:00,800 --> 00:31:05,080 Speaker 4: help relocate tribes affected by climate change, and also deb 550 00:31:05,240 --> 00:31:08,640 Speaker 4: halland the first Native American to ever serve as Secretary 551 00:31:09,080 --> 00:31:14,680 Speaker 4: of Interior as the current Secretary of Interior. Donald Trump, 552 00:31:14,800 --> 00:31:19,280 Speaker 4: on the other hand, he delivered well. He likes to 553 00:31:19,280 --> 00:31:21,800 Speaker 4: say he delivered three million dollars in twenty twenty for 554 00:31:21,840 --> 00:31:24,680 Speaker 4: a language and one point two million for broadband grants, 555 00:31:24,720 --> 00:31:27,840 Speaker 4: but those were an actuality pushed through by Senate and 556 00:31:27,880 --> 00:31:32,840 Speaker 4: House Democrats. But Trump failed to re establish Obama's Council 557 00:31:32,920 --> 00:31:35,400 Speaker 4: on Native American Affairs, which ran for the eight years 558 00:31:35,440 --> 00:31:38,920 Speaker 4: Obama's in office until his final year in office, because 559 00:31:38,920 --> 00:31:41,400 Speaker 4: people kept saying, like, why aren't you doing this over 560 00:31:41,440 --> 00:31:41,800 Speaker 4: and over. 561 00:31:42,600 --> 00:31:45,000 Speaker 3: He never held a White House Tribal Leaders. 562 00:31:44,760 --> 00:31:48,560 Speaker 4: Conference at the White House, which you had for eight 563 00:31:48,600 --> 00:31:52,600 Speaker 4: years under Obama. And just after COVID, a couple of 564 00:31:52,640 --> 00:31:57,400 Speaker 4: things happened. He pushed to exclude reservations from the Cares 565 00:31:57,440 --> 00:32:01,800 Speaker 4: Act in the wake of COVID, and he de established 566 00:32:01,800 --> 00:32:05,760 Speaker 4: the Wannapogue Reservation outright, which is the first time that's 567 00:32:05,800 --> 00:32:07,200 Speaker 4: happened since the Termination era. 568 00:32:07,680 --> 00:32:08,000 Speaker 2: Wow. 569 00:32:08,040 --> 00:32:10,320 Speaker 3: And like not only that, he removed. 570 00:32:10,640 --> 00:32:13,000 Speaker 4: Just kind of plowed through sacred burial sites to build 571 00:32:13,000 --> 00:32:18,000 Speaker 4: that wall and on when people were protesting that wall 572 00:32:18,040 --> 00:32:21,080 Speaker 4: and the sacred burial lands, they used sent you know, 573 00:32:21,560 --> 00:32:24,520 Speaker 4: people in there with rubber bullets to fire on them 574 00:32:25,120 --> 00:32:27,120 Speaker 4: on Indigenous People's Day of all. 575 00:32:27,080 --> 00:32:27,960 Speaker 2: Days, No way. 576 00:32:28,680 --> 00:32:29,440 Speaker 3: Yeah, wow. 577 00:32:30,120 --> 00:32:32,800 Speaker 4: So they're not big fans. You can look up for yourself. 578 00:32:32,800 --> 00:32:34,640 Speaker 4: If you think I'm being too political. You can just 579 00:32:34,640 --> 00:32:39,040 Speaker 4: look up Donald Trump's administration and Native American peoples and 580 00:32:39,160 --> 00:32:41,240 Speaker 4: they are not big fans of what happened during those 581 00:32:41,240 --> 00:32:41,640 Speaker 4: four years. 582 00:32:41,680 --> 00:32:42,040 Speaker 1: Oh it does. 583 00:32:42,160 --> 00:32:45,000 Speaker 2: Yeah, But also I've seen they're not necessarily fans of 584 00:32:45,000 --> 00:32:48,920 Speaker 2: any political party because neither one is paying enough attention 585 00:32:49,080 --> 00:32:53,840 Speaker 2: to their obligations to help people on the reservation make 586 00:32:53,920 --> 00:32:55,360 Speaker 2: better lives for themselves. 587 00:32:55,760 --> 00:32:56,120 Speaker 3: Yeah. 588 00:32:56,160 --> 00:33:00,360 Speaker 2: Absolutely, So I say we take a break, okay, and 589 00:33:00,400 --> 00:33:02,160 Speaker 2: then the people who are still with us can come 590 00:33:02,160 --> 00:33:31,160 Speaker 2: back and we'll talk some more about reservation life today. So, Chuck, 591 00:33:31,200 --> 00:33:33,760 Speaker 2: we're we should talk about a few different examples of 592 00:33:33,960 --> 00:33:37,680 Speaker 2: reservations in the United States today, because just between the 593 00:33:37,760 --> 00:33:46,000 Speaker 2: Navajo Nation, the Oglala Sioux Nation, and the Seminole, you 594 00:33:46,120 --> 00:33:51,840 Speaker 2: got just a really distinct contrast between those three big spectrum. 595 00:33:51,960 --> 00:33:56,280 Speaker 2: You said that the Navajo was the largest of all 596 00:33:56,360 --> 00:33:59,960 Speaker 2: of the reservations, right, yeah, I think did you say 597 00:34:00,000 --> 00:34:03,160 Speaker 2: it's larger than Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island. Put together. 598 00:34:04,200 --> 00:34:06,360 Speaker 3: No, but you just did, my friend. So the Navajo there, 599 00:34:06,440 --> 00:34:07,080 Speaker 3: it's quite a stack. 600 00:34:07,240 --> 00:34:12,440 Speaker 2: Yeah, they're also the DNA. Their land, their reservation spans Utah, Arizona, 601 00:34:12,520 --> 00:34:13,520 Speaker 2: and in New Mexico. 602 00:34:14,160 --> 00:34:14,359 Speaker 3: Yeah. 603 00:34:14,400 --> 00:34:16,399 Speaker 4: If you look at the at their reservation on a map, 604 00:34:16,480 --> 00:34:18,560 Speaker 4: it is I mean, I know you said all the 605 00:34:18,600 --> 00:34:21,279 Speaker 4: states combined, but just check out a map. Sometimes it's 606 00:34:21,320 --> 00:34:22,399 Speaker 4: it's quite quite large. 607 00:34:22,440 --> 00:34:25,759 Speaker 2: Yes, and there's been an ongoing like dispute with them 608 00:34:25,800 --> 00:34:29,120 Speaker 2: and the Hopie over whose land is who's And I 609 00:34:29,160 --> 00:34:34,000 Speaker 2: think that they have it relatively settled geographically, but culturally 610 00:34:34,040 --> 00:34:35,680 Speaker 2: it's still not very settled. 611 00:34:36,320 --> 00:34:36,800 Speaker 3: Yeah. 612 00:34:36,920 --> 00:34:42,120 Speaker 2: But the Navajo, they're also the largest tribe in the 613 00:34:42,200 --> 00:34:45,480 Speaker 2: United States. They have four hundred thousand enrolled members, one 614 00:34:45,560 --> 00:34:48,960 Speaker 2: hundred and seventy thousand of which live on the reservation. 615 00:34:50,360 --> 00:34:55,000 Speaker 2: And what makes them really unusual is that they were 616 00:34:55,040 --> 00:34:57,799 Speaker 2: removed along with just about every other tribe in the 617 00:34:57,880 --> 00:35:03,440 Speaker 2: United States as America was expanding, and within four years 618 00:35:03,480 --> 00:35:06,120 Speaker 2: they managed to negotiate a treaty to get that land 619 00:35:06,200 --> 00:35:10,640 Speaker 2: back and move back to their ancestral lands. That's really 620 00:35:10,760 --> 00:35:16,120 Speaker 2: rare among Native American tribes. Their reservations very frequently are 621 00:35:16,160 --> 00:35:19,120 Speaker 2: not their ancestral lands. They're just land that they were 622 00:35:19,160 --> 00:35:22,480 Speaker 2: given one hundred years ago by the US government in 623 00:35:22,520 --> 00:35:24,280 Speaker 2: an entirely different part of the country. 624 00:35:25,080 --> 00:35:27,440 Speaker 4: Yeah, they said, you know, you can build your railroad 625 00:35:27,480 --> 00:35:31,200 Speaker 4: through here. If you're settling and your wagon train is 626 00:35:31,239 --> 00:35:32,560 Speaker 4: coming through here, you can pass through. 627 00:35:32,600 --> 00:35:33,560 Speaker 3: We'll let you pass through. 628 00:35:34,760 --> 00:35:37,799 Speaker 4: We will accept the schooling, which I think probably at 629 00:35:37,800 --> 00:35:40,200 Speaker 4: the time sounded like a good deal, even though it 630 00:35:40,280 --> 00:35:44,840 Speaker 4: ended up being that boarding school, that shameful boarding school situation. 631 00:35:46,560 --> 00:35:48,000 Speaker 4: And I know, by the way, we've gotten a lot 632 00:35:48,000 --> 00:35:51,160 Speaker 4: of I know, we'll hear from some Canadians. Canada has 633 00:35:51,200 --> 00:35:53,879 Speaker 4: their own shameful background with the same kind of thing, 634 00:35:53,920 --> 00:35:55,680 Speaker 4: and we've gotten a lot of emails from them over 635 00:35:55,680 --> 00:35:58,120 Speaker 4: the years to cover that. So maybe when we do that, 636 00:35:58,160 --> 00:35:59,600 Speaker 4: when we can tackle them both. 637 00:35:59,680 --> 00:36:04,920 Speaker 2: Yeah. So the Navajo, I've lived back on that land 638 00:36:04,960 --> 00:36:08,960 Speaker 2: since eighteen sixty eight. And what they formed essentially is 639 00:36:09,040 --> 00:36:14,600 Speaker 2: as a large government. There's twenty four districts in this huge, 640 00:36:14,760 --> 00:36:20,400 Speaker 2: huge reservation and they have delegates at this legislative council. 641 00:36:20,880 --> 00:36:24,520 Speaker 2: There's an executive a president that runs the executive branch. 642 00:36:24,560 --> 00:36:27,480 Speaker 2: They have their own court system with eleven districts, and 643 00:36:27,560 --> 00:36:32,200 Speaker 2: their largest city, Tuba City, is home to nine thousand people, 644 00:36:33,400 --> 00:36:37,080 Speaker 2: which is pretty enormous. The problem is where it starts 645 00:36:37,120 --> 00:36:42,759 Speaker 2: to kind of get reservation y at least standard or average, 646 00:36:43,320 --> 00:36:47,080 Speaker 2: is that thirty six percent of those households in the 647 00:36:47,280 --> 00:36:52,240 Speaker 2: entire Navajo Nation are below federal poverty level and about 648 00:36:52,280 --> 00:36:55,840 Speaker 2: the same amount have no running water none. And the 649 00:36:55,920 --> 00:36:59,759 Speaker 2: reason why Donald Trump the Great Father made such a 650 00:37:00,000 --> 00:37:02,640 Speaker 2: big deal about getting broadband access as part of the 651 00:37:02,680 --> 00:37:06,440 Speaker 2: package he delivered to the Native Americans himself is he signed, 652 00:37:07,160 --> 00:37:13,200 Speaker 2: is that internet access is really patchy at at absolute 653 00:37:13,280 --> 00:37:16,080 Speaker 2: best on a lot of reservations, and if you don't 654 00:37:16,120 --> 00:37:19,000 Speaker 2: have the internet today, you might as well not bother 655 00:37:19,160 --> 00:37:23,799 Speaker 2: sending your kids to school to In a very hyperbolic sense. 656 00:37:24,719 --> 00:37:27,120 Speaker 4: Yeah, you know, Elon Musk should swoop in there and 657 00:37:27,160 --> 00:37:32,400 Speaker 4: send much of those starlink dishes. Sure grantits just say, well, 658 00:37:32,480 --> 00:37:34,880 Speaker 4: here you go, I'll do my party. Well, not a 659 00:37:34,920 --> 00:37:37,000 Speaker 4: bad idea. He's lunching tho satellites all over the place. 660 00:37:37,080 --> 00:37:38,400 Speaker 2: Yeah, help in Ukraine. 661 00:37:38,960 --> 00:37:45,000 Speaker 4: Yeah for a service that isn't even that good. What else, Well, 662 00:37:45,239 --> 00:37:47,200 Speaker 4: we're talking about the spectrum, So I guess we go 663 00:37:48,239 --> 00:37:51,680 Speaker 4: from one end to the other end, and then we'll 664 00:37:51,680 --> 00:37:53,719 Speaker 4: talk about the other farthest end at the end. 665 00:37:53,960 --> 00:37:54,879 Speaker 3: Is that confusing enough? 666 00:37:54,960 --> 00:37:58,080 Speaker 2: Yes, dude, And I even know you're talking about I. 667 00:37:58,160 --> 00:38:02,880 Speaker 4: Know the Pine Ridge Reservation is the largest Lakota reservation 668 00:38:03,920 --> 00:38:06,200 Speaker 4: and that's who you're speaking of earlier when you were 669 00:38:06,239 --> 00:38:09,680 Speaker 4: talking about the Oglala Sioux tribe who governs them. And 670 00:38:09,800 --> 00:38:12,920 Speaker 4: it's about four thousand square miles in South Dakota. And 671 00:38:13,000 --> 00:38:16,200 Speaker 4: again the census is probably really wrong. They listed as 672 00:38:16,239 --> 00:38:19,319 Speaker 4: nineteen thousand people, but most people say it's probably more like, 673 00:38:19,400 --> 00:38:20,560 Speaker 4: you know, mid thirties or so. 674 00:38:21,400 --> 00:38:22,279 Speaker 3: And it is. 675 00:38:24,520 --> 00:38:26,080 Speaker 4: Well, first of all, they were one of the people 676 00:38:26,080 --> 00:38:28,040 Speaker 4: that were squeezed out of their original land. It's not 677 00:38:28,080 --> 00:38:33,239 Speaker 4: their original land. They were nomadic people and they where 678 00:38:33,280 --> 00:38:35,279 Speaker 4: they are now. It was originally your prisoner of war 679 00:38:35,320 --> 00:38:41,040 Speaker 4: camp in eighteen eighty nine, and Wounded Knee took place, 680 00:38:41,040 --> 00:38:43,160 Speaker 4: the Wounded Knee massacre in eighteen ninety. 681 00:38:43,200 --> 00:38:46,120 Speaker 2: A lot of things happened on Pine Ridge. It's actually 682 00:38:46,760 --> 00:38:50,360 Speaker 2: been really culturally relevant for a long time, starting with 683 00:38:50,480 --> 00:38:52,880 Speaker 2: Wounded Kna for sure, that was where one hundred and 684 00:38:52,920 --> 00:38:57,160 Speaker 2: fifty I think largely old people, women and children were 685 00:38:57,160 --> 00:39:02,040 Speaker 2: massacred by the US government for not living where they 686 00:39:02,080 --> 00:39:02,560 Speaker 2: were told. 687 00:39:03,520 --> 00:39:06,000 Speaker 4: Yeah, it's a very symbolic place kind of for those reasons. 688 00:39:06,000 --> 00:39:09,680 Speaker 4: That's where they protested in the early seventies with the 689 00:39:09,719 --> 00:39:13,480 Speaker 4: sort of earliest American Indian movement, and that's where remember 690 00:39:13,520 --> 00:39:17,480 Speaker 4: the twenty fifteen Dakota Access pipeline Standing Rock. 691 00:39:17,560 --> 00:39:19,080 Speaker 3: That's where they protested there. 692 00:39:19,680 --> 00:39:22,160 Speaker 4: But we talk about Pine Ridge being the other end 693 00:39:22,160 --> 00:39:25,239 Speaker 4: of the spectrum, because if you want to talk about poor, 694 00:39:25,560 --> 00:39:29,439 Speaker 4: that is sort of. 695 00:39:26,840 --> 00:39:32,120 Speaker 3: The place to focus on. It is very poor. 696 00:39:32,200 --> 00:39:36,000 Speaker 4: They have an infant mortality rate five times five times 697 00:39:36,040 --> 00:39:40,440 Speaker 4: the national average infant mortality rate, which is just horrifying 698 00:39:40,480 --> 00:39:43,960 Speaker 4: that that's allowed to happen in this country. The unemployment 699 00:39:44,040 --> 00:39:45,400 Speaker 4: rate is eighty percent. 700 00:39:45,760 --> 00:39:48,040 Speaker 2: I saw eighty to ninety on Al Jazeera. 701 00:39:49,160 --> 00:39:52,160 Speaker 4: I mean, yeah, you're if you have ten to fifteen 702 00:39:52,280 --> 00:39:57,040 Speaker 4: percent of your people working like that, that's just poverty stricken. 703 00:39:57,120 --> 00:39:58,840 Speaker 3: They live in trailers, they live in shacks. 704 00:39:59,719 --> 00:40:02,120 Speaker 4: Some have no like many of them have no running 705 00:40:02,120 --> 00:40:05,960 Speaker 4: water or electricity, and it's not a hospitable place for 706 00:40:06,160 --> 00:40:09,120 Speaker 4: either a growing thing or for an industry to come 707 00:40:09,160 --> 00:40:12,040 Speaker 4: in and set something up and maybe share profits. They 708 00:40:12,040 --> 00:40:14,400 Speaker 4: have a little casino that doesn't generate a lot of revenue, 709 00:40:14,440 --> 00:40:17,359 Speaker 4: and it's just not a very great scene there. 710 00:40:17,480 --> 00:40:19,799 Speaker 2: Yeah, I saw that the casino, if it divvied up 711 00:40:19,920 --> 00:40:24,880 Speaker 2: its profits, it's revenue. Among the members of the tribe 712 00:40:24,880 --> 00:40:27,720 Speaker 2: living on the reservation, they'd each get something like fifteen 713 00:40:27,840 --> 00:40:32,640 Speaker 2: cents a month. And poverty stricken just does not even 714 00:40:32,719 --> 00:40:35,640 Speaker 2: begin to get it. Across saw there's a site called 715 00:40:35,640 --> 00:40:39,399 Speaker 2: the Red Road Project. It's like Native American Voices kind 716 00:40:39,400 --> 00:40:43,800 Speaker 2: of articles. It's really interesting. They said that on Pine 717 00:40:43,880 --> 00:40:47,200 Speaker 2: Ridge the average number of people in a house is 718 00:40:47,239 --> 00:40:52,520 Speaker 2: seventeen because homelessness is a really really big issue on reservations, 719 00:40:52,960 --> 00:40:55,160 Speaker 2: so you kind of get in where you fit in, 720 00:40:55,200 --> 00:40:58,480 Speaker 2: which leads to huge amounts of overcrowding, and that includes 721 00:40:58,520 --> 00:41:00,960 Speaker 2: the kids who are going to school the next day. 722 00:41:01,800 --> 00:41:06,080 Speaker 2: Because the employment is so low again eighty to ninety 723 00:41:06,080 --> 00:41:15,480 Speaker 2: percent unemployment, people typically turn to diversions of despair, basically drugs, alcohol, crime. 724 00:41:16,840 --> 00:41:20,040 Speaker 2: And there's a town that I read about in that 725 00:41:20,160 --> 00:41:23,400 Speaker 2: Al Dazeer article called White Clay, Nebraskas, just across the 726 00:41:23,440 --> 00:41:29,720 Speaker 2: line from the Pine Ridge Reservation, and they sell something 727 00:41:29,800 --> 00:41:33,400 Speaker 2: on the average of twelve thousand cans of beer a 728 00:41:33,480 --> 00:41:38,080 Speaker 2: day to the Lakota who come across from the dry 729 00:41:38,160 --> 00:41:40,840 Speaker 2: reservation by the beer and take it back. And the 730 00:41:41,239 --> 00:41:43,799 Speaker 2: big kicker is that White Clay is not an actual town. 731 00:41:43,880 --> 00:41:47,279 Speaker 2: It's a town on paper only. There's one street and 732 00:41:47,320 --> 00:41:51,400 Speaker 2: it's all shops basically, and those shops all sell beer 733 00:41:51,800 --> 00:41:56,200 Speaker 2: to the Lakota Sioux. And I saw it described by 734 00:41:56,239 --> 00:42:00,000 Speaker 2: one activist as liquid genocide. That's been going on really 735 00:42:00,080 --> 00:42:02,920 Speaker 2: long time. And so when you add all this stuff together, 736 00:42:04,239 --> 00:42:08,640 Speaker 2: the life expectancy on Pine Ridge, are you ready for this? 737 00:42:10,320 --> 00:42:10,640 Speaker 3: Now? 738 00:42:10,760 --> 00:42:15,520 Speaker 2: Forty eight years for men, fifty two for women. It's 739 00:42:15,560 --> 00:42:19,319 Speaker 2: the second lowest not in the country in the Western hemisphere. 740 00:42:19,560 --> 00:42:22,800 Speaker 2: The only country that has a lower life expectancy is Haiti. 741 00:42:23,280 --> 00:42:25,560 Speaker 2: This is Pine Ridge in the United States. 742 00:42:26,600 --> 00:42:28,480 Speaker 3: Does that include the infant mortality rate? 743 00:42:29,160 --> 00:42:31,200 Speaker 2: Yeah, I'm sure it does. It's dragging it down big 744 00:42:31,239 --> 00:42:35,440 Speaker 2: time for sure. Regardless. I mean, like forty eight and 745 00:42:35,560 --> 00:42:40,120 Speaker 2: fifty two is just appalling. And again the reason you 746 00:42:40,200 --> 00:42:42,880 Speaker 2: might be like, I don't care about welfare, welfare sucks. 747 00:42:42,920 --> 00:42:45,480 Speaker 2: These people should be figuring out themselves, and a lot 748 00:42:45,520 --> 00:42:47,120 Speaker 2: of them do. A lot of people make it off 749 00:42:47,120 --> 00:42:49,640 Speaker 2: the reservation, go get it a college education. A lot 750 00:42:49,640 --> 00:42:52,799 Speaker 2: of them come back and share that college education. A 751 00:42:52,800 --> 00:42:55,839 Speaker 2: lot of people get killed. There's I think the rate 752 00:42:55,840 --> 00:42:59,359 Speaker 2: of suicide is four or five times is the national rate. 753 00:43:01,120 --> 00:43:05,799 Speaker 2: So the problem with that argument is that these are 754 00:43:05,880 --> 00:43:08,400 Speaker 2: the descendants of the people who are stripped of their culture, 755 00:43:08,640 --> 00:43:11,960 Speaker 2: stripped of their ability to support themselves, and their only 756 00:43:12,040 --> 00:43:15,520 Speaker 2: choice is to go be white, go assimilate into white culture, 757 00:43:16,360 --> 00:43:19,880 Speaker 2: or stay on this reservation and hold on to your culture, 758 00:43:20,000 --> 00:43:22,160 Speaker 2: be one of the last bastions of your culture, and 759 00:43:22,400 --> 00:43:28,600 Speaker 2: just pay every day for that with joblessness, with despair, 760 00:43:29,680 --> 00:43:32,560 Speaker 2: and rely on the United States government to take care 761 00:43:32,600 --> 00:43:35,840 Speaker 2: of you. But then don't expect things like running water, internet, 762 00:43:36,080 --> 00:43:39,920 Speaker 2: good schools, law enforcement that's going to take care of 763 00:43:39,960 --> 00:43:46,160 Speaker 2: drug problems, new job prospects, like that stuff. It's just 764 00:43:46,280 --> 00:43:49,440 Speaker 2: not delivered. And so as a result, we have a 765 00:43:49,480 --> 00:43:52,520 Speaker 2: group of people who have the life expectancy second only 766 00:43:52,560 --> 00:43:54,759 Speaker 2: to Haiti here in the United States. 767 00:43:55,080 --> 00:43:59,600 Speaker 4: Yeah, so that's sort of the worst end of the spectrum. 768 00:44:00,320 --> 00:44:03,480 Speaker 4: Now to a tribe that is actually thriving these days. 769 00:44:04,120 --> 00:44:08,200 Speaker 4: The Seminole people who in the eighteen fifties, after a 770 00:44:08,239 --> 00:44:12,640 Speaker 4: bunch of warring, were forced west of the Mississippi kind 771 00:44:12,680 --> 00:44:15,319 Speaker 4: of like everyone else. But there I saw about three 772 00:44:15,480 --> 00:44:18,840 Speaker 4: hundred hid away in Florida and the swamps of Florida 773 00:44:19,600 --> 00:44:23,719 Speaker 4: and hit there for a while and eventually sort of, 774 00:44:24,360 --> 00:44:27,040 Speaker 4: you know, showed their faces to society in the late 775 00:44:27,120 --> 00:44:30,920 Speaker 4: nineteenth and early twentieth century. In the nineteen fifties, they 776 00:44:30,920 --> 00:44:35,200 Speaker 4: adopted their own constitution and gained recognition as a Seminole 777 00:44:35,239 --> 00:44:39,080 Speaker 4: tribe of Florida. And they are thriving in a big, 778 00:44:39,200 --> 00:44:44,200 Speaker 4: big way in South Florida, largely because of business and 779 00:44:44,280 --> 00:44:48,640 Speaker 4: largely because of the casino business, the Seminole Classic Casino 780 00:44:48,920 --> 00:44:53,359 Speaker 4: and Hollywood, Florida. They opened the hard Rock casino down 781 00:44:53,360 --> 00:44:56,120 Speaker 4: there in Hollywood. I saw the Rolling Stones there a 782 00:44:56,160 --> 00:44:56,799 Speaker 4: few years ago. 783 00:44:56,880 --> 00:44:58,880 Speaker 2: Yeah, it's a big, big time. It's shaped like a guitar. 784 00:45:00,080 --> 00:45:00,279 Speaker 2: It is. 785 00:45:00,360 --> 00:45:02,880 Speaker 4: Yeah, that stands up from the hotel like a guitar 786 00:45:03,080 --> 00:45:06,160 Speaker 4: and just a little insider thing. If you ever want 787 00:45:06,200 --> 00:45:09,560 Speaker 4: to see like what could be like a stadium act 788 00:45:09,840 --> 00:45:13,160 Speaker 4: in a comparatively small venue, that's where you should go. 789 00:45:13,280 --> 00:45:15,080 Speaker 3: It was a really good experience. 790 00:45:14,560 --> 00:45:17,239 Speaker 4: And you couldn't I don't know how many people it is, 791 00:45:17,280 --> 00:45:19,520 Speaker 4: but I feel like it's about the size of like 792 00:45:20,920 --> 00:45:24,480 Speaker 4: the Fox Seat or in Atlanta, whereas you know, they 793 00:45:24,480 --> 00:45:26,399 Speaker 4: were playing like stadiums and then all of a sudden 794 00:45:26,440 --> 00:45:29,480 Speaker 4: it's maybe like five thousand people or so. So it's 795 00:45:29,560 --> 00:45:33,160 Speaker 4: intimate by that standard. And I had a great time, 796 00:45:33,160 --> 00:45:35,200 Speaker 4: and I keep that on my list now to check 797 00:45:35,239 --> 00:45:38,600 Speaker 4: out because it was a fun trip down there. And 798 00:45:38,840 --> 00:45:43,239 Speaker 4: the Seminole Tribe is making a lot of money. They 799 00:45:43,280 --> 00:45:45,680 Speaker 4: have about two thousand, and this is one reason why 800 00:45:45,800 --> 00:45:48,200 Speaker 4: is because they only started out as a few hundred. 801 00:45:48,480 --> 00:45:50,960 Speaker 4: There are only a couple of thousand now and they're 802 00:45:51,000 --> 00:45:54,279 Speaker 4: splitting up that dough in a big, big way. 803 00:45:54,360 --> 00:45:54,560 Speaker 3: Right. 804 00:45:54,640 --> 00:45:57,760 Speaker 2: Did you know this that the Seminole Tribe of Florida. 805 00:45:58,000 --> 00:46:00,120 Speaker 2: We have to differentiate because there's a Seminole Tribe of 806 00:46:00,160 --> 00:46:02,640 Speaker 2: Oklahoma that were the ones that moved out there, the 807 00:46:02,640 --> 00:46:05,560 Speaker 2: ones that say the Seminole Tribe of Florida own hard 808 00:46:05,680 --> 00:46:08,440 Speaker 2: rock everything. They owned the brand. They bought the brand 809 00:46:08,920 --> 00:46:11,680 Speaker 2: in two thousand and six for nine hundred. I don't 810 00:46:11,719 --> 00:46:15,359 Speaker 2: know about the whole brand. They're wearing a hard Rock 811 00:46:15,400 --> 00:46:18,560 Speaker 2: Cafe shirt that's owned by the Seminole Tribe of Florida. 812 00:46:18,600 --> 00:46:20,440 Speaker 2: They owned the hard rock franchise. 813 00:46:21,520 --> 00:46:23,000 Speaker 3: Do you know where the very first hard rock was? 814 00:46:23,440 --> 00:46:24,200 Speaker 3: Trivia questions? 815 00:46:24,920 --> 00:46:28,080 Speaker 2: I'm going to say San Francisco or London. 816 00:46:29,360 --> 00:46:32,440 Speaker 4: No, And the only reason I know this is because 817 00:46:33,840 --> 00:46:36,840 Speaker 4: of my family. It is in I believe it was 818 00:46:36,880 --> 00:46:38,680 Speaker 4: in Jackson, Mississippi. 819 00:46:38,960 --> 00:46:43,200 Speaker 2: What Yeah. Wow, that is a great trivia question. You 820 00:46:43,200 --> 00:46:45,600 Speaker 2: can even do multiple choice, and I don't think a 821 00:46:45,600 --> 00:46:46,600 Speaker 2: lot of people would get that. 822 00:46:46,960 --> 00:46:49,359 Speaker 4: Yeah, that's right, because I was like, I'm gonna get 823 00:46:49,360 --> 00:46:52,520 Speaker 4: in big trouble here if this is wrong. But the 824 00:46:52,560 --> 00:46:59,359 Speaker 4: first hard rock was at the old Hickory Mall in Jackson, Mississippi. 825 00:47:00,840 --> 00:47:03,280 Speaker 4: And my uncle had something to do with it somehow. 826 00:47:03,880 --> 00:47:04,920 Speaker 4: That's how I know about it. 827 00:47:05,080 --> 00:47:07,040 Speaker 2: Oh is his last name hard rock? 828 00:47:09,440 --> 00:47:11,840 Speaker 3: Uncle? Well, he sounds like a flintstone. 829 00:47:11,400 --> 00:47:12,440 Speaker 2: All he does. 830 00:47:13,840 --> 00:47:14,839 Speaker 3: Oh no, I'm sorry. 831 00:47:14,920 --> 00:47:17,840 Speaker 4: Jackson, Tennessee, which is even better because that's where my 832 00:47:18,040 --> 00:47:18,520 Speaker 4: dad lives. 833 00:47:18,600 --> 00:47:18,960 Speaker 1: That's good. 834 00:47:19,040 --> 00:47:19,640 Speaker 2: You can put down. 835 00:47:19,640 --> 00:47:21,279 Speaker 3: For some reason, I thought it was Jackson, Mississippi. 836 00:47:21,480 --> 00:47:24,279 Speaker 2: You can put down your sharpened sticks Jackson, Tennessee. Chuck 837 00:47:24,360 --> 00:47:24,880 Speaker 2: came through. 838 00:47:25,880 --> 00:47:29,080 Speaker 3: You're my people. My dad is a Union University graduate. 839 00:47:29,320 --> 00:47:33,000 Speaker 2: So with all that money that they're making among the 840 00:47:33,040 --> 00:47:38,560 Speaker 2: two thousand tribe members, they divvy up enough that each 841 00:47:38,800 --> 00:47:41,640 Speaker 2: person gets one hundred and twenty eight thousand dollars a 842 00:47:41,719 --> 00:47:46,840 Speaker 2: year that includes babies. The baby's money is held in trust, 843 00:47:46,880 --> 00:47:49,440 Speaker 2: so by the time they turn eighteen, they're they're worth 844 00:47:49,640 --> 00:47:53,480 Speaker 2: a couple of the three million dollars already unbelievable. This 845 00:47:53,520 --> 00:47:55,880 Speaker 2: is a Native American tribe. And one of the reasons why, 846 00:47:57,800 --> 00:48:03,120 Speaker 2: a big, big reason why to Citrus Groves cigarette making 847 00:48:03,200 --> 00:48:06,680 Speaker 2: and selling is the casino. They were the first ones 848 00:48:06,719 --> 00:48:09,880 Speaker 2: to have a casino. They were the first ones to 849 00:48:09,920 --> 00:48:12,040 Speaker 2: try it. The state tried to shut it down. They 850 00:48:12,040 --> 00:48:15,040 Speaker 2: sued the state, they won, and from that point on, 851 00:48:15,480 --> 00:48:18,560 Speaker 2: Native American casinos, starting in the seventies were a thing, 852 00:48:19,080 --> 00:48:21,719 Speaker 2: and it made the Seminole rich, It made the Oneida rich, 853 00:48:21,760 --> 00:48:25,960 Speaker 2: It made a bunch of different tribes rich. And I say, good. 854 00:48:25,760 --> 00:48:29,160 Speaker 3: Going, totally. Yeah. 855 00:48:29,800 --> 00:48:32,279 Speaker 4: I bumped into Mark Marin at that Rolling Stone show 856 00:48:32,320 --> 00:48:33,680 Speaker 4: and he acted like he didn't know me, like he 857 00:48:33,719 --> 00:48:34,280 Speaker 4: always does. 858 00:48:34,920 --> 00:48:37,960 Speaker 3: Really, oh yeah, it's funny every time it happens. 859 00:48:38,000 --> 00:48:43,000 Speaker 2: That's hilarious. So I say, that's reservations. What do you say? 860 00:48:43,719 --> 00:48:46,120 Speaker 4: Yeah, I got one more quick thing that we failed 861 00:48:46,160 --> 00:48:48,520 Speaker 4: to mention as earlier when I was talking about different 862 00:48:48,760 --> 00:48:54,239 Speaker 4: policies of different administrations. Native Americans that live on reservations 863 00:48:54,239 --> 00:48:58,400 Speaker 4: can vote in federal elections, of course, but it bears 864 00:48:58,400 --> 00:49:03,640 Speaker 4: pointing out because only sixty something percent of the eligible 865 00:49:03,719 --> 00:49:06,920 Speaker 4: Native American population is registered to vote, and there's a 866 00:49:06,920 --> 00:49:11,600 Speaker 4: push called the the Million Vote Opportunity where they are 867 00:49:11,680 --> 00:49:15,239 Speaker 4: trying there's over a million eligible Native American voters who 868 00:49:15,280 --> 00:49:17,960 Speaker 4: do not vote and who are not registered, and they're 869 00:49:17,960 --> 00:49:21,400 Speaker 4: trying to get them registered, and it's a good cause 870 00:49:21,440 --> 00:49:21,920 Speaker 4: to support. 871 00:49:21,960 --> 00:49:22,680 Speaker 3: You can go to. 872 00:49:24,239 --> 00:49:29,120 Speaker 4: Native Voter Impact or vote dot NARF dot org and 873 00:49:29,239 --> 00:49:31,319 Speaker 4: check it out. Maybe throw a little dough their way 874 00:49:31,360 --> 00:49:32,879 Speaker 4: and see if we can get them registered to vote 875 00:49:32,880 --> 00:49:35,239 Speaker 4: so they can, you know, try and speak up for 876 00:49:35,280 --> 00:49:36,319 Speaker 4: themselves and ensure they're right. 877 00:49:36,320 --> 00:49:41,680 Speaker 2: It's awesome. Nice work, Chuck, Nice work, Josh, and nice 878 00:49:41,680 --> 00:49:44,680 Speaker 2: work to you guys for hearing us out. If you 879 00:49:44,680 --> 00:49:47,319 Speaker 2: want to know more about Native American reservations in the 880 00:49:47,400 --> 00:49:51,879 Speaker 2: United States, you can start reading about it. A good 881 00:49:51,880 --> 00:49:54,360 Speaker 2: place to start wild be the Red Road Project, I say, 882 00:49:55,280 --> 00:49:57,600 Speaker 2: And since I mentioned the Red Road Project again, I 883 00:49:57,600 --> 00:49:59,000 Speaker 2: think that's time for a listener. 884 00:49:59,040 --> 00:50:07,319 Speaker 4: May I'm going to call this this. 885 00:50:07,239 --> 00:50:08,520 Speaker 3: Is from our Diary episode. 886 00:50:08,600 --> 00:50:10,520 Speaker 2: You have to start it with dear Diary. 887 00:50:11,120 --> 00:50:11,760 Speaker 3: Dear Diary. 888 00:50:11,840 --> 00:50:12,799 Speaker 2: Nice thank you. 889 00:50:14,280 --> 00:50:16,279 Speaker 4: Just listen to the Dear Diary podcast, and I love 890 00:50:16,280 --> 00:50:17,960 Speaker 4: that you guys mentioned that women have a large part 891 00:50:17,960 --> 00:50:20,160 Speaker 4: in the history of diary writing, so I want to 892 00:50:20,160 --> 00:50:23,080 Speaker 4: put another female diarist on your radar. One of my 893 00:50:23,080 --> 00:50:27,600 Speaker 4: favorite historians is named Laurel Thatcher Ulrich. She of well 894 00:50:27,640 --> 00:50:31,919 Speaker 4: behaved women rarely make history, fame often misattributed to less 895 00:50:31,920 --> 00:50:35,800 Speaker 4: well known women than her hahaha. The original context of 896 00:50:35,840 --> 00:50:38,640 Speaker 4: that quote is related to Puritan settlers of New England 897 00:50:38,800 --> 00:50:41,120 Speaker 4: and how women who live ordinary lives are often forgotten 898 00:50:41,400 --> 00:50:44,000 Speaker 4: even though they quietly make the world go round. Or 899 00:50:44,040 --> 00:50:47,120 Speaker 4: Rich's most famous book, A Midwife's Tale, is about one 900 00:50:47,160 --> 00:50:50,120 Speaker 4: of these women, Martha Ballard, a midwife who lived in 901 00:50:50,160 --> 00:50:53,160 Speaker 4: what is now Augusta, Maine. Martha Ballard wrote in a 902 00:50:53,200 --> 00:50:55,600 Speaker 4: diary almost every single day from the time she moved 903 00:50:56,000 --> 00:50:58,359 Speaker 4: to Augusta, Maine in seventeen eighty five until she died 904 00:50:58,400 --> 00:51:01,320 Speaker 4: in eighteen twelve. Her diary chronicles the life of women 905 00:51:01,719 --> 00:51:04,520 Speaker 4: and men in frontier America along with the inner thoughts 906 00:51:04,880 --> 00:51:08,440 Speaker 4: of an ordinary and relatable person. Martha's ordinary life lifts 907 00:51:08,440 --> 00:51:10,720 Speaker 4: me up, even though she was a very average person, 908 00:51:10,760 --> 00:51:13,080 Speaker 4: because it shows her working and living like people have 909 00:51:13,120 --> 00:51:16,400 Speaker 4: always done. That's what is so awesome about diaries. It 910 00:51:16,480 --> 00:51:18,760 Speaker 4: humanizes the past and reminds us that people have always 911 00:51:18,760 --> 00:51:22,360 Speaker 4: been and will always be just people. Thanks for highlighting 912 00:51:22,400 --> 00:51:25,480 Speaker 4: diaries and for trying to bring different perspectives. Always do 913 00:51:25,600 --> 00:51:28,640 Speaker 4: the podcast. The episode inspired me to be more consistent 914 00:51:28,640 --> 00:51:33,399 Speaker 4: and chronicling my own ordinary life. All good things. It's 915 00:51:33,400 --> 00:51:34,399 Speaker 4: another great site, tak. 916 00:51:34,320 --> 00:51:36,440 Speaker 2: Yeah, we've been getting a lot of those lately. 917 00:51:36,640 --> 00:51:38,840 Speaker 3: So good. I mean, I don't even say anything. I 918 00:51:38,880 --> 00:51:39,759 Speaker 3: just type my dumb name. 919 00:51:39,880 --> 00:51:42,520 Speaker 2: I don't even do that. I'm like, figure it out yourself. 920 00:51:43,160 --> 00:51:44,120 Speaker 3: Yeah. 921 00:51:44,120 --> 00:51:47,560 Speaker 4: That is from Casey McClellan and that's a great, great email, Casey. 922 00:51:47,320 --> 00:51:50,520 Speaker 2: Way to go, Casey, thank you for pointing our way 923 00:51:51,200 --> 00:51:53,600 Speaker 2: to something new that we had not heard about. We 924 00:51:53,800 --> 00:51:55,799 Speaker 2: love that kind of stuff And if you want to 925 00:51:55,800 --> 00:51:58,160 Speaker 2: hook us up like Casey did, you can send us 926 00:51:58,160 --> 00:52:01,080 Speaker 2: an email to send it off to Stuff podcast at 927 00:52:01,080 --> 00:52:05,239 Speaker 2: iHeartRadio dot com. 928 00:52:05,440 --> 00:52:08,319 Speaker 3: Stuff you Should Know is a production of iHeartRadio. For 929 00:52:08,400 --> 00:52:12,560 Speaker 3: more podcasts myheart Radio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, 930 00:52:12,680 --> 00:52:14,520 Speaker 3: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.