1 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:07,800 Speaker 1: Welcome to tech Stuff, a production from I Heart Radio. 2 00:00:12,080 --> 00:00:14,680 Speaker 1: Hey there, and welcome to tech Stuff. I'm your host, 3 00:00:14,840 --> 00:00:17,920 Speaker 1: Jonathan Strickland. I'm an executive producer with I Heart Radio, 4 00:00:18,000 --> 00:00:20,200 Speaker 1: and I love all things tech, and I want to 5 00:00:20,239 --> 00:00:23,800 Speaker 1: welcome you all back to our ongoing saga of tackling 6 00:00:23,920 --> 00:00:28,440 Speaker 1: various acronyms and initialisms in tech and demystifying them. So 7 00:00:28,480 --> 00:00:30,600 Speaker 1: we're just kind of making our way through the alphabet 8 00:00:30,960 --> 00:00:33,680 Speaker 1: and learning what these different groups of letters actually stand for, 9 00:00:34,240 --> 00:00:37,440 Speaker 1: and hopefully learning a bit of extra stuff about them 10 00:00:37,479 --> 00:00:40,159 Speaker 1: along the way. So far, we've we've made it up 11 00:00:40,159 --> 00:00:42,519 Speaker 1: to the g s, and we have a couple more 12 00:00:42,520 --> 00:00:44,120 Speaker 1: to go in that realm before we get the H 13 00:00:44,159 --> 00:00:47,840 Speaker 1: out of here, So let's get started. Also, Hey, as 14 00:00:47,960 --> 00:00:50,879 Speaker 1: I've gone through this, I've noticed that I may have 15 00:00:51,040 --> 00:00:54,400 Speaker 1: left out, you know, a few acronyms and initialisms just 16 00:00:54,440 --> 00:00:59,280 Speaker 1: because of blind spots or you know, just just skimming 17 00:00:59,320 --> 00:01:02,320 Speaker 1: over stuff or why whatever. So after all these episodes, 18 00:01:02,360 --> 00:01:04,120 Speaker 1: if you feel there's some that I've missed, let me 19 00:01:04,160 --> 00:01:07,399 Speaker 1: know on Twitter at tech Stuff HSW and maybe I'll 20 00:01:07,400 --> 00:01:10,800 Speaker 1: do a roundup episode at the end. All right, g 21 00:01:10,959 --> 00:01:16,120 Speaker 1: PU this stands for graphics processing unit. Now, back in 22 00:01:16,160 --> 00:01:18,400 Speaker 1: the first episode of this series, I talked about c 23 00:01:18,640 --> 00:01:22,520 Speaker 1: p u s, or central processing units. Well, GPUs are 24 00:01:22,600 --> 00:01:26,120 Speaker 1: kind of similar in that they are microprocessors that execute 25 00:01:26,120 --> 00:01:30,039 Speaker 1: instructions on data and they produce output. But as the 26 00:01:30,120 --> 00:01:34,120 Speaker 1: name suggests, the intended purpose for a GPU is to 27 00:01:34,240 --> 00:01:38,360 Speaker 1: process graphics. Now, in the ancient days of the nineteen nineties, 28 00:01:38,400 --> 00:01:41,920 Speaker 1: there was a shift in computing and the need for processors. 29 00:01:42,200 --> 00:01:48,000 Speaker 1: Programmers primarily video game developers, but not exclusively video game developers. Well, 30 00:01:48,040 --> 00:01:52,160 Speaker 1: they kept making software that pushed computing hardware to the limit, 31 00:01:52,240 --> 00:01:56,600 Speaker 1: and sometimes went beyond that limit. The central processing units 32 00:01:56,680 --> 00:02:00,000 Speaker 1: of these computers would get over taxed and performance would suffer, 33 00:02:00,160 --> 00:02:02,760 Speaker 1: and you just typically wouldn't be able to get as 34 00:02:02,840 --> 00:02:05,000 Speaker 1: much out of the game as the developers had hoped 35 00:02:05,080 --> 00:02:10,000 Speaker 1: you would. Now, graphics cards, which could help offload some 36 00:02:10,040 --> 00:02:12,280 Speaker 1: of the work that the CPU had to do, had 37 00:02:12,320 --> 00:02:15,720 Speaker 1: been a thing since the nineteen eighties. The nineteen nineties 38 00:02:15,760 --> 00:02:20,160 Speaker 1: saw developers creating games and applications that included three D graphics. 39 00:02:20,560 --> 00:02:23,000 Speaker 1: Not that the graphics were coming out of your screen 40 00:02:23,160 --> 00:02:26,360 Speaker 1: or whatever, but rather images now appeared to have depth 41 00:02:26,400 --> 00:02:29,080 Speaker 1: to them. They weren't just two dimensional like flat cutouts 42 00:02:29,080 --> 00:02:32,840 Speaker 1: on screen, and we saw companies like in Nvidia and 43 00:02:33,040 --> 00:02:37,079 Speaker 1: three d f X manufacture more sophisticated cards to help 44 00:02:37,160 --> 00:02:40,760 Speaker 1: handle that processing requirement, to kind of offload that work 45 00:02:40,919 --> 00:02:45,680 Speaker 1: so the CPU wasn't so burdened. And Video introduced the 46 00:02:45,800 --> 00:02:50,040 Speaker 1: g Force to five six in n and the company 47 00:02:50,120 --> 00:02:54,079 Speaker 1: referred to it as the first graphics processing unit. So 48 00:02:54,240 --> 00:02:57,520 Speaker 1: while we had cards that fulfill the function of a 49 00:02:57,560 --> 00:03:01,639 Speaker 1: GPU for a while, this would be when someone actually 50 00:03:01,680 --> 00:03:05,920 Speaker 1: coined the term itself. These days, the architecture of a 51 00:03:05,960 --> 00:03:10,040 Speaker 1: GPU means that it has a parallel approach to processing data. 52 00:03:10,400 --> 00:03:14,680 Speaker 1: That means they can process information in parallel, dividing up 53 00:03:14,760 --> 00:03:18,519 Speaker 1: data into more manageable chunks, and working on everything at 54 00:03:18,639 --> 00:03:22,679 Speaker 1: the same time. And I always use a classroom analogy 55 00:03:22,720 --> 00:03:26,040 Speaker 1: to describe parallel processing because I think it really helps 56 00:03:26,080 --> 00:03:28,919 Speaker 1: illustrate how this works from a high level. So let's 57 00:03:28,919 --> 00:03:31,519 Speaker 1: go over that right now. So let's say you've got 58 00:03:31,520 --> 00:03:35,760 Speaker 1: a class of six really bright math students, and one 59 00:03:35,840 --> 00:03:39,280 Speaker 1: of those students is a true genius, someone who just 60 00:03:39,400 --> 00:03:43,680 Speaker 1: has a natural affinity for mathematics, and we'll call her Rachel. 61 00:03:43,840 --> 00:03:46,960 Speaker 1: So Rachel is a math genius and she's great at math. 62 00:03:47,080 --> 00:03:51,920 Speaker 1: She can solve any mathematical problem faster than her fellow students. 63 00:03:51,960 --> 00:03:55,040 Speaker 1: The other five just aren't as fast. They are all 64 00:03:55,120 --> 00:03:57,800 Speaker 1: very good. They're all very good students, they just aren't 65 00:03:57,920 --> 00:04:01,680 Speaker 1: genius level. One day, the teacher comes in with a challenge, 66 00:04:02,080 --> 00:04:04,600 Speaker 1: and the teacher has a math quiz and has five 67 00:04:04,840 --> 00:04:08,960 Speaker 1: problems on that quiz. Each problem is completely independent of 68 00:04:09,000 --> 00:04:12,280 Speaker 1: the others, so there's no connection between like problems one 69 00:04:12,320 --> 00:04:14,520 Speaker 1: and two and two and three and so on. And 70 00:04:14,560 --> 00:04:17,279 Speaker 1: the teacher hands out the quiz to all six students 71 00:04:17,560 --> 00:04:21,560 Speaker 1: and explains that Rachel is going to tackle all five problems, 72 00:04:22,000 --> 00:04:24,799 Speaker 1: but the other five students will each take only one 73 00:04:25,040 --> 00:04:28,800 Speaker 1: problem each, So student one takes problem one, student who 74 00:04:28,839 --> 00:04:31,320 Speaker 1: takes problem to, etcetera. So it's going to be a race. 75 00:04:31,920 --> 00:04:34,200 Speaker 1: And the quiz begins and Rachel gets to work, but 76 00:04:34,320 --> 00:04:38,000 Speaker 1: she needs to solve all five problems one after the other, 77 00:04:38,360 --> 00:04:41,560 Speaker 1: while the other five students each must concentrate on just 78 00:04:41,760 --> 00:04:45,279 Speaker 1: one problem each. The other students get to tackle the 79 00:04:45,320 --> 00:04:49,560 Speaker 1: quiz in parallel. They chop up the quiz into individual problems. 80 00:04:49,880 --> 00:04:52,520 Speaker 1: So Rachel is fast, but she's not fast enough to 81 00:04:52,560 --> 00:04:56,200 Speaker 1: overcome the advantage that the other students have, and that's 82 00:04:56,200 --> 00:05:00,640 Speaker 1: how parallel processing works. A processor that can perfor warm 83 00:05:00,640 --> 00:05:04,240 Speaker 1: parallel processing a lot of alliteration in this passage. Uh, 84 00:05:04,480 --> 00:05:08,120 Speaker 1: you know, like a multi core processor or modern GPUs 85 00:05:08,240 --> 00:05:11,720 Speaker 1: are all in this way. They can solve certain types 86 00:05:12,160 --> 00:05:16,640 Speaker 1: of computational problems far faster than a really really beefy 87 00:05:16,880 --> 00:05:21,160 Speaker 1: single core processor could. But there are also computational problems 88 00:05:21,240 --> 00:05:25,080 Speaker 1: that cannot split up into smaller chunks. So if the 89 00:05:25,120 --> 00:05:29,120 Speaker 1: teacher structured the math quiz so that question two depended 90 00:05:29,200 --> 00:05:32,719 Speaker 1: upon the answer to question one, and question three dependent 91 00:05:32,800 --> 00:05:35,719 Speaker 1: upon the answer to question two, and so on, Rachel 92 00:05:35,960 --> 00:05:39,000 Speaker 1: would have the advantage then because the five individual students 93 00:05:39,160 --> 00:05:41,720 Speaker 1: would have to wait for the previous answer before they 94 00:05:41,720 --> 00:05:46,360 Speaker 1: could jump on their particular question. Well, graphics processing is 95 00:05:46,480 --> 00:05:51,560 Speaker 1: a really specific computational task, and thus GPUs don't need 96 00:05:51,600 --> 00:05:54,080 Speaker 1: to be able to do all the general computing that 97 00:05:54,240 --> 00:05:58,479 Speaker 1: a CPU has to handle. That means that manufacturers can 98 00:05:58,520 --> 00:06:03,000 Speaker 1: optimize GPUs to make them really efficient for that specific 99 00:06:03,040 --> 00:06:07,480 Speaker 1: type of processing. On a side note, cryptographers and bitcoin 100 00:06:07,560 --> 00:06:11,919 Speaker 1: miners really love GPUs because they can be repurposed to 101 00:06:12,000 --> 00:06:18,520 Speaker 1: tackle other parallel processes like breaking encryption or mining bitcoins. 102 00:06:18,560 --> 00:06:21,120 Speaker 1: For that reason, it can often be very difficult for 103 00:06:21,160 --> 00:06:24,119 Speaker 1: gamers to get hold of the most recent GPUs because 104 00:06:24,160 --> 00:06:26,960 Speaker 1: other folks are scooping them up to use in completely 105 00:06:27,040 --> 00:06:31,279 Speaker 1: unrelated applications. And in the case of bitcoin mining, it's 106 00:06:31,279 --> 00:06:37,200 Speaker 1: a very potentially profitable application, and thus the money generated 107 00:06:37,320 --> 00:06:41,599 Speaker 1: from the mining can go back into building out even 108 00:06:41,720 --> 00:06:47,560 Speaker 1: more powerful bitcoin mining systems, and that requires more GPUs. 109 00:06:47,560 --> 00:06:50,240 Speaker 1: And thus do you have your you know, humble gamer 110 00:06:50,240 --> 00:06:52,719 Speaker 1: who just wants to build a gaming PC who can't 111 00:06:52,760 --> 00:06:55,360 Speaker 1: get hold of a graphics card. Plus the graphics cards 112 00:06:55,920 --> 00:06:59,760 Speaker 1: prices are skyrocketing because of this high demand. Well in 113 00:06:59,800 --> 00:07:02,080 Speaker 1: part because of the high demand, they're also very expensive. 114 00:07:02,600 --> 00:07:07,279 Speaker 1: Moving on g u I. This stands for graphical user 115 00:07:07,400 --> 00:07:09,720 Speaker 1: interface and most of the time we don't say g 116 00:07:10,000 --> 00:07:14,240 Speaker 1: u I, we actually say gooey. So gooey is a 117 00:07:14,360 --> 00:07:17,800 Speaker 1: g UI, which is intern a graphical user interface. Most 118 00:07:17,840 --> 00:07:24,280 Speaker 1: popular operating systems these days have a g UI. Windows, Mac, os, iOS, 119 00:07:24,360 --> 00:07:28,880 Speaker 1: and Android all have gooey's and the gooey represents programs 120 00:07:28,880 --> 00:07:32,640 Speaker 1: and processes as icons that you click on and then 121 00:07:32,840 --> 00:07:36,320 Speaker 1: they activate. So, if you remember from the last episode 122 00:07:36,360 --> 00:07:40,760 Speaker 1: we covered DOSS, which is a text based operating system 123 00:07:40,760 --> 00:07:43,400 Speaker 1: with DOWS you have to type in commands to navigate 124 00:07:43,480 --> 00:07:48,800 Speaker 1: the OS and execute programs. It's far less intuitive than 125 00:07:48,960 --> 00:07:52,160 Speaker 1: an OS that uses a gooey. But on the flip side, 126 00:07:52,480 --> 00:07:57,920 Speaker 1: text based operating systems require much fewer computer resources to operate, 127 00:07:58,280 --> 00:08:01,160 Speaker 1: so it leaves way more are for the actual programs 128 00:08:01,160 --> 00:08:04,160 Speaker 1: you want to run, and they don't have to worry about, 129 00:08:04,200 --> 00:08:07,360 Speaker 1: you know, the OS itself hogging some of those resources. 130 00:08:07,680 --> 00:08:10,960 Speaker 1: Early work and gooey design dates back to the nineteen sixties. 131 00:08:11,320 --> 00:08:14,960 Speaker 1: Douglas inglebart Man, associated with the gooey as well as 132 00:08:15,040 --> 00:08:19,160 Speaker 1: the computer mouse and other innovations, demonstrated a system in 133 00:08:19,200 --> 00:08:22,160 Speaker 1: the late nineteen sixties during an event that folks later 134 00:08:22,200 --> 00:08:26,280 Speaker 1: referred to as the mother of all demos. Xerox Is 135 00:08:26,400 --> 00:08:30,160 Speaker 1: Park Division developed a gooey for an internal computer system 136 00:08:30,160 --> 00:08:33,040 Speaker 1: that never really saw much practical use, but folks like 137 00:08:33,080 --> 00:08:35,640 Speaker 1: Steve Jobs got a chance to see a gooey in 138 00:08:35,679 --> 00:08:38,480 Speaker 1: action along with the computer mouse, and saw it as 139 00:08:38,520 --> 00:08:42,679 Speaker 1: the future of operating systems. A well designed gooey significantly 140 00:08:42,720 --> 00:08:45,880 Speaker 1: lowers the learning curve of using a computer. In the 141 00:08:45,880 --> 00:08:48,880 Speaker 1: early days of personal computers, the general sense was that 142 00:08:49,160 --> 00:08:53,400 Speaker 1: computers were for hobbyists and other nerds and geeks, people 143 00:08:53,400 --> 00:08:57,280 Speaker 1: who didn't mind diving into manuals to learn cryptic commands 144 00:08:57,320 --> 00:09:00,560 Speaker 1: in order to make these mysterious machines actually work. But 145 00:09:00,679 --> 00:09:03,160 Speaker 1: the emergence of the gooey in the mid nineteen eighties 146 00:09:03,440 --> 00:09:06,240 Speaker 1: made it way easier to understand how to interact with 147 00:09:06,240 --> 00:09:09,840 Speaker 1: a computer. All the processes that required people to navigate 148 00:09:09,920 --> 00:09:13,000 Speaker 1: file trees and type in commands were out the window, 149 00:09:13,080 --> 00:09:16,360 Speaker 1: so to speak, and now icons and clicking did all 150 00:09:16,440 --> 00:09:19,360 Speaker 1: the work. Since then, the gooey has become the standard 151 00:09:19,400 --> 00:09:23,960 Speaker 1: OS approach for most consumer facing computational devices. You still 152 00:09:23,960 --> 00:09:27,040 Speaker 1: have some text based systems out there, but for the 153 00:09:27,040 --> 00:09:32,160 Speaker 1: most part, the general public doesn't encounter them. Specialists totally 154 00:09:32,160 --> 00:09:36,360 Speaker 1: different story, but general public mostly gooey based. These days, 155 00:09:36,520 --> 00:09:41,120 Speaker 1: we're a gooey bunch. Next is h d D. This 156 00:09:41,200 --> 00:09:44,640 Speaker 1: stands for hard disk drive. So a disk drive is 157 00:09:44,640 --> 00:09:47,800 Speaker 1: a device that allows the computer to read and write 158 00:09:47,880 --> 00:09:51,200 Speaker 1: to some form of digital storage, and there are lots 159 00:09:51,200 --> 00:09:54,600 Speaker 1: of different versions of disk drives. Back in the day, 160 00:09:54,679 --> 00:09:57,319 Speaker 1: a floppy disk drive referred to a drive that allowed 161 00:09:57,320 --> 00:10:02,200 Speaker 1: a user to insert or remove physical disks from a drive, 162 00:10:02,720 --> 00:10:05,960 Speaker 1: but a hard disk drive could be an integral part 163 00:10:06,000 --> 00:10:08,800 Speaker 1: of a computer all by itself, allowing the system to 164 00:10:08,880 --> 00:10:12,560 Speaker 1: store and read information on an internal drive that was 165 00:10:12,640 --> 00:10:16,080 Speaker 1: non volatile, meaning that the information would remain in place 166 00:10:16,120 --> 00:10:19,400 Speaker 1: even should the computer be powered down. Some hard disk 167 00:10:19,480 --> 00:10:23,319 Speaker 1: drives are internal to a computer, some are separate and 168 00:10:23,440 --> 00:10:26,520 Speaker 1: connect to a computer via cables, so it all just 169 00:10:26,600 --> 00:10:30,080 Speaker 1: depends upon the specific setup. But these hard disk drives 170 00:10:30,120 --> 00:10:34,920 Speaker 1: are mechanical devices, and HDD has at least one rotating 171 00:10:35,000 --> 00:10:38,080 Speaker 1: platter inside it, and most h d d s have 172 00:10:38,160 --> 00:10:41,920 Speaker 1: multiple platters positioned almost like a stack of pancakes, except 173 00:10:42,200 --> 00:10:45,960 Speaker 1: there's a gap between each platter, so there's not you know, 174 00:10:46,120 --> 00:10:49,280 Speaker 1: they're not stacked touching each other. There's a gap between 175 00:10:49,280 --> 00:10:54,120 Speaker 1: each one and in between them, within that gap there 176 00:10:54,240 --> 00:10:57,640 Speaker 1: is an actuator arm. Most h d d s have 177 00:10:57,720 --> 00:11:02,840 Speaker 1: multiple actuator arms that can extend between the different platters, 178 00:11:02,880 --> 00:11:05,080 Speaker 1: and at the end of that actuator arm is a 179 00:11:05,120 --> 00:11:09,240 Speaker 1: magnetic head that can read or write information magnetically to 180 00:11:09,320 --> 00:11:12,320 Speaker 1: the platters, so all the info is stored magnetically. This 181 00:11:12,440 --> 00:11:16,120 Speaker 1: is why if you ever were around computers in the 182 00:11:16,160 --> 00:11:19,600 Speaker 1: old days, uh people always said make sure you don't 183 00:11:19,600 --> 00:11:23,040 Speaker 1: have magnets near them, because that could corrupt data on 184 00:11:23,120 --> 00:11:26,400 Speaker 1: the device. Still not a great idea to work with 185 00:11:26,440 --> 00:11:30,680 Speaker 1: computers near powerful magnets for multiple reasons, but that was 186 00:11:30,720 --> 00:11:33,480 Speaker 1: the main reason back in the day. Because hd d 187 00:11:33,720 --> 00:11:38,000 Speaker 1: s are mechanical, stuff can and does break down. So 188 00:11:38,200 --> 00:11:40,839 Speaker 1: if the platter has become misaligned, the whole thing could 189 00:11:40,880 --> 00:11:43,440 Speaker 1: grind to a halt, or worse, it could shake itself 190 00:11:43,480 --> 00:11:46,480 Speaker 1: to pieces. If an actuator arm bends the wrong way, 191 00:11:46,480 --> 00:11:49,480 Speaker 1: it could cause irreparable damage to the platters. There are 192 00:11:49,480 --> 00:11:52,679 Speaker 1: a lot of parts that could potentially break down or 193 00:11:52,720 --> 00:11:56,520 Speaker 1: wear out. Not all the problems are show stoppers. Some 194 00:11:56,600 --> 00:11:59,440 Speaker 1: of them are totally reparable, but it does mean that 195 00:11:59,440 --> 00:12:01,720 Speaker 1: there are several all potential points of failure with an 196 00:12:01,840 --> 00:12:04,400 Speaker 1: hd D. They also tend to add a lot of 197 00:12:04,480 --> 00:12:09,200 Speaker 1: weight to devices. For that reason, many smaller gadgets rely 198 00:12:09,360 --> 00:12:12,800 Speaker 1: on alternative data storage systems, some of which we will 199 00:12:12,840 --> 00:12:16,200 Speaker 1: cover later in these episodes. So for a long time, 200 00:12:16,320 --> 00:12:20,000 Speaker 1: h d d s were significantly cheaper than alternatives, and 201 00:12:20,040 --> 00:12:23,120 Speaker 1: they remain the primary method of internal storage for computers. 202 00:12:23,320 --> 00:12:25,800 Speaker 1: But it also takes time for a computer to retrieve 203 00:12:25,880 --> 00:12:28,920 Speaker 1: information stored on an hd D Because we have to 204 00:12:28,960 --> 00:12:31,960 Speaker 1: remember this is a mechanical system. It actually takes time 205 00:12:31,960 --> 00:12:35,000 Speaker 1: for components to move into place and start to search 206 00:12:35,080 --> 00:12:38,800 Speaker 1: for and pull relevant data. So on top of the line, 207 00:12:38,960 --> 00:12:42,559 Speaker 1: h d D typically has a lot more storage capacity 208 00:12:42,600 --> 00:12:46,079 Speaker 1: than the alternatives, so when it comes to actual storage, 209 00:12:46,480 --> 00:12:49,880 Speaker 1: the hd D tends to win out, particularly when you 210 00:12:49,920 --> 00:12:54,120 Speaker 1: look at the price tag per amount of storage. It's 211 00:12:54,120 --> 00:12:56,560 Speaker 1: pretty common to find h d ds today in the 212 00:12:56,600 --> 00:13:00,360 Speaker 1: two to four terrabyte range, which honestly still ows my 213 00:13:00,400 --> 00:13:03,240 Speaker 1: mind because I'm old and I remember when a megabyte 214 00:13:03,280 --> 00:13:06,640 Speaker 1: was a big deal. Next, we have h d M I. 215 00:13:07,080 --> 00:13:12,120 Speaker 1: This is high definition Multimedia interface. In the early two thousand's, 216 00:13:12,240 --> 00:13:15,839 Speaker 1: a group of companies that included Tashiba, Sony, Phillips, and 217 00:13:15,920 --> 00:13:20,240 Speaker 1: Hitachi worked together to create a standardized technology that would 218 00:13:20,240 --> 00:13:23,960 Speaker 1: allow for the transfer of uncompressed audio and video signals 219 00:13:24,240 --> 00:13:27,920 Speaker 1: from a source to an output, such as from a 220 00:13:27,960 --> 00:13:31,360 Speaker 1: computer to a display or a set top box to 221 00:13:31,480 --> 00:13:35,360 Speaker 1: a television. The HDMI standard would allow for higher resolution 222 00:13:35,440 --> 00:13:38,920 Speaker 1: video while also carrying audio signals, and over the years 223 00:13:39,120 --> 00:13:42,439 Speaker 1: there have been many different cables and ports designed for 224 00:13:42,480 --> 00:13:45,400 Speaker 1: these purposes. So let's do a very quick rundown for 225 00:13:45,440 --> 00:13:48,480 Speaker 1: the video side. Early on in the nineteen fifties, you 226 00:13:48,520 --> 00:13:52,360 Speaker 1: had the development of composite r c A this cable, 227 00:13:52,559 --> 00:13:56,920 Speaker 1: little yellow tipped cable you might remember, those that could 228 00:13:56,920 --> 00:14:00,920 Speaker 1: carry an analog video signal of up to standard definition 229 00:14:00,960 --> 00:14:04,120 Speaker 1: resolution that's either four A d I or five seventy 230 00:14:04,160 --> 00:14:07,600 Speaker 1: six I depending upon your region. The signal coded down 231 00:14:07,640 --> 00:14:11,680 Speaker 1: to a single channel of information. A couple of decades later, 232 00:14:11,960 --> 00:14:15,760 Speaker 1: companies introduced the S video cable, which carried video into 233 00:14:15,960 --> 00:14:19,440 Speaker 1: channels and allowed for a higher quality video transmission. Then 234 00:14:19,480 --> 00:14:23,080 Speaker 1: you had component video cables, which split the video into 235 00:14:23,320 --> 00:14:27,120 Speaker 1: three channels and could be even better quality, especially for 236 00:14:27,200 --> 00:14:31,840 Speaker 1: color representation and luminosity. The component video cables were the 237 00:14:31,880 --> 00:14:35,040 Speaker 1: top of the line and analog video signal transmission, but 238 00:14:35,200 --> 00:14:37,720 Speaker 1: they also came right at the tail end of that, 239 00:14:37,960 --> 00:14:41,360 Speaker 1: just before the digital revolution, so they weren't relevant for 240 00:14:41,600 --> 00:14:46,000 Speaker 1: terribly long. They sort of became obsolete. After component cables, 241 00:14:46,360 --> 00:14:49,000 Speaker 1: we got d V I and shortly after that we 242 00:14:49,120 --> 00:14:52,000 Speaker 1: got h d M I, and the h d M 243 00:14:52,080 --> 00:14:55,520 Speaker 1: I tech has essentially one out and become the standard 244 00:14:55,600 --> 00:14:59,520 Speaker 1: tech for transmitting digital video and audio. Companies have improved 245 00:14:59,560 --> 00:15:02,040 Speaker 1: the text since its introduction. The h d M I 246 00:15:02,120 --> 00:15:05,640 Speaker 1: of two two was you know HDMI one point oh? 247 00:15:05,720 --> 00:15:08,960 Speaker 1: These days, the most recent specification is h d m 248 00:15:09,000 --> 00:15:13,000 Speaker 1: I two point one, and that specification allows for the 249 00:15:13,000 --> 00:15:16,640 Speaker 1: transmission of signals of up to eight K resolution with 250 00:15:16,760 --> 00:15:20,200 Speaker 1: sixty frames per second or four K resolution at one 251 00:15:20,640 --> 00:15:23,240 Speaker 1: twenty frames per second. I think it can even transmit 252 00:15:23,360 --> 00:15:26,040 Speaker 1: up to ten K resolution, though you do take a 253 00:15:26,120 --> 00:15:28,680 Speaker 1: hit on the frames per second at that point, and 254 00:15:28,760 --> 00:15:30,880 Speaker 1: it can transmit data at a band with a forty 255 00:15:30,920 --> 00:15:34,680 Speaker 1: eight gigabits per second. To take advantage of the specification, 256 00:15:35,040 --> 00:15:38,280 Speaker 1: all the parts of a connected system have to be 257 00:15:38,480 --> 00:15:42,760 Speaker 1: HDMI two point one compatible. That includes the source of 258 00:15:42,800 --> 00:15:46,880 Speaker 1: the signal, the cables you're using, and the output device 259 00:15:46,960 --> 00:15:50,000 Speaker 1: whatever you're viewing it on. So, in other words, you've 260 00:15:50,000 --> 00:15:52,560 Speaker 1: got a system that has an HDMI two point one 261 00:15:52,600 --> 00:15:55,880 Speaker 1: out port and an HDMI two point one cable, but 262 00:15:56,040 --> 00:15:59,240 Speaker 1: your television only supports to up to I don't know, 263 00:15:59,360 --> 00:16:02,280 Speaker 1: HDMI one point four, you will not get the full 264 00:16:02,280 --> 00:16:05,360 Speaker 1: benefit of HDMI two point one. It would still work 265 00:16:05,640 --> 00:16:09,080 Speaker 1: because it is as a specification that is backwards compatible. 266 00:16:09,080 --> 00:16:12,520 Speaker 1: It could still carry and deliver signals that the television 267 00:16:12,560 --> 00:16:15,040 Speaker 1: would be able to show. It just wouldn't be at 268 00:16:15,080 --> 00:16:17,480 Speaker 1: the two point one specifications. You wouldn't get the full 269 00:16:17,480 --> 00:16:20,720 Speaker 1: benefit unless every part of the system is current with 270 00:16:20,920 --> 00:16:24,560 Speaker 1: h d M. I well, we are at a point 271 00:16:24,560 --> 00:16:26,240 Speaker 1: where I think it's a good time to take a 272 00:16:26,280 --> 00:16:29,680 Speaker 1: break because these acronyms, despite how short they are, get 273 00:16:29,720 --> 00:16:39,960 Speaker 1: kind of exhausting. To say, we're back and let's hit 274 00:16:40,000 --> 00:16:43,480 Speaker 1: it with h d R, which stands for high dynamic range. 275 00:16:44,640 --> 00:16:48,280 Speaker 1: This is a dynamic range that is high. It can 276 00:16:48,280 --> 00:16:51,440 Speaker 1: actually cover a lot of different types of stuff. High 277 00:16:51,520 --> 00:16:55,680 Speaker 1: dynamic range is not limited to a specific technology. Essentially, 278 00:16:56,040 --> 00:16:59,560 Speaker 1: it means that whatever range you're looking at, whether it's 279 00:16:59,600 --> 00:17:02,040 Speaker 1: for us of it kind of a signal or color 280 00:17:02,080 --> 00:17:06,720 Speaker 1: representation or rendering or whatever, it's a range that has 281 00:17:07,240 --> 00:17:10,479 Speaker 1: lots and lots of divisions. There's a big difference between 282 00:17:10,560 --> 00:17:12,959 Speaker 1: the lowest end of the range and the highest end 283 00:17:13,000 --> 00:17:15,280 Speaker 1: of the range. It's got a lot of dynamics to it. 284 00:17:15,600 --> 00:17:19,560 Speaker 1: We call music really dynamic if there are a lot 285 00:17:19,640 --> 00:17:23,520 Speaker 1: of variations between the softest tones and the loudest tones, 286 00:17:23,680 --> 00:17:26,919 Speaker 1: as well as the quality of tone. So typically this 287 00:17:27,000 --> 00:17:30,800 Speaker 1: means you have more minute steps between the lowest end 288 00:17:30,880 --> 00:17:33,720 Speaker 1: and the highest end. All of that sounds pretty wishy 289 00:17:33,720 --> 00:17:36,040 Speaker 1: washy when I say it out loud. So let's use 290 00:17:36,080 --> 00:17:39,439 Speaker 1: colors as an example. I'm pretty sure you all know 291 00:17:40,400 --> 00:17:45,159 Speaker 1: roy GBIV right, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet, 292 00:17:45,240 --> 00:17:49,160 Speaker 1: the color spectrum for stuff like rainbows. That's a very 293 00:17:49,240 --> 00:17:53,600 Speaker 1: simple spectrum, right, just seven colors. But you know there's 294 00:17:53,640 --> 00:17:56,560 Speaker 1: more than just seven colors. There are a lot of 295 00:17:56,560 --> 00:17:59,760 Speaker 1: different shades of these colors, which you could also think 296 00:17:59,800 --> 00:18:04,240 Speaker 1: of as little steps between one color whatever you designate 297 00:18:04,280 --> 00:18:07,720 Speaker 1: as being the true version of say red, and the 298 00:18:07,760 --> 00:18:11,280 Speaker 1: next color whatever is the true version of orange. Heck, 299 00:18:11,359 --> 00:18:14,960 Speaker 1: I remember in the old days having crayons that had 300 00:18:15,080 --> 00:18:18,880 Speaker 1: blue green and green blue in the same crayon pack, 301 00:18:19,119 --> 00:18:21,920 Speaker 1: and the two crayons were not exactly the same color. Instead, 302 00:18:22,040 --> 00:18:24,560 Speaker 1: both of them showed a color that in one instance 303 00:18:24,880 --> 00:18:27,000 Speaker 1: was just a little more blue than it was green, 304 00:18:27,200 --> 00:18:30,359 Speaker 1: and the other was the opposite. So, if we're talking 305 00:18:30,400 --> 00:18:34,639 Speaker 1: about a color spectrum, HDR might refer to more variants 306 00:18:34,920 --> 00:18:38,960 Speaker 1: or shades of colors, perhaps in a spectrum broad enough 307 00:18:39,040 --> 00:18:42,560 Speaker 1: that two adjacent colors might be difficult to distinguish for 308 00:18:42,600 --> 00:18:46,200 Speaker 1: the average person that they are different, but they might 309 00:18:46,240 --> 00:18:48,040 Speaker 1: not be distinct enough for you to be able to 310 00:18:48,040 --> 00:18:52,400 Speaker 1: tell on casual glance with a digital display. The sort 311 00:18:52,440 --> 00:18:55,920 Speaker 1: of color range means you're able to experience more lifelike colors. 312 00:18:56,160 --> 00:18:58,880 Speaker 1: The display doesn't have to rely as much on tricking 313 00:18:58,880 --> 00:19:02,000 Speaker 1: your eyes, but using a more limited palette of colors 314 00:19:02,080 --> 00:19:04,800 Speaker 1: to create the illusion of that range, and we end 315 00:19:04,880 --> 00:19:08,160 Speaker 1: up with more vibrant and lifelike images as a result. 316 00:19:08,840 --> 00:19:12,040 Speaker 1: So while HDR can refer to a ton of different 317 00:19:12,040 --> 00:19:15,480 Speaker 1: stuff in tech, for the average consumer, we typically see 318 00:19:15,520 --> 00:19:19,480 Speaker 1: it in reference to displays and televisions. There's no standard 319 00:19:19,680 --> 00:19:22,800 Speaker 1: HDR format, which is kind of a pain in the 320 00:19:22,880 --> 00:19:26,520 Speaker 1: took us since there are competing formats on the market. 321 00:19:27,119 --> 00:19:30,280 Speaker 1: There is a minimum set of specs that each format 322 00:19:30,440 --> 00:19:34,480 Speaker 1: has to meet in order for the Ultra HD Alliance 323 00:19:34,520 --> 00:19:38,159 Speaker 1: which sounds like a supervillain group UH, for them to 324 00:19:38,200 --> 00:19:41,240 Speaker 1: consider it actual HDR. So, in other words, you have 325 00:19:41,320 --> 00:19:44,399 Speaker 1: to meet certain criteria for it to be HDR, but 326 00:19:44,440 --> 00:19:47,960 Speaker 1: there's no standardized way to do this, and it's just 327 00:19:49,000 --> 00:19:51,280 Speaker 1: it doesn't matter how you get the output, it just 328 00:19:51,359 --> 00:19:54,800 Speaker 1: has to have the output meet those specifications, which is 329 00:19:55,200 --> 00:19:58,320 Speaker 1: a little frustrating. HD M I two point one, which 330 00:19:58,320 --> 00:20:01,600 Speaker 1: we talked about before the break so ports HDR and 331 00:20:01,720 --> 00:20:04,360 Speaker 1: kind of like hd M I. To enjoy the benefits 332 00:20:04,359 --> 00:20:06,840 Speaker 1: of HDR, you need every element in your system to 333 00:20:06,880 --> 00:20:11,359 Speaker 1: be compatible with whichever format you're trying to display, and 334 00:20:11,680 --> 00:20:15,520 Speaker 1: HDR video is about more than just color representation. It 335 00:20:15,600 --> 00:20:19,399 Speaker 1: also has to do with luminates or brightness. HDR is 336 00:20:19,440 --> 00:20:22,440 Speaker 1: also a great way to explain that image quality goes 337 00:20:22,520 --> 00:20:26,320 Speaker 1: well beyond just resolution. A picture could have very high 338 00:20:26,359 --> 00:20:31,800 Speaker 1: resolution but very poor color representation. Video image quality depends 339 00:20:31,840 --> 00:20:37,720 Speaker 1: upon multiple factors. So that includes resolution, color representation, contrast 340 00:20:37,840 --> 00:20:41,080 Speaker 1: which is the difference between the brightest and darkest colors, 341 00:20:41,119 --> 00:20:43,879 Speaker 1: and how many steps there are between those two extremes. 342 00:20:44,000 --> 00:20:47,840 Speaker 1: It's kind of its own high dynamic range feature, as 343 00:20:47,840 --> 00:20:50,119 Speaker 1: well as frame rate. That's another big one. Now. The 344 00:20:50,160 --> 00:20:52,440 Speaker 1: reason I mentioned all of this is in case you're 345 00:20:52,480 --> 00:20:55,800 Speaker 1: ever in the market to upgrade your home theater system. 346 00:20:55,840 --> 00:20:58,840 Speaker 1: It's good to know there is not just one single 347 00:20:58,920 --> 00:21:01,480 Speaker 1: component you should con learn yourself with, or else you 348 00:21:01,560 --> 00:21:05,400 Speaker 1: might find that the setup you buy doesn't match your expectations. 349 00:21:06,520 --> 00:21:11,360 Speaker 1: Moving on, next, we have HTML and x HTML. These 350 00:21:11,359 --> 00:21:14,320 Speaker 1: are not you know, partners that had a nasty breakup 351 00:21:14,359 --> 00:21:19,080 Speaker 1: and now they're X is no HTML is hypertext markup language, 352 00:21:19,320 --> 00:21:25,280 Speaker 1: and x HTML is extensible hypertext markup language. Let's break 353 00:21:25,320 --> 00:21:28,399 Speaker 1: these down a bit to understand what they actually mean. So, 354 00:21:28,440 --> 00:21:31,280 Speaker 1: a markup language is a tool that allows someone to 355 00:21:31,320 --> 00:21:35,040 Speaker 1: make annotations to a document that is distinct from the 356 00:21:35,119 --> 00:21:39,920 Speaker 1: content of that document. So, for example, if you've ever 357 00:21:39,960 --> 00:21:42,840 Speaker 1: worked with a document program that allows editors to put 358 00:21:42,840 --> 00:21:46,080 Speaker 1: in comments off to the side in that electronic format, 359 00:21:46,760 --> 00:21:49,600 Speaker 1: perhaps it shows up as like a little word bubble. Well, 360 00:21:49,600 --> 00:21:52,600 Speaker 1: that's an example of a markup language system. It's a 361 00:21:52,640 --> 00:21:56,920 Speaker 1: technological evolution of an editor making notes in red pencil, 362 00:21:58,359 --> 00:22:01,760 Speaker 1: and man, that takes me back so much red pencil. 363 00:22:02,920 --> 00:22:06,320 Speaker 1: Hypertext is a method of creating text that can link 364 00:22:06,400 --> 00:22:10,920 Speaker 1: to other parts of a document, an electronic document, or 365 00:22:10,960 --> 00:22:14,959 Speaker 1: it can link other documents together. So it's links. In 366 00:22:14,960 --> 00:22:18,080 Speaker 1: other words, if you're familiar with the web, it's links. 367 00:22:18,440 --> 00:22:20,960 Speaker 1: Let's say that you have an electronic document version of 368 00:22:21,000 --> 00:22:23,600 Speaker 1: the play Hamlet by Shakespeare, and you want to go 369 00:22:23,680 --> 00:22:26,560 Speaker 1: straight to the to be or not to be speech. Well, 370 00:22:26,600 --> 00:22:28,639 Speaker 1: then you can go to the table of contents in 371 00:22:28,680 --> 00:22:32,000 Speaker 1: that electronic document and click on the hypertext link for 372 00:22:32,080 --> 00:22:35,800 Speaker 1: Act three, Scene one, and boom, that link takes you 373 00:22:35,840 --> 00:22:39,000 Speaker 1: to that section of the document. And like I said, 374 00:22:39,280 --> 00:22:42,280 Speaker 1: those links can go either within a document itself or 375 00:22:42,400 --> 00:22:46,840 Speaker 1: between different documents in the Worldwide Web. Hypertext represents the 376 00:22:47,000 --> 00:22:50,760 Speaker 1: strands of web that hold different points together. You can 377 00:22:50,760 --> 00:22:53,640 Speaker 1: also think of HTML as a set of instructions as 378 00:22:53,680 --> 00:22:56,919 Speaker 1: to how a web browser should display a page. The 379 00:22:56,960 --> 00:23:01,800 Speaker 1: markup language uses tags to distinguish different elements within the document. 380 00:23:02,240 --> 00:23:05,960 Speaker 1: So for example, there's the tag open bracket i mg 381 00:23:06,680 --> 00:23:12,439 Speaker 1: slash closed bracket, which indicates an image. Yeah, I get it. 382 00:23:12,760 --> 00:23:17,439 Speaker 1: So using HTML you can create structured documents that behave 383 00:23:17,560 --> 00:23:22,480 Speaker 1: a specific way within a browser. Alright, So x HTML 384 00:23:23,000 --> 00:23:26,920 Speaker 1: is an x m L version of HTML, and x 385 00:23:27,080 --> 00:23:31,280 Speaker 1: m L, as you might guess, stands for Extensible Markup Language. 386 00:23:31,680 --> 00:23:34,600 Speaker 1: It's a markup language that is readable by both machines 387 00:23:34,800 --> 00:23:38,280 Speaker 1: and humans, and it standardizes the methods to access information, 388 00:23:38,840 --> 00:23:42,439 Speaker 1: so it makes that process more efficient and accurate. So 389 00:23:42,720 --> 00:23:45,960 Speaker 1: x HTML in many ways is similar to HTML, but 390 00:23:46,000 --> 00:23:49,120 Speaker 1: it has a more strict error handling approach. A web 391 00:23:49,160 --> 00:23:52,320 Speaker 1: browser will still give the old college Try to display 392 00:23:52,320 --> 00:23:55,359 Speaker 1: a web page that has HTML errors in it, but 393 00:23:55,480 --> 00:23:58,359 Speaker 1: with x HTML, well you'll be headed back to editing 394 00:23:58,400 --> 00:24:01,520 Speaker 1: to find out where you've done messed up. Tim berners 395 00:24:01,600 --> 00:24:05,000 Speaker 1: Lee developed HTML back in the early nineties while working 396 00:24:05,000 --> 00:24:07,560 Speaker 1: with CERN, and I'm sure many of you listening to 397 00:24:07,600 --> 00:24:10,879 Speaker 1: this have played around with HTML at some point. The 398 00:24:10,960 --> 00:24:14,720 Speaker 1: first two web pages I ever made I coded completely 399 00:24:14,800 --> 00:24:19,119 Speaker 1: in HTML. Actually had a document open where I typed 400 00:24:19,119 --> 00:24:21,840 Speaker 1: everything out in HTML. Then I had to upload it. 401 00:24:22,200 --> 00:24:24,720 Speaker 1: Then I had to refresh a page to see how 402 00:24:24,760 --> 00:24:28,280 Speaker 1: it would display. Then I would realize that everything was terrible. 403 00:24:28,560 --> 00:24:31,000 Speaker 1: I'd have to go back into my document, change it 404 00:24:31,080 --> 00:24:34,640 Speaker 1: there and re upload the code and repeat that process 405 00:24:34,720 --> 00:24:38,040 Speaker 1: until I got it right. Thankfully, I don't remember the 406 00:24:38,080 --> 00:24:41,200 Speaker 1: address for either of those web pages anymore. I mean 407 00:24:41,240 --> 00:24:45,359 Speaker 1: they are you know, gosh, how old would they be. 408 00:24:45,720 --> 00:24:47,840 Speaker 1: I made them back in in college, so that was 409 00:24:47,880 --> 00:24:51,680 Speaker 1: in the early mid nineties, So if they still exist, 410 00:24:51,760 --> 00:24:54,040 Speaker 1: I am unaware of them. I bet they don't exist. 411 00:24:54,080 --> 00:24:57,480 Speaker 1: I'm sure those servers are down, but I cannot relive 412 00:24:57,520 --> 00:25:00,240 Speaker 1: that terrible, terrible web page that I made, and I'm 413 00:25:00,240 --> 00:25:04,080 Speaker 1: thankful for that. I remember one was definitely about pirates, 414 00:25:04,800 --> 00:25:08,480 Speaker 1: So let's move on. Next, we have h t t 415 00:25:08,600 --> 00:25:12,080 Speaker 1: P and h t t P S. On a related note, 416 00:25:12,720 --> 00:25:15,720 Speaker 1: this is similar to or relates to the h t 417 00:25:15,840 --> 00:25:21,119 Speaker 1: m L. This stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol and HTTPS 418 00:25:21,240 --> 00:25:25,760 Speaker 1: is hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure. As I mentioned, a protocol 419 00:25:25,920 --> 00:25:29,000 Speaker 1: is a set of instructions or rules that machines follow 420 00:25:29,359 --> 00:25:32,480 Speaker 1: in order to complete some process. So it's how machines 421 00:25:32,560 --> 00:25:36,000 Speaker 1: quote unquote know what to do and in what order. 422 00:25:36,320 --> 00:25:39,280 Speaker 1: So in this case, the process is the transmission of 423 00:25:39,400 --> 00:25:42,760 Speaker 1: hyper media documents, such as those that are coded in 424 00:25:43,040 --> 00:25:45,840 Speaker 1: h t m L. The original purpose for h t 425 00:25:46,040 --> 00:25:50,119 Speaker 1: t P was to allow web browsers also known as clients, 426 00:25:50,480 --> 00:25:54,680 Speaker 1: to request and receive HTML documents from web servers also 427 00:25:54,760 --> 00:25:59,359 Speaker 1: known as servers. So in brief, let's say you wanted 428 00:25:59,400 --> 00:26:02,600 Speaker 1: to navigate to a website. You would type an address 429 00:26:02,680 --> 00:26:05,600 Speaker 1: into your browser's address bar and you hit enter or 430 00:26:05,680 --> 00:26:08,840 Speaker 1: you click or whatever. And at this point, the client 431 00:26:09,400 --> 00:26:12,240 Speaker 1: that is your web browser follows h t t P 432 00:26:12,480 --> 00:26:16,399 Speaker 1: and sends a request out to the server. There's a 433 00:26:16,440 --> 00:26:18,760 Speaker 1: lot of steps in between here, but we're just gonna 434 00:26:18,760 --> 00:26:22,280 Speaker 1: skip over those and hopefully that server responds by sending 435 00:26:22,320 --> 00:26:26,000 Speaker 1: the appropriate HTML document to your browser. The browser then 436 00:26:26,080 --> 00:26:28,399 Speaker 1: renders the web page based on the code of the 437 00:26:28,520 --> 00:26:31,560 Speaker 1: h t m L page within the browser, window. As 438 00:26:31,600 --> 00:26:36,880 Speaker 1: for HTTPS, the secure is really important these days, many 439 00:26:36,960 --> 00:26:41,600 Speaker 1: sites rely on HTTPS rather than planal H T t P. 440 00:26:42,359 --> 00:26:48,000 Speaker 1: Communication across HTTPS is encrypted by the Transport Layers Security 441 00:26:48,480 --> 00:26:51,320 Speaker 1: or TLS. In the old days, this was known as 442 00:26:51,400 --> 00:26:55,479 Speaker 1: the Secure Sockets Layer or s s L. What that 443 00:26:55,560 --> 00:26:58,800 Speaker 1: means is that the information sent between the client and 444 00:26:58,880 --> 00:27:03,520 Speaker 1: server goes through an encryption process. So if someone should 445 00:27:03,640 --> 00:27:06,720 Speaker 1: intercept the data, all they would end up with would 446 00:27:06,720 --> 00:27:11,200 Speaker 1: look like meaningless garbage. So it uses an asymmetric public 447 00:27:11,359 --> 00:27:13,920 Speaker 1: key infrastructure, and you might wonder what the heck does 448 00:27:13,920 --> 00:27:18,600 Speaker 1: that mean. Well, in a simple encryption process, you would 449 00:27:18,640 --> 00:27:22,560 Speaker 1: have an encoding device that would transform your plane message 450 00:27:22,640 --> 00:27:26,480 Speaker 1: into encrypted text. Let's say that we're using an old 451 00:27:26,560 --> 00:27:31,400 Speaker 1: stand by, the classic plastic decoder ring, like the kind 452 00:27:31,440 --> 00:27:34,280 Speaker 1: that used to come in cereal boxes and stuff. Anyone 453 00:27:34,280 --> 00:27:37,480 Speaker 1: who had a copy of that same ring could decrypt 454 00:27:37,480 --> 00:27:40,359 Speaker 1: your message because all the rings followed the exact same 455 00:27:40,560 --> 00:27:45,120 Speaker 1: encoding process, all the same rings anyway, different rings had 456 00:27:45,160 --> 00:27:47,640 Speaker 1: different encoding, you get what I mean. So this would 457 00:27:47,680 --> 00:27:51,840 Speaker 1: be a pure public key effectively, and it wouldn't be 458 00:27:51,920 --> 00:27:54,879 Speaker 1: very useful because the key would spread so far and 459 00:27:54,960 --> 00:27:58,080 Speaker 1: wide that it would just add a minor step between 460 00:27:58,080 --> 00:28:01,240 Speaker 1: intercepting a message and learning what's in that message. If 461 00:28:01,280 --> 00:28:05,360 Speaker 1: the key is easily available, then it's almost as if 462 00:28:05,400 --> 00:28:09,680 Speaker 1: you sent stuff unencrypted. So an asymmetric public key has 463 00:28:09,720 --> 00:28:13,960 Speaker 1: two keys. One is a public key used to encode messages. 464 00:28:14,320 --> 00:28:17,840 Speaker 1: But this encoding process is not reversible. You cannot use 465 00:28:17,840 --> 00:28:21,840 Speaker 1: a public key to decode an encrypted message. It doesn't 466 00:28:21,880 --> 00:28:25,600 Speaker 1: work that way, so once the public key transforms the message, 467 00:28:25,960 --> 00:28:29,760 Speaker 1: only a second private key can decode it. The web 468 00:28:29,880 --> 00:28:33,720 Speaker 1: server in this case holds onto this precious private key 469 00:28:34,040 --> 00:28:36,920 Speaker 1: and does not share it, and that way any information 470 00:28:37,000 --> 00:28:42,200 Speaker 1: sent to the server remains safe. HTTPS is what enables 471 00:28:42,320 --> 00:28:46,280 Speaker 1: online shopping. Because of that encryption, consumers can have confidence 472 00:28:46,320 --> 00:28:50,360 Speaker 1: that they're purchasing information like credit card numbers will remain secure. 473 00:28:50,880 --> 00:28:54,479 Speaker 1: You can see if a website is using HTTPS just 474 00:28:54,560 --> 00:28:57,280 Speaker 1: by looking at the beginning of the address and seeing 475 00:28:57,600 --> 00:29:00,760 Speaker 1: HTTPS at the beginning. In additional out of browsers will 476 00:29:00,800 --> 00:29:03,960 Speaker 1: also include a padlock icon that will indicate whether or 477 00:29:04,000 --> 00:29:08,320 Speaker 1: not the site is using HTTPS. Next up, we have 478 00:29:08,480 --> 00:29:13,040 Speaker 1: I slash. Oh. Now, this isn't just the name of 479 00:29:13,080 --> 00:29:17,080 Speaker 1: Google's developer conference for all things Android, the IO Conference. 480 00:29:17,160 --> 00:29:21,440 Speaker 1: It's an older term that means input and output, and yeah, 481 00:29:21,480 --> 00:29:24,800 Speaker 1: this is getting pretty darned. Basic. Input is obviously the 482 00:29:24,840 --> 00:29:28,320 Speaker 1: stuff you put into a computer. It might be key 483 00:29:28,360 --> 00:29:31,560 Speaker 1: strokes on a keyboard. It might be moving and clicking 484 00:29:31,680 --> 00:29:35,080 Speaker 1: a mouse. It might be using a touch screen command 485 00:29:35,360 --> 00:29:37,760 Speaker 1: or maybe a voice command, or you know, there's lots 486 00:29:37,760 --> 00:29:40,400 Speaker 1: of stuff. It's how you act on a computer and 487 00:29:40,480 --> 00:29:44,560 Speaker 1: not just you. Input can include incoming communications from other 488 00:29:44,640 --> 00:29:49,360 Speaker 1: devices and systems. Output, well, that's what a computer puts out. 489 00:29:49,720 --> 00:29:52,240 Speaker 1: It might be something really overt. It might be like 490 00:29:52,320 --> 00:29:55,560 Speaker 1: a print job sent to a printer, or a message 491 00:29:55,640 --> 00:29:58,320 Speaker 1: on a display, or sound effects played on a speaker, 492 00:29:58,720 --> 00:30:01,200 Speaker 1: or it could be more subtle, with the CPU executing 493 00:30:01,240 --> 00:30:05,840 Speaker 1: instructions that aren't necessarily observable by a human user. It's 494 00:30:05,880 --> 00:30:10,040 Speaker 1: the result of the computer executing instructions on data that's 495 00:30:10,080 --> 00:30:14,680 Speaker 1: the output. So some devices are pretty easy to categorize 496 00:30:14,720 --> 00:30:19,040 Speaker 1: as either input or output devices. A keyboard, amounts, a 497 00:30:19,160 --> 00:30:23,440 Speaker 1: tract pad, a joystick. These appear to be pretty clearly 498 00:30:23,520 --> 00:30:28,040 Speaker 1: input devices. A computer display or printer that's pretty clearly 499 00:30:28,080 --> 00:30:30,680 Speaker 1: an output device, But to be fair, some of these 500 00:30:30,680 --> 00:30:34,680 Speaker 1: can actually straddle the line. For example, joysticks with haptic 501 00:30:34,760 --> 00:30:40,040 Speaker 1: feedback are arguably both input and output devices because the 502 00:30:40,040 --> 00:30:42,920 Speaker 1: computer can send signals to the motors in the joystick 503 00:30:43,320 --> 00:30:46,880 Speaker 1: that make it rumble according to computer output, and a 504 00:30:46,920 --> 00:30:50,320 Speaker 1: lot of modern printers can also act as scanning devices, 505 00:30:50,360 --> 00:30:53,280 Speaker 1: so you can use them to input data into a 506 00:30:53,280 --> 00:30:56,960 Speaker 1: computer system, not just print data out. There are also 507 00:30:57,200 --> 00:31:00,480 Speaker 1: all the various cables and modems and routers such that 508 00:31:00,520 --> 00:31:04,080 Speaker 1: act as both input and output devices. In some cases 509 00:31:04,360 --> 00:31:07,360 Speaker 1: they might relay information to your computer, and in others 510 00:31:07,400 --> 00:31:11,240 Speaker 1: they might carry that information from your computer to somewhere else. 511 00:31:12,160 --> 00:31:15,080 Speaker 1: So it's not as clear cut as all that, but 512 00:31:15,160 --> 00:31:19,080 Speaker 1: you know, generally you can kind of categorize stuff. We've 513 00:31:19,080 --> 00:31:22,160 Speaker 1: got a lot more eyes to get through, but before 514 00:31:22,240 --> 00:31:32,720 Speaker 1: we do that, let's take a quick break. So do 515 00:31:32,760 --> 00:31:34,640 Speaker 1: you think I can get through all the rest of 516 00:31:34,680 --> 00:31:37,720 Speaker 1: the eyes before the end of the episode? I can. 517 00:31:38,840 --> 00:31:40,680 Speaker 1: That's a joke, because our next one is I can 518 00:31:41,040 --> 00:31:44,280 Speaker 1: I see a n N. That means the Internet Corporation 519 00:31:44,440 --> 00:31:48,040 Speaker 1: for Assigned Names and Numbers. This is a not for 520 00:31:48,120 --> 00:31:52,880 Speaker 1: profit agency that formed in and its purpose is to 521 00:31:52,920 --> 00:31:57,000 Speaker 1: coordinate quote unique identify irs end quote that let computers 522 00:31:57,000 --> 00:31:59,640 Speaker 1: find each other over the Internet. Now, you might remember 523 00:32:00,000 --> 00:32:02,280 Speaker 1: in the last episode in this series that I talked 524 00:32:02,320 --> 00:32:05,520 Speaker 1: about the domain name system or d n S. The 525 00:32:05,640 --> 00:32:08,800 Speaker 1: DNS makes it way easier to navigate the Internet because 526 00:32:08,840 --> 00:32:13,000 Speaker 1: it uses letters, typically in the form of words or initialisms, 527 00:32:13,400 --> 00:32:17,080 Speaker 1: rather than a seemingly random series of numbers or possibly 528 00:32:17,400 --> 00:32:20,240 Speaker 1: numbers and letters, which is the underlying format for i 529 00:32:20,360 --> 00:32:24,280 Speaker 1: P addresses. We'll talk about more of those in a second. Well, 530 00:32:24,320 --> 00:32:26,880 Speaker 1: what's going on here is that the address you type in, 531 00:32:27,160 --> 00:32:32,120 Speaker 1: like www dot YouTube dot com, relates to a numerical 532 00:32:32,200 --> 00:32:34,480 Speaker 1: i P address. You just don't have to worry about 533 00:32:34,520 --> 00:32:37,480 Speaker 1: that number because of the d n S. For all 534 00:32:37,520 --> 00:32:40,600 Speaker 1: this to work, each address needs to be unique. If 535 00:32:40,600 --> 00:32:44,520 Speaker 1: there were two different sites that we're using www dot 536 00:32:44,560 --> 00:32:48,560 Speaker 1: YouTube dot com, your computer and all the machines beyond 537 00:32:48,840 --> 00:32:52,120 Speaker 1: your computer wouldn't know which one you wanted to go 538 00:32:52,200 --> 00:32:55,680 Speaker 1: to when you typed in the address. Similarly, each IP 539 00:32:55,880 --> 00:33:00,480 Speaker 1: address must be unique. I CAN coordinates how i P 540 00:33:00,600 --> 00:33:04,240 Speaker 1: addresses and top level domains are supplied so that there's 541 00:33:04,280 --> 00:33:07,440 Speaker 1: no confusion and Internet traffic goes to where it's supposed 542 00:33:07,480 --> 00:33:11,400 Speaker 1: to go. Now, I CAN does not control the Internet itself. 543 00:33:11,600 --> 00:33:14,720 Speaker 1: It's more of a facilitator, kind of like a centralized 544 00:33:14,720 --> 00:33:19,040 Speaker 1: authority that various entities like registrars work with in order 545 00:33:19,040 --> 00:33:22,440 Speaker 1: to keep things running smoothly. I can calls its chief 546 00:33:22,480 --> 00:33:28,440 Speaker 1: responsibility quote universal resolvability end quote, meaning that no matter 547 00:33:28,600 --> 00:33:31,280 Speaker 1: where in the world you are, if you type a 548 00:33:31,280 --> 00:33:34,360 Speaker 1: particular address out in the web browser or send an 549 00:33:34,400 --> 00:33:37,880 Speaker 1: email to a specific email address, you can be assured 550 00:33:38,120 --> 00:33:39,920 Speaker 1: that you're going to get the same results that you 551 00:33:39,960 --> 00:33:43,200 Speaker 1: would get anywhere else in the world, assuming you're not, 552 00:33:43,440 --> 00:33:45,400 Speaker 1: you know, falling victim to a man in the middle attack. 553 00:33:45,440 --> 00:33:49,240 Speaker 1: But that's a totally different kettle of fish. Moving on. 554 00:33:49,880 --> 00:33:54,120 Speaker 1: I E E E. That's really I triple E, or 555 00:33:54,160 --> 00:33:56,480 Speaker 1: as I used to say in the old days, I E. 556 00:33:57,880 --> 00:34:01,120 Speaker 1: This is formally known as the Instant Tute of Electrical 557 00:34:01,360 --> 00:34:05,960 Speaker 1: and Electronics Engineers, And I'll quote the organization on itself, 558 00:34:06,520 --> 00:34:08,680 Speaker 1: uh in a second, But these days it's just the 559 00:34:08,800 --> 00:34:12,280 Speaker 1: eye triple E. And I'll explain why in a moment. 560 00:34:13,040 --> 00:34:17,560 Speaker 1: This is quote an association dedicated to advancing innovation and 561 00:34:17,640 --> 00:34:22,040 Speaker 1: technological excellence for the benefit of humanity end quote. And 562 00:34:22,520 --> 00:34:27,360 Speaker 1: it's also quote the world's largest technical professional society end quote. 563 00:34:28,040 --> 00:34:31,680 Speaker 1: The organization actually traces its history back more than a century, 564 00:34:31,719 --> 00:34:35,160 Speaker 1: all the way back to eight eight four. You know, 565 00:34:35,200 --> 00:34:38,320 Speaker 1: obviously the Internet was not around back then. That's often 566 00:34:38,360 --> 00:34:41,319 Speaker 1: we we associate the EYE Tripoli with the Internet, But 567 00:34:41,600 --> 00:34:45,279 Speaker 1: back then they were associated with the bustling telegraph industry, 568 00:34:45,680 --> 00:34:48,160 Speaker 1: and at that point it was known as the ai 569 00:34:48,320 --> 00:34:53,120 Speaker 1: EE or American Institute of Electrical Engineers. The more modern 570 00:34:53,239 --> 00:34:56,239 Speaker 1: version of the EYE Tripoli, you could say, launched in 571 00:34:56,239 --> 00:34:59,840 Speaker 1: the nineteen sixties. While the original purpose of the group 572 00:35:00,000 --> 00:35:03,840 Speaker 1: as a professional organization for engineers, these days it counts 573 00:35:03,960 --> 00:35:09,280 Speaker 1: numerous professions in its membership, including scientists and medical professionals. 574 00:35:09,320 --> 00:35:12,640 Speaker 1: And that is why the EYE Triple E usually good. 575 00:35:12,680 --> 00:35:14,839 Speaker 1: It just goes by I Triple E rather than its 576 00:35:14,880 --> 00:35:18,399 Speaker 1: full name, because the full name implies it's just an 577 00:35:18,480 --> 00:35:21,680 Speaker 1: organization for engineers alone, and that's just not the case. 578 00:35:22,600 --> 00:35:27,319 Speaker 1: The EYE Triple E promotes collaboration among companies, technical professionals, 579 00:35:27,360 --> 00:35:31,960 Speaker 1: scientists and more, all to push technological innovation and ideally 580 00:35:32,360 --> 00:35:36,400 Speaker 1: to service humanity in general. The EYE Triple E is 581 00:35:36,520 --> 00:35:40,400 Speaker 1: host to numerous educational services in the technical fields. It 582 00:35:40,480 --> 00:35:44,720 Speaker 1: pushes for standardizations in various areas of tech. It acts 583 00:35:44,719 --> 00:35:48,520 Speaker 1: as a repository for a wealth of publications relating to 584 00:35:48,640 --> 00:35:53,040 Speaker 1: technical knowledge and specifications. One of the famous standards that 585 00:35:53,120 --> 00:35:57,040 Speaker 1: the Eye Triple E ratified and helped develop was for 586 00:35:57,120 --> 00:36:01,120 Speaker 1: the Family of Local Area Network Technical Standards. This is 587 00:36:01,160 --> 00:36:04,200 Speaker 1: the SEV standards computers used to communicate with one another 588 00:36:04,280 --> 00:36:07,160 Speaker 1: at a local area network. More on those in the 589 00:36:07,200 --> 00:36:10,439 Speaker 1: future episode. This is the eight to two point one 590 00:36:10,600 --> 00:36:14,520 Speaker 1: one set of standards, which includes all those wild designations 591 00:36:14,520 --> 00:36:17,480 Speaker 1: you see on WiFi modems and routers. When you hear 592 00:36:17,520 --> 00:36:20,279 Speaker 1: people talking about A to two point one one G 593 00:36:20,680 --> 00:36:24,120 Speaker 1: versus A no two point one one a X or whatever. 594 00:36:24,680 --> 00:36:27,480 Speaker 1: Those are all different network standards for the transmission of 595 00:36:27,480 --> 00:36:32,000 Speaker 1: wireless data, and I Triple E, through collaboration of countless contributors, 596 00:36:32,480 --> 00:36:36,880 Speaker 1: established those standards, which means you know that the stuff 597 00:36:36,920 --> 00:36:39,360 Speaker 1: you have will talk to the other stuff you have. 598 00:36:39,680 --> 00:36:42,720 Speaker 1: Without those standards, you would have all these different proprietary 599 00:36:42,760 --> 00:36:46,719 Speaker 1: means of wireless communication and the Internet would be a 600 00:36:46,760 --> 00:36:53,520 Speaker 1: total mess. Moving on, IoT, this is the Internet of Things. 601 00:36:54,080 --> 00:36:59,400 Speaker 1: Back in nine, Kevin Ashton, a technologist and author, coined 602 00:36:59,560 --> 00:37:02,080 Speaker 1: this for PRAS, and he was looking ahead and envisioning 603 00:37:02,080 --> 00:37:05,160 Speaker 1: a world in which lots of different stuff would connect 604 00:37:05,280 --> 00:37:08,680 Speaker 1: directly or indirectly to the Internet. It wouldn't just be 605 00:37:08,719 --> 00:37:12,280 Speaker 1: a network of computers and network devices and switches and stuff, 606 00:37:12,600 --> 00:37:16,840 Speaker 1: but of all sorts of things, from individual sensors to appliances, 607 00:37:16,960 --> 00:37:20,160 Speaker 1: to vehicles and beyond. Not the time, I think a 608 00:37:20,239 --> 00:37:23,520 Speaker 1: lot of people didn't really appreciate what this would really mean, 609 00:37:23,880 --> 00:37:26,440 Speaker 1: or the scope at which it would happen, or how 610 00:37:26,480 --> 00:37:29,560 Speaker 1: it would necessitate huge strides, and how we handle stuff 611 00:37:29,600 --> 00:37:35,200 Speaker 1: like privacy, security, data storage, and information analysis. In fact, 612 00:37:35,320 --> 00:37:36,840 Speaker 1: I'd say a lot of us are still getting a 613 00:37:36,880 --> 00:37:40,640 Speaker 1: handle on that today, particularly as we see companies continue 614 00:37:40,680 --> 00:37:43,880 Speaker 1: to market products that could pose as a potential security 615 00:37:43,960 --> 00:37:49,320 Speaker 1: vulnerability within a network. It took several years for IoT 616 00:37:49,520 --> 00:37:53,719 Speaker 1: to evolve from a hypothetical concept to a buzzword to 617 00:37:54,080 --> 00:37:57,560 Speaker 1: a real thing, but we're definitely in that real thing 618 00:37:57,719 --> 00:38:02,960 Speaker 1: stage today. Heck, we get the first popular consumer smartphone 619 00:38:03,040 --> 00:38:06,160 Speaker 1: until two thousand seven, so it took quite a while 620 00:38:06,320 --> 00:38:09,160 Speaker 1: for IoT to kind of take off. But these days 621 00:38:09,360 --> 00:38:12,440 Speaker 1: you'll find tons of consumer products that fall into the 622 00:38:12,440 --> 00:38:16,920 Speaker 1: IoT category, from smart thermostats that have a persistent network 623 00:38:16,920 --> 00:38:19,440 Speaker 1: connection to sensors that you can put out into the 624 00:38:19,480 --> 00:38:21,800 Speaker 1: garden and let you know when you should water your plants. 625 00:38:22,400 --> 00:38:25,960 Speaker 1: And then there are the countless Internet connected devices that 626 00:38:26,040 --> 00:38:29,040 Speaker 1: the average consumer isn't even aware of. These could be 627 00:38:29,160 --> 00:38:32,520 Speaker 1: used to collect data on a regional level, giving organizations 628 00:38:32,520 --> 00:38:36,600 Speaker 1: like civil engineers more information from a hyper local level 629 00:38:36,920 --> 00:38:40,160 Speaker 1: all the way out to broad regional views. Again, the 630 00:38:40,200 --> 00:38:43,880 Speaker 1: technology has both incredible potential to help transform our world 631 00:38:43,960 --> 00:38:47,160 Speaker 1: in meaningful ways, as well as the potential to cause 632 00:38:47,239 --> 00:38:52,560 Speaker 1: a lot of problems, whether through poor implementation or questionable motivations. 633 00:38:53,360 --> 00:38:55,759 Speaker 1: It's hard to say how big the Internet of Things 634 00:38:55,800 --> 00:38:59,600 Speaker 1: really is because new devices join every day, and so 635 00:38:59,640 --> 00:39:02,839 Speaker 1: we're aft with estimates, and even with estimates, there are 636 00:39:03,560 --> 00:39:08,080 Speaker 1: a huge range there. For example, Juniper Research estimates that, 637 00:39:08,160 --> 00:39:12,959 Speaker 1: for one, we're looking at forty six billion connected devices, 638 00:39:12,960 --> 00:39:17,279 Speaker 1: but statists UM estimates that will hit thirty eight point 639 00:39:17,400 --> 00:39:23,000 Speaker 1: six billion connected devices by five That's a pretty big difference, 640 00:39:23,040 --> 00:39:27,960 Speaker 1: like seven and a half billion devices difference in those estimates, 641 00:39:28,040 --> 00:39:31,879 Speaker 1: and one of those estimates involves a year that's by 642 00:39:31,920 --> 00:39:34,719 Speaker 1: my account, four years in the future. So to be fair, 643 00:39:34,800 --> 00:39:36,279 Speaker 1: this kind of thing is really hard to get a 644 00:39:36,320 --> 00:39:39,719 Speaker 1: handle on. It's hard to get an accurate estimate as 645 00:39:39,719 --> 00:39:42,719 Speaker 1: to how many devices are connected to the Internet Also, 646 00:39:42,800 --> 00:39:46,279 Speaker 1: how do you define that? Do you discount stuff like 647 00:39:46,320 --> 00:39:49,439 Speaker 1: computers and smartphones and just focus on what we would 648 00:39:49,480 --> 00:39:53,040 Speaker 1: traditionally refer to as IoT devices. So I think it's 649 00:39:53,040 --> 00:39:55,440 Speaker 1: pretty safe to say we're somewhere in the tens of 650 00:39:55,560 --> 00:39:59,319 Speaker 1: billions of connected devices somewhere, though a precise head count 651 00:39:59,400 --> 00:40:04,920 Speaker 1: really isn't possible. Next, we have i P. This stands 652 00:40:04,920 --> 00:40:08,560 Speaker 1: for Internet Protocol, and it's frequently paired with the word 653 00:40:08,719 --> 00:40:13,040 Speaker 1: address in other words, IP address. This is the numerical 654 00:40:13,120 --> 00:40:15,520 Speaker 1: string that is unique to each device connected to a 655 00:40:15,520 --> 00:40:18,680 Speaker 1: computer network that is using i P as it's communication 656 00:40:18,719 --> 00:40:23,239 Speaker 1: protocol anyway, But more broadly, i P is a communications protocol, 657 00:40:23,280 --> 00:40:26,759 Speaker 1: and it all gets incredibly technical. Plus, we're going to 658 00:40:26,800 --> 00:40:29,560 Speaker 1: dive into this further when we get to t C 659 00:40:29,760 --> 00:40:32,920 Speaker 1: P I P later on, because more often than not, 660 00:40:33,040 --> 00:40:36,080 Speaker 1: we hear of these two sets of protocols grouped together, 661 00:40:36,520 --> 00:40:39,839 Speaker 1: then we typically hear of them separately. Now, I will 662 00:40:39,880 --> 00:40:42,880 Speaker 1: say there are two major versions of i P that 663 00:40:42,920 --> 00:40:46,359 Speaker 1: are in use today. I P V four is the 664 00:40:46,400 --> 00:40:49,360 Speaker 1: older one. That one has been in use for decades 665 00:40:49,440 --> 00:40:52,120 Speaker 1: and it still remains the dominant version of i P 666 00:40:52,640 --> 00:40:56,080 Speaker 1: used today. It's been in use since the early nineteen 667 00:40:56,120 --> 00:40:59,600 Speaker 1: eighties with stuff like sat net and ARPA net. It 668 00:40:59,800 --> 00:41:02,880 Speaker 1: used is a thirty two bit address space, which allows 669 00:41:02,880 --> 00:41:06,960 Speaker 1: for two to the thirty second power of addresses. So 670 00:41:07,000 --> 00:41:10,560 Speaker 1: in theory, uh that you would get that many addresses, 671 00:41:10,600 --> 00:41:12,760 Speaker 1: but a lot of those millions of them are actually 672 00:41:12,760 --> 00:41:16,520 Speaker 1: held in reserve. But that translates to nearly four billion, 673 00:41:16,680 --> 00:41:19,840 Speaker 1: three hundred million addresses. Not quite, it's like four billion, 674 00:41:19,840 --> 00:41:23,040 Speaker 1: two hundred ninety something million. That sounds like a lot 675 00:41:23,040 --> 00:41:26,320 Speaker 1: of addresses. But again, you know, we just talked about IoT. 676 00:41:26,760 --> 00:41:29,280 Speaker 1: When you take into account all of the devices connected 677 00:41:29,320 --> 00:41:34,000 Speaker 1: to the Internet, you realize four point three billion is 678 00:41:34,040 --> 00:41:36,400 Speaker 1: really not that much. In the grand scheme of things, 679 00:41:37,040 --> 00:41:39,920 Speaker 1: you'll usually see an I p v four address written 680 00:41:39,920 --> 00:41:43,760 Speaker 1: in dot decimal notation with four groups of numbers separated 681 00:41:43,760 --> 00:41:47,160 Speaker 1: by decimal points. So in the old House stuff Works 682 00:41:47,320 --> 00:41:50,160 Speaker 1: article on IP addresses, which I used to refer to 683 00:41:50,239 --> 00:41:53,040 Speaker 1: all the time back in my day's writing for that site, 684 00:41:53,280 --> 00:41:56,120 Speaker 1: the address for the quote machine that humans referred to 685 00:41:56,239 --> 00:41:59,080 Speaker 1: as how stuff works dot com end quote has the 686 00:41:59,080 --> 00:42:04,160 Speaker 1: address to two one six dot three dot one oh 687 00:42:04,160 --> 00:42:08,200 Speaker 1: three dot one five oh. By the way, I see 688 00:42:08,239 --> 00:42:12,080 Speaker 1: you all you websites out there, that took that information 689 00:42:12,320 --> 00:42:15,920 Speaker 1: and presented it on your own web pages without attribution. 690 00:42:16,440 --> 00:42:18,720 Speaker 1: Some of you didn't even bother to change the wording 691 00:42:18,800 --> 00:42:23,760 Speaker 1: at all, for shame anyway. The groups of numbers can 692 00:42:23,800 --> 00:42:27,440 Speaker 1: only occupy a range of zero to two, so you 693 00:42:27,480 --> 00:42:29,480 Speaker 1: would never have an I p V four address that 694 00:42:29,520 --> 00:42:32,600 Speaker 1: would have a group of numbers like four, seven, two 695 00:42:32,680 --> 00:42:36,520 Speaker 1: or anything like that that's not supported by the protocol. Now. 696 00:42:36,560 --> 00:42:40,040 Speaker 1: I p V six is the most recent version of 697 00:42:40,080 --> 00:42:42,680 Speaker 1: the Internet Protocol. It has been a standard since two 698 00:42:42,719 --> 00:42:46,560 Speaker 1: thousand seventeen when it was ratified, and it's addressing system 699 00:42:46,760 --> 00:42:50,440 Speaker 1: is a one hundred twenty eight bit address. Remember I 700 00:42:50,520 --> 00:42:54,840 Speaker 1: p V four is thirty two bit, so that means 701 00:42:54,880 --> 00:42:57,640 Speaker 1: that it could allow for addresses at two to the 702 00:42:57,719 --> 00:43:03,399 Speaker 1: hight power way more than I pv for it's it's 703 00:43:03,480 --> 00:43:07,000 Speaker 1: it's it's an understatement to say way more. These addresses 704 00:43:07,040 --> 00:43:11,000 Speaker 1: are in hexadecimal digits, grouped in four digits each with 705 00:43:11,160 --> 00:43:14,759 Speaker 1: eight groups total, and they're separated by colon's and one 706 00:43:14,760 --> 00:43:17,680 Speaker 1: of the main reasons for I p V six was 707 00:43:17,760 --> 00:43:21,080 Speaker 1: that it was clear that I p V four addresses 708 00:43:21,120 --> 00:43:23,600 Speaker 1: were going to run out. In fact, that has happened 709 00:43:23,600 --> 00:43:27,720 Speaker 1: with several regional Internet registries, and that would necessitate greater 710 00:43:27,800 --> 00:43:31,840 Speaker 1: adoption of I p v six. But both I p 711 00:43:32,040 --> 00:43:35,600 Speaker 1: v four and i p v six protocols are able 712 00:43:35,640 --> 00:43:40,239 Speaker 1: to work simultaneously, and browser's modern browsers support both. That 713 00:43:40,320 --> 00:43:44,040 Speaker 1: means that a lot of systems are still using i 714 00:43:44,200 --> 00:43:46,400 Speaker 1: p v four because they haven't you know, felt an 715 00:43:46,520 --> 00:43:50,000 Speaker 1: urgent need to get up to date on on all 716 00:43:50,080 --> 00:43:53,160 Speaker 1: of that, because it still works now. To be fair, 717 00:43:53,680 --> 00:43:57,160 Speaker 1: the process of switching over isn't as simple as actually 718 00:43:57,320 --> 00:44:00,839 Speaker 1: flipping a switch. It's much more involved than that. Now, 719 00:44:00,880 --> 00:44:03,359 Speaker 1: I p v six has a lot of advantages over 720 00:44:03,440 --> 00:44:06,080 Speaker 1: I p v four beyond the fact that it's not 721 00:44:06,120 --> 00:44:09,680 Speaker 1: going to run out anytime soon. That is, and I 722 00:44:09,719 --> 00:44:12,359 Speaker 1: probably will need to do a full episode to run 723 00:44:12,400 --> 00:44:15,680 Speaker 1: down both versions of the protocol to explain it a 724 00:44:15,719 --> 00:44:19,680 Speaker 1: bit more. Finally, for this episode, we have i r 725 00:44:19,840 --> 00:44:24,560 Speaker 1: C Internet Relay Chat. This is a text based online 726 00:44:24,640 --> 00:44:28,000 Speaker 1: chat system that dates back to the nineteen eighties. I 727 00:44:28,200 --> 00:44:30,960 Speaker 1: r C allows a single computer to open up multiple 728 00:44:31,040 --> 00:44:34,680 Speaker 1: chat communication channels with other computers all at the same time, 729 00:44:35,160 --> 00:44:38,640 Speaker 1: and multiple computers can also join a single communication channel, 730 00:44:38,840 --> 00:44:41,040 Speaker 1: so you kind of have party chat. So you can 731 00:44:41,080 --> 00:44:45,480 Speaker 1: have numerous one on one chats open through I r 732 00:44:45,560 --> 00:44:48,320 Speaker 1: C clients, or you could join a party chat or both. 733 00:44:48,960 --> 00:44:51,440 Speaker 1: In the old days, to use i r C, you 734 00:44:51,520 --> 00:44:54,680 Speaker 1: need to install an i r C client, and it's 735 00:44:54,719 --> 00:44:57,240 Speaker 1: kind of like a web browser, but it's for text 736 00:44:57,280 --> 00:45:01,360 Speaker 1: based chat. Later on, some web owsers incorporated I r 737 00:45:01,440 --> 00:45:05,000 Speaker 1: C clients within the browser itself, which allowed users to 738 00:45:05,040 --> 00:45:07,759 Speaker 1: pop into I r C chat without the need for 739 00:45:07,840 --> 00:45:12,080 Speaker 1: a separate client. The i r C uses its own 740 00:45:12,120 --> 00:45:16,600 Speaker 1: network of servers, with each server hosting chat rooms. Now 741 00:45:16,640 --> 00:45:19,600 Speaker 1: this means that unlike a web browser, where you just 742 00:45:19,640 --> 00:45:22,879 Speaker 1: type an address in your browser bar and you get 743 00:45:22,880 --> 00:45:25,600 Speaker 1: the web page you want, with i r C, you 744 00:45:25,640 --> 00:45:29,239 Speaker 1: actually first have to navigate to the correct server that 745 00:45:29,320 --> 00:45:32,200 Speaker 1: hosts the chat room you want to join. If you 746 00:45:32,239 --> 00:45:35,080 Speaker 1: go to the wrong server, you'll either end up in 747 00:45:35,120 --> 00:45:37,759 Speaker 1: a different room with the same name as the one 748 00:45:37,800 --> 00:45:39,680 Speaker 1: you intended to visit, but it won't have any of 749 00:45:39,680 --> 00:45:42,719 Speaker 1: the people you wanted to chat with their or you'll 750 00:45:42,760 --> 00:45:45,759 Speaker 1: create a brand new room with that name and you'll 751 00:45:45,760 --> 00:45:48,120 Speaker 1: be the only person. They're all by your lonesome, and 752 00:45:48,160 --> 00:45:51,600 Speaker 1: that's just sad. So I r C is not nearly 753 00:45:51,640 --> 00:45:55,160 Speaker 1: as user friendly as many other chat systems online are, 754 00:45:55,760 --> 00:45:59,840 Speaker 1: but it also has way lower bandwidth requirements and you 755 00:46:00,000 --> 00:46:02,359 Speaker 1: and me reasonably sure that your chat logs aren't being 756 00:46:02,480 --> 00:46:07,760 Speaker 1: used to sell you more stuff in most cases, which 757 00:46:07,800 --> 00:46:11,040 Speaker 1: is not something I can say for all chat systems online. 758 00:46:11,880 --> 00:46:14,240 Speaker 1: Learning I r C does require a bit of work, 759 00:46:14,680 --> 00:46:17,240 Speaker 1: but only just a bit in order to get started. 760 00:46:17,520 --> 00:46:19,120 Speaker 1: If you want to be a power user, well that's 761 00:46:19,120 --> 00:46:21,640 Speaker 1: a totally different thing, and you can put in the 762 00:46:21,719 --> 00:46:24,520 Speaker 1: time to really learn how to use I r C, 763 00:46:24,840 --> 00:46:26,600 Speaker 1: and you can even create your own I r C 764 00:46:26,840 --> 00:46:30,040 Speaker 1: server and you can host I r C chats on 765 00:46:30,080 --> 00:46:33,480 Speaker 1: your own computer. So some groups still use I r 766 00:46:33,560 --> 00:46:36,560 Speaker 1: C as sort of the no nonsense method to communicate, 767 00:46:36,960 --> 00:46:40,120 Speaker 1: but a lot have moved on to other more user 768 00:46:40,239 --> 00:46:47,080 Speaker 1: friendly systems like discord. But those systems have their own drawbacks, um, 769 00:46:47,480 --> 00:46:50,920 Speaker 1: primarily things like how they generate revenue. It's a very 770 00:46:51,040 --> 00:46:56,719 Speaker 1: fascinating version of of communication protocols really, and UM, I 771 00:46:56,880 --> 00:46:59,200 Speaker 1: definitely have been part of I r C chat rooms. 772 00:46:59,200 --> 00:47:03,799 Speaker 1: I want to say that Scott Johnson's UH chat room 773 00:47:03,920 --> 00:47:05,799 Speaker 1: back in the old days was in an I r 774 00:47:05,840 --> 00:47:09,560 Speaker 1: C chat and these days I think he uses something different. 775 00:47:09,600 --> 00:47:11,919 Speaker 1: But I want to say that that was the case. 776 00:47:11,960 --> 00:47:14,600 Speaker 1: I could be wrong. I could be misremembering. Scott Johnson, 777 00:47:14,640 --> 00:47:18,839 Speaker 1: by the way, phenomenal web comic artist as well as 778 00:47:18,880 --> 00:47:21,560 Speaker 1: podcast host. If you're not familiar with his work, you 779 00:47:21,560 --> 00:47:24,640 Speaker 1: should look it up. And that is it for this 780 00:47:24,760 --> 00:47:29,200 Speaker 1: episode of tech Stuff. When we come back on Wednesday, 781 00:47:30,239 --> 00:47:33,640 Speaker 1: we will continue down the line of the alphabet one day. 782 00:47:33,680 --> 00:47:35,640 Speaker 1: We will make it through all of them, and then 783 00:47:35,680 --> 00:47:37,480 Speaker 1: I'll have to start figuring out what else i want 784 00:47:37,520 --> 00:47:39,960 Speaker 1: to talk about. So I'm actually not in a rush 785 00:47:40,000 --> 00:47:42,520 Speaker 1: to get through it all because this is easy. I 786 00:47:42,600 --> 00:47:44,600 Speaker 1: know what the next episode is going to be about 787 00:47:44,960 --> 00:47:47,600 Speaker 1: because there are more letters left. If you want to 788 00:47:47,600 --> 00:47:49,520 Speaker 1: add more letters to the end of the alphabet to 789 00:47:49,600 --> 00:47:53,120 Speaker 1: extend this series, please do. If you have any suggestions 790 00:47:53,160 --> 00:47:56,279 Speaker 1: for topics I should cover in tech Stuff, reach out 791 00:47:56,320 --> 00:47:58,520 Speaker 1: to me on Twitter. The handle for the show is 792 00:47:58,600 --> 00:48:01,880 Speaker 1: tech Stuff HSB you and I'll talk to you again 793 00:48:02,800 --> 00:48:11,400 Speaker 1: really soon. Y. Text Stuff is an I Heart Radio production. 794 00:48:11,640 --> 00:48:14,480 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from I Heart Radio, visit the I 795 00:48:14,600 --> 00:48:17,799 Speaker 1: Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to 796 00:48:17,880 --> 00:48:18,760 Speaker 1: your favorite shows.