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Speaker 1: Welcome to you Stuff you Should Know from House Stuff

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Speaker 1: Works dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm

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Speaker 1: Josh Clark with Charles W. Chuck Bryant with Jerry This

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Speaker 1: Stuff you should Know. Oh man, let's start over all

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Speaker 1: right now, it's okay, how you doing. I'm good. I'm

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Speaker 1: jet black still I'm coming out of it for sure,

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Speaker 1: but yeah, I'm a little jet like. I just I

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Speaker 1: was explaining off Mike that my body is four thirty

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Speaker 1: or five every morning. Does get up? Dummy? It's ten

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Speaker 1: fifteen eleven, and I go, no, it's not. It's dark.

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Speaker 1: No internal struggle. And it's a British voice too. It's like,

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Speaker 1: get up, you need your beans and blood sausage and

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Speaker 1: I port pies. How was that? Oh man, I want

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Speaker 1: another one so bad? You know, save that? Okay? Uh,

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Speaker 1: My like is not so much pronounced in the morning.

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Speaker 1: It's just at nine thirty at night, I fall over

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Speaker 1: wherever I'm standing, or said, you're just like cooking in

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Speaker 1: a walk and you just face first. You noticed the

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Speaker 1: burned face. Yeah, that's dangerous. Well it hurt pretty bad

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Speaker 1: because that walk grease gets pretty hot. It does walk,

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Speaker 1: But is this what walks? Who walks still, dude, you kidney, No,

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Speaker 1: it's are continents of people watch. Well, sure, but I

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Speaker 1: just I guess I just imagined like wearing a tennis

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Speaker 1: sweater tight around my neck, and I didn't say fond.

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Speaker 1: You're having a pot of boiling cheese. That's pretty seventies.

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Speaker 1: You know what, if you ever want a fon dupot

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Speaker 1: and like just because you think it'd be fun to

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Speaker 1: have a fond party, don't buy one new, just go

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Speaker 1: to a goodwill. I wanted for like three dollars. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: you mean I have an unused one? Is it pea green?

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Speaker 1: I don't know if I would cook out of a

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Speaker 1: pea green anything? Now? Yeah, all right, No, I wouldn't

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Speaker 1: pea green refrigerator, wouldn't need out of it p green car.

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Speaker 1: I just throw up anytime I want to go drop. Uh.

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Speaker 1: I'll tell you what I am excited about though. Jellyfish. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: this is now officially my second favorite seafaring creature after octopus.

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Speaker 1: Yeah for sure. Yeah, and this was close to like

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Speaker 1: the jellyfish was really tugging at my heartstrings. Yeah, and

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Speaker 1: the and the octopus just kept saying, you know what,

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Speaker 1: remember me, Remember the caramatophores. Watch this, bam, it looks

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Speaker 1: like something completely different. And then I remember it. I

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Speaker 1: was like, all right, octopus, you're right, jellyfish can't do that.

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Speaker 1: I'm Rocky the squirrel. Now I'm a Roman soldier. Now

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Speaker 1: I'm a cornucopia of vegetables in an oil painting. Uh.

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Speaker 1: They are pretty cool, Yeah, but the jellyfish is really amazing. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: The octopuses, though they're like they're doing it on purpose.

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Speaker 1: The jellyfish just accidentally kind of stumbles backwards into awesomeness.

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Speaker 1: You know, well, after five million years of practice, maybe seven,

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Speaker 1: we'll see it's amazing. So when you're talking about jellyfish,

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Speaker 1: a lot of people say, well, there's a jellyfish. That's

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Speaker 1: a jellyfish, that's a jellyfish. That lady walking down the

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Speaker 1: street with the leash got a jellyfish on the end

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Speaker 1: of right, And and you would say jellyfish, jellyfish, comb,

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Speaker 1: jelly dog, or weird cat lady who walks her cat. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that's unwholesome. That's as unwholesome as walking a jellyfish down

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Speaker 1: the street on a leash. So there are such things

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Speaker 1: as comb jellies, and there's jellyfish, and you out there

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Speaker 1: who's lived maybe ten twenty years on this planet or more,

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Speaker 1: we've probably seen them both. But it turns out that

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Speaker 1: they look very similar. But as we're finding out, as

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Speaker 1: we get deeper and deeper into using genetics to do

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Speaker 1: taxonomy rather than our peepers, that doesn't necessarily mean they're related.

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Speaker 1: And actually there's there's some tremendous debate between just how

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Speaker 1: closely related jellyfish and comb jellies are. Tremendous debate. Yes,

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Speaker 1: we're very subdued. It depends on where you are among

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Speaker 1: like fifty people. If you're in the jellyfish department of

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Speaker 1: some like the Monterey Bay Aquarium, I'll bet it gets

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Speaker 1: nuts a little vigorous. Yeah, they down some some old

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Speaker 1: English forty uh right, malt liquor and argue and to

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Speaker 1: get out the breast knuckles about taxonomy, so that the

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Speaker 1: two phila they are different. Uh, we're talking respectively for

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Speaker 1: jellyfish and comb jellies. Uh, Nadaria and yeah nice, And

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Speaker 1: there's seas before both of them, both island. So it

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Speaker 1: looks like center bites and sephora. Yeah, center bites. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: what is that? A centerbon that's no center bites. They

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Speaker 1: were the monsters in hell Raiser. Oh I thought it

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Speaker 1: was like a centabon that was in handy bite sized pieces.

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Speaker 1: That's a cinabyte. These are center bites. Gotcha? Where where

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Speaker 1: did this research come from? By the way, a big

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Speaker 1: shout out Smithsonian. They have a site called the Ocean

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Speaker 1: Portal amazing that has all sorts of great stuff on it. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: you can't go wrong with Smithsonian. That's their their logos.

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Speaker 1: There's this that forms the basis of this one. But

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Speaker 1: I also want to give a huge shout out to

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Speaker 1: another article I read a while back that I went

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Speaker 1: back and reread. Actually it's called They're taking Over, and

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Speaker 1: it was a New York View of Books article on it. Yeah. Uh,

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Speaker 1: well it reviewed a book on jellyfish, Yes, specifically jellyfish

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Speaker 1: blooms or when you'll see on the news like, oh

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Speaker 1: my gosh, there's five thousand jellyfish right here right now,

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Speaker 1: or thirty three thousand square miles of jellyfish. But we'll

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Speaker 1: get to that. Yeah. Yeah, yeah, we're getting ahead of ourselves.

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Speaker 1: So there's jellyfish and comb jellies and there we don't

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Speaker 1: know if they're related. They look a lot like they're

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Speaker 1: very much. Um, they seem related. So we're gonna talk

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Speaker 1: about both. Yes, right, so let's talk about him, chuck.

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Speaker 1: All right, Well we'll start off with the body, uh,

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Speaker 1: because well they're kind of all body. Uh. They both

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Speaker 1: jellyfish income jellies have they have a lot of differences,

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Speaker 1: but you know, when you look under the hood, they

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Speaker 1: have a lot of similarities, which is why you would

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Speaker 1: expect when people use their peepers, they would just think, well, yeah,

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Speaker 1: of course they're the same. Look at them. Don't don't

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Speaker 1: think too don't overthink it. That was early science. Don't

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Speaker 1: overthink it. So both of them have a couple of

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Speaker 1: major cell layers, the external epidermist and then the internal

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Speaker 1: one called the gastrodermist. And in between those is what

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Speaker 1: you think of as jellyfish. Yeah, that's the mesoglia, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: which is a great name for that, and it's the filling. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's ninety five. And in fact, jellyfish and come jellies

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Speaker 1: are about water. Yeah, seawater actually salt and water. They're

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Speaker 1: basically made up of the sea. I saw it put somewhere,

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Speaker 1: you know, it's amazing. Um. So they they have basically

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Speaker 1: one mouth where um stuff goes in and comes out.

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Speaker 1: It's like a u mouth and oral anus. Basically, I

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Speaker 1: don't even know if they refer to it as a mouth.

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Speaker 1: Do they like somewhere in this thing? Didn't it called

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Speaker 1: it literally like a body hole or something. Yeah, it's

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Speaker 1: it's a pretty basic, basic organism, but it does a

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Speaker 1: lot of things, so it's not Yeah, when you think

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Speaker 1: of mouth, you just think eating. Not necessarily, Hey, let's

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Speaker 1: put some sperm and egg in there too. It's like

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Speaker 1: all purpose. Yeah, but they don't necessarily need in a

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Speaker 1: mouth for eating because apparently they can absorb nutrients like

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Speaker 1: just through their skin. Yeah, so they have they don't

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Speaker 1: have a stomach, they don't have intestines, they don't have lungs.

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Speaker 1: They're just like, get in my get in my skin

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Speaker 1: nutrients and oxygen. And if you think about it, then

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Speaker 1: they don't need lungs, they don't need like a they

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Speaker 1: don't need a mouth, so they don't need to chew.

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Speaker 1: All this stuff requires a lot of energy. They actually

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Speaker 1: are extraordinarily efficient organisms, so they get a lot more

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Speaker 1: energy out of the stuff that they take in than

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Speaker 1: other things, which actually gives them a huge advantage we'll

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Speaker 1: see later. Uh. So the outer cells, they have this epidermis,

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Speaker 1: like we said, and it has what's called a nerve net,

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Speaker 1: and it's just this net of nerves literally, um. And

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Speaker 1: that it's it's it's their nervous system basically, and it's

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Speaker 1: the it's the most basic, Um, I guess brain like

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Speaker 1: structure of any organism on the planet, of any multicellular organism.

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Speaker 1: I guess that's right. And so in the nerve net,

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Speaker 1: not only does it have nerves, it also has some

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Speaker 1: sort of specialized cells, like some that detect light so

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Speaker 1: they can know that they need to move away from

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Speaker 1: that boat spotlight. Uh, and then some that tell them

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Speaker 1: whether they're moving up or down or whether they're upside down. Yeah, dummies,

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Speaker 1: that's a that's a big one. You think about it.

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Speaker 1: But I mean, like, that's if you don't have no

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Speaker 1: But this is the weird part, man. This is so

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Speaker 1: disturbing to me. This is almost as disturbing as squid

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Speaker 1: having beaks. Some types of jellies, box jellies in particular,

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Speaker 1: um box jellyfish have eyes, they have retinas lenses, but

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Speaker 1: they don't have a brain. So scientists are like, how what,

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Speaker 1: how are you processing these images that you're clearly taking

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Speaker 1: in and responding to. Like we've shown you pictures of

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Speaker 1: like um Sheryl lad and you like gave a thumbs up.

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Speaker 1: So obviously you can use these eyes. But how are

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Speaker 1: you sorting these images? You know? Yeah, they think it's

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Speaker 1: that that nerve ring, but they're not sure, right, and

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Speaker 1: that's a ring around Uh, it's concentration of nerves basically

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Speaker 1: that they haven't figured out yet, but they think that's

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Speaker 1: therein is the secret. It'd be like, um, it would

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Speaker 1: be like now, I can't come with a good analysis.

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Speaker 1: There's a million of them out there, but I'm not

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Speaker 1: still jetlagged. I guess you'll think it one. I just

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Speaker 1: want to apologize to everybody because that could have been great.

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Speaker 1: I was on the edge of my seat. Uh. So,

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Speaker 1: comb jellies they have a few things that the regular

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Speaker 1: jelly does not have, uh, most notably the comb their

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Speaker 1: name for these uh sillia, these giant fuse cilia. There's

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Speaker 1: eight rows up and down their bodies and they basically

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Speaker 1: are there ways of locomoting neck like little bit the

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Speaker 1: oars paddling around in the water. And there are other

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Speaker 1: animals that do this, but the comb jelly is the

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Speaker 1: largest one to do this and to use this kind

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Speaker 1: of locomotion, And it looks like a rainbow if you

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Speaker 1: look one up, but you think it might be bioluminescent,

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Speaker 1: but it's not. It's just light catching the silia and

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Speaker 1: scattering it. It's beautiful. It is quite beautiful. But that's

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Speaker 1: the thing that that separates comb jellies from jelly jellyfish

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Speaker 1: most um pronounced lee right, Yeah, because a lot of

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Speaker 1: their activities and just the stuff that they do, it's

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Speaker 1: fairly similar the TV they watch, Yeah, but their means

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Speaker 1: of locomotion are are really the big, huge distinction. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: The a lot of the comb jellies have a single pair,

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Speaker 1: just two tentacles, but it looks like more because they

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Speaker 1: branch out um and they use those like little fishing

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Speaker 1: lines because they have sticky cells uh color blasts at

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Speaker 1: the end. And this is different uh big time the jellyfish.

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Speaker 1: They don't sting. No, they use glue, which is pretty neaty.

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Speaker 1: You won't be stung by a comb jelly, So just

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Speaker 1: swim up and hug one. They love it when you

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Speaker 1: do that. So um. When you think of a jellyfish,

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Speaker 1: like a true jelly is what what they're called. Um

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Speaker 1: there you think of like kind of this bell shaped,

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Speaker 1: umbrella shaped thing with the tentacles hanging down. Beautiful. And

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Speaker 1: if it's a jellyfish, that's actually one of two forms

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Speaker 1: that it will take in its lifetime. Right, Um, it's

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Speaker 1: that's the medusa form, and it's it's the adult form.

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Speaker 1: There's a juvenile form called a polyp, and um, depending

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Speaker 1: on when it is in its life cycle, it will

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Speaker 1: either be in a meduca form or polyp form. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and we'll get into the little more of the life cycle.

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Speaker 1: But a polyp can end up becoming a medusa or

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Speaker 1: just might be happy as a little polyp and just

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Speaker 1: stay as a polyp and create more meducea. Yeah, And

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Speaker 1: the polyp looks like, um, it almost looks like a plant.

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Speaker 1: It looks like a little stalk attached to something, usually

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Speaker 1: the sand or as we'll see, maybe a oil rig

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Speaker 1: out in the middle of the ocean or something, or

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Speaker 1: cher a lad. That's right, because she's she's a deep

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Speaker 1: water dweller at this point. Um, So it looks like

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Speaker 1: a little plant. It's got it. It It looks like a

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Speaker 1: little stalk. And then the uh, tentacles are blooming out

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Speaker 1: of it, almost like a flower, yeah, like anemone or

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Speaker 1: something like that. Yeah, And sometimes you see them many

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Speaker 1: many of them together in a colony. You think that's

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Speaker 1: an amazing plant. That's actually a jelly. Yeah, pretty cool

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Speaker 1: if you would be able to tell if you poked

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Speaker 1: it with your finger. That's right. So the size among

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Speaker 1: jellies ants and um comb jellies are I mean, some

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Speaker 1: of are just microscopic, others get pretty big. If there's

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Speaker 1: one called the lion's main jellyfish, which on the whole

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Speaker 1: across like the whole species, they are the largest jelly

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Speaker 1: fish known to humankind. Did you see this thing? Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it looks like photoshop when you see a scuba diver

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Speaker 1: up next to one. It definitely does. Like the bell

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Speaker 1: actually gets to be six ft wide, ye. Yeah, and

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Speaker 1: the tentacles are like, um long, fifty long, yeah, and

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Speaker 1: some some get bigger than that. But that's you know,

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Speaker 1: the average size of one of those. This is pretty neat. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I mean they're not to be feared, but swimming up

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Speaker 1: to something that large and that kind of creepy looking

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Speaker 1: is not for me. That's all. I'll say that eats anything.

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Speaker 1: It'll eat anything like people. Yeah, no, I won't need

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Speaker 1: a person. I don't know if they were big enough

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Speaker 1: it it might all right. So let's talk a little

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Speaker 1: bit about the various types. UM. We'll start with Nadaria,

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Speaker 1: which is the the jellyfish itself, not the comb. There

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Speaker 1: are more than ten thousand species, uh, and about four

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Speaker 1: thousand or fewer actually are what we think of as

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Speaker 1: the true jelly the medusa that we know and love, uh.

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Speaker 1: And within that there are quite a few different types,

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Speaker 1: one of which is the skiffa zoa. And this is

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Speaker 1: the most common true jellyfish that you can imagine. When

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Speaker 1: you picture jelly fish in your mind, you're probably thinking

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Speaker 1: of the skiffa zoa UM. The hydrozoa are um imposts. Well,

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Speaker 1: they're they're the ones who they spend most of their

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Speaker 1: time as polyps, right, So the skiff a zoa spend

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Speaker 1: most of their time in the medusa phase. The hydrozoa

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Speaker 1: are the ones that look like plants at the bottom

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Speaker 1: and are just reproducing like mad um. And they actually

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Speaker 1: can come together and create what are called colonial siphon

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Speaker 1: of force. And that's a you know, a Portuguese man

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Speaker 1: of war. Yeah, okay, so that is actually not a

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Speaker 1: true jellyfish. It's actually a collection. It's a it's a

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Speaker 1: colony that comes together to act like one large organism, right,

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Speaker 1: and it's made up of persons. So like there's the

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Speaker 1: person that is in charge of digestion, there's the person

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Speaker 1: that's in charge of catching prey. There's the person that's

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Speaker 1: in charge of locomotion. And rather than these things being

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Speaker 1: bodied parts, they're actually individual organisms that are genetically identical

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Speaker 1: the one another because they all come from the same egg.

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Speaker 1: But they're actually a colony. Does that make sense? Like,

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Speaker 1: imagine if your organs were various actual organisms that came

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Speaker 1: together to make you. It's like the polyphonic spree of

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Speaker 1: the ocean world. Exactly. It's amazing. That's exactly what I

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Speaker 1: was driving at. Uh. Next up, we have the Cuba

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Speaker 1: zoa and that's you mentioned the box jellyfish. They look

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Speaker 1: like a box is more squared looking. Those are the

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Speaker 1: most dangerous ones. Yeah. They have the most potent venom,

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Speaker 1: and it is of us stuff, not just of jellyfish,

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Speaker 1: of any animal on the planet. Yeah, the sea wasp

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Speaker 1: has the most powerful venom for humans, I should say

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Speaker 1: the sea wasp in that just awesome sounding. Yeah, that

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Speaker 1: sounds like something you want to avoid at all costs. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: Uh so these guys are the ones that have a

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Speaker 1: more complex nervous system, that have the the eyes right

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Speaker 1: with the corneas and things, which so they're the most

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Speaker 1: deadly and they're looking at you. Yeah, they're saying, I'm

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Speaker 1: coming for you. The star o zoa. Uh stock jellyfishes,

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Speaker 1: and they don't float. They are actually like to cling

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Speaker 1: onto things and attached to things, and they're mainly cold water.

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Speaker 1: But all you can find most all kinds are not

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Speaker 1: all kinds. You can find some kind of jellyfish and

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Speaker 1: almost any kind of water, any kind of ocean water

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Speaker 1: in the world. Well not just that there's some thriving

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Speaker 1: fresh water. There's a type of jellyfish that is um

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Speaker 1: all over the Great Lakes. It was originally it's native

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Speaker 1: to China, and they think that it was brought over

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Speaker 1: originally from China to England in like a water lily shipment,

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Speaker 1: because it was first discovered in the westn like garden ponds,

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Speaker 1: and it somehow made its way to the Great Lakes.

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Speaker 1: And now there's a freshwater jellyfish that's about I think

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Speaker 1: the size of your thumbnail, depending on what size your

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Speaker 1: thumbnail is in the Great Lakes, that's a jellyfish, and

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Speaker 1: it's a true jellyfish. And we should say also with

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Speaker 1: um jellyfish locomotion, they don't use the silly a like

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Speaker 1: a comb jellyfish does. They in Medusa form expand and

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Speaker 1: contract the bell, right, And I was reading I think

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Speaker 1: it was a Scientific American or Popular Science one of

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Speaker 1: those two all posted on the podcast Pitch, but it

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Speaker 1: was they some researchers examined how jellyfish move and they

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Speaker 1: found that not only are they like um able to

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Speaker 1: move when they when they expand and then contract in

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Speaker 1: the resting motion of their bell, of vortex actually forms

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Speaker 1: in the water above them and moves beneath them and

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Speaker 1: moves them up that way. So they're constantly moving, but

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Speaker 1: they're only exerting like half of the energy needed to

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Speaker 1: move forward, to propel forward or upward. Right. So that's

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Speaker 1: even one more way that they're an incredibly efficient type

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Speaker 1: of animal. Yeah, without a brain, they're pretty smart. Yep,

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Speaker 1: you know what I mean. Uh, should we take a break?

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Speaker 1: All right, We'll take a break, and we're gonna come

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Speaker 1: back and dive into the wonderful world of comb jellies.

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Speaker 1: All right, So we talked about just a few of

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Speaker 1: the standard jellyfish. The comb jellies are way way fewer

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Speaker 1: species of the tina fours. Um, we're talking I think

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Speaker 1: ten thousand for the other. This is about a hundred

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Speaker 1: to a hundred and fifty. Yeah, not even hundred hundred fifty. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: But they're saying that it's possible that these are just

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Speaker 1: the ones we are aware of because um, we've encountered

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Speaker 1: them in coastal waters that may be way more in

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Speaker 1: deep sea. Yeah. They don't know much about those guys, right, right.

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Speaker 1: And the ones that are in deep see that we've

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Speaker 1: encountered tend to be so fragile that we can't collect them. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: because they're not tough, because they don't have to put

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Speaker 1: up with you know, their meriads and waves and yeah,

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Speaker 1: they just float out there and yeah, you look at

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Speaker 1: them too hard and they crumble. Um. So one type

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Speaker 1: of a comb jelly is uh sodipid uh and they

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Speaker 1: are all round their spherical or oval. They have those

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Speaker 1: branch tentacles that we talked about, and those tend of

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Speaker 1: goals are a little unique and that they can actually

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Speaker 1: draw them back into the body when it's cold, yeah,

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Speaker 1: which is pretty cool. Really okay, so I believe, uh yeah.

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Speaker 1: And they have like sheaths on the sides of their

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Speaker 1: mouths that it draws back into, which is pretty cool. Amazing. Um.

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Speaker 1: Then there's low baits, uh, which have lobes on the

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Speaker 1: sides right, um, and that's about it. They have the

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Speaker 1: lobes and that's what they're known for. Baroids. These are

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Speaker 1: kind of cool. These are the dudes that have no tentacles.

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Speaker 1: So the way they eat is they have a big,

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Speaker 1: big mouth that draws in a lot of stuff and

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Speaker 1: then a very tight, almost zipper like thing that shuts

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Speaker 1: and then they can shut that mouth really hard and

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Speaker 1: just wash all that stuff up. Well, they have cilia

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Speaker 1: inside their mouths that act like teeths that pull their

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Speaker 1: prey apart alive teethes tooth teeth. Yeah, oh man, that's weird.

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Speaker 1: Set leg um. But the little the teeth just pick

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Speaker 1: it like their prey and just pull them apart. It

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Speaker 1: dissolves them basically mechanically. Amazing. Have you ever seen a

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Speaker 1: video of um, the uh, the pelican who's just standing

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Speaker 1: there and there's a pigeon like on the ground right

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Speaker 1: in front of him, and all of a sudden, the

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Speaker 1: pigeon the pelican just eats the pigeon, and the pigeons

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Speaker 1: like trying to get out of the pelicans like huge mouth,

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Speaker 1: and the pelicans just sitting there like nothing's happening, and

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Speaker 1: then finally like the pigeon stops moving. It is really

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Speaker 1: disturbing because you you, you know, like pelicans don't normally

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Speaker 1: eat live pigeons, so there's like there's something wrong with

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Speaker 1: this pelican or it was just like no remorse whatsoever. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's a it's a disconcerting video, especially if you're a

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Speaker 1: pigeon lover, which I'm not. I'm it's not like I

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Speaker 1: hate pigeons, but you don't want to see him get

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Speaker 1: you know, eaten eaten by a pelican. Yeah, it's it's weird.

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Speaker 1: It's totally strange. Where do you find the stuff it's around?

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Speaker 1: It's so weird. I think you may showed me that one. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: you guys always have a lot of weird videos. Your fingertips,

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Speaker 1: You and you me are just always talking about like

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Speaker 1: did you see the one where you know the pelican

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Speaker 1: ate the pigeons. Yeah, I guess so that's pretty neat.

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Speaker 1: Um Comb jellies distribution wise, they are also all over

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Speaker 1: the oceans. Uh. They do perform a little warmer water though,

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Speaker 1: but you can't find them anywhere. Um. So we're talking

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Speaker 1: earlier about the fact that they are from different phyla

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Speaker 1: and that there's this, you know, drunken argument going on

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Speaker 1: among scientists at the Monterey Bay Aquaria about how how

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Speaker 1: closely related they are. Um. They used to all be

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Speaker 1: described as uh seln selenerata, which is hollow bellied. Oh yeah,

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Speaker 1: makes sense, but they don't. They don't say that anymore,

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Speaker 1: not in these and if you want to be ridiculed

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Speaker 1: by your peers, call them that. But some people say,

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Speaker 1: you know, their sister groups. Some people say, nope, they're

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Speaker 1: not even that closely related. Uh so the debate rages on.

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Speaker 1: I guess yep. So. Um. What what's interesting is that

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Speaker 1: we even know how long jellies have been around because

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Speaker 1: there they have no solid parts. Yeah, you'd think it'd

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Speaker 1: be hard to find a fossil. They have gelatinous parts.

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Speaker 1: They don't have any hardened parts. Yeah, that would be

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Speaker 1: fossilized easily. But there have been some discoveries, some amazing

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Speaker 1: discoveries of jellyfish and um comb jellies from about five

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Speaker 1: million years ago. It's the I believe, the oldest known

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Speaker 1: specimens found. And there's this one found in Utah because

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Speaker 1: apparently Utah used to be a shallow inland sea and

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Speaker 1: it had these jellyfish in it. And I guess something

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Speaker 1: happened to this jellyfish. It was crushed by a rock,

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Speaker 1: something a lot of pressure, I would think, but all

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Speaker 1: of a sudden it just captured it. Because it's it's

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Speaker 1: like a perfect it's like a drawing of a jellyfish

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Speaker 1: in a rock. It's amazing, UM. And it's the oldest

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Speaker 1: fossil and it's five million years old. So it was

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Speaker 1: a pretty lucky find actually to find this, this jellyfish

404
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Speaker 1: that should not have been fossilized. That was fossilized. So

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Speaker 1: we do know that there um about two hundred or

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Speaker 1: a hundred and fifty million years older than fish. Fish

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Speaker 1: weren't even around by then. UM. And they think that

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Speaker 1: possibly see comb or jelly comb or sorry comb jellies

409
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Speaker 1: were UM it's possible they were the earliest animals to

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Speaker 1: branch off even more, even earlier than sponges. Well, didn't

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Speaker 1: they find that the jellyfish was the first animal in

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Speaker 1: the sea that didn't just float along like a dummy,

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Speaker 1: that actually used muscles to swim places. Yeah, and it

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Speaker 1: was possible it was the comb jellies that did that.

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Speaker 1: So it's possible that comb jellies branched off from the

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Speaker 1: tree of life. So it's just one type of animal.

417
00:25:54,320 --> 00:25:56,480
Speaker 1: Then all of a sudden, there's a comb jelly. Right,

418
00:25:56,600 --> 00:25:59,480
Speaker 1: what is this black magic you speak of? Right? And

419
00:25:59,520 --> 00:26:03,000
Speaker 1: then maybe the jellyfish at some later point branched off

420
00:26:03,000 --> 00:26:05,960
Speaker 1: of the comb jelly right. Um, But either way, it

421
00:26:06,000 --> 00:26:08,320
Speaker 1: would have been the cumb jelly and or the jellyfish

422
00:26:08,359 --> 00:26:11,440
Speaker 1: that were the first to say we're going this way. Yeah,

423
00:26:11,480 --> 00:26:13,040
Speaker 1: you guys are just floating around like a bunch of

424
00:26:13,240 --> 00:26:17,919
Speaker 1: morons waiting for food to hit You were embarrassed for you. Well,

425
00:26:17,960 --> 00:26:23,200
Speaker 1: speaking of food, they are all carnivorous and they eat,

426
00:26:23,720 --> 00:26:27,000
Speaker 1: like you said, they'll eat anything. They love plankton, but

427
00:26:27,080 --> 00:26:30,640
Speaker 1: they eat fish, they eat crustaceans, some eat other jellyfish,

428
00:26:30,640 --> 00:26:36,439
Speaker 1: which is disgusting. Um. And those uh neumaticist and color blasts,

429
00:26:36,520 --> 00:26:41,200
Speaker 1: the stingers or the glue guns. Um, they are good

430
00:26:41,240 --> 00:26:43,840
Speaker 1: for defense. But uh, there are a hundred and fifty

431
00:26:43,840 --> 00:26:47,280
Speaker 1: animals that also eat the jellies. Fish and seat turtles.

432
00:26:48,040 --> 00:26:52,240
Speaker 1: There's the sunfish loves them weather back seat turtles love them.

433
00:26:52,359 --> 00:26:55,880
Speaker 1: They they journey to find them, that's how much they

434
00:26:55,880 --> 00:27:01,480
Speaker 1: love them. The Chinese, Yeah, they eat human beings eat jellyfish. Yeah.

435
00:27:01,760 --> 00:27:05,200
Speaker 1: It's apparently a wedding delicacy in China and has been

436
00:27:05,240 --> 00:27:10,160
Speaker 1: for about fifteen sixteen hundred years. Yeah. Ours is catered

437
00:27:10,359 --> 00:27:18,040
Speaker 1: salmon and uh chicken marbella. Uh yeah, fo thousand tons

438
00:27:18,040 --> 00:27:21,520
Speaker 1: of jellyfish are caught each year in fifteen countries, mainly

439
00:27:21,520 --> 00:27:24,320
Speaker 1: in Southeast Asia's where they're eating these. Yeah, but um,

440
00:27:24,359 --> 00:27:28,560
Speaker 1: I read that Georgia, our state of Georgia, um has

441
00:27:28,600 --> 00:27:35,720
Speaker 1: a commercial jellyfish fishery. Really big Gem's jellies you preserved

442
00:27:35,720 --> 00:27:38,520
Speaker 1: in Moonshina. You totally eat jellyfish? Would sure? I would

443
00:27:38,520 --> 00:27:42,159
Speaker 1: try it. Yeah, apparently it's also um it's served in

444
00:27:42,240 --> 00:27:47,000
Speaker 1: Japan too. It's salted, which would be good. I would

445
00:27:47,000 --> 00:27:50,199
Speaker 1: try raw. I would try raw jellyfish and sushi or

446
00:27:50,240 --> 00:27:53,439
Speaker 1: something like that. But I would guess that salted, stripped

447
00:27:53,440 --> 00:27:57,800
Speaker 1: and jellyfish are probably vastly preferable. I'm not nearly as

448
00:27:57,800 --> 00:28:01,480
Speaker 1: adventurous as you with my my mouth and my stomach,

449
00:28:02,520 --> 00:28:07,800
Speaker 1: but I might try jellyfish, even though I'm talking about

450
00:28:07,840 --> 00:28:11,560
Speaker 1: how much I love it. Right, you just cry while

451
00:28:11,600 --> 00:28:18,400
Speaker 1: you ate? Yeah, exactly. You were so beautiful. Um well,

452
00:28:18,440 --> 00:28:21,560
Speaker 1: I would eat um wooly mammoth. Oh yeah, and you

453
00:28:21,680 --> 00:28:26,720
Speaker 1: like them? Yeah? Uh. You gotta bring floss when you

454
00:28:26,760 --> 00:28:30,360
Speaker 1: eat wooly mamma. Supposedly that does nothing. Have you heard

455
00:28:30,400 --> 00:28:32,679
Speaker 1: about that? Oh? Yeah, then the new studies it's flossing

456
00:28:32,760 --> 00:28:34,920
Speaker 1: is no good. Well, we talked about that. I think

457
00:28:34,960 --> 00:28:37,439
Speaker 1: what they said. It depends on who you talk to.

458
00:28:37,560 --> 00:28:39,479
Speaker 1: Some people are saying like, no, they just realize that

459
00:28:39,520 --> 00:28:41,880
Speaker 1: no one's ever done a scientific study to back up

460
00:28:41,920 --> 00:28:45,120
Speaker 1: that flossing is good for you. And other people are

461
00:28:45,120 --> 00:28:47,240
Speaker 1: saying like, no, they did some studies and found that

462
00:28:48,040 --> 00:28:51,520
Speaker 1: it doesn't do anything, which I cannot believe. We either

463
00:28:51,680 --> 00:28:54,760
Speaker 1: just talked about this the last recording session, or we

464
00:28:54,840 --> 00:28:57,640
Speaker 1: talked about it on stage. Oh, we probably talked about

465
00:28:57,640 --> 00:28:59,280
Speaker 1: it on stage because it came out while we were

466
00:28:59,280 --> 00:29:02,200
Speaker 1: in the UK. Okay, all right, but the idea that

467
00:29:03,200 --> 00:29:07,000
Speaker 1: getting rotting food out from between your teeth, has no

468
00:29:07,160 --> 00:29:11,760
Speaker 1: positive health benefits for you, is just it defies explanation. Agreed,

469
00:29:11,960 --> 00:29:13,760
Speaker 1: it was on stage because I made a crack about

470
00:29:14,000 --> 00:29:18,480
Speaker 1: missing my teeth. Oh yeah, I remember now, uh. Feeding

471
00:29:18,800 --> 00:29:21,200
Speaker 1: As far as them feeding on other things, we talked

472
00:29:21,200 --> 00:29:24,959
Speaker 1: about these tentacles that they have to capture prey and

473
00:29:25,080 --> 00:29:29,600
Speaker 1: these nematicists. It's amazing these basically they're described in the

474
00:29:29,680 --> 00:29:34,600
Speaker 1: article as venom bearing harpoons. So what happens is there's

475
00:29:34,600 --> 00:29:38,520
Speaker 1: a queue. Uh it's either uh something has touched them

476
00:29:38,880 --> 00:29:41,800
Speaker 1: or it's a chemical uh queue that something is around,

477
00:29:42,240 --> 00:29:45,800
Speaker 1: and they shoot out this little harpoon and within seven

478
00:29:45,880 --> 00:29:51,240
Speaker 1: hundred nana seconds it spears the prey and releases a toxin. Yes,

479
00:29:51,520 --> 00:29:56,520
Speaker 1: and it's it's frightening. Yeah. If you um, if you're

480
00:29:56,760 --> 00:30:00,240
Speaker 1: a fish, you're in trouble. If you're another jelly fish,

481
00:30:00,320 --> 00:30:04,240
Speaker 1: you're in trouble. Something smaller than that, you're just totally dead.

482
00:30:04,480 --> 00:30:07,440
Speaker 1: And depending on the jellyfish, if you're a human being

483
00:30:07,520 --> 00:30:09,680
Speaker 1: you can die. As a matter of fact too. Yes,

484
00:30:09,800 --> 00:30:13,000
Speaker 1: we talk about that, dude. Yeah, So the um, there's

485
00:30:13,040 --> 00:30:15,880
Speaker 1: the sea wasp obviously, which has the most toxic venom

486
00:30:16,360 --> 00:30:18,800
Speaker 1: on Earth as far as humans are concerned. But then

487
00:30:18,840 --> 00:30:22,360
Speaker 1: there's also another type of m box jellyfish that are

488
00:30:22,480 --> 00:30:25,800
Speaker 1: much tinier. I think they're about thumbsized or peanut sized. Yeah,

489
00:30:25,840 --> 00:30:28,200
Speaker 1: you could. You don't even see these things, or if

490
00:30:28,200 --> 00:30:29,960
Speaker 1: you do see them and they brush against you, you're

491
00:30:29,960 --> 00:30:34,480
Speaker 1: probably not even gonna feel the sting. The arakanji, yeah,

492
00:30:34,640 --> 00:30:39,360
Speaker 1: which is a an Aboriginal word for for this type

493
00:30:39,360 --> 00:30:42,760
Speaker 1: of jellyfish. Right, there's a dude in the sixties, a

494
00:30:42,840 --> 00:30:47,560
Speaker 1: Westerner who um was like, what what is with this jellyfish?

495
00:30:47,600 --> 00:30:50,000
Speaker 1: I I've heard weird things about it. I don't know

496
00:30:50,080 --> 00:30:51,920
Speaker 1: much about it. I'm gonna go out and let myself

497
00:30:51,960 --> 00:30:54,920
Speaker 1: get stung by one where didn't get killed very easily

498
00:30:54,960 --> 00:30:58,120
Speaker 1: by something at any given point Australia. Yeah, exactly, because

499
00:30:58,120 --> 00:31:00,760
Speaker 1: they're the ones. They've got the sea wasps too, and

500
00:31:00,800 --> 00:31:02,400
Speaker 1: they have to do with the c U saying these

501
00:31:02,400 --> 00:31:05,600
Speaker 1: little guys the eru kanji. Is that how we agreed

502
00:31:05,640 --> 00:31:08,560
Speaker 1: we're gonna say it. Yeah, iri kanji iri kanji. So

503
00:31:08,600 --> 00:31:13,600
Speaker 1: this guy survived, but he um not not well. But

504
00:31:13,680 --> 00:31:15,600
Speaker 1: you had a hard time getting to the point where

505
00:31:15,600 --> 00:31:18,360
Speaker 1: they're like, you're going to survive. Yeah, he was lucky

506
00:31:18,400 --> 00:31:21,160
Speaker 1: to survive. So you get a sting from one of

507
00:31:21,200 --> 00:31:24,280
Speaker 1: these things, just a single tentnicle. Apparently in about twenty

508
00:31:24,320 --> 00:31:28,400
Speaker 1: to thirty minutes, what's called Ira Kanji syndrome starts to

509
00:31:28,400 --> 00:31:32,440
Speaker 1: sit in and you feel it in your lower back first, right, Yeah,

510
00:31:32,440 --> 00:31:34,800
Speaker 1: and you don't know you've been stunk. So you're just like, oh, man,

511
00:31:35,320 --> 00:31:38,160
Speaker 1: like I tweaked my back out there in the ocean,

512
00:31:38,360 --> 00:31:40,920
Speaker 1: and then things really start going south. Then you go

513
00:31:43,040 --> 00:31:46,920
Speaker 1: and throw up your right kidney. Yeah. And the articles

514
00:31:47,040 --> 00:31:50,080
Speaker 1: and said it feels like someone hits you with a

515
00:31:50,080 --> 00:31:52,880
Speaker 1: baseball bat and your kidneys and then comes to nausea

516
00:31:52,960 --> 00:31:56,160
Speaker 1: and vomiting, which continues every minute or so for around

517
00:31:56,160 --> 00:32:00,520
Speaker 1: twelve hours. Yeah. You get spasms in your arms and legs,

518
00:32:00,520 --> 00:32:04,400
Speaker 1: your blood pressure increases, your skin begins to creep. It says,

519
00:32:04,440 --> 00:32:07,600
Speaker 1: as if worms are burrowing through it. Yeah. So I

520
00:32:07,640 --> 00:32:09,320
Speaker 1: saw a video of a guy who was stung and

521
00:32:09,320 --> 00:32:11,920
Speaker 1: he said it felt like someone was pouring acid all

522
00:32:11,920 --> 00:32:14,960
Speaker 1: over my body. Yeah, from just being brushed by this

523
00:32:15,040 --> 00:32:18,920
Speaker 1: thumb sized, tiny little jellyfish. U. And then there's this

524
00:32:19,000 --> 00:32:20,959
Speaker 1: is the creepiest thing to me. It says. Victims are

525
00:32:21,000 --> 00:32:24,440
Speaker 1: often gripped with a sense of impending doom and begged

526
00:32:24,440 --> 00:32:29,120
Speaker 1: their doctors to kill them. Yeah, can you imagine. And

527
00:32:29,160 --> 00:32:31,640
Speaker 1: they're spreading their range. Actually they found him off the

528
00:32:31,680 --> 00:32:34,080
Speaker 1: coast of Florida. They found him off the coast of

529
00:32:34,400 --> 00:32:38,560
Speaker 1: South Africa. Yeah, so yeah, they're not to be messed

530
00:32:38,600 --> 00:32:41,480
Speaker 1: with alright, So down with the ira kanji? Right. Have

531
00:32:41,640 --> 00:32:44,600
Speaker 1: you ever heard that you should pee on somebody who's

532
00:32:44,640 --> 00:32:48,000
Speaker 1: been stung by a jellyfish? I've seen friends, so that's

533
00:32:48,000 --> 00:32:51,960
Speaker 1: not true. And they've actually found that could make it worse. Yeah,

534
00:32:52,000 --> 00:32:54,840
Speaker 1: but there's actually some science to it. Right, So if

535
00:32:54,880 --> 00:32:57,040
Speaker 1: you get if if you get stung by a jellyfish,

536
00:32:57,080 --> 00:32:59,840
Speaker 1: if it's technacle hits you, and and you're stung by

537
00:32:59,840 --> 00:33:03,920
Speaker 1: an a maticist, there may be some leftover ones still

538
00:33:03,960 --> 00:33:07,960
Speaker 1: attached to your arm, right, and you want to get

539
00:33:08,040 --> 00:33:09,960
Speaker 1: rid of those. But if you get rid of them,

540
00:33:09,960 --> 00:33:12,680
Speaker 1: if you pour they just fresh water on them, you're

541
00:33:12,720 --> 00:33:18,840
Speaker 1: gonna trigger You're gonna trigger the little harpoons inside because

542
00:33:18,880 --> 00:33:23,520
Speaker 1: they're held in place by a specific concentration of salutes, right,

543
00:33:24,040 --> 00:33:27,400
Speaker 1: so if you change that concentration by hitting it with freshwater,

544
00:33:27,440 --> 00:33:31,680
Speaker 1: you're gonna set them off. You seawater because they're held

545
00:33:31,720 --> 00:33:34,520
Speaker 1: in check in seawater normally, so you see water to

546
00:33:34,560 --> 00:33:36,440
Speaker 1: wash it off, and then you take a credit card

547
00:33:36,480 --> 00:33:39,760
Speaker 1: and scrape the rest of them off. Yeah, but some

548
00:33:39,920 --> 00:33:41,920
Speaker 1: kind of you know, what if you if you don't

549
00:33:41,920 --> 00:33:43,920
Speaker 1: have your credit card on you, sure if you're not.

550
00:33:44,200 --> 00:33:46,400
Speaker 1: But supposedly you're supposed to keep sand out of it,

551
00:33:46,480 --> 00:33:50,400
Speaker 1: which is tough to do. Sure I did it. Don't

552
00:33:50,440 --> 00:33:54,360
Speaker 1: be dumb on it. Years back on the what you

553
00:33:54,400 --> 00:33:57,320
Speaker 1: do in the chair. All sorts of weird stuff. Remember

554
00:33:59,160 --> 00:34:01,760
Speaker 1: all right, Well, getting back to the feeding. Uh, we

555
00:34:01,800 --> 00:34:06,800
Speaker 1: covered the harpoon themis of the jelly. But the comb jelly,

556
00:34:07,160 --> 00:34:10,759
Speaker 1: like we talked about earlier that um, this is the neumatosis.

557
00:34:10,840 --> 00:34:14,000
Speaker 1: They have the glue instead of the venom. So what

558
00:34:14,080 --> 00:34:16,200
Speaker 1: they do is they just send out that fishing line

559
00:34:16,200 --> 00:34:19,920
Speaker 1: and release that sticky glue and it reels whatever it

560
00:34:19,960 --> 00:34:23,840
Speaker 1: catches right on into the mouth. Pretty cool, like something

561
00:34:23,920 --> 00:34:28,399
Speaker 1: being sucked towards the death star. Yeah, exact a tractor beam.

562
00:34:28,400 --> 00:34:31,279
Speaker 1: You got caught in a tractor beam? Basically, should we

563
00:34:31,280 --> 00:34:33,680
Speaker 1: take a break. Oh wait, there was one other thing,

564
00:34:34,080 --> 00:34:36,880
Speaker 1: so one type of comb jelly. This is so awesome.

565
00:34:37,239 --> 00:34:41,360
Speaker 1: They actually eat true jellies and then they take their

566
00:34:41,680 --> 00:34:45,719
Speaker 1: neumatesis and use them for their own hunting. How like?

567
00:34:46,600 --> 00:34:50,359
Speaker 1: How so they think they absorbed them and shoot them

568
00:34:50,360 --> 00:34:53,000
Speaker 1: out and there they save them. Yeah, they took him

569
00:34:53,000 --> 00:34:55,680
Speaker 1: in their cheek for later. Can they get an unlimited

570
00:34:55,680 --> 00:34:59,520
Speaker 1: supply of these? I don't know. It's curious if you

571
00:34:59,520 --> 00:35:02,759
Speaker 1: could see with like three hundred of them. Look, look

572
00:35:02,760 --> 00:35:05,680
Speaker 1: how many I've eaten. It's like, don't be a pig.

573
00:35:05,880 --> 00:35:09,440
Speaker 1: Sure you spit some of those out. Uh? Now, can

574
00:35:09,480 --> 00:35:11,640
Speaker 1: we take a break? Yes, all right. By the way,

575
00:35:11,680 --> 00:35:14,759
Speaker 1: we just satisfied that one listener because you rejected my break.

576
00:35:15,400 --> 00:35:17,680
Speaker 1: Oh yeah, that's true. How about that? Man a lie?

577
00:35:17,760 --> 00:35:19,360
Speaker 1: All right, We'll be back and talk a little bit

578
00:35:19,400 --> 00:35:49,400
Speaker 1: about defence, all right, so I promised talk of defense. Um.

579
00:35:49,480 --> 00:35:52,640
Speaker 1: These things you've probably seen, jellyfish and comb jellies that

580
00:35:52,719 --> 00:35:57,000
Speaker 1: produce light, this bioluminescence. Although when I said earlier the

581
00:35:57,160 --> 00:36:00,280
Speaker 1: comb jelly when it looks colorful, that is not bioluminesce. Sense,

582
00:36:00,640 --> 00:36:04,440
Speaker 1: they are still bioluminescent, just not in that way, right,

583
00:36:04,560 --> 00:36:07,680
Speaker 1: Still confusing, They actually do produce light. Uh. They have

584
00:36:07,760 --> 00:36:11,160
Speaker 1: these proteins that have a chemical reaction to produce this

585
00:36:11,320 --> 00:36:15,080
Speaker 1: blue and green light when something might touch it. And yeah,

586
00:36:15,120 --> 00:36:17,920
Speaker 1: like moon jellies are well known for this. Yeah, and

587
00:36:17,920 --> 00:36:21,120
Speaker 1: they're not exactly sure why, but they think that this

588
00:36:21,160 --> 00:36:25,920
Speaker 1: could be a defensive mechanism to like either scare someone

589
00:36:26,000 --> 00:36:27,640
Speaker 1: trying to eat you by turning a light on their

590
00:36:27,680 --> 00:36:30,720
Speaker 1: face or turning a light on and attracting something larger

591
00:36:30,760 --> 00:36:33,920
Speaker 1: to eat that thing. Either way, they think it's defense.

592
00:36:34,040 --> 00:36:38,719
Speaker 1: And then alternately, some jellyfish have um camouflage actually not

593
00:36:38,880 --> 00:36:42,160
Speaker 1: as good as the octopus. No, no, no, no, not

594
00:36:42,239 --> 00:36:44,880
Speaker 1: at all, but I mean obviously some are are most

595
00:36:44,960 --> 00:36:49,480
Speaker 1: are transparent. It's pretty good camouflage. Um. And then some

596
00:36:49,560 --> 00:36:52,400
Speaker 1: of the deep sea ones are actually red. They produce

597
00:36:52,440 --> 00:36:56,440
Speaker 1: a red pigment and the red apparently is very very

598
00:36:56,480 --> 00:36:59,440
Speaker 1: difficult to see in deep water, which is like two

599
00:37:00,120 --> 00:37:03,000
Speaker 1: ars or more where there's no light. Yeah, you think

600
00:37:03,000 --> 00:37:05,600
Speaker 1: it would be black, but they say that the red

601
00:37:05,680 --> 00:37:08,799
Speaker 1: is easier to produce and exactly, so black would work.

602
00:37:08,840 --> 00:37:11,880
Speaker 1: It's just you try making black pigment, Yeah you can't,

603
00:37:13,640 --> 00:37:16,120
Speaker 1: and reads the same down there. Yeah, it's all black.

604
00:37:16,239 --> 00:37:20,399
Speaker 1: It's all the same. So um, some of them do that,

605
00:37:20,560 --> 00:37:22,960
Speaker 1: and then others have just red pigment in their gut

606
00:37:23,400 --> 00:37:27,040
Speaker 1: so that if they eat a bioluminescent organism, it's not

607
00:37:27,080 --> 00:37:32,080
Speaker 1: going to accidentally attract a predator to come check them out. Interesting. See,

608
00:37:32,239 --> 00:37:35,520
Speaker 1: this is really the octopus is threatened in my heart

609
00:37:36,360 --> 00:37:38,799
Speaker 1: still a little bit now that I'm talking about this.

610
00:37:39,280 --> 00:37:43,200
Speaker 1: It's unstable. We'll see. I'll give a final vote at

611
00:37:43,200 --> 00:37:46,480
Speaker 1: the end. So to me, this is now we get

612
00:37:46,520 --> 00:37:50,000
Speaker 1: to the most amazing part, well, one of the most

613
00:37:50,000 --> 00:37:54,279
Speaker 1: amazing parts about Jelly's time. Yeah, so, which is not

614
00:37:54,360 --> 00:37:58,360
Speaker 1: very sexy. No, although it's like every kind of sex

615
00:37:58,440 --> 00:38:01,800
Speaker 1: you can imagine jellyfish engage in, and not just different

616
00:38:01,840 --> 00:38:09,640
Speaker 1: species like individuals. Some are hermaphroditic, some are sexually divided,

617
00:38:10,600 --> 00:38:14,400
Speaker 1: some are a sexual yep. Some yeah, some reproduce a

618
00:38:14,520 --> 00:38:18,000
Speaker 1: sexually sometimes in some species like the moon jelly. I

619
00:38:18,000 --> 00:38:21,880
Speaker 1: believe they'll all get together in one big mass and

620
00:38:21,960 --> 00:38:25,120
Speaker 1: just start swapping sperms and eggs. Yep, spit them out

621
00:38:25,120 --> 00:38:28,920
Speaker 1: of that mouth. Hoole, there, get some boxed wine the

622
00:38:28,960 --> 00:38:32,359
Speaker 1: parties on. Put on Michael Bolton though your house, your

623
00:38:32,560 --> 00:38:36,640
Speaker 1: house keys in a big wooden bowl right now, you

624
00:38:36,680 --> 00:38:41,240
Speaker 1: have it. That's the jellyfish way. Uh So, the medusa

625
00:38:41,320 --> 00:38:44,360
Speaker 1: that that you know and love is the main true jelly.

626
00:38:44,480 --> 00:38:48,120
Speaker 1: They spawn. So what they do is they release a

627
00:38:48,160 --> 00:38:52,080
Speaker 1: bunch of eggs and sperm into the open ocean a

628
00:38:52,080 --> 00:38:56,560
Speaker 1: lot of times altogether. And they do this from their

629
00:38:57,360 --> 00:39:02,799
Speaker 1: mouth whole and take it in their mouth whole, and uh,

630
00:39:02,920 --> 00:39:06,320
Speaker 1: the sperm meets the egg and that's how it happens. Yeah,

631
00:39:06,480 --> 00:39:11,720
Speaker 1: ideally or um in some kinds, the uh, the eggs

632
00:39:11,760 --> 00:39:14,680
Speaker 1: stay in the mouth of the female and the male

633
00:39:14,840 --> 00:39:17,760
Speaker 1: just shoots sperm out into the water and the sperm

634
00:39:17,840 --> 00:39:21,359
Speaker 1: find their way into the mouth. It's a way to go.

635
00:39:22,360 --> 00:39:26,319
Speaker 1: Or they fertilize outside in the water, like you were saying. Um.

636
00:39:26,680 --> 00:39:32,640
Speaker 1: And then in others there they don't even necessarily get together. Yeah,

637
00:39:32,880 --> 00:39:35,360
Speaker 1: they'll just be like a pollop will just be sitting

638
00:39:35,400 --> 00:39:40,239
Speaker 1: there spewing out sperm or eggs gam eats like all

639
00:39:40,360 --> 00:39:45,719
Speaker 1: day long. One one type spews out like forty thty

640
00:39:45,760 --> 00:39:50,040
Speaker 1: six thousand a day, every day, all the time. Um.

641
00:39:50,320 --> 00:39:53,880
Speaker 1: And then the whole idea is that eventually maybe it'll

642
00:39:53,960 --> 00:39:58,080
Speaker 1: run into another gam eat and fertilize out. Actually, oh,

643
00:39:58,160 --> 00:40:01,080
Speaker 1: is that a comb that does that? Okay. The polyps

644
00:40:01,120 --> 00:40:03,319
Speaker 1: are the ones that are a sexual and they just

645
00:40:03,440 --> 00:40:06,959
Speaker 1: bud and divide in half basically to produce a little

646
00:40:06,960 --> 00:40:10,920
Speaker 1: identical buddy, and then that can stay a polyp, or

647
00:40:10,920 --> 00:40:13,879
Speaker 1: it can eventually become a meduza. Yeah, because that's the thing,

648
00:40:13,960 --> 00:40:19,080
Speaker 1: like the polyp is a it's a stage of a jellyfish,

649
00:40:19,160 --> 00:40:24,360
Speaker 1: the jellyfish life cycle. It can be which can be it. Yeah,

650
00:40:24,560 --> 00:40:26,480
Speaker 1: that's true. You can you can just stay a polyp,

651
00:40:26,680 --> 00:40:29,440
Speaker 1: or you can eventually become a medusa. Yeah, and we

652
00:40:29,440 --> 00:40:32,200
Speaker 1: didn't say that the the Depending on the jellyfish, it

653
00:40:32,280 --> 00:40:35,160
Speaker 1: might live for a few weeks or a year. Apparently

654
00:40:35,200 --> 00:40:37,920
Speaker 1: they do better in captivity and tend to live up

655
00:40:37,960 --> 00:40:40,839
Speaker 1: to several years in captivity. Yeah. I get the idea.

656
00:40:40,840 --> 00:40:44,000
Speaker 1: They're pretty fragile out there in the ocean. Yeah. Um,

657
00:40:44,120 --> 00:40:48,319
Speaker 1: but they can reproduce so frequently and so early on

658
00:40:48,440 --> 00:40:52,440
Speaker 1: in their life cycle, um, that they can populate an

659
00:40:52,480 --> 00:40:57,160
Speaker 1: area very quickly to despite having a very short lifespan. Uh.

660
00:40:57,160 --> 00:41:00,840
Speaker 1: And then in the polyp stage, some species can stay

661
00:41:00,880 --> 00:41:04,440
Speaker 1: there for well basically almost indefinitely and just sit there

662
00:41:04,480 --> 00:41:07,680
Speaker 1: and reproduce. There's a type of reproduction in the polyp

663
00:41:07,719 --> 00:41:12,360
Speaker 1: stage where um it's called strobe lation, and the little

664
00:41:12,360 --> 00:41:15,800
Speaker 1: polyp is sitting there just shooting off these little disks,

665
00:41:17,000 --> 00:41:19,200
Speaker 1: ten to fifteen at a time. And they found that

666
00:41:19,239 --> 00:41:22,880
Speaker 1: depending on the temperature of the water, um, and the

667
00:41:22,960 --> 00:41:26,760
Speaker 1: warmer the water, the more they strobo late um, they'll

668
00:41:26,800 --> 00:41:29,399
Speaker 1: there'll be more and more jellyfish that they just kind

669
00:41:29,400 --> 00:41:32,040
Speaker 1: of shoot off like this article put it like shooting

670
00:41:32,040 --> 00:41:34,840
Speaker 1: off clay pigeons. Yeah, right, and then each one just

671
00:41:34,880 --> 00:41:40,319
Speaker 1: transforms into a medusa. Man, that's amazing. Yeah. Octopus, Yeah,

672
00:41:40,400 --> 00:41:43,640
Speaker 1: it's in trouble. Uh. And then oh, this is super cool.

673
00:41:43,760 --> 00:41:51,360
Speaker 1: The Tatopsis neutricula. It is basically immortal. It is a

674
00:41:51,440 --> 00:41:56,080
Speaker 1: hydrozoan and it can actually revert back to the poly

675
00:41:56,120 --> 00:42:00,520
Speaker 1: up stage after the medusa stage through trans differentiation and

676
00:42:00,640 --> 00:42:04,960
Speaker 1: live forever essentially unless it gets killed obviously by something. Uh.

677
00:42:05,000 --> 00:42:07,640
Speaker 1: And it is the only animal that anyone knows of

678
00:42:07,719 --> 00:42:12,680
Speaker 1: that can do this. Yeah, amazing. There's another type of

679
00:42:12,800 --> 00:42:18,000
Speaker 1: Teratopsis to that. Um. When it dies, it disintegrates, but

680
00:42:18,160 --> 00:42:22,879
Speaker 1: it sells some cells as it's as it's decaying come

681
00:42:22,920 --> 00:42:28,920
Speaker 1: back and form another individual. So it basically fertilizes itself

682
00:42:29,000 --> 00:42:35,320
Speaker 1: using its dying body and regenerates. Like yeah, it's tapped

683
00:42:35,320 --> 00:42:37,920
Speaker 1: into the force all right, So we talked earlier about

684
00:42:37,960 --> 00:42:44,320
Speaker 1: these jellyfish blooms, um or outbreaks or plagues, worms, what else.

685
00:42:44,880 --> 00:42:49,560
Speaker 1: That's okay. Um, it is great that these things are

686
00:42:50,480 --> 00:42:54,239
Speaker 1: proliferating like other species. It aren't. But it can get

687
00:42:54,280 --> 00:42:57,920
Speaker 1: out of hand. It can interfere with people. Uh, it

688
00:42:57,960 --> 00:43:01,799
Speaker 1: can interfere with machinery at power plants on the coach

689
00:43:02,680 --> 00:43:05,759
Speaker 1: cause power out of out of just fisheries, they can

690
00:43:05,800 --> 00:43:07,439
Speaker 1: get in the way where people are trying to fish

691
00:43:07,440 --> 00:43:10,200
Speaker 1: for something else, they're getting their jellyfish. Yeah. And there's

692
00:43:10,280 --> 00:43:13,640
Speaker 1: been examples of all this stuff happening over time, Like

693
00:43:13,680 --> 00:43:17,040
Speaker 1: they shut down the USS Ronald Reagan once, which is

694
00:43:17,040 --> 00:43:20,640
Speaker 1: a nuclear powered warship, because it got a bunch of

695
00:43:20,719 --> 00:43:24,439
Speaker 1: jellyfish got sucked up into the cooling system. Um. They've

696
00:43:24,440 --> 00:43:31,640
Speaker 1: shut down power plants in India, in Japan, in the Philippines, um.

697
00:43:31,719 --> 00:43:35,080
Speaker 1: And they think there's there's if there's a debate over

698
00:43:35,680 --> 00:43:39,920
Speaker 1: whether comb jellies and jellyfish are related, there's a huge

699
00:43:40,040 --> 00:43:45,680
Speaker 1: debate over whether or not we're seeing a natural outcome

700
00:43:45,920 --> 00:43:51,040
Speaker 1: of uh, just jellyfish life cycles blooms like this is

701
00:43:51,080 --> 00:43:54,239
Speaker 1: just happening. Yeah, is this a normal thing or are

702
00:43:54,280 --> 00:43:57,279
Speaker 1: we humans contributing to it? And if we humans are

703
00:43:57,280 --> 00:44:00,640
Speaker 1: contributing to it, they basically say, there's probably one of

704
00:44:00,719 --> 00:44:03,399
Speaker 1: four ways that this is happening. Yeah. One of them

705
00:44:03,440 --> 00:44:08,279
Speaker 1: is overfishing basically just less competition for food. Uh. They

706
00:44:08,440 --> 00:44:13,240
Speaker 1: they're eating this zooplankton, and if other fish that normally

707
00:44:13,239 --> 00:44:16,200
Speaker 1: eat that aren't there, then the jellyfish like sweet more

708
00:44:16,280 --> 00:44:19,880
Speaker 1: for me, think buffet open. Apparently jellyfish dude, are not

709
00:44:20,000 --> 00:44:24,919
Speaker 1: known to um go on diets. They just gorge themselves constantly. Yeah.

710
00:44:26,080 --> 00:44:30,320
Speaker 1: What else nutrients? Yeah, when we uh, when we release

711
00:44:30,520 --> 00:44:35,560
Speaker 1: fertilizers from crop land into areas where jellyfish live, we

712
00:44:35,600 --> 00:44:39,760
Speaker 1: can cause alga blooms, it runs off eventually into the sea. Yeah,

713
00:44:39,800 --> 00:44:42,839
Speaker 1: and it actually can deplete oxygen. So there's two things. One,

714
00:44:42,880 --> 00:44:48,520
Speaker 1: you've got a bunch of zooplankton and phytoplankton, which um, well,

715
00:44:48,560 --> 00:44:51,719
Speaker 1: I guess they're eating the zooplankton that jellyfish eat, right,

716
00:44:52,680 --> 00:44:56,680
Speaker 1: And then you have lower oxygen, which jellyfish can live

717
00:44:56,719 --> 00:44:59,960
Speaker 1: in and survive in a lot more easily because again

718
00:45:00,360 --> 00:45:04,160
Speaker 1: they have a much lower metabolism than most other organisms

719
00:45:04,200 --> 00:45:08,120
Speaker 1: that they're competing for food with, So their competition again

720
00:45:08,480 --> 00:45:11,759
Speaker 1: is dying off. While they're just like, this is great, now,

721
00:45:11,880 --> 00:45:14,759
Speaker 1: I'll just keep eating moral they thank you humans for

722
00:45:14,800 --> 00:45:17,600
Speaker 1: putting all this nitrogen and phosphorus in the water. You

723
00:45:17,640 --> 00:45:19,279
Speaker 1: start to get the idea why these things have been

724
00:45:19,320 --> 00:45:22,400
Speaker 1: around for five seven hundred million years. They can compete

725
00:45:23,000 --> 00:45:26,319
Speaker 1: uh climate change with the warming ocean. Um. Some of

726
00:45:26,320 --> 00:45:29,400
Speaker 1: those jellies love it. Uh. Their embryos and larvae developed

727
00:45:29,440 --> 00:45:32,480
Speaker 1: better and more quickly, so the populations grow more quickly,

728
00:45:33,080 --> 00:45:36,520
Speaker 1: and a lot of them prefer that warmer water, so

729
00:45:36,560 --> 00:45:39,960
Speaker 1: they say, bring it on, yeah, and they're actually, like

730
00:45:40,000 --> 00:45:43,200
Speaker 1: I said, there was at least one study that UM

731
00:45:43,360 --> 00:45:48,880
Speaker 1: looked at how jellyfish reproduce in warmer water and also

732
00:45:48,960 --> 00:45:54,800
Speaker 1: water that's of higher acidity, which they're predicting through ocean acidification, UM,

733
00:45:55,040 --> 00:45:58,560
Speaker 1: which is the result of higher C O two increases,

734
00:45:59,040 --> 00:46:01,400
Speaker 1: and both of those just that jellyfish are gonna do

735
00:46:01,560 --> 00:46:04,160
Speaker 1: just fine under the climate change that we're facing. So

736
00:46:04,239 --> 00:46:06,839
Speaker 1: cockroaches and jellyfish are the only things that are gonna

737
00:46:06,840 --> 00:46:10,319
Speaker 1: be around one day. Uh. And then finally what they

738
00:46:10,360 --> 00:46:14,960
Speaker 1: call ocean sprawl, UM, it's you know what, we're building

739
00:46:14,960 --> 00:46:17,280
Speaker 1: things out in the middle of the ocean now drilling

740
00:46:17,320 --> 00:46:24,680
Speaker 1: platforms and docks and oil platforms, uh, hard structures and jellyfish.

741
00:46:25,080 --> 00:46:27,759
Speaker 1: The polyps especially that we were talking about that they

742
00:46:27,800 --> 00:46:32,360
Speaker 1: attached to something sand or Cheryl Lads belly button is

743
00:46:32,400 --> 00:46:35,359
Speaker 1: not the easiest thing to attach toy Lad was born

744
00:46:35,360 --> 00:46:42,160
Speaker 1: without a belly button. That it was very insensitive of me. Uh,

745
00:46:42,440 --> 00:46:45,480
Speaker 1: you just threw me there. So what they do love

746
00:46:45,520 --> 00:46:48,840
Speaker 1: to attach to is something solid. So they love, um,

747
00:46:48,880 --> 00:46:52,160
Speaker 1: they love attaching onto the ocean sprawl and oil rigs

748
00:46:52,160 --> 00:46:53,799
Speaker 1: and whatever else is out there. And they do very

749
00:46:53,800 --> 00:46:57,240
Speaker 1: well attached to a firm uh not the Cheryl Lads

750
00:46:57,440 --> 00:47:00,960
Speaker 1: belly button isn't firm, but it's done a certainly not

751
00:47:01,560 --> 00:47:06,160
Speaker 1: an iron girder. So um, there's this really great story

752
00:47:06,600 --> 00:47:10,439
Speaker 1: about jellyfish and just how quickly they can take over.

753
00:47:11,160 --> 00:47:15,719
Speaker 1: Right um, in the Black Sea, when a ship releases

754
00:47:15,760 --> 00:47:19,600
Speaker 1: its cargo, is it off the coast of Germany. Yeah, no,

755
00:47:20,520 --> 00:47:23,280
Speaker 1: that's the North and the Baltic. Don't try and screw

756
00:47:23,320 --> 00:47:25,719
Speaker 1: me up here. This is the Black Sea where they

757
00:47:25,719 --> 00:47:31,520
Speaker 1: make caviar, right um. And actually there's some like entire

758
00:47:31,680 --> 00:47:35,440
Speaker 1: national economies are based on things like caviar and um

759
00:47:35,840 --> 00:47:40,280
Speaker 1: sardines and anchovies and just all these amazing fish. And

760
00:47:40,560 --> 00:47:44,520
Speaker 1: this ship apparently took on some seawater after it released

761
00:47:44,560 --> 00:47:48,360
Speaker 1: its cargo to keep itself stable, right, And when it

762
00:47:48,400 --> 00:47:50,919
Speaker 1: got to the Black Sea, it released it. And one

763
00:47:50,920 --> 00:47:53,400
Speaker 1: of the things that released was this type of jellyfish

764
00:47:53,440 --> 00:47:58,080
Speaker 1: called the sea walnut. And this is sounds cute. So

765
00:47:58,120 --> 00:48:00,319
Speaker 1: the first sea walnut makes its way into the Black Sea,

766
00:48:01,320 --> 00:48:05,799
Speaker 1: and two thousand two, the total biomass of sea walnuts

767
00:48:05,840 --> 00:48:09,800
Speaker 1: in the Black Sea, just the Black Sea was ten

768
00:48:10,320 --> 00:48:14,680
Speaker 1: times the total biomass of all the fish that were

769
00:48:14,719 --> 00:48:21,759
Speaker 1: taken from the world's oceans by commercial fishing. It got jellyfied, basically. Yeah.

770
00:48:21,840 --> 00:48:26,040
Speaker 1: And they were competing with um the the the other

771
00:48:26,120 --> 00:48:28,840
Speaker 1: fish for the zooplankton and the food source and winning

772
00:48:28,880 --> 00:48:31,640
Speaker 1: big times. And so all these fisheries collapsed, all these

773
00:48:31,640 --> 00:48:34,480
Speaker 1: economies were in trouble. And then it just so happened

774
00:48:34,520 --> 00:48:37,160
Speaker 1: that some other ship had picked up a different type

775
00:48:37,200 --> 00:48:39,840
Speaker 1: of jellyfish that actually was a natural predator of the

776
00:48:39,880 --> 00:48:43,120
Speaker 1: sea walnut and came along and saved the day totally

777
00:48:43,160 --> 00:48:47,640
Speaker 1: by a stroke of luck. The sea walnut cracker. Yeah, yep,

778
00:48:48,200 --> 00:48:50,759
Speaker 1: I did see that. Actually, you sent me that that's amazing. Yep,

779
00:48:51,160 --> 00:48:54,440
Speaker 1: so it all worked out. Everything about jellyfish is amazing. Yeah,

780
00:48:54,640 --> 00:49:04,720
Speaker 1: final score for me octopus one jellyfish. Whoa, that is close.

781
00:49:04,880 --> 00:49:07,239
Speaker 1: It is nice. Just one three pointer at the end

782
00:49:07,280 --> 00:49:12,160
Speaker 1: could have won it, but it didn't. Nope, it rimmed out.

783
00:49:12,719 --> 00:49:15,919
Speaker 1: So if you want to know more, you've got anything else. Nope.

784
00:49:16,000 --> 00:49:18,800
Speaker 1: You want to know more about jellyfish and comb jellies

785
00:49:18,840 --> 00:49:20,960
Speaker 1: and that kind of stuff. You can type those words

786
00:49:20,960 --> 00:49:23,520
Speaker 1: into the search part how stuff works dot com. And

787
00:49:23,840 --> 00:49:28,719
Speaker 1: since I said search parts time for listener mail, that's right,

788
00:49:28,760 --> 00:49:32,000
Speaker 1: it's three pm, which means, uh, our bedtime has just

789
00:49:32,000 --> 00:49:37,719
Speaker 1: send him about four short hours. Um. I actually tried

790
00:49:37,719 --> 00:49:39,520
Speaker 1: to go to bed before my one year old daughter

791
00:49:39,600 --> 00:49:42,839
Speaker 1: the other night. Yeah, and it said now that that's

792
00:49:42,880 --> 00:49:46,680
Speaker 1: bad parenting. Sure you just so you put yourself to bed.

793
00:49:46,800 --> 00:49:48,600
Speaker 1: Oh wait, and she finally drifted off at like a

794
00:49:48,760 --> 00:49:52,120
Speaker 1: thirty and I was out at eighty two. Um, all right,

795
00:49:52,560 --> 00:49:56,560
Speaker 1: I'm gonna call this you help me get married. Hey, guys,

796
00:49:56,560 --> 00:50:00,200
Speaker 1: I recently got married to my beautiful wife congratulations, with

797
00:50:00,239 --> 00:50:02,560
Speaker 1: whom I've been with for over eight years. While the

798
00:50:02,600 --> 00:50:05,719
Speaker 1: prospect of being married to her never frightened me, at all.

799
00:50:05,800 --> 00:50:07,800
Speaker 1: The thought of having to be in the center of attention,

800
00:50:08,280 --> 00:50:11,279
Speaker 1: professing my love to my then fiance in front of

801
00:50:11,320 --> 00:50:12,800
Speaker 1: all of our guests and try not to look like

802
00:50:12,840 --> 00:50:17,440
Speaker 1: a dummy during the ceremony was how do you say, nauseatingly, frightening, terrifying.

803
00:50:17,440 --> 00:50:21,920
Speaker 1: Excuse me, um, yeah, Stephen was not. He's not a

804
00:50:21,920 --> 00:50:25,120
Speaker 1: public speaker, I don't think. However, during the hours leading

805
00:50:25,200 --> 00:50:27,120
Speaker 1: up to the ceremony, I kept my mind occupied by

806
00:50:27,160 --> 00:50:30,440
Speaker 1: listening to the melodious tones of your voices teaching me

807
00:50:30,480 --> 00:50:33,840
Speaker 1: about well, some things I really don't remember. Honestly, I

808
00:50:33,880 --> 00:50:36,839
Speaker 1: was a little occupied. So we were literally just like,

809
00:50:38,480 --> 00:50:41,839
Speaker 1: what is it called a s m R. Yeah, just

810
00:50:41,880 --> 00:50:45,480
Speaker 1: these tones. He didn't even know what we were talking about.

811
00:50:46,200 --> 00:50:48,439
Speaker 1: It was just the sounds of our voices suited him,

812
00:50:48,680 --> 00:50:51,719
Speaker 1: which is very nice. Yeah, it is nice regardless, guys,

813
00:50:51,760 --> 00:50:54,480
Speaker 1: everything ultimately went very well and we are both now

814
00:50:54,600 --> 00:50:57,600
Speaker 1: very happy to be together for good and to not

815
00:50:57,680 --> 00:51:00,640
Speaker 1: have to plan a wedding again. Thank you for helping

816
00:51:00,680 --> 00:51:03,480
Speaker 1: me get through the worst of my pre wedding anxiety

817
00:51:04,280 --> 00:51:05,879
Speaker 1: I was gonna say the worst day of my life

818
00:51:05,920 --> 00:51:10,200
Speaker 1: at first, and for making such a terrific podcast and

819
00:51:10,239 --> 00:51:14,600
Speaker 1: that is Stephen Hall, who's a PhD candidate in pharmacology. Well,

820
00:51:14,600 --> 00:51:18,400
Speaker 1: thanks a lot, Stephen, congratulations. Send us some as annex

821
00:51:22,560 --> 00:51:26,480
Speaker 1: popping in the mail. He's a candidate, a PhD candidate,

822
00:51:26,480 --> 00:51:28,560
Speaker 1: he doesn't have access to that kind of stuff. Well,

823
00:51:28,600 --> 00:51:30,879
Speaker 1: I guarantee you he won't be a candidate anymore if

824
00:51:30,880 --> 00:51:34,160
Speaker 1: he starts sending us there. It's mailing people pharmacutical Give

825
00:51:34,239 --> 00:51:37,600
Speaker 1: him his badge, Stephen, don't listen to Chuck. If you

826
00:51:37,640 --> 00:51:40,080
Speaker 1: want to get in touch with us for any reason whatsoever,

827
00:51:40,160 --> 00:51:42,360
Speaker 1: you can tweet to us. So that's why sk podcast.

828
00:51:42,400 --> 00:51:44,560
Speaker 1: You can join us on Facebook, dot com, slash Stuff

829
00:51:44,560 --> 00:51:46,800
Speaker 1: you Should Know. You can send us an email to

830
00:51:46,960 --> 00:51:49,480
Speaker 1: Stuff Podcast to how Stuff Works dot com and has

831
00:51:49,480 --> 00:51:51,600
Speaker 1: always trying us sort a home on the web. Stuff

832
00:51:51,640 --> 00:51:58,799
Speaker 1: you Should Know dot com for more on this and

833
00:51:58,880 --> 00:52:08,880
Speaker 1: thousands of other topics. Is it how Stuff Works dot com.

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Speaker 1: M