1 00:00:00,120 --> 00:00:01,920 Speaker 1: This Day in History Class is a production of I 2 00:00:02,040 --> 00:00:05,000 Speaker 1: Heart Radio. Hey they're history fans. In case you missed 3 00:00:05,000 --> 00:00:08,360 Speaker 1: the announcement yesterday, we're taking December off to enjoy the 4 00:00:08,400 --> 00:00:11,400 Speaker 1: holidays and to get ahead on next year's shows. In 5 00:00:11,440 --> 00:00:15,800 Speaker 1: the meantime, please enjoy these flashback episodes from previous years 6 00:00:15,840 --> 00:00:19,279 Speaker 1: of This Day in History Class. Then meet me back 7 00:00:19,280 --> 00:00:22,280 Speaker 1: here on January two for a whole new year of 8 00:00:22,360 --> 00:00:26,840 Speaker 1: brand news stories. See you then. Welcome to This Day 9 00:00:26,880 --> 00:00:29,600 Speaker 1: in History Class from how Stuff Works dot com and 10 00:00:29,680 --> 00:00:31,920 Speaker 1: from the desk of Stuff You Missed in History Class. 11 00:00:31,920 --> 00:00:34,239 Speaker 1: It's the show where we explore the past, one day 12 00:00:34,280 --> 00:00:36,320 Speaker 1: at a time with a quick look at what happened 13 00:00:36,320 --> 00:00:43,520 Speaker 1: today in history. Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm 14 00:00:43,560 --> 00:00:48,000 Speaker 1: Tracy V. Wilson, and it's December one. Rosa Parks refused 15 00:00:48,000 --> 00:00:50,440 Speaker 1: to give up her seat to a white passenger on 16 00:00:50,479 --> 00:00:53,319 Speaker 1: a segregated bus in Montgomery, Alabama on the Stay in nine. 17 00:00:54,920 --> 00:00:58,600 Speaker 1: There are a lot of misconceptions about this. What is 18 00:00:58,600 --> 00:01:00,680 Speaker 1: that Rosa Park was just really fired from a long 19 00:01:00,760 --> 00:01:02,720 Speaker 1: day of work and she just wanted to get home, 20 00:01:02,760 --> 00:01:04,920 Speaker 1: and this was sort of something that caught her up 21 00:01:05,480 --> 00:01:08,160 Speaker 1: in the civil rights movement. But Rosa Parks had been 22 00:01:08,200 --> 00:01:11,319 Speaker 1: an activist for many years before that day on the bus. 23 00:01:11,560 --> 00:01:14,600 Speaker 1: She had joined the Double A CP in ninety three. 24 00:01:14,959 --> 00:01:19,080 Speaker 1: She went to leadership conferences and annual meetings. She chaired committees, 25 00:01:19,080 --> 00:01:23,840 Speaker 1: She gave addresses at these meetings and conferences. She documented 26 00:01:23,959 --> 00:01:28,080 Speaker 1: crimes and discrimination against Black Americans, and she investigated the 27 00:01:28,120 --> 00:01:32,760 Speaker 1: sexual assaults and rapes of black women. Another big misconception 28 00:01:32,840 --> 00:01:35,240 Speaker 1: is that she was the first person to refuse to 29 00:01:35,319 --> 00:01:37,720 Speaker 1: give up her seat to a white passenger on a 30 00:01:37,800 --> 00:01:41,319 Speaker 1: segregated bus in Montgomery, and that's not true either. A 31 00:01:41,400 --> 00:01:43,759 Speaker 1: lot of people had done the same in the years 32 00:01:43,880 --> 00:01:46,959 Speaker 1: leading up to this, including a young woman named Claudette Colvin. 33 00:01:47,680 --> 00:01:50,520 Speaker 1: This wasn't even the first time that Rosa Parks had 34 00:01:50,560 --> 00:01:53,360 Speaker 1: refused to give up her seat. She had been removed 35 00:01:53,840 --> 00:01:56,000 Speaker 1: by the same driver who was at the wheel that 36 00:01:56,080 --> 00:01:58,560 Speaker 1: day in nineteen fifty five. He had removed her from 37 00:01:58,560 --> 00:02:01,400 Speaker 1: a bus previously. He had said she was never going 38 00:02:01,440 --> 00:02:04,000 Speaker 1: to ride one of his busses again, and that she 39 00:02:04,400 --> 00:02:06,360 Speaker 1: would not have gotten on the bus that day if 40 00:02:06,360 --> 00:02:08,280 Speaker 1: she had realized that he was the one at the 41 00:02:08,320 --> 00:02:12,200 Speaker 1: wheel when this happened. Though, the n Double A c 42 00:02:12,360 --> 00:02:14,720 Speaker 1: P had been on the lookout for a test case 43 00:02:14,840 --> 00:02:17,120 Speaker 1: that they could take to the courts to try to 44 00:02:17,240 --> 00:02:22,680 Speaker 1: overturn segregation laws. To do that, they needed a good plaintiff, 45 00:02:22,800 --> 00:02:26,560 Speaker 1: somebody who would seem respectable and sympathetic to a white 46 00:02:26,680 --> 00:02:30,360 Speaker 1: judge and the white media. And that's how Rosa Parks 47 00:02:30,400 --> 00:02:32,839 Speaker 1: became sort of the face of this in a lot 48 00:02:32,840 --> 00:02:37,280 Speaker 1: of ways. She's the person most famously associated with the 49 00:02:37,320 --> 00:02:42,360 Speaker 1: bus boycott. She was certainly fierce, but she also had 50 00:02:42,400 --> 00:02:45,680 Speaker 1: a soft spoken demeanor. She was married, she had a job, 51 00:02:45,760 --> 00:02:49,160 Speaker 1: she went to church, she had no criminal record. This 52 00:02:49,280 --> 00:02:52,000 Speaker 1: was all part of a legal strategy to try to 53 00:02:52,040 --> 00:02:56,400 Speaker 1: do everything possible to take a winnable case to the courts. 54 00:02:57,440 --> 00:03:01,680 Speaker 1: The Montgomery bus boycott began as Parks case went to trial. 55 00:03:02,440 --> 00:03:06,440 Speaker 1: About nine of black riders boycotted the bus, and the 56 00:03:06,480 --> 00:03:09,119 Speaker 1: boycott's leaders went to the city with very clear demands. 57 00:03:09,200 --> 00:03:12,760 Speaker 1: They wanted courteous treatment on all the buses. They wanted 58 00:03:12,840 --> 00:03:16,000 Speaker 1: first come, first served seating with whites in the front 59 00:03:16,080 --> 00:03:18,720 Speaker 1: and blacks in the back, so no more giving up 60 00:03:18,760 --> 00:03:22,679 Speaker 1: your seat to white passengers. They also wanted black drivers 61 00:03:22,800 --> 00:03:26,440 Speaker 1: to be hired for the primarily black bus routes. This 62 00:03:26,520 --> 00:03:29,040 Speaker 1: boycott went on for more than a year, during which 63 00:03:29,080 --> 00:03:32,480 Speaker 1: time Parks and other leaders of it did extensive organizing 64 00:03:32,560 --> 00:03:35,680 Speaker 1: and campaigning, and this was all at great risk to 65 00:03:35,720 --> 00:03:39,000 Speaker 1: their own lives. The houses of multiple people who were 66 00:03:39,040 --> 00:03:42,120 Speaker 1: involved in the boycott were bombed, including the house of 67 00:03:42,160 --> 00:03:45,760 Speaker 1: Martin Luther King Jr. Ultimately, the case went all the 68 00:03:45,760 --> 00:03:48,880 Speaker 1: way to the United States Supreme Court, which ultimately issued 69 00:03:48,880 --> 00:03:51,720 Speaker 1: a written order that the buses be integrated. This was 70 00:03:51,760 --> 00:03:54,400 Speaker 1: one of the major moments in the civil rights movement 71 00:03:54,600 --> 00:03:58,280 Speaker 1: in the United States. Rosa Parks that her husband, though 72 00:03:58,360 --> 00:04:02,920 Speaker 1: faced extensive harassment and discrimination and threats all during and 73 00:04:03,040 --> 00:04:07,000 Speaker 1: after the boycott. They later moved away to Detroit with 74 00:04:07,040 --> 00:04:10,279 Speaker 1: the hope of starting over without all of this harassment, 75 00:04:11,000 --> 00:04:13,480 Speaker 1: but even in Detroit they had trouble getting work because 76 00:04:13,480 --> 00:04:16,480 Speaker 1: of their association with the boycott and the civil rights movement. 77 00:04:17,200 --> 00:04:20,560 Speaker 1: It took Rosa Parks about five years to find steady 78 00:04:20,760 --> 00:04:24,240 Speaker 1: paying work. Afterward, she eventually got a job in the 79 00:04:24,279 --> 00:04:27,640 Speaker 1: office of Representative John Conyers Jr. And she continued working 80 00:04:27,680 --> 00:04:31,880 Speaker 1: there until she retired. She died on October two thousand five. 81 00:04:32,520 --> 00:04:34,520 Speaker 1: You can learn more about her and about the bus 82 00:04:34,520 --> 00:04:39,280 Speaker 1: boycott in the February three episodes of Stuffs in History Class. 83 00:04:39,760 --> 00:04:41,960 Speaker 1: Thanks to Ksey P. Grimm and Chandler Maze for their 84 00:04:42,000 --> 00:04:44,680 Speaker 1: audio work on this show. You can subscribe to the 85 00:04:44,680 --> 00:04:47,840 Speaker 1: Stay in History Class on Apple Podcasts, Google podcast, the 86 00:04:47,839 --> 00:04:50,320 Speaker 1: I Heart Radio app, and wherever you get your podcasts. 87 00:04:50,800 --> 00:05:03,279 Speaker 1: Tune in tomorrow for an influential doctrine. Hello everyone, I'm Eves. 88 00:05:03,560 --> 00:05:06,720 Speaker 1: Welcome to this day in History Class, where we take 89 00:05:06,760 --> 00:05:16,200 Speaker 1: a tiny bite of history every day. The day was 90 00:05:16,240 --> 00:05:20,520 Speaker 1: December first, nineteen fifty two. The New York Daily News 91 00:05:20,560 --> 00:05:26,719 Speaker 1: announced Christine Jorgensen's gender confirmation surgery, garnering Jorgensen international fame 92 00:05:26,960 --> 00:05:29,160 Speaker 1: and making her the first person in the US to 93 00:05:29,240 --> 00:05:33,120 Speaker 1: become a widely known for having the surgery. Jorgensen was 94 00:05:33,160 --> 00:05:38,080 Speaker 1: born in nineteen to working class Danish American parents. After 95 00:05:38,120 --> 00:05:41,360 Speaker 1: being rejected twice for her small stature, she was finally 96 00:05:41,440 --> 00:05:45,320 Speaker 1: drafted into the army in August of nineteen forty. She 97 00:05:45,440 --> 00:05:47,520 Speaker 1: served as a clerk in New Jersey for a little 98 00:05:47,560 --> 00:05:51,240 Speaker 1: over a year. She was honorably discharged from the army, 99 00:05:51,400 --> 00:05:55,400 Speaker 1: after which point she studied at photography school in New Haven, Connecticut, 100 00:05:55,560 --> 00:05:58,720 Speaker 1: and enrolled at the Manhattan Medical and dinal assistant school. 101 00:05:59,760 --> 00:06:02,279 Speaker 1: From a young age, Jorgensen thought that she was different 102 00:06:02,320 --> 00:06:05,039 Speaker 1: from boys, and as she got older, she realized that 103 00:06:05,080 --> 00:06:07,359 Speaker 1: she was attracted to men, but did not feel like 104 00:06:07,440 --> 00:06:10,640 Speaker 1: she was gay. While she was in California, where she 105 00:06:10,680 --> 00:06:13,400 Speaker 1: had moved to pursue work in photography and film, she 106 00:06:13,520 --> 00:06:15,440 Speaker 1: told a couple of her friends that she felt like 107 00:06:15,520 --> 00:06:19,760 Speaker 1: she quote had the emotions of a girl. Jourgensen moved 108 00:06:19,800 --> 00:06:22,360 Speaker 1: back to the East Coast, and she continued to question 109 00:06:22,400 --> 00:06:26,400 Speaker 1: her identity. She learned about into chronologists who were working 110 00:06:26,400 --> 00:06:29,960 Speaker 1: with hormones and animals, and read the book The Male Hormone, 111 00:06:30,440 --> 00:06:32,800 Speaker 1: and she wondered if hormone treatments were the answer to 112 00:06:32,839 --> 00:06:36,719 Speaker 1: her feelings. When an Indo chronologists rejected her wishes for 113 00:06:36,760 --> 00:06:41,160 Speaker 1: hormonal treatment and referred her to a psychiatrist, she turned elsewhere. 114 00:06:42,080 --> 00:06:45,120 Speaker 1: In nineteen fifty, at the advice of a friend, Jorgensen 115 00:06:45,320 --> 00:06:48,680 Speaker 1: traveled to Denmark, where she met with Dr Christian Hamburger, 116 00:06:49,000 --> 00:06:54,560 Speaker 1: a specialist in hormonal therapy. Jorgensen underwent experimental estrogen therapy 117 00:06:54,680 --> 00:06:58,039 Speaker 1: and six operations. She chose the name Christine in honor 118 00:06:58,080 --> 00:07:01,640 Speaker 1: of her doctor. She wrote to her family telling them 119 00:07:01,680 --> 00:07:04,240 Speaker 1: that though her physical appearance had changed, she had not 120 00:07:04,400 --> 00:07:08,200 Speaker 1: changed as a person. It's not clear how Christine's story 121 00:07:08,279 --> 00:07:10,760 Speaker 1: got to the press. She might have leaked it herself 122 00:07:11,000 --> 00:07:13,520 Speaker 1: and may have been a lab technician, or a family 123 00:07:13,560 --> 00:07:17,480 Speaker 1: friend might have leaked the story either way. On December one, 124 00:07:17,640 --> 00:07:20,720 Speaker 1: nineteen fifty two, the New York Daily News reported the 125 00:07:20,760 --> 00:07:24,760 Speaker 1: story of Jorgensen's gender confirmation surgery with the headline x 126 00:07:24,880 --> 00:07:29,360 Speaker 1: GI becomes blonde Beauty. The article said the following in part. 127 00:07:30,160 --> 00:07:34,480 Speaker 1: Dr Eugenie Anderson, US Ambassador to Denmark, was fully aware 128 00:07:34,520 --> 00:07:37,360 Speaker 1: of what was going on, and at the successful conclusion 129 00:07:37,400 --> 00:07:40,960 Speaker 1: of the operations, arranged that Christine's records be changed by 130 00:07:40,960 --> 00:07:44,680 Speaker 1: the Army and the Veterans Administration, and also by the 131 00:07:44,680 --> 00:07:47,400 Speaker 1: Bureau of Immigration, so that the man who went abroad 132 00:07:47,440 --> 00:07:51,280 Speaker 1: three years ago could be readmitted as a woman. Jorgensen's 133 00:07:51,400 --> 00:07:55,120 Speaker 1: story brought new conversations about gender identity into the public sphere. 134 00:07:55,600 --> 00:07:58,480 Speaker 1: She got a lot more pressed and attention, some positive 135 00:07:58,600 --> 00:08:01,920 Speaker 1: and some negative. Some said she wasn't a real woman 136 00:08:01,960 --> 00:08:07,000 Speaker 1: and denounced her gender confirmation surgery. Regardless, she gained celebrity status. 137 00:08:07,280 --> 00:08:10,960 Speaker 1: She had an autobiographical sketch published in American Weekly she 138 00:08:11,040 --> 00:08:14,760 Speaker 1: toured as an entertainer, performing in nightclubs and theaters, facing 139 00:08:14,760 --> 00:08:18,800 Speaker 1: discrimination along the way. She also gave lectures at colleges 140 00:08:18,880 --> 00:08:22,280 Speaker 1: and wrote an autobiography that was published in nineteen sixty seven. 141 00:08:23,040 --> 00:08:27,200 Speaker 1: She died of bladder cancer in ninety nine. I'm Eve 142 00:08:27,240 --> 00:08:29,600 Speaker 1: Steff Coote and hopefully you know a little more about 143 00:08:29,640 --> 00:08:33,199 Speaker 1: history today than you did yesterday. If you've seen any 144 00:08:33,320 --> 00:08:36,160 Speaker 1: good history means lately, you can send them to us 145 00:08:36,200 --> 00:08:41,319 Speaker 1: on social media at t d I h C Podcast, 146 00:08:42,240 --> 00:08:44,320 Speaker 1: or you can go the old fashioned route and send 147 00:08:44,400 --> 00:08:47,640 Speaker 1: us an email at This Day at I heart media 148 00:08:47,800 --> 00:09:03,800 Speaker 1: dot com. Thanks again for listening. We'll see same place tomorrow. Hello, 149 00:09:04,200 --> 00:09:07,240 Speaker 1: and welcome to This Day in History Class, a show 150 00:09:07,320 --> 00:09:11,520 Speaker 1: that reveals a little bit more about history day by day. 151 00:09:11,960 --> 00:09:16,280 Speaker 1: I'm Gabelusier, and in this episode we're talking about the 152 00:09:16,320 --> 00:09:20,160 Speaker 1: time when twelve nations decided there would be peace on Earth, 153 00:09:20,840 --> 00:09:23,400 Speaker 1: even if only in the part of the world where 154 00:09:23,600 --> 00:09:33,240 Speaker 1: almost no one lives. The day was December one, nineteen 155 00:09:33,400 --> 00:09:39,280 Speaker 1: fifty nine. Twelve nations signed the Antarctic Treaty, which prohibited 156 00:09:39,360 --> 00:09:42,960 Speaker 1: military activity on the continent and ensured it would be 157 00:09:43,040 --> 00:09:48,199 Speaker 1: used only for scientific research and exploration. This was the 158 00:09:48,240 --> 00:09:52,120 Speaker 1: first arms control agreement of the Cold War era and 159 00:09:52,200 --> 00:09:56,559 Speaker 1: the first and only treaty that governs an entire continent. 160 00:09:57,440 --> 00:10:01,640 Speaker 1: The question of who owns Antarctica has been raised many 161 00:10:01,640 --> 00:10:06,040 Speaker 1: times since its modern discovery. Starting in the eighteen hundreds, 162 00:10:06,200 --> 00:10:09,839 Speaker 1: a host of countries began laying claim to various parts 163 00:10:09,840 --> 00:10:13,920 Speaker 1: of the continent. Sometimes these claims overlapped and led to 164 00:10:14,080 --> 00:10:18,560 Speaker 1: diplomatic squabbles, but for the most part, everyone kept things 165 00:10:18,720 --> 00:10:21,240 Speaker 1: nice and civil when it came to the world's most 166 00:10:21,280 --> 00:10:25,800 Speaker 1: remote region. However, things started to heat up in the 167 00:10:25,840 --> 00:10:30,520 Speaker 1: mid twentieth century, and some conflicting claims began to lead 168 00:10:30,559 --> 00:10:36,199 Speaker 1: to actual war. For example, in ninety eight, the Argentine 169 00:10:36,280 --> 00:10:40,920 Speaker 1: military fired on British soldiers in an area of Antarctica 170 00:10:41,120 --> 00:10:44,760 Speaker 1: that had been claimed by both countries. It wasn't the 171 00:10:44,800 --> 00:10:48,440 Speaker 1: only such incident, and with the Soviet Unions starting to 172 00:10:48,480 --> 00:10:52,200 Speaker 1: show its own interest in the continent, further disputes were 173 00:10:52,280 --> 00:10:56,520 Speaker 1: looking more and more likely. Some heads of state even 174 00:10:56,559 --> 00:11:01,160 Speaker 1: began to worry that the isolated, uninhabited continent could be 175 00:11:01,280 --> 00:11:05,440 Speaker 1: used as a potential launch site for nuclear weapons. With 176 00:11:05,559 --> 00:11:09,120 Speaker 1: that threatened mind, the United States got the ball rolling 177 00:11:09,160 --> 00:11:13,080 Speaker 1: by suggesting that Antarctica be made a trustee of the 178 00:11:13,160 --> 00:11:18,040 Speaker 1: United Nations. That proposal failed because no one wanted to 179 00:11:18,040 --> 00:11:21,080 Speaker 1: give up their claims to the continent and hand over 180 00:11:21,160 --> 00:11:26,320 Speaker 1: control to an international organization. So in May of nineteen 181 00:11:26,480 --> 00:11:31,160 Speaker 1: fifty eight, President Eisenhower decided to try a different approach. 182 00:11:31,960 --> 00:11:36,120 Speaker 1: He invited eleven nations to a conference to discuss the 183 00:11:36,160 --> 00:11:40,439 Speaker 1: future of Antarctica. The meeting would be based on three 184 00:11:40,480 --> 00:11:43,600 Speaker 1: points of agreement that had been decided by the nations 185 00:11:43,679 --> 00:11:48,640 Speaker 1: through informal talks. The three points of agreement whereas follows 186 00:11:49,240 --> 00:11:54,000 Speaker 1: that the legal status of the Antarctic continent would remain unchanged, 187 00:11:54,600 --> 00:11:59,600 Speaker 1: that scientific cooperation would continue, and that the continent would 188 00:11:59,640 --> 00:12:04,960 Speaker 1: be you used for peaceful purposes. Only all eleven nations 189 00:12:05,040 --> 00:12:09,320 Speaker 1: accepted the US invitation, and the conference was held in Washington, 190 00:12:09,480 --> 00:12:14,800 Speaker 1: d C. From October fift through December one, nineteen fifty nine. 191 00:12:15,559 --> 00:12:19,000 Speaker 1: Diplomats from each of the twelve nations worked together on 192 00:12:19,040 --> 00:12:21,760 Speaker 1: the treaty, and on the last day of the conference, 193 00:12:22,120 --> 00:12:26,440 Speaker 1: they all signed their names to the document. First and foremost, 194 00:12:26,720 --> 00:12:31,600 Speaker 1: the treaty established Antarctica as a military free zone. It's 195 00:12:31,640 --> 00:12:36,720 Speaker 1: specifically banned quote any measures of a military nature, such 196 00:12:36,760 --> 00:12:41,360 Speaker 1: as the establishment of military bases and fortifications, the carrying 197 00:12:41,400 --> 00:12:45,040 Speaker 1: out of military maneuvers, as well as the testing of 198 00:12:45,160 --> 00:12:50,720 Speaker 1: any type of weapons, including nuclear. Second, the treaty made 199 00:12:50,760 --> 00:12:56,080 Speaker 1: clear that peaceful scientific endeavors were allowed, and that scientists 200 00:12:56,080 --> 00:13:00,480 Speaker 1: could travel the continent freely, including through areas aimed by 201 00:13:00,520 --> 00:13:06,160 Speaker 1: other nations. Speaking of those territorial claims, the treaty let 202 00:13:06,160 --> 00:13:09,880 Speaker 1: them all stand, essentially freezing the map as it was. 203 00:13:10,720 --> 00:13:15,520 Speaker 1: Among the twelve original signers of the Antarctic Treaty, seven 204 00:13:15,640 --> 00:13:22,120 Speaker 1: had laid claims to parts of the continent Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, 205 00:13:22,440 --> 00:13:29,440 Speaker 1: New Zealand, Norway, and the United Kingdom. The other five nations, Belgium, Japan, 206 00:13:29,800 --> 00:13:34,000 Speaker 1: South Africa, the Soviet Union and the United States had 207 00:13:34,040 --> 00:13:39,280 Speaker 1: explored the continent but put forward no specific claims. The 208 00:13:39,400 --> 00:13:42,920 Speaker 1: treaty provided that, for as long as it's in force, 209 00:13:43,520 --> 00:13:48,480 Speaker 1: those original seven claims cannot be added to or taken away. 210 00:13:48,679 --> 00:13:53,440 Speaker 1: Neither can any new claims be made. One interesting note 211 00:13:53,559 --> 00:13:56,280 Speaker 1: is that if you set aside all the areas of 212 00:13:56,320 --> 00:13:59,520 Speaker 1: the continent that have been claimed by at least one country, 213 00:14:00,040 --> 00:14:04,640 Speaker 1: there's still one sector of Antarctica left, and since it 214 00:14:04,679 --> 00:14:07,680 Speaker 1: isn't allowed to be claimed while the treaty is in force, 215 00:14:08,360 --> 00:14:12,040 Speaker 1: that effectively makes it the last piece of unclaimed land 216 00:14:12,360 --> 00:14:16,720 Speaker 1: on Earth. The treaty went into effect in June of 217 00:14:16,880 --> 00:14:20,920 Speaker 1: nineteen sixty one, and the basic policies that established have 218 00:14:21,120 --> 00:14:26,280 Speaker 1: continued to govern Antarctica ever since. Disputes have cropped up 219 00:14:26,320 --> 00:14:29,120 Speaker 1: from time to time, but most have been addressed through 220 00:14:29,200 --> 00:14:32,480 Speaker 1: expansions to the treaty, which is now referred to as 221 00:14:32,560 --> 00:14:37,600 Speaker 1: the Antarctic Treaty System. These additions have addressed concerns such 222 00:14:37,680 --> 00:14:43,120 Speaker 1: as pollution, conservation of marine life, prohibitions on mining, and 223 00:14:43,480 --> 00:14:48,360 Speaker 1: the protection of natural resources. The treaty's membership has grown 224 00:14:48,400 --> 00:14:53,240 Speaker 1: along with it. Today it has fifty four signatories, though 225 00:14:53,280 --> 00:14:57,280 Speaker 1: only twenty nine of those parties have decision making powers. 226 00:14:58,240 --> 00:15:02,720 Speaker 1: These so called consulta of parties include the twelve original 227 00:15:02,720 --> 00:15:06,720 Speaker 1: countries to sign the treaty, along with seventeen others that 228 00:15:06,760 --> 00:15:11,360 Speaker 1: have met several criteria relating to scientific research on the continent. 229 00:15:12,200 --> 00:15:15,560 Speaker 1: The member countries continue to meet once a year to 230 00:15:15,680 --> 00:15:20,160 Speaker 1: discuss issues and to renew their commitment to keeping Antarctica 231 00:15:20,160 --> 00:15:25,200 Speaker 1: free of international conflict. The Antarctic treaty has value in 232 00:15:25,240 --> 00:15:28,280 Speaker 1: its own right, but it's also important as a model 233 00:15:28,560 --> 00:15:33,040 Speaker 1: for how foresight and cooperation can prevent problems before they 234 00:15:33,080 --> 00:15:36,520 Speaker 1: get out of hand. The idea behind the treaty is 235 00:15:36,560 --> 00:15:41,280 Speaker 1: that it's easier to ban militarization before it happens than 236 00:15:41,320 --> 00:15:44,440 Speaker 1: it is to try to regulate or abolish it after 237 00:15:44,520 --> 00:15:50,480 Speaker 1: it's been introduced. Later. Non armament treaties have followed this approach, 238 00:15:50,920 --> 00:15:55,080 Speaker 1: and as a result, nuclear weapons are now forbidden not 239 00:15:55,200 --> 00:15:59,800 Speaker 1: only in Antarctica, but in Latin America, on the sea floor, 240 00:16:00,360 --> 00:16:04,480 Speaker 1: and in outer space. None of that solves the deeper 241 00:16:04,560 --> 00:16:09,280 Speaker 1: problems at play, but like the Antarctic Treaty itself, at 242 00:16:09,360 --> 00:16:14,080 Speaker 1: least it's a step in the right direction. I'm Gabelusier 243 00:16:14,360 --> 00:16:17,360 Speaker 1: and hopefully you now know a little more about history 244 00:16:17,440 --> 00:16:21,080 Speaker 1: today than you did yesterday. If you'd like to keep 245 00:16:21,160 --> 00:16:24,440 Speaker 1: up with the show, you can follow us on Twitter, Facebook, 246 00:16:24,560 --> 00:16:28,920 Speaker 1: and Instagram at t D I HC Show, and if 247 00:16:28,960 --> 00:16:32,080 Speaker 1: you have any comments or suggestions you can send them 248 00:16:32,080 --> 00:16:36,880 Speaker 1: my way at this day at I heart media dot com. 249 00:16:36,920 --> 00:16:40,000 Speaker 1: Thanks to Chandler Mays for producing the show, and thank 250 00:16:40,040 --> 00:16:43,160 Speaker 1: you for listening. I'll see you back here again tomorrow 251 00:16:43,440 --> 00:16:56,160 Speaker 1: for another day in History class. For more podcasts from 252 00:16:56,160 --> 00:16:58,960 Speaker 1: I heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 253 00:16:59,040 --> 00:17:00,720 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.