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Speaker 1: Ruby.

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Speaker 2: Hi, I'm Rick Schwartz.

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Speaker 1: What is the s the world? A MARKA. Wentz.

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Speaker 2: Welcome to Amazing Wildlife, where we explore unique stories of

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Speaker 2: wildlife from around the world and uncover fascinating animal facts.

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Speaker 2: This podcast is in production with iHeartRadio's Ruby Studio and

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Speaker 2: San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance and international nonprofit conservation organization

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Speaker 2: which oversees the San Diego Zoo and kind of a

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Speaker 2: corner where we are now in the Safari Park.

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Speaker 3: I was getting distracted. He retired in direction I would do.

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Speaker 3: It's a very long series of words. We're in a

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Speaker 3: really unique spot, but you know, it reminds me of

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Speaker 3: our last episode.

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Speaker 1: We learned a lot about education, right.

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Speaker 3: I had no idea we had so many programs not

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Speaker 3: only here at the Safari Park but also.

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Speaker 1: At the San Diego Zoo.

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Speaker 3: But there was another location that I forgot all about, the.

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Speaker 2: Conservation Corps which is based out of this area right here,

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Speaker 2: but they cover all sorts of things all over the

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Speaker 2: s FRII Park. But we are in the science hub

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Speaker 2: of the entire San Diego Zoo Wildlife Allion.

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Speaker 3: Percent and for our listeners, we're in the courtyard right now,

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Speaker 3: So you might hear a little bit of the waterfall

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Speaker 3: going on a beautiful fountain.

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Speaker 1: And to your point, there's a lot of stuff going

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Speaker 1: on here.

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Speaker 3: We hinted about something even the last episode of last season,

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Speaker 3: right about the Frozen Zoo.

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Speaker 2: Yes, we've mentioned it before and again this year, twenty

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Speaker 2: twenty five is the fiftieth anniversary of the Frozen Zoo,

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Speaker 2: and we learned from previous interviews it was sort of

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Speaker 2: a well, we should do this because it seems important.

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Speaker 2: We're not sure why. We're now starting to see a

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Speaker 2: lot of sort of for the lack of a better term,

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Speaker 2: fruit of all that labor and that curiosity of doctor

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Speaker 2: Bernursa doing things. But today we are talking again about

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Speaker 2: the Frozen Zoo. But we have a special guest, the

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Speaker 2: actual curator of the Frozen Zoo. Why don't you introduce

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Speaker 2: yourself with your official title too.

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Speaker 4: By the way, Hi, I'm marlus Houck. I'm the curator

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Speaker 4: of the Frozen Zoo.

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Speaker 2: So in our world where we come from animal care,

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Speaker 2: curators looking over the managers and the teams who are

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Speaker 2: also then in charge of the animals, and they're also

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Speaker 2: looking at well, what animals do we have here? And

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Speaker 2: there working with other zoological facilities and conservation organizations, and

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Speaker 2: there's this big overseeing view of the population of animals, birds, mammals, reptiles,

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Speaker 2: all of it. Even plants. There's plant curators. What does

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Speaker 2: the curator of the frozen Zoo do.

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Speaker 4: It's actually pretty similar to what you just describe, except

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Speaker 4: our animals or our little things.

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Speaker 5: We're taking care of our cells.

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Speaker 1: Oh okay, it's slightly different.

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Speaker 4: Slightly different, but we're care taking them. They're alive, they're living,

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Speaker 4: they're growing, they're dividing cells, and the technicians have to

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Speaker 4: grow them for a number of weeks before they can

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Speaker 4: be added to the Frozen Zoo.

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Speaker 5: And same as other.

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Speaker 4: Curators, we have to decide what we're bringing into the

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Speaker 4: collection and how to manage that.

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Speaker 1: Right right me. I actually wanted to go back a

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Speaker 1: little bit. You're talking about.

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Speaker 3: All the different people involved in the facilitate here at Beckmann,

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Speaker 3: but for Frozen Zoo, because I'm sometimes they may be

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Speaker 3: listeners have no idea.

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Speaker 2: What it is.

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Speaker 3: Could you describe it a little bit, especially for all

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Speaker 3: the kids that are listening right now, Like, what is

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Speaker 3: the frozen Zoo?

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Speaker 1: And it's here at the Safari Park, but it's not really.

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Speaker 3: Like going and checking out the gorillas or maybe a

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Speaker 3: cassow area.

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Speaker 1: Right, it's a little bit different. So what is it exactly?

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Speaker 4: You're exactly right, it's really different, and people shouldn't feel

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Speaker 4: surprised that they don't know about it.

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Speaker 5: It's amazing. It's been around fifty years and it's here

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Speaker 5: at the park, right, and it's.

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Speaker 4: Here in San Diego at the Safari Park, and very

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Speaker 4: few people know about it, even though it's been around

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Speaker 4: fifty years.

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Speaker 5: But yes, it's the largest collection of its kind.

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Speaker 4: So we have skin cells and gam meat and more

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Speaker 4: recently stem cells, and also the first plant in the

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Speaker 4: frozen Zoo. They're all frozen in a living state. They're

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Speaker 4: kind of in like a suspended animation. We put them

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Speaker 4: in there. They can stay there for years, and then

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Speaker 4: we could also pull out a vial of the skin

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Speaker 4: cells and grow them again and make more, just like

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Speaker 4: a plant if you subclone your plant, you know, if

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Speaker 4: you take little pieces off the plant and grow more.

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Speaker 3: Okay, it's kind of like that, like a succulent or something.

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Speaker 2: I do want to say real quick though, when you

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Speaker 2: say frozen zoo and there's suspended animation, because It's not

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Speaker 2: just like putting something in your freezer at home. Right,

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Speaker 2: The temperatures and the process is very different, which we'll

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Speaker 2: get into all those details in a bit, but I

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Speaker 2: just want to make sure we do put that in

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Speaker 2: our mind. As far as the frozen Zoo keeps things

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Speaker 2: at a temperature of.

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Speaker 4: Around minus three hundred and twenty degrees faring, that's just.

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Speaker 2: A little bit cold. Colder anywhere else on the planet,

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Speaker 2: I would assayd that's about minus three hundred.

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Speaker 1: Why why does it have to be so cold?

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Speaker 4: Well, as cells sit around, if they're not kept frozen,

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Speaker 4: very very very cold, the DNA will begin to degrade,

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Speaker 4: so they would deteriorate over time, and we need them

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Speaker 4: to be living and vital, as vital as they were

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Speaker 4: when we put them in there. Wow, so this kind

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Speaker 4: of stops their metabolism.

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Speaker 3: It reminds me like a sci fi movie for me,

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Speaker 3: but actual science fact.

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Speaker 4: Yeah.

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Speaker 3: And then yeah, earlier, I mean you were talking plants,

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Speaker 3: you were talking gam meats as well.

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Speaker 4: You know.

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Speaker 3: It makes me think of like working at the Safari

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Speaker 3: Park as an example, this the.

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Speaker 1: Bird department, mammals or just a hord of culture. So

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Speaker 1: is it kind of like that.

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Speaker 3: You have different teams at the Frozen Zoo that focused

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Speaker 3: on different things, right, there's different specialties.

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Speaker 4: So the team that freezes the skin cells, we don't

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Speaker 4: know how to freeze Gammy. It's an entirely different animal

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Speaker 4: so to speak. Yeah, plants are entirely different from that.

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Speaker 4: We have a stem cell team. They take the skin

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Speaker 4: cells and they reprogram them into stem cells and then

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Speaker 4: those are added to the frozen.

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Speaker 2: Back it up a little bit.

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Speaker 3: So this might be silly questions, but I need can

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Speaker 3: you describe Gammy?

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Speaker 1: What is that exactly? For people who don't know.

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Speaker 5: Right, good question.

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Speaker 4: Gam Meats are sperm and eggs, the material that creates

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Speaker 4: a new life.

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Speaker 2: And your team that you work a lot with is

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Speaker 2: working with skin cell.

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Speaker 5: You said, my team works with skin cells.

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Speaker 4: And that's what doctor Banershka, who started the Frozen Zoo

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Speaker 4: fifty years ago, he started with the skin cells.

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Speaker 5: You know how with the zoo they say it began

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Speaker 5: with a roar.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, Grex the lions.

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Speaker 4: You're right, the Frozen Zoo, I like to say it

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Speaker 4: began with a cell. It's and it was a skin cell,

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Speaker 4: but later came sperm and egg, later came stem cells,

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Speaker 4: and now just this year plants plants.

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Speaker 2: And we talked last season about the oak trees, right

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Speaker 2: and why it was so different and unique to finally

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Speaker 2: have plants in the system as well for the frozen Zoo.

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Speaker 2: So that's cool that, I mean, the connection from that

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Speaker 2: conversation we had with Christy last season about the oak tree.

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Speaker 3: But also I'm wondering, like why skin cell, you know, like,

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Speaker 3: of all the body parts of an animal, Like why

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Speaker 3: start with that.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, that's a great question, and really we can use

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Speaker 4: other parts. Most of the samples are collected after the

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Speaker 4: animal dies post mortem. Oh okay, so it can be skin.

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Speaker 5: For birds, we prefer eye and trachea.

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Speaker 4: For amphibians, we like foot or tongue, parts of the

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Speaker 4: body that have to regenerate the cells quickly.

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Speaker 2: Oh, so they're more apt to regenerate for you in

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Speaker 2: the lab there exactly.

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Speaker 3: I I just learned that today. I'm learning a lot today,

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Speaker 3: by the way. That's interesting. They have to be so

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Speaker 3: specific on the animal.

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Speaker 4: And the fancy word for skin cell is fiberblast, and

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Speaker 4: so really what we're getting out of any of the

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Speaker 4: tissues eye, trachia, foot, tongue, skin is fiberglast cells.

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Speaker 2: I'm guessing that over the fifty years, it wasn't just

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Speaker 2: like we know exactly what kind of cells are best.

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Speaker 2: A lot of trial and error throughout this process over

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Speaker 2: the fifty years to find out that for the reptiles

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Speaker 2: it's foot and tongue, for the birds, trachia, eye, for

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Speaker 2: mammals skin, I would assume.

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Speaker 4: Correct, exactly. That's what my team is doing. Every day.

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Speaker 4: They're working with sometimes new species. Sometimes we're adding new

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Speaker 4: species to the Frozen Zoo every week, and so we're

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Speaker 4: learning new things.

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Speaker 5: It began only.

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Speaker 4: With mammals, starting with mammals, just mammals, because you can

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Speaker 4: imagine first techniques were worked out on humans, right, and

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Speaker 4: then so when doctor Banershka came along, he said, you know,

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Speaker 4: this is a new technology. We can do it for animals.

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Speaker 4: And when the animals die, we have the pathology department

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Speaker 4: right here. It's easy to go collect a biopsy and

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Speaker 4: culture the cells. And we learned a lot how to

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Speaker 4: do it. And then it was years later that we

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Speaker 4: started adding bird cells and then find reptiles and most

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Speaker 4: recently amphibians.

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Speaker 1: Wow, that's amazing.

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Speaker 3: And earlier you were saying it's the largest amount of

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Speaker 3: genetic materials, that's the way to phrase it in the world.

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Speaker 4: What's special about this collection again is that it's living cells,

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Speaker 4: and so this is the largest living cell and gammy

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Speaker 4: collection anywhere in the world right now, we have over

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Speaker 4: eleven five hundred individuals and about thirteen hundred species and subspecies.

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Speaker 4: And to put that in perspective, and you guys have

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Speaker 4: seen the room. We're not in the room, but it's

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Speaker 4: a pretty small room. Yeah right, Yeah, and it actually

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Speaker 4: holds nearly twice the number of animals that are at

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Speaker 4: the zoo and the Safari Park combined, combine, because we're

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Speaker 4: just storing little vials of cells, and so we can

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Speaker 4: really put a lot of material in there, which, as

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Speaker 4: people have probably heard in other podcasts, that stores all

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Speaker 4: this genetic diversity of all these animals that have passed on.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, she said that word again.

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Speaker 3: And I was listening to the last episode of last

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Speaker 3: season with doctor Oliver Wrder, you know, and it reminded

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Speaker 3: me of that.

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Speaker 1: And he's kind of stressed.

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Speaker 3: Like back in the day, you know, the idea of

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Speaker 3: like genetic diversity wasn't really like a common thought process.

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Speaker 1: You know, maybe we used.

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Speaker 3: Relatives a little closer depending on the species, to try

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Speaker 3: to reproduce and to help out with those numbers. But

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Speaker 3: there were some genetic issues that were happening, and it

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Speaker 3: was that contup woide diversity is so important kind of

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Speaker 3: the main reason why we have this, wouldn't you say,

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Speaker 3: I mean to keep that diversity of genetic material for

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Speaker 3: different species.

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Speaker 1: Is that an.

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Speaker 5: Idea one of the reasons.

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Speaker 4: It's really it's so vast the uses for this, it's

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Speaker 4: kind of mind blowing.

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Speaker 2: Yeah.

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Speaker 4: Back to some of the other podcasts, you learned that

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Speaker 4: he started it for chromosomes.

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Speaker 1: Yeah.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, so doctor.

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Speaker 4: Bernershka's first thought was to study the chromosomes of these cells.

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Speaker 4: You need living dividing cells to study the chromosomes. They

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Speaker 4: were learning so much. They were finding that there were

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Speaker 4: animals the munchak had six or seven chromosomes, depending if

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Speaker 4: you're male or female.

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Speaker 2: Oh that's right, Yeah, why did you know that?

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Speaker 1: Wow?

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Speaker 4: And then another one that was similar, that looked almost

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Speaker 4: the same. It had forty six chromosomes. And the rhino

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Speaker 4: chromosome number wasn't known at the time, right, which is

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Speaker 4: a really high number, eighty two or eighty four depending.

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Speaker 5: On the species.

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Speaker 3: I remember horses, cheap domestic horse versus the two or

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Speaker 3: three chroma that was wild.

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Speaker 5: Right, And back to the mule.

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Speaker 4: You know, how do you get a mule while it

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Speaker 4: is a donkey cross with a horse and that creates

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Speaker 4: a mule which is infertiles. So it's partly for the

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Speaker 4: curiosity and understanding, but it's also avoiding mistakes like hybrids.

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Speaker 4: You know, what do we need to know about this

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Speaker 4: animal to help it thrive in the future. Well, we

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Speaker 4: definitely don't want to cross breed different species, and sometimes

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Speaker 4: they look alike and the only way to tell the

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Speaker 4: difference is through their chromosomes.

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Speaker 2: Yeah. Wow, Well, I want to jump back in time.

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Speaker 2: We've covered a lot so far sort of as an

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Speaker 2: intro to all this, and there's other stuff we're going

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Speaker 2: to dive into more like how things are stored. We're

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Speaker 2: gonna look at the vials and all that stuff. But

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Speaker 2: I want to hear obviously, I mean, our listeners can

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Speaker 2: figure this out. You know a lot about the Frozen

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Speaker 2: Zoo because you have a rich history here along the

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Speaker 2: fifty years of the Frozen Zoo. When did you first

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Speaker 2: start and what was your first position here or even

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Speaker 2: a not official position from what I understand, right, it

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Speaker 2: was more of a college situation.

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Speaker 5: Right.

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Speaker 4: It was nineteen eighty seven and I was hired on

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Speaker 4: a one year grant. I was working in biotech here

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Speaker 4: in San Diego. It was a hub for biotechnology, and

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Speaker 4: I actually going to even further back, I actually started

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Speaker 4: in human cytogenetics, that means cell genetics. So I was

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Speaker 4: studying human chromosomes because I got interested in it in

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Speaker 4: high school from my high school teacher.

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Speaker 2: High school high school science.

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Speaker 5: I thought it was the best thing ever.

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Speaker 4: And I didn't really realize I would have well, certainly

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Speaker 4: not this career, but I knew there was a career

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Speaker 4: in studying human chromosomes. So anyway, I had to divert

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Speaker 4: to a biotech for a little. While I was studying cancer,

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Speaker 4: we were looking for cures for cancer, and it involved

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Speaker 4: looking at cells that had both mouse and human chromosomes

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Speaker 4: in a way to understand how the cancer was working.

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Speaker 4: So that was my experience. But I only knew human

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Speaker 4: chromosomes and I didn't know mouse chromosomes. And I thought, well,

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Speaker 4: I know there's a genetic lab here in San Diego

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Speaker 4: at the Zoo. I knew about it because even back

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Speaker 4: then in my world it was sort of famous.

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Speaker 1: Oh, it was already.

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Speaker 3: It's a it's running around this guy at the Sandy

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Speaker 3: the Safari Park doing something with creators out there, right because.

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Speaker 5: It was chromosomes. Not everybody knew about it.

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Speaker 2: But in the.

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Speaker 4: Chromosome world, like, wow, they do animal, I mean, how

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Speaker 4: do you do other mammals other than human? And I thought, well,

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Speaker 4: they'll teach me. Maybe I can go volunteer there. I

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Speaker 4: hope that my knowledge, maybe I could help them and

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Speaker 4: they'll teach me mouse so that I can understand what

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Speaker 4: I'm doing with my chromosomes in the cancer studies. So

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Speaker 4: I came for this interview and it was the hardest

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Speaker 4: interview of my life. I thought I was interviewing for

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Speaker 4: a volunteer job. And at the end of it they

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Speaker 4: offered me a job, a one year grant, big pay cut.

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Speaker 4: Was I willing to do that? The goal was my

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Speaker 4: job would be my mission, should I choose to accept it,

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Speaker 4: was to figure out why rhinos cells don't grow very

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Speaker 4: well and figure out the chromosome number of some of

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Speaker 4: the rhinos. Nobody knew the chromosome number of Sumatran rhinos,

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Speaker 4: and they couldn't figure it out if they couldn't get

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Speaker 4: cells to grow better, So, you know, do I.

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Speaker 5: Want to just drop?

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Speaker 2: Also jumping into rhino, but yeah.

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Speaker 5: Drop a great job.

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Speaker 4: I was young and I said absolutely, of course I

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Speaker 4: want to do that.

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Speaker 5: And so that was about thirty eight years ago.

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Speaker 4: So what I was was just basically a technician, and

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Speaker 4: I was working under Arlene Kumamoto, who doctor Banershka and

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Speaker 4: Arlene had come from UCSD together when he started the

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Speaker 4: Frozen Zoo. She was the first technician and the first

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Speaker 4: curator of the Frozen Zoo, and I'm the second curator

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Speaker 4: of the zoo in fifty years.

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Speaker 2: Well, so in that time of you starting there, Arlene's

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Speaker 2: the curator. You're on a team of only a few

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Speaker 2: of you.

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Speaker 4: Right, was the only technician because she was technically a

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Speaker 4: higher position than that, and it was to permanent position.

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Speaker 4: So there really was no permanent technician at the time.

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Speaker 2: So when your grant was over, what happened?

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Speaker 5: They somehow found some money and said can we kind

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Speaker 5: of hang out? Well, we try to find money, and

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Speaker 5: I'm sure it was so fun. It was just amazing.

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Speaker 4: I've been here ever since. And then Arlene died suddenly

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Speaker 4: and tragically of cancer.

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Speaker 5: And so it was a rapid shift.

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Speaker 4: I was with her fifteen years and I didn't learn

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Speaker 4: enough from her in those fifteen years, but my background

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Speaker 4: helped a lot. Now we're teaching it to the next generation.

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Speaker 4: And so what doctor Banershka taught Arlene taught me and

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Speaker 4: on to the next generation. And so it's this, it's

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Speaker 4: not really anything you can go to school for. It's

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Speaker 4: better learned from somebody who knows how to do it

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Speaker 4: at your education level doesn't really matter. It's a new skill.

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Speaker 4: Not very many people do this anywhere in the world, right,

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Speaker 4: can't just.

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Speaker 2: Go get a degree in this sort of thing. So

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Speaker 2: few people are doing it, and so few locations to

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Speaker 2: do it in.

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Speaker 1: Right, what an exciting time.

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Speaker 3: Right actually remind me even my background here, I was

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Speaker 3: able to work here at a very young age and

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Speaker 3: learn a lot on the.

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Speaker 1: Job as well.

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Speaker 3: And you know, as you're speaking, I'm thinking about like

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Speaker 3: what the past looked like for you, now what the

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Speaker 3: future looks like for you.

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Speaker 1: And again back to that word diversity.

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Speaker 3: And you know, at the time when I started younger

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Speaker 3: in wildlife care, it was kind of like very male

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Speaker 3: centric kind of community. Now, but then we saw more diversity,

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Speaker 3: people of color, women, all sorts of people of all

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Speaker 3: walks of life coming into these areas. I'm curious, was

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Speaker 3: it a similar kind of experience for you. Do you

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Speaker 3: see from the past and now what you see as

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Speaker 3: for as diversity and representation of people in science?

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Speaker 4: Well, you're right, for some reason, there are more women

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Speaker 4: in science in general. Oh yeah, at least, well, okay,

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Speaker 4: in my world, in the chromosome world, there were a

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Speaker 4: lot of women. I think it's a very detailed, fine

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Speaker 4: tuned thing with manipulating fingers, very small fingers, and growing cells.

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Speaker 4: You grow cells in the human world too. But the

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Speaker 4: interesting thing about our group over the fifty years, most

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Speaker 4: of the time, I would say ninety percent of the

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Speaker 4: people growing sales were women.

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Speaker 1: Wow.

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Speaker 4: Over the years, and right now the team there's just

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Speaker 4: five of us in the skin cell group and all women.

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Speaker 4: And then the Gammat team is also all women.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, kudos, that's awesome. Now, that's really great.

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Speaker 3: It makes me excited because you know, a lot of times,

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Speaker 3: back to the last episode, a lot of school groups

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Speaker 3: come to Beckman.

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Speaker 1: I've been a part of some of them.

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Speaker 3: Plant to Seed is another one we bring kids from

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Speaker 3: inter city communities, you know, here in San Diego County,

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Speaker 3: and I grew up here in Escandieto, and I love

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Speaker 3: seeing especially you know, the Latino community and little girls

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Speaker 3: particularly can come here and see things that are possible

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Speaker 3: for them in the future, you know.

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Speaker 1: So I love that we have that offer here at Beckman.

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Speaker 4: All right, we've spoken to the Plant to Seed group

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Speaker 4: and inspires them.

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Speaker 1: It was amazing. No, thank you for that. That's great.

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Speaker 3: How excited are you about the work that's being done

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Speaker 3: here at Beckman And what do you see in the future.

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Speaker 3: I mean, I know that's a really loaded question, but

397
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Speaker 3: there's so much unknown going on in science.

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Speaker 4: Wouldn't you say, Oh, there's so much still to be discovered.

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Speaker 5: It's exciting all the time.

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Speaker 4: When I was in human it was interesting wise in

401
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Speaker 4: the human world we call it, but it was every

402
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Speaker 4: single day, it was forty six chromosome, same individuals.

403
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Speaker 5: Here every single day.

404
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Speaker 4: We're getting different species and we don't know what's coming in.

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Speaker 4: We get samples from zoos all around the United States.

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Speaker 4: It's more difficult to get samples to us from outside

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Speaker 4: of the US because it has to cross borders. There's

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Speaker 4: permits if there's any delay the cells start today. We

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Speaker 4: have to get everything quickly. Oh okay, okay, but today,

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Speaker 4: for example, two of our team members and and Katie

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Speaker 4: froze the very first at Water's Prairie chicken.

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Speaker 5: Oh really, and that's the news.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, that's I mean, I think the word chicken. Most

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Speaker 2: people are like a big yell about chicken. But I'm

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Speaker 2: just saying, I'm just saying, that's an a dangerous species.

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Speaker 2: That's really important.

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Speaker 4: It is, and we've been collaborating with US Fish and

418
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Speaker 4: Wildlife on this, and years ago we were talking about this.

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Speaker 4: They were saying there's this real need to bank this species.

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Speaker 4: And then what happened is a very genetically valuable animal died.

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Speaker 4: And they knew of us, they knew our program, they

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Speaker 4: were prepared, they knew the method to.

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Speaker 5: Quickly get us the tissue.

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Speaker 4: Oh, the ladies in the labs set up the tissues,

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Speaker 4: and about four weeks later there are enough cells to

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Speaker 4: add to the frozen zoo and so that becomes a

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Speaker 4: new species, and we're saving the genetic diversity of that

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Speaker 4: individual that died.

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Speaker 5: Otherwise it's lost.

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Speaker 4: We can't ever go back and say, oh, we should

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Speaker 4: have gotten that animal or you know, wouldn't it be

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Speaker 4: nice if we had cells of a dodo or a

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Speaker 4: Tasmanian tiger or a passenger pigeon. But we can't go

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Speaker 4: backwards in time. We have to bank now with the

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Speaker 4: future in mind.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, having the foresight for it, that's really great.

437
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Speaker 2: You know, since you mentioned the fact that your team

438
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Speaker 2: grew more cells. That took four weeks. And again, I

439
00:18:36,359 --> 00:18:38,479
Speaker 2: think for someone listening it might be like, wait, what

440
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Speaker 2: so we have here in front of us?

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Speaker 4: Oh?

442
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Speaker 2: Yeah, how things are banked once they have grown. But

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Speaker 2: let's talk first before I want to describe this and

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Speaker 2: get into what this is here in front of us.

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Speaker 2: But when the cell sample shows up, you're not just

446
00:18:50,600 --> 00:18:52,720
Speaker 2: throwing that in the freezer. There's a whole process that

447
00:18:52,760 --> 00:18:55,080
Speaker 2: everyone has to go through a quick step by step.

448
00:18:55,240 --> 00:18:57,520
Speaker 2: What is it that your team has to jump into

449
00:18:57,560 --> 00:19:00,239
Speaker 2: when those prey chicken cells show up?

450
00:19:00,600 --> 00:19:02,879
Speaker 4: Right, So we get it in a small container with

451
00:19:03,200 --> 00:19:05,399
Speaker 4: growth media so it keeps it moist, it keeps it

452
00:19:05,440 --> 00:19:07,840
Speaker 4: from drying out. So anything that would kill the cells

453
00:19:08,680 --> 00:19:10,680
Speaker 4: ends what we're trying to do. We need live cell

454
00:19:10,800 --> 00:19:13,720
Speaker 4: So if you think of a leaf of lettuce, it's

455
00:19:13,800 --> 00:19:16,479
Speaker 4: nice and crisp and taught, and those cells are alive.

456
00:19:17,000 --> 00:19:20,480
Speaker 4: If it gets dehydrated, it wilts, If it gets bacteria,

457
00:19:20,600 --> 00:19:24,160
Speaker 4: it wilts. All these things. Just a high amount of heat,

458
00:19:24,280 --> 00:19:26,160
Speaker 4: it would start to weild. That means the cells are dying,

459
00:19:26,560 --> 00:19:28,359
Speaker 4: if you think of it like that. So this comes

460
00:19:28,359 --> 00:19:31,240
Speaker 4: in a little vial keeping it moist. It has antibiotics

461
00:19:31,240 --> 00:19:33,640
Speaker 4: so it doesn't get contaminated, and.

462
00:19:33,600 --> 00:19:35,720
Speaker 5: We get it quickly, take it into the lab.

463
00:19:35,760 --> 00:19:39,119
Speaker 4: Everything's done steraily so that we don't get outside organisms

464
00:19:39,160 --> 00:19:42,720
Speaker 4: into our cells, which would destroy it. So it goes

465
00:19:42,760 --> 00:19:46,080
Speaker 4: into the lab. They dice it really small into little pieces.

466
00:19:46,119 --> 00:19:49,600
Speaker 4: We add an enzyme called collagenase. It digests the collagen

467
00:19:49,640 --> 00:19:50,720
Speaker 4: around the cells.

468
00:19:50,480 --> 00:19:52,440
Speaker 2: So real quick. I know what that means. But when

469
00:19:52,440 --> 00:19:54,560
Speaker 2: we sure our audience knows. It comes in as a

470
00:19:54,640 --> 00:19:59,000
Speaker 2: very small sample. The sample size is so they dice

471
00:19:59,040 --> 00:20:00,760
Speaker 2: it up first into small all our pieces of the

472
00:20:00,840 --> 00:20:04,840
Speaker 2: enzyme you said digestive and basically means breaks down certain proteins.

473
00:20:04,880 --> 00:20:07,800
Speaker 4: Correct, yep, right, it breaks down the collagen that's holding

474
00:20:07,880 --> 00:20:10,320
Speaker 4: the cells together. You know, our skin is all collagen.

475
00:20:10,359 --> 00:20:11,680
Speaker 4: You know, as we age and they say, oh, you're

476
00:20:11,680 --> 00:20:14,879
Speaker 4: losing collagen, you're losing elasticity in your skin.

477
00:20:15,080 --> 00:20:18,399
Speaker 2: Yeah, so this helps basically individualize and bring the cells

478
00:20:18,480 --> 00:20:20,320
Speaker 2: apart from other cells, so you can get an eye

479
00:20:20,359 --> 00:20:21,800
Speaker 2: on those individuals better.

480
00:20:22,080 --> 00:20:25,199
Speaker 4: Right, Okay, So we digest it and the cells are

481
00:20:25,320 --> 00:20:28,600
Speaker 4: coming loose than we take that and we put the digesting,

482
00:20:28,680 --> 00:20:31,240
Speaker 4: falling apart tissue in a flask, which is a little

483
00:20:31,240 --> 00:20:36,320
Speaker 4: clear plastic container that's sterile, okay, and the cells will

484
00:20:36,320 --> 00:20:39,080
Speaker 4: begin in a growth media has all the nutrients and enzymes,

485
00:20:39,119 --> 00:20:41,480
Speaker 4: kind of cell soup, everything they need to grow and thrive.

486
00:20:42,080 --> 00:20:44,919
Speaker 4: So the cells they're adherent. Not all cells are adherent.

487
00:20:44,920 --> 00:20:46,760
Speaker 4: It means they stick to the bottom of the flask.

488
00:20:46,880 --> 00:20:49,240
Speaker 4: Some cells are non adherent. They're floating. And the cancer

489
00:20:49,280 --> 00:20:52,160
Speaker 4: cells I worked with were non adherent. That's another difficult

490
00:20:53,119 --> 00:20:55,840
Speaker 4: The best these are adherent. They attached to the bottom.

491
00:20:55,920 --> 00:20:57,840
Speaker 4: We can look at them under the microscope. We can

492
00:20:57,880 --> 00:21:00,640
Speaker 4: watch them grow and divide, so we know when there's

493
00:21:00,760 --> 00:21:03,720
Speaker 4: more and we want the bottom of the flask to

494
00:21:03,800 --> 00:21:06,520
Speaker 4: become wall to wall with cells. The word for that

495
00:21:06,600 --> 00:21:10,720
Speaker 4: is a really weird word called confluent again, confluent confluid.

496
00:21:10,840 --> 00:21:13,800
Speaker 4: I think rivers are confluent and cells can be confluent,

497
00:21:13,840 --> 00:21:16,000
Speaker 4: but there's not many things that are described as conflict,

498
00:21:16,040 --> 00:21:18,360
Speaker 4: but as wall to wall packed with cells. And as

499
00:21:18,359 --> 00:21:21,399
Speaker 4: they grow there and one flask becomes packed with cells,

500
00:21:21,640 --> 00:21:24,360
Speaker 4: we put an enzyme on again to make them become

501
00:21:24,720 --> 00:21:27,040
Speaker 4: de attached from the bottom of the flask, and we

502
00:21:27,080 --> 00:21:28,760
Speaker 4: can move half of them into another flask.

503
00:21:28,960 --> 00:21:29,840
Speaker 5: And this is how we grow it.

504
00:21:29,840 --> 00:21:32,679
Speaker 4: We go from one flask to two to four, and

505
00:21:32,720 --> 00:21:34,960
Speaker 4: then when we get to four, we have enough cells

506
00:21:34,960 --> 00:21:36,720
Speaker 4: to add to the frozen zoo.

507
00:21:36,600 --> 00:21:39,640
Speaker 2: Why is it important to have at least that many

508
00:21:39,720 --> 00:21:41,640
Speaker 2: cells before putting them in the frozen zoo?

509
00:21:42,119 --> 00:21:45,119
Speaker 5: So the number you could decide whatever you want.

510
00:21:45,240 --> 00:21:47,280
Speaker 4: But what we hit upon in history it all the

511
00:21:47,280 --> 00:21:49,520
Speaker 4: way back pretty much to our lane, was we thought

512
00:21:49,560 --> 00:21:53,520
Speaker 4: we would freeze nine vials overall, so four would stay

513
00:21:53,560 --> 00:21:57,240
Speaker 4: here at the Beckmann Center. Four go to our duplicate collection,

514
00:21:57,400 --> 00:22:00,120
Speaker 4: which is exactly the same. Because you don't want all

515
00:22:00,160 --> 00:22:03,000
Speaker 4: your eggs in one basket, correct, right, what happens if

516
00:22:03,000 --> 00:22:06,320
Speaker 4: there was a fire or an earthquake, something we couldn't control,

517
00:22:06,560 --> 00:22:09,560
Speaker 4: we would have half the collection somewhere else. The ninth

518
00:22:09,600 --> 00:22:13,399
Speaker 4: file is pulled, doesn't get into the frozen zoo. We

519
00:22:13,520 --> 00:22:17,359
Speaker 4: freeze it briefly, and then we put it in another

520
00:22:17,400 --> 00:22:19,640
Speaker 4: flask and we can use it to look at the chromosomes.

521
00:22:19,920 --> 00:22:22,800
Speaker 5: Ah, cool, and check the We call it viability. How

522
00:22:22,800 --> 00:22:24,000
Speaker 5: well did the cells freeze?

523
00:22:24,040 --> 00:22:25,520
Speaker 4: Sure, we can freeze, and we can throw them in

524
00:22:25,560 --> 00:22:27,080
Speaker 4: there and say we froze them, but they have to

525
00:22:27,080 --> 00:22:31,480
Speaker 4: come back out alive or it doesn't matter. It's science science,

526
00:22:32,960 --> 00:22:35,600
Speaker 4: And I didn't mention like you said, you can't just

527
00:22:35,720 --> 00:22:38,639
Speaker 4: throw something into the freezer and expect it would come

528
00:22:38,680 --> 00:22:41,439
Speaker 4: back out alive. What we have to do is add

529
00:22:41,960 --> 00:22:47,520
Speaker 4: a reagent called dimethyl sulfoxide or dmso it prevents ice

530
00:22:47,560 --> 00:22:50,359
Speaker 4: crystals from forming in the cells. So picture of cell

531
00:22:51,240 --> 00:22:54,040
Speaker 4: and it's freezing. Yet it makes it freeze softly, kind

532
00:22:54,040 --> 00:22:56,760
Speaker 4: of like a popsicle, like a not real hard like

533
00:22:56,800 --> 00:22:57,639
Speaker 4: an ice cube.

534
00:22:57,840 --> 00:23:00,880
Speaker 1: Frozen, yeah, frozen gelny.

535
00:23:00,920 --> 00:23:02,520
Speaker 3: You know, I was up really ate last night and

536
00:23:02,720 --> 00:23:04,760
Speaker 3: I wanted a popsicle, but there was this one with

537
00:23:04,840 --> 00:23:06,440
Speaker 3: a lot of frost fighting and I didn't want to

538
00:23:06,480 --> 00:23:08,440
Speaker 3: eat it.

539
00:23:10,400 --> 00:23:11,560
Speaker 1: Well, if you probably.

540
00:23:12,440 --> 00:23:13,440
Speaker 5: It's similar, I mean it's.

541
00:23:15,800 --> 00:23:17,720
Speaker 4: I mean a popsicle doesn't have live cells if you

542
00:23:17,720 --> 00:23:18,640
Speaker 4: think back to the life.

543
00:23:18,720 --> 00:23:19,800
Speaker 1: Otherwise I'm not eating it.

544
00:23:20,000 --> 00:23:25,480
Speaker 4: Right, it's a cryo protecting. It's like an anti freeze.

545
00:23:25,520 --> 00:23:29,200
Speaker 4: So it is freezing, but it's not freezing rocks solid

546
00:23:29,280 --> 00:23:33,000
Speaker 4: with ice crystals because ice crystal is sharp, it pierces

547
00:23:33,040 --> 00:23:35,280
Speaker 4: the cell membrane that kills the cell.

548
00:23:35,560 --> 00:23:39,359
Speaker 2: So this is legitimately a frozen suspended animation. You're not

549
00:23:39,400 --> 00:23:42,399
Speaker 2: freezing to the point of hard rock. You're keeping a

550
00:23:42,480 --> 00:23:45,119
Speaker 2: soft enough that those cells don't burst, break or tear.

551
00:23:45,960 --> 00:23:48,000
Speaker 2: And then you bring that one vial, that ninth file

552
00:23:48,080 --> 00:23:49,879
Speaker 2: back out, just a double check that all the systems

553
00:23:49,920 --> 00:23:51,680
Speaker 2: are working well. Yeah, and then it's viable.

554
00:23:51,880 --> 00:23:54,080
Speaker 4: Right, we look at it under the microscope. We say, oh, look,

555
00:23:54,119 --> 00:23:56,840
Speaker 4: they did attach again. They did it here. They are

556
00:23:56,880 --> 00:23:59,560
Speaker 4: dividing again, and then we can grow them up further.

557
00:24:00,440 --> 00:24:02,720
Speaker 4: They're getting older. Each time they divide, they get older,

558
00:24:02,800 --> 00:24:03,639
Speaker 4: just like our cells.

559
00:24:03,760 --> 00:24:05,080
Speaker 1: Oh I didn't think about that. If you think.

560
00:24:05,160 --> 00:24:07,200
Speaker 4: Yeah, if you think about it, our skin looks the

561
00:24:07,240 --> 00:24:09,320
Speaker 4: way it does because our cells have divided over and

562
00:24:09,320 --> 00:24:12,479
Speaker 4: over and over compared to a baby. But we can

563
00:24:12,520 --> 00:24:16,000
Speaker 4: grow it up again and we give a section of that.

564
00:24:16,200 --> 00:24:19,000
Speaker 4: We give a number of those cells to the DNA group,

565
00:24:19,400 --> 00:24:21,960
Speaker 4: who then freezes it in a non living manner. But

566
00:24:22,080 --> 00:24:25,439
Speaker 4: that can also be used for other people. Requesting cells.

567
00:24:25,440 --> 00:24:27,800
Speaker 4: If they don't need living dividing cells, will give them

568
00:24:27,800 --> 00:24:32,400
Speaker 4: the DNA material instead and protect As curator. I need

569
00:24:32,400 --> 00:24:34,359
Speaker 4: to be sure that we keep a certain amount of

570
00:24:34,359 --> 00:24:38,480
Speaker 4: the live cells back in the collection for future uses,

571
00:24:38,600 --> 00:24:41,560
Speaker 4: because you know, what's the most important use today? And

572
00:24:41,600 --> 00:24:44,119
Speaker 4: then I have to think about could there be something

573
00:24:44,119 --> 00:24:47,240
Speaker 4: more important in the future that people would say, wait,

574
00:24:47,280 --> 00:24:50,920
Speaker 4: why did you use it all up on that whatever

575
00:24:50,960 --> 00:24:53,879
Speaker 4: it was studying chromosomes. We need to bank some. We

576
00:24:54,040 --> 00:24:55,959
Speaker 4: use it now and we bank some for the future.

577
00:24:56,280 --> 00:24:59,040
Speaker 2: Wow, all right, I have to ask because I do

578
00:24:59,119 --> 00:25:00,919
Speaker 2: want to get again into these containers here how this

579
00:25:00,960 --> 00:25:02,760
Speaker 2: all works, so we can talk more about that for

580
00:25:02,800 --> 00:25:06,960
Speaker 2: our audience. Thirty eight years of doing this, clearly thousands

581
00:25:07,040 --> 00:25:10,720
Speaker 2: upon thousands of individuals gotten into plants, got some birds,

582
00:25:10,720 --> 00:25:13,680
Speaker 2: got some retails for you personally, what has been the

583
00:25:13,720 --> 00:25:15,840
Speaker 2: most like, oh my gosh, I can't believe this is

584
00:25:15,880 --> 00:25:17,760
Speaker 2: here at the laugh or did we get to freeze

585
00:25:17,800 --> 00:25:20,320
Speaker 2: this one? Has there been one, whether it's an individual

586
00:25:20,800 --> 00:25:22,480
Speaker 2: or a species or anything like that.

587
00:25:22,640 --> 00:25:23,520
Speaker 5: I can only pick one.

588
00:25:23,600 --> 00:25:27,480
Speaker 2: Okay, one from your top ten comes up right away

589
00:25:27,520 --> 00:25:28,480
Speaker 2: when he said, well, there's.

590
00:25:28,320 --> 00:25:29,880
Speaker 4: So many, because it has been a lot of years,

591
00:25:29,920 --> 00:25:32,359
Speaker 4: and I've been so fortunate to work on so many things,

592
00:25:32,359 --> 00:25:35,600
Speaker 4: So beginning with having my job being figured out how

593
00:25:35,600 --> 00:25:37,720
Speaker 4: to make rhino cells grow better, I got to work

594
00:25:37,760 --> 00:25:40,960
Speaker 4: with Sumatran rhino and northern white rhino and I was

595
00:25:41,000 --> 00:25:43,680
Speaker 4: actually successful and they're one of our best growing cells.

596
00:25:44,160 --> 00:25:47,240
Speaker 4: Today we don't worry about growing rhinos. So it's like

597
00:25:47,440 --> 00:25:49,480
Speaker 4: we got a rhino sample, it's going to work. We have,

598
00:25:49,680 --> 00:25:51,520
Speaker 4: you know, probably ninety nine percent success.

599
00:25:51,600 --> 00:25:53,320
Speaker 3: Right, do you like to look back? You walk past

600
00:25:53,320 --> 00:25:56,680
Speaker 3: the rhinol? I did that, like.

601
00:25:56,680 --> 00:25:59,359
Speaker 4: Nola, you know, before I die, They got samples the

602
00:25:59,400 --> 00:25:59,960
Speaker 4: Northern white rude.

603
00:26:00,119 --> 00:26:02,119
Speaker 3: She was a northern white rhino that lived here in

604
00:26:02,160 --> 00:26:04,080
Speaker 3: the Safari apart for many years in case our listeners

605
00:26:04,080 --> 00:26:06,679
Speaker 3: didn't know, and everyone loved her. And it just reminds

606
00:26:06,760 --> 00:26:08,960
Speaker 3: me how great this place is, you know, the Safari Park,

607
00:26:09,080 --> 00:26:13,480
Speaker 3: all the nuances, guests, wildlife care, security, chafts, science, you know,

608
00:26:13,520 --> 00:26:15,960
Speaker 3: it's great and it's wonderful that guests can come visitors

609
00:26:15,960 --> 00:26:19,560
Speaker 3: here and know that these things are happening, these amazing

610
00:26:19,720 --> 00:26:22,080
Speaker 3: nuances of science are happening right here in Backman at

611
00:26:22,080 --> 00:26:22,840
Speaker 3: the Safari Park.

612
00:26:23,000 --> 00:26:25,719
Speaker 4: And then we branch out everywhere we have hubs that

613
00:26:25,800 --> 00:26:28,520
Speaker 4: San diego Zo Wildlife Alliance works with, and one of

614
00:26:28,520 --> 00:26:33,080
Speaker 4: our hubs is Hawaii and the endangered bird population there right. Yes,

615
00:26:33,400 --> 00:26:35,800
Speaker 4: that goes back to probably, I don't know that this

616
00:26:35,840 --> 00:26:38,199
Speaker 4: could ever happen again. It has to stand out as

617
00:26:38,240 --> 00:26:42,080
Speaker 4: one of my most memorable oh yeah samples I set

618
00:26:42,160 --> 00:26:45,840
Speaker 4: up was it's a Hawaiian honey creeper called the Yes

619
00:26:46,560 --> 00:26:47,040
Speaker 4: and they.

620
00:26:46,920 --> 00:26:49,280
Speaker 5: Live in Hawaii. They thought it was extinct.

621
00:26:49,320 --> 00:26:53,160
Speaker 4: They rediscovered just a few individuals and they were making

622
00:26:53,160 --> 00:26:55,320
Speaker 4: a plan for how to try to bring them together

623
00:26:55,520 --> 00:26:58,920
Speaker 4: so that we could help them in reproduction and save

624
00:26:59,000 --> 00:27:02,440
Speaker 4: the species, kind of like we did with California condor. However,

625
00:27:02,520 --> 00:27:06,320
Speaker 4: there weren't enough individuals and they were only ever able

626
00:27:06,440 --> 00:27:10,240
Speaker 4: to bring the one male into the managed care program,

627
00:27:11,040 --> 00:27:14,199
Speaker 4: and he was older, and then we figured he was

628
00:27:14,280 --> 00:27:18,360
Speaker 4: going to die fairly soon, and he did. And they

629
00:27:18,400 --> 00:27:21,159
Speaker 4: wanted people to grow cells. And they said, we're going

630
00:27:21,200 --> 00:27:23,680
Speaker 4: to send you tissue and you need to grow the cells.

631
00:27:23,680 --> 00:27:25,880
Speaker 4: And I said, yeah, except we don't grow birds yet.

632
00:27:26,359 --> 00:27:28,280
Speaker 4: It was too early. It was two thousand and four.

633
00:27:28,760 --> 00:27:31,359
Speaker 4: I could grow feathers if feathers were growing in and

634
00:27:31,400 --> 00:27:33,600
Speaker 4: I said, if this bird doesn't have growing feathers. I

635
00:27:33,600 --> 00:27:36,600
Speaker 4: don't know how to grow a bird. So I begged

636
00:27:36,600 --> 00:27:38,800
Speaker 4: that they would send it to two different locations and

637
00:27:38,800 --> 00:27:40,560
Speaker 4: they said, okay, we'll look into that. And then they

638
00:27:40,600 --> 00:27:43,399
Speaker 4: came back and said, there is no other location that

639
00:27:43,480 --> 00:27:43,920
Speaker 4: does this.

640
00:27:44,200 --> 00:27:45,200
Speaker 5: You have to do it.

641
00:27:45,720 --> 00:27:47,639
Speaker 4: And then it was Thanksgiving weekend and there was a

642
00:27:47,640 --> 00:27:50,400
Speaker 4: team of people to receive the bird and went into

643
00:27:50,440 --> 00:27:54,280
Speaker 4: pathology and they were able to extract the eye. Because

644
00:27:55,160 --> 00:27:56,639
Speaker 4: I didn't know at the time, we didn't know I

645
00:27:56,800 --> 00:27:59,639
Speaker 4: in trachia. I never never thought of trachia. I tried

646
00:28:00,040 --> 00:28:04,080
Speaker 4: of her heart, kidney's spleen skin, which rarely grows on birds.

647
00:28:04,400 --> 00:28:07,440
Speaker 4: And I because of the past knowledge all the way

648
00:28:07,480 --> 00:28:11,040
Speaker 4: back to Arlene and doctor Banershka. Arlene had grown the

649
00:28:11,080 --> 00:28:14,480
Speaker 4: cornea of a whale, and I thought, well, maybe I

650
00:28:14,520 --> 00:28:17,440
Speaker 4: can grow the cornea. But the eye was the size

651
00:28:17,480 --> 00:28:20,680
Speaker 4: of a blueberry, and I couldn't really extract out the cornea.

652
00:28:20,800 --> 00:28:22,600
Speaker 4: So I kind of cut it in half and used

653
00:28:22,600 --> 00:28:25,480
Speaker 4: my very scientific words of front of eye and back

654
00:28:25,520 --> 00:28:27,720
Speaker 4: of eye and set up two different cultures.

655
00:28:27,720 --> 00:28:28,680
Speaker 5: And back of eye grew.

656
00:28:28,720 --> 00:28:34,160
Speaker 4: But the torture waiting for that to grow, but it did.

657
00:28:34,240 --> 00:28:36,720
Speaker 4: Eventually in four weeks, we ended up adding it to

658
00:28:36,720 --> 00:28:39,600
Speaker 4: the Frozen Zoo and it became the first selling ever

659
00:28:39,720 --> 00:28:42,800
Speaker 4: anywhere in the world of an extinct species because we

660
00:28:42,840 --> 00:28:47,880
Speaker 4: don't have Dodo cells or Tasmania chi passenger pigeon. And

661
00:28:47,920 --> 00:28:50,880
Speaker 4: then what that reminds us is the other value of

662
00:28:50,880 --> 00:28:53,600
Speaker 4: the Frozen Zoo. We need to be banking these animals now,

663
00:28:53,720 --> 00:28:57,120
Speaker 4: not when it's the last one that's pressure. If that

664
00:28:57,200 --> 00:29:00,760
Speaker 4: didn't work, we lost the ability to look at foul chromosomes,

665
00:29:00,840 --> 00:29:05,320
Speaker 4: the Fulei genome. We can't bring that species back from

666
00:29:05,320 --> 00:29:07,920
Speaker 4: one cell line, but we can learn so much more

667
00:29:07,960 --> 00:29:10,200
Speaker 4: about it just by studying living cells.

668
00:29:10,320 --> 00:29:13,360
Speaker 2: Then that knowledge can apply to future species possibly. Yeah. Right,

669
00:29:13,400 --> 00:29:15,120
Speaker 2: And so I want to ask real quick because you

670
00:29:15,160 --> 00:29:18,880
Speaker 2: mentioned we haven't done birds yet. So describe the situation.

671
00:29:19,400 --> 00:29:22,200
Speaker 2: You chop up the cells, you add the enzymes, you know,

672
00:29:22,360 --> 00:29:25,520
Speaker 2: all those things you're looking for. I'm guessing different temperatures,

673
00:29:25,560 --> 00:29:28,640
Speaker 2: different chemicals, different amounts of the enzymes. These are all

674
00:29:28,680 --> 00:29:29,960
Speaker 2: things I have to play and you have to learn

675
00:29:30,560 --> 00:29:35,280
Speaker 2: along the way what the right steps are for each mammals, birds, reptiles,

676
00:29:35,320 --> 00:29:37,880
Speaker 2: et cetera. Or is there a different reason why you're like, ah, bird,

677
00:29:37,920 --> 00:29:38,720
Speaker 2: I'm not ready yet.

678
00:29:39,400 --> 00:29:41,520
Speaker 4: No, you're right, You're right. Temperature is one of the

679
00:29:41,520 --> 00:29:43,920
Speaker 4: biggest things. And they all grow in incubators. That four

680
00:29:43,920 --> 00:29:46,160
Speaker 4: weeks I was talking about. They're in an incubator, and

681
00:29:46,200 --> 00:29:49,560
Speaker 4: the technicians tend to, like the wildlife care specialists, they

682
00:29:49,600 --> 00:29:51,000
Speaker 4: have to go in every day and like look at

683
00:29:51,040 --> 00:29:53,640
Speaker 4: the cells and say, Okay, this one needs something else,

684
00:29:53,760 --> 00:29:55,400
Speaker 4: this one's happy, this one's not happy.

685
00:29:55,440 --> 00:29:56,280
Speaker 5: What do I feed it?

686
00:29:56,840 --> 00:29:58,960
Speaker 4: We get into a rhythm or we can kind of tell.

687
00:29:59,000 --> 00:30:00,880
Speaker 4: But some of them are different, and each time some

688
00:30:00,960 --> 00:30:03,360
Speaker 4: of them have just aren't working. We have to figure

689
00:30:03,400 --> 00:30:07,280
Speaker 4: something out. The birds actually grow at forty degrees celsius,

690
00:30:07,400 --> 00:30:11,400
Speaker 4: and mammals grow at thirty seven degrees, reptiles at thirty three.

691
00:30:11,560 --> 00:30:15,600
Speaker 4: Amphibians either room temperature or twenty seven. So it's very different.

692
00:30:15,800 --> 00:30:17,600
Speaker 5: Yeah, So they kind of go in groups.

693
00:30:17,320 --> 00:30:20,560
Speaker 4: Though if they're related to each other, they behave similarly.

694
00:30:21,040 --> 00:30:24,600
Speaker 4: So carnivores we can kind of treat with the same media.

695
00:30:24,720 --> 00:30:27,640
Speaker 4: They take the same media, which is different from the

696
00:30:27,680 --> 00:30:30,600
Speaker 4: media that the gazelle groups take. So we have to

697
00:30:30,600 --> 00:30:32,480
Speaker 4: know all these things, and then we have to know

698
00:30:32,600 --> 00:30:35,640
Speaker 4: things too. For example, dolphins we learned to grow at

699
00:30:35,680 --> 00:30:38,960
Speaker 4: thirty seven degrees and whales grow at thirty three. But

700
00:30:39,120 --> 00:30:42,240
Speaker 4: then there are some things that are called whale, like

701
00:30:42,400 --> 00:30:44,760
Speaker 4: killer whale, that are actually a dolphin.

702
00:30:45,040 --> 00:30:45,240
Speaker 2: Right.

703
00:30:45,400 --> 00:30:48,240
Speaker 4: Oh yeah, So we have to know our taxonomy or

704
00:30:48,400 --> 00:30:52,040
Speaker 4: the how things are related, what groups they rely on commons.

705
00:30:52,760 --> 00:30:54,560
Speaker 1: It kind of makes me think of my cookbook back home.

706
00:30:54,600 --> 00:30:57,400
Speaker 3: You know, it kind of grows. You know, my mom's

707
00:30:57,440 --> 00:30:59,239
Speaker 3: way of making it. The mile might be different than

708
00:30:59,280 --> 00:31:00,880
Speaker 3: my way, and you have a little bit here and there.

709
00:31:00,880 --> 00:31:02,480
Speaker 3: But I know it's a silly way of describing it.

710
00:31:02,520 --> 00:31:04,920
Speaker 3: But you know you're recording all these subtle nuances and

711
00:31:05,040 --> 00:31:08,200
Speaker 3: variation depending on the species and the group or the family,

712
00:31:08,240 --> 00:31:10,360
Speaker 3: depending on what you're doing in the situation, just constantly

713
00:31:10,440 --> 00:31:11,680
Speaker 3: adding more or changing more.

714
00:31:11,760 --> 00:31:12,960
Speaker 5: Right, It's just like that.

715
00:31:13,080 --> 00:31:15,280
Speaker 4: And we consult with each other every day, you know,

716
00:31:15,320 --> 00:31:18,560
Speaker 4: if it's something new. Katie's growing a European fire salamander

717
00:31:18,600 --> 00:31:20,520
Speaker 4: and she just froze. It's one of the new species

718
00:31:20,520 --> 00:31:23,160
Speaker 4: this year. Wow, And we have never gotten a salamander

719
00:31:23,200 --> 00:31:25,560
Speaker 4: to work. So I would go look at it whenever

720
00:31:25,640 --> 00:31:27,760
Speaker 4: she wanted a second opinion, And you know, what do

721
00:31:27,760 --> 00:31:29,200
Speaker 4: you think I should do Is it ready to go

722
00:31:29,280 --> 00:31:29,560
Speaker 4: to the.

723
00:31:29,520 --> 00:31:30,680
Speaker 5: Next flask or is it not?

724
00:31:31,480 --> 00:31:32,080
Speaker 2: What do I do?

725
00:31:32,160 --> 00:31:35,160
Speaker 4: Because it's scary, you know, and there's no written answer.

726
00:31:35,280 --> 00:31:38,320
Speaker 4: You're building on past knowledge and then you share that

727
00:31:38,360 --> 00:31:41,040
Speaker 4: knowledge with the rest of the team and the scientists

728
00:31:41,080 --> 00:31:42,720
Speaker 4: of the future, the technicians.

729
00:31:42,280 --> 00:31:43,440
Speaker 1: The future, interesting arguments.

730
00:31:43,440 --> 00:31:45,760
Speaker 3: It's scary, but it's exciting to you write what you're

731
00:31:45,760 --> 00:31:48,880
Speaker 3: trying to do, but the unknown, Like how super exciting

732
00:31:48,920 --> 00:31:51,240
Speaker 3: is that? Like modern day superheroes that you guys are doing, so,

733
00:31:51,240 --> 00:31:53,800
Speaker 3: I mean really really great work, you know, and we

734
00:31:53,880 --> 00:31:56,640
Speaker 3: talked earlier. It's a fiftieth anniversary of the Frozen Zoo

735
00:31:57,200 --> 00:31:59,120
Speaker 3: and all these amazing things that I'm learning that we do.

736
00:31:59,160 --> 00:32:01,480
Speaker 3: I had no idea that nuances here makes me think, like,

737
00:32:01,520 --> 00:32:03,280
Speaker 3: what's going to happen fifty years from now? You know,

738
00:32:03,520 --> 00:32:05,800
Speaker 3: we only can do here at Backmant the Safari Park

739
00:32:05,840 --> 00:32:07,720
Speaker 3: in the Alliance and all this conservation work.

740
00:32:07,800 --> 00:32:09,480
Speaker 4: I know, isn't it fun to think of? I mean,

741
00:32:09,600 --> 00:32:13,280
Speaker 4: Bnershka could never have imagined where this went.

742
00:32:13,320 --> 00:32:14,240
Speaker 5: I mean he sort of did.

743
00:32:14,280 --> 00:32:17,040
Speaker 4: He predicted cloning, but all the way the technology grew

744
00:32:17,240 --> 00:32:20,640
Speaker 4: and one we can't really probably even guess, but there

745
00:32:20,640 --> 00:32:23,000
Speaker 4: are things we know that we want to do. Right now,

746
00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:27,040
Speaker 4: we're growing only vertebrates, things with the backbone, birds, mammals, reptiles,

747
00:32:27,040 --> 00:32:27,600
Speaker 4: and fabians.

748
00:32:27,600 --> 00:32:27,840
Speaker 2: Fish.

749
00:32:27,960 --> 00:32:30,680
Speaker 4: Yeah, one thing my team is looking at. We want

750
00:32:30,720 --> 00:32:35,600
Speaker 4: to branch into invertebrates. The insects, Yeah, butterflies, monarch butterflies

751
00:32:35,640 --> 00:32:38,160
Speaker 4: are in trouble. The Lord Howse stick insect, which is

752
00:32:38,560 --> 00:32:40,120
Speaker 4: here at SDZWA.

753
00:32:40,480 --> 00:32:40,600
Speaker 1: Right.

754
00:32:40,680 --> 00:32:43,280
Speaker 3: Yeah, you actually can see them at Wildlife Explorers based Canto.

755
00:32:43,320 --> 00:32:44,440
Speaker 1: Another unique species and.

756
00:32:44,400 --> 00:32:46,840
Speaker 5: They're very endangered. There's only a few populations.

757
00:32:46,880 --> 00:32:48,600
Speaker 4: We'd like to try to learn how to bank those,

758
00:32:48,640 --> 00:32:51,480
Speaker 4: which is completely different. And then another thing I think

759
00:32:51,480 --> 00:32:54,120
Speaker 4: you've covered in another podcast. But the big thing we're

760
00:32:54,120 --> 00:32:57,160
Speaker 4: trying to do is share this knowledge and these techniques

761
00:32:57,520 --> 00:33:00,160
Speaker 4: with people around the world because, as I mentioned, it's

762
00:33:00,200 --> 00:33:03,160
Speaker 4: too hard to get the samples here quickly. We can't

763
00:33:03,200 --> 00:33:06,040
Speaker 4: do everything. We're at capacity all the time. We're having

764
00:33:06,120 --> 00:33:09,120
Speaker 4: to make hard decisions. There's too many to grow at once.

765
00:33:09,640 --> 00:33:11,680
Speaker 4: Which one could we get another time if the animal

766
00:33:11,720 --> 00:33:13,880
Speaker 4: hasn't died, let's pass on that one. We've got to

767
00:33:13,880 --> 00:33:15,720
Speaker 4: do the ones that died, we have no more chance

768
00:33:15,760 --> 00:33:18,520
Speaker 4: to get those. But we're making decisions all the time.

769
00:33:18,800 --> 00:33:20,920
Speaker 4: It would be better if we could grow this where

770
00:33:20,960 --> 00:33:23,880
Speaker 4: people all around the world are helping with the effort

771
00:33:24,360 --> 00:33:29,280
Speaker 4: to biobank all these endangered species. And so we're running

772
00:33:29,280 --> 00:33:32,240
Speaker 4: a workshop this year our team for one full week.

773
00:33:32,320 --> 00:33:34,280
Speaker 5: We're going to continue to keep our sales fed, but

774
00:33:34,320 --> 00:33:38,000
Speaker 5: we're going to train eight participants from around the globe.

775
00:33:38,080 --> 00:33:39,720
Speaker 5: That's awesome in these methods.

776
00:33:39,760 --> 00:33:41,600
Speaker 4: They won't learn it in one week, but we'll be

777
00:33:41,640 --> 00:33:44,400
Speaker 4: there to help them along the way. They can write

778
00:33:44,440 --> 00:33:46,720
Speaker 4: and ask us questions and we will probably go to

779
00:33:46,800 --> 00:33:49,760
Speaker 4: their countries once they're set up and help them work

780
00:33:49,760 --> 00:33:53,920
Speaker 4: out the little details. So this way, if an animal dies,

781
00:33:53,960 --> 00:33:57,480
Speaker 4: and think of the biodiversity these other countries that we

782
00:33:57,600 --> 00:33:59,680
Speaker 4: don't have in the frozen zoo that will never be

783
00:33:59,720 --> 00:34:02,760
Speaker 4: able to or there might be permit issues where they

784
00:34:02,840 --> 00:34:05,280
Speaker 4: aren't allowed to leave the country. So this way, and

785
00:34:05,320 --> 00:34:07,560
Speaker 4: then it can be a network where we all could

786
00:34:07,560 --> 00:34:09,759
Speaker 4: call on each other. You know, this actually happened. There

787
00:34:09,800 --> 00:34:12,319
Speaker 4: was a rare dolphin that was about to die and

788
00:34:12,360 --> 00:34:14,799
Speaker 4: they were calling us and it was near Germany, and

789
00:34:14,840 --> 00:34:17,000
Speaker 4: I said, it's not going to work for us to

790
00:34:17,000 --> 00:34:19,399
Speaker 4: get there. However, we had trained someone. We've run these

791
00:34:19,400 --> 00:34:21,759
Speaker 4: courses before and one of the people we trained from

792
00:34:21,800 --> 00:34:24,160
Speaker 4: Germany he was up and running. So I called him

793
00:34:24,200 --> 00:34:26,320
Speaker 4: and I said, hey, could you get to this dolphin

794
00:34:26,400 --> 00:34:26,799
Speaker 4: in time?

795
00:34:26,840 --> 00:34:28,440
Speaker 5: And if you have any questions will help.

796
00:34:28,680 --> 00:34:29,160
Speaker 2: Wow.

797
00:34:29,400 --> 00:34:32,800
Speaker 4: But anyway, we had that tiny network is a network

798
00:34:32,840 --> 00:34:34,839
Speaker 4: of just a couple in place. Now we want this

799
00:34:35,280 --> 00:34:38,200
Speaker 4: huge network where we have people spread all throughout the

800
00:34:38,200 --> 00:34:40,640
Speaker 4: globe so that we can collect all the spaces.

801
00:34:40,760 --> 00:34:43,160
Speaker 2: It really speaks to the value of working together, working

802
00:34:43,160 --> 00:34:45,960
Speaker 2: with other organizations, working with the little individuals around the world,

803
00:34:46,080 --> 00:34:47,759
Speaker 2: instead of trying to go no, no, it's all ours.

804
00:34:47,800 --> 00:34:49,399
Speaker 2: We're doing the best job ever and you can't touch

805
00:34:49,440 --> 00:34:51,640
Speaker 2: it. It really goes to what we've always talked about with

806
00:34:51,680 --> 00:34:53,799
Speaker 2: the San Diego Zoo ands Fire Park, being partners with

807
00:34:53,800 --> 00:34:55,720
Speaker 2: other zeos around the world and here in the US.

808
00:34:56,040 --> 00:34:58,479
Speaker 2: It's not about which one's better or best. It's about

809
00:34:58,480 --> 00:35:01,120
Speaker 2: we have a common goal, and that's to really get

810
00:35:01,120 --> 00:35:03,480
Speaker 2: all life to thrive and help with these species around

811
00:35:03,480 --> 00:35:05,160
Speaker 2: the world. And having this network in place, and the

812
00:35:05,160 --> 00:35:08,200
Speaker 2: fact that you're hosting people from another different countries to

813
00:35:08,320 --> 00:35:11,720
Speaker 2: get this even further out there, so awesome, so very awesome.

814
00:35:11,920 --> 00:35:12,600
Speaker 2: I love that.

815
00:35:12,680 --> 00:35:15,680
Speaker 4: The funny thing is we've actually published all our methods,

816
00:35:15,719 --> 00:35:19,200
Speaker 4: including where we buy our reagents, the vendors, everything, the

817
00:35:19,360 --> 00:35:23,520
Speaker 4: catalog numbers. We've published it in a book. But it's

818
00:35:23,560 --> 00:35:25,759
Speaker 4: not that easy. It's not the cookbook. Going back to

819
00:35:25,800 --> 00:35:27,880
Speaker 4: your cook you could follow a recipe, but it's not

820
00:35:27,920 --> 00:35:31,239
Speaker 4: the same as if your grandmother gave you those little.

821
00:35:33,200 --> 00:35:33,920
Speaker 2: Different right.

822
00:35:35,040 --> 00:35:37,520
Speaker 1: I really don't follow the recipe. That's but that's to

823
00:35:37,560 --> 00:35:37,919
Speaker 1: your point.

824
00:35:37,920 --> 00:35:39,279
Speaker 3: I kind of go on the vibe or I see

825
00:35:39,320 --> 00:35:41,080
Speaker 3: well my mom or my appolitea the and I kind

826
00:35:41,080 --> 00:35:43,359
Speaker 3: of go that route, you know, that little sprinkle whatever

827
00:35:43,360 --> 00:35:46,360
Speaker 3: that's fight yeah, yeah, yeah, no, it was.

828
00:35:46,360 --> 00:35:47,759
Speaker 2: Even like you were saying too, they call you in

829
00:35:47,800 --> 00:35:50,600
Speaker 2: to get eyes on that salamanders to thoseelves because it's like, well,

830
00:35:50,680 --> 00:35:52,560
Speaker 2: sometimes how it looks, or what it's doing, or where

831
00:35:52,600 --> 00:35:55,440
Speaker 2: it's in the process, and the timing of those aspects

832
00:35:55,440 --> 00:35:58,600
Speaker 2: as well. You can't really get that skill in a book,

833
00:35:58,719 --> 00:36:00,560
Speaker 2: but you can help support other people to learn those

834
00:36:00,560 --> 00:36:02,200
Speaker 2: skills and get up to those.

835
00:36:02,120 --> 00:36:05,160
Speaker 4: Speeds and think about I think the important part is

836
00:36:05,239 --> 00:36:07,719
Speaker 4: teaching how you look at it. That's what I've been

837
00:36:07,719 --> 00:36:11,600
Speaker 4: teaching more lately. I'm making this decision based on what

838
00:36:11,719 --> 00:36:13,799
Speaker 4: I see here. So back to your cooking. You know,

839
00:36:13,840 --> 00:36:16,480
Speaker 4: if bread should rise, you add yeast and the bread

840
00:36:16,480 --> 00:36:17,120
Speaker 4: should rise.

841
00:36:17,880 --> 00:36:18,840
Speaker 5: Sometimes it doesn't.

842
00:36:19,280 --> 00:36:21,960
Speaker 4: Unfortunately I'm not a good cook and I don't beg bread.

843
00:36:22,040 --> 00:36:24,959
Speaker 4: But it's you know, if the humidity changes or something

844
00:36:25,000 --> 00:36:27,279
Speaker 4: I might effected how it rises. And then that's an

845
00:36:27,320 --> 00:36:30,279
Speaker 4: experience passed down a long time. Or your grandmother could

846
00:36:30,320 --> 00:36:32,680
Speaker 4: say I've seen this happen last time we had them

847
00:36:32,680 --> 00:36:35,399
Speaker 4: onsoon and then you pass on that I have a.

848
00:36:35,320 --> 00:36:37,200
Speaker 3: Little this and said, you know, and it comes right off.

849
00:36:37,239 --> 00:36:40,000
Speaker 3: You know, Oh this is exciting. I'm curious to you know,

850
00:36:40,080 --> 00:36:42,920
Speaker 3: for the kids that are listening, the little mini scientists

851
00:36:42,960 --> 00:36:44,520
Speaker 3: right now on their way to school, like do you

852
00:36:44,560 --> 00:36:46,680
Speaker 3: have any like words of wisdom for them or any

853
00:36:46,719 --> 00:36:49,120
Speaker 3: kind of encouragement if they're thinking like do I want

854
00:36:49,120 --> 00:36:50,600
Speaker 3: to be a scientist or maybe I should go this

855
00:36:50,640 --> 00:36:51,240
Speaker 3: rout instead?

856
00:36:51,520 --> 00:36:52,239
Speaker 1: What would you say?

857
00:36:52,640 --> 00:36:56,440
Speaker 4: Yeah, well, I think it's really important a career. You

858
00:36:56,520 --> 00:36:59,480
Speaker 4: have it for a long time, hopefully before my job

859
00:36:59,520 --> 00:37:01,719
Speaker 4: here eight years. All my jobs were one and a

860
00:37:01,719 --> 00:37:05,440
Speaker 4: half years and I just wasn't passionate about them, and

861
00:37:05,480 --> 00:37:07,920
Speaker 4: it was a job and it was work. Once I

862
00:37:07,960 --> 00:37:12,200
Speaker 4: got here, it hasn't felt like work. It's just fun.

863
00:37:12,239 --> 00:37:14,400
Speaker 4: And I think it's really important if you're going to

864
00:37:14,440 --> 00:37:16,759
Speaker 4: be in a career for decades to do something you love.

865
00:37:17,200 --> 00:37:21,120
Speaker 4: So follow what your passion is and then explore reach out.

866
00:37:21,280 --> 00:37:23,520
Speaker 4: You know, I would have never ended up here if

867
00:37:23,560 --> 00:37:25,680
Speaker 4: not for trying to volunteer here. I would have never

868
00:37:25,760 --> 00:37:28,200
Speaker 4: thought I could have a job in the Frozen Zoo

869
00:37:28,239 --> 00:37:31,560
Speaker 4: Lab at San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance. But doing what

870
00:37:31,640 --> 00:37:35,160
Speaker 4: I loved, working with chromosomes and cells and animals.

871
00:37:35,239 --> 00:37:36,760
Speaker 5: I always loved working with animals.

872
00:37:37,120 --> 00:37:40,440
Speaker 4: It led me to this, just by exploring everything you

873
00:37:40,600 --> 00:37:42,719
Speaker 4: like and then sometimes you'll find something you don't like

874
00:37:42,760 --> 00:37:43,319
Speaker 4: along the way.

875
00:37:44,320 --> 00:37:44,920
Speaker 5: Learn from that.

876
00:37:45,040 --> 00:37:46,799
Speaker 2: Yeah, exactly, it's still learning either way.

877
00:37:46,840 --> 00:37:47,439
Speaker 1: That's great advice.

878
00:37:47,480 --> 00:37:49,000
Speaker 3: I'm always kind of saying the same thing, just like,

879
00:37:49,040 --> 00:37:50,880
Speaker 3: find what you love and make a job out of

880
00:37:50,920 --> 00:37:51,840
Speaker 3: it and you're golden.

881
00:37:51,960 --> 00:37:52,120
Speaker 2: You know.

882
00:37:52,200 --> 00:37:54,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's great. Thank you so much.

883
00:37:54,080 --> 00:37:56,200
Speaker 2: We wait, wait, wait before we wrap up, totally forgot

884
00:37:57,400 --> 00:37:59,359
Speaker 2: we're running along, and thank you for a little extra time.

885
00:37:59,360 --> 00:38:01,440
Speaker 2: Oh yes, we have in front of us. So anybody

886
00:38:01,480 --> 00:38:04,520
Speaker 2: who is not watching this on video eventually go on YouTube.

887
00:38:04,800 --> 00:38:06,759
Speaker 2: But right now, the best I can compare this to

888
00:38:06,920 --> 00:38:11,040
Speaker 2: somebody my age. So we're talking gen x ish, right, Okay,

889
00:38:11,200 --> 00:38:17,040
Speaker 2: remember those CD towers and those towers it's about that size,

890
00:38:17,800 --> 00:38:20,880
Speaker 2: about two and a half almost three, But it's not

891
00:38:20,960 --> 00:38:23,600
Speaker 2: a CD tower. This is how things are stored in

892
00:38:23,600 --> 00:38:25,479
Speaker 2: the Frozen Zoo. And like you mentioned, the Frozen Zoo

893
00:38:25,520 --> 00:38:27,359
Speaker 2: is a room and in that room we have how

894
00:38:27,360 --> 00:38:30,960
Speaker 2: many large stainless steel containers roughly about seven, so about

895
00:38:30,960 --> 00:38:34,400
Speaker 2: seven there's liquid nitrogen going through the system to keep

896
00:38:34,440 --> 00:38:37,239
Speaker 2: everything of that sub three hundred degrees or whatever you use.

897
00:38:37,440 --> 00:38:39,760
Speaker 5: It is truly liquid. I mean it says liquid nitrogen,

898
00:38:39,760 --> 00:38:40,400
Speaker 5: but it's a liquid.

899
00:38:40,400 --> 00:38:42,720
Speaker 2: It's a clean it's so cold it's liquid.

900
00:38:42,800 --> 00:38:44,320
Speaker 1: Open it up, it just comes.

901
00:38:44,680 --> 00:38:46,719
Speaker 2: Yeah. So you know, everyone always compared to dress Park

902
00:38:46,719 --> 00:38:49,319
Speaker 2: because dress Park was using the real idea of cryogenically

903
00:38:49,360 --> 00:38:52,040
Speaker 2: frozen things. You have that myst that comes out. I've

904
00:38:52,040 --> 00:38:53,839
Speaker 2: been in there before, you've opened them up. You've pulled

905
00:38:53,840 --> 00:38:56,160
Speaker 2: one of these towers out, can you hear already? The

906
00:38:56,200 --> 00:38:59,319
Speaker 2: temperature starts to change on the metals and it kind

907
00:38:59,320 --> 00:39:00,839
Speaker 2: of makes a little bit of noise and you pull

908
00:39:00,880 --> 00:39:03,840
Speaker 2: out from the side. Then one of these trays that again,

909
00:39:04,080 --> 00:39:05,960
Speaker 2: if you're just stacked maybe what three or four CDs.

910
00:39:06,000 --> 00:39:07,239
Speaker 2: It's about outsize totally.

911
00:39:07,320 --> 00:39:07,640
Speaker 1: Yeah.

912
00:39:07,719 --> 00:39:10,400
Speaker 2: Okay, So inside though, and it's not actual CDs. You

913
00:39:10,440 --> 00:39:13,360
Speaker 2: pull out this case again it's outside of like maybe

914
00:39:13,480 --> 00:39:17,160
Speaker 2: four CDs cases stacked. But then you open it up

915
00:39:17,360 --> 00:39:19,920
Speaker 2: and inside then are all these little vials. Now what

916
00:39:19,960 --> 00:39:22,560
Speaker 2: would be inside these vials if this was part of

917
00:39:22,719 --> 00:39:24,440
Speaker 2: the frozen zoo and you had just taken it out

918
00:39:24,440 --> 00:39:25,440
Speaker 2: of one of the freezers.

919
00:39:25,560 --> 00:39:27,760
Speaker 4: Right, So the box, we're going to fill it eventually.

920
00:39:27,760 --> 00:39:29,759
Speaker 4: But what we do is we put member back to

921
00:39:29,800 --> 00:39:32,560
Speaker 4: the nine vials, four go in one location, forgo in

922
00:39:32,600 --> 00:39:36,960
Speaker 4: another location on a different power grid, and inside would

923
00:39:37,000 --> 00:39:39,239
Speaker 4: be the four vials. We color code the tops so

924
00:39:39,280 --> 00:39:41,120
Speaker 4: that we don't mix anything up. All the cells kind

925
00:39:41,160 --> 00:39:43,680
Speaker 4: of look alike. Okay, and then we aren't in bar

926
00:39:43,760 --> 00:39:46,000
Speaker 4: coding yet, so we actually handwrit on these and you

927
00:39:46,000 --> 00:39:48,239
Speaker 4: can pick one up, sure, and in it would be

928
00:39:48,480 --> 00:39:50,640
Speaker 4: these are just these are just props that we use

929
00:39:50,640 --> 00:39:51,400
Speaker 4: for our education.

930
00:39:51,560 --> 00:39:53,040
Speaker 2: Okay, what do you get? So I got oh, I

931
00:39:53,080 --> 00:39:56,600
Speaker 2: got a male condo door, California condo, Californic condor. And

932
00:39:56,640 --> 00:39:59,760
Speaker 2: then the date is nine June twenty fourteen.

933
00:39:59,640 --> 00:40:02,800
Speaker 4: So that it's an actual day that that actual animal

934
00:40:02,840 --> 00:40:03,400
Speaker 4: with that.

935
00:40:03,400 --> 00:40:05,680
Speaker 5: We call them KB numbers, which is a lab number.

936
00:40:05,760 --> 00:40:11,000
Speaker 4: KB stands for Kurt Venershkakab number. And in it would

937
00:40:11,000 --> 00:40:13,640
Speaker 4: be a little pinkish ice ball if it was really

938
00:40:13,719 --> 00:40:15,680
Speaker 4: in the frozen zoo. And in that little ice ball

939
00:40:15,760 --> 00:40:20,080
Speaker 4: would be one to three million million living cells. Wow,

940
00:40:20,120 --> 00:40:23,120
Speaker 4: in the size of like your pinky fingertip.

941
00:40:22,640 --> 00:40:25,200
Speaker 2: To each file. And so this California condo is all

942
00:40:25,280 --> 00:40:28,840
Speaker 2: these blue ones exactly, so millions of cells in each vial.

943
00:40:29,080 --> 00:40:31,160
Speaker 2: So for those who are not able to watch the video,

944
00:40:31,200 --> 00:40:35,200
Speaker 2: the vial is about as big around as maybe a

945
00:40:35,280 --> 00:40:38,440
Speaker 2: highlighter like a not a full highlighter pen, but like

946
00:40:38,480 --> 00:40:40,640
Speaker 2: maybe like an ink pen of some sort. And then

947
00:40:40,680 --> 00:40:43,920
Speaker 2: it's maybe and a half lender, yeah, inch and a

948
00:40:43,920 --> 00:40:45,880
Speaker 2: half or so in length, with a little blue cap

949
00:40:46,120 --> 00:40:49,359
Speaker 2: and it's sort of clear in color. So each case

950
00:40:49,440 --> 00:40:51,960
Speaker 2: and holds about how many total if we put.

951
00:40:51,760 --> 00:40:53,759
Speaker 4: Four in there, there's one hundred spots if we put

952
00:40:53,800 --> 00:40:56,760
Speaker 4: four from each animal. Okay, kids, do the math. Twenty

953
00:40:56,800 --> 00:41:01,319
Speaker 4: five animals and then thirteen in a tower.

954
00:41:01,280 --> 00:41:02,799
Speaker 2: And you have how many towers in the.

955
00:41:03,480 --> 00:41:06,640
Speaker 4: Six times four twenty four? Yeah, so we can do

956
00:41:06,640 --> 00:41:07,160
Speaker 4: all that matter.

957
00:41:07,200 --> 00:41:10,160
Speaker 2: Then you have the seven different containers there, plus in

958
00:41:10,239 --> 00:41:12,600
Speaker 2: the mirrored collection elsewhere.

959
00:41:12,280 --> 00:41:15,440
Speaker 4: Right, and the seven different containers. Though some are dedicated

960
00:41:15,480 --> 00:41:18,120
Speaker 4: to skin cells, some are dedicated to game eats. The

961
00:41:18,200 --> 00:41:20,480
Speaker 4: skin cells can live in the vapor of the nitrogen,

962
00:41:20,520 --> 00:41:24,880
Speaker 4: which is maybe ten degrees warmer the game eat cells,

963
00:41:24,880 --> 00:41:27,160
Speaker 4: sperm and eggs. They have to be submerged in the

964
00:41:27,160 --> 00:41:30,120
Speaker 4: liquid to stay at a true negative one hundred and

965
00:41:30,200 --> 00:41:32,160
Speaker 4: ninety six varies.

966
00:41:32,000 --> 00:41:33,640
Speaker 1: Even the height in theay.

967
00:41:33,640 --> 00:41:35,880
Speaker 4: You have to bring the level of the liquid nitrogen

968
00:41:35,960 --> 00:41:37,920
Speaker 4: all the way to the top. So that's why they

969
00:41:37,960 --> 00:41:41,440
Speaker 4: have different containers than ours. They keep theirs full. Ours

970
00:41:41,480 --> 00:41:44,360
Speaker 4: are in mostly vapor, and then the plant cells and

971
00:41:44,400 --> 00:41:45,839
Speaker 4: the stem cells have their own tank.

972
00:41:46,280 --> 00:41:48,200
Speaker 2: Wow. Wow, that is fast, isn't it?

973
00:41:48,200 --> 00:41:48,439
Speaker 1: Though?

974
00:41:48,640 --> 00:41:51,240
Speaker 2: Is there anything about the process that we haven't covered

975
00:41:51,280 --> 00:41:52,520
Speaker 2: yet that you want to make sure our audience knows

976
00:41:52,560 --> 00:41:54,080
Speaker 2: about it? We kind of cover everything here with the

977
00:41:54,160 --> 00:41:56,280
Speaker 2: tower and the cells and the freezing.

978
00:41:56,520 --> 00:41:59,920
Speaker 4: I think one thing that gets overlooked sometimes, and this

979
00:42:00,080 --> 00:42:01,759
Speaker 4: goes back to Arlene told me the story when the

980
00:42:01,800 --> 00:42:04,840
Speaker 4: frozen Zoo had about three hundred and fifty individuals, including

981
00:42:04,920 --> 00:42:08,239
Speaker 4: a whale. Really interesting things. Some of the animals. Ralph

982
00:42:08,239 --> 00:42:11,040
Speaker 4: Banershka talks about going to get with his dad. They

983
00:42:11,040 --> 00:42:13,480
Speaker 4: were banked in there, well, they were all in one tank.

984
00:42:13,840 --> 00:42:18,000
Speaker 4: There was a power failure. They lost every sample in there.

985
00:42:18,040 --> 00:42:20,839
Speaker 4: And she told me this story with this horrible look

986
00:42:20,880 --> 00:42:25,640
Speaker 4: in her eyes, and it really set into my memory

987
00:42:26,400 --> 00:42:30,120
Speaker 4: and my fear that this would happen. We can't have

988
00:42:30,200 --> 00:42:33,800
Speaker 4: this happen again. And I literally had nightmares after thought.

989
00:42:33,880 --> 00:42:36,440
Speaker 4: They divided into duplicate tanks, but they sat side by

990
00:42:36,480 --> 00:42:38,640
Speaker 4: side on the same power grid. If there was a

991
00:42:38,640 --> 00:42:41,000
Speaker 4: fire and earthquake, they were in the same location. And

992
00:42:41,080 --> 00:42:44,200
Speaker 4: so I was always having nightmares. And she finally said, Okay,

993
00:42:44,200 --> 00:42:45,799
Speaker 4: we got to stop your nightmares. We're going to move

994
00:42:45,840 --> 00:42:48,439
Speaker 4: this a fifteen minute walk away, and now it's about

995
00:42:48,440 --> 00:42:51,160
Speaker 4: a forty minute drive away. But I think what we

996
00:42:51,280 --> 00:42:54,120
Speaker 4: have to remember, besides growing the Frozen Zoo and adding

997
00:42:54,160 --> 00:42:55,800
Speaker 4: to it and all the things we're doing and sharing

998
00:42:55,840 --> 00:42:57,839
Speaker 4: it with people around the world, for all kinds of

999
00:42:58,320 --> 00:43:01,640
Speaker 4: studies that help humans and animals, mostly animals, but also

1000
00:43:01,680 --> 00:43:04,560
Speaker 4: can benefit humans, what we have to think about too,

1001
00:43:04,640 --> 00:43:07,840
Speaker 4: is that we can't ever lose any of these again

1002
00:43:07,960 --> 00:43:08,520
Speaker 4: like they did.

1003
00:43:09,000 --> 00:43:10,719
Speaker 5: So part of my job is curator.

1004
00:43:11,360 --> 00:43:13,680
Speaker 4: The huge responsibility as part of it is we have

1005
00:43:13,760 --> 00:43:16,120
Speaker 4: alarms on it, we have cameras on it, we get

1006
00:43:16,160 --> 00:43:18,480
Speaker 4: woken up in the night, security can call us if

1007
00:43:18,520 --> 00:43:20,440
Speaker 4: anything looks unusual.

1008
00:43:20,680 --> 00:43:22,800
Speaker 5: We've had a lot of close calls.

1009
00:43:22,600 --> 00:43:24,680
Speaker 4: And each time we do that, we put in another

1010
00:43:25,200 --> 00:43:26,840
Speaker 4: safeguard so that that will.

1011
00:43:26,640 --> 00:43:30,000
Speaker 5: Never happen again. And so to have lasted.

1012
00:43:29,560 --> 00:43:32,680
Speaker 4: Fifty years goes to this huge team of people who

1013
00:43:32,680 --> 00:43:35,680
Speaker 4: have been caring for it, including security and the team

1014
00:43:35,719 --> 00:43:37,879
Speaker 4: that grows the cells because it's so important to them.

1015
00:43:38,160 --> 00:43:40,720
Speaker 4: And sometimes it's just anybody who's in the building walking

1016
00:43:40,760 --> 00:43:43,200
Speaker 4: by and saying that doesn't look right, I'm going to

1017
00:43:43,239 --> 00:43:45,440
Speaker 4: call on the call down list. So we want to

1018
00:43:45,520 --> 00:43:47,440
Speaker 4: preserve what we have and we want to grow for

1019
00:43:47,480 --> 00:43:50,640
Speaker 4: the future, and we want to share that's awesome and

1020
00:43:50,640 --> 00:43:52,400
Speaker 4: get people doing this around the world so that it

1021
00:43:52,440 --> 00:43:52,960
Speaker 4: isn't this.

1022
00:43:53,680 --> 00:43:55,680
Speaker 5: Everything is here in San Diego.

1023
00:43:55,840 --> 00:43:58,399
Speaker 1: We want I get it good weather, we got Mexican food.

1024
00:43:58,520 --> 00:44:00,640
Speaker 3: I understand it. No, but that's a good call. I

1025
00:44:00,680 --> 00:44:03,160
Speaker 3: mean again, global global work together, We're gonna make that

1026
00:44:03,200 --> 00:44:04,400
Speaker 3: impact and protect everything.

1027
00:44:04,600 --> 00:44:04,839
Speaker 5: Right.

1028
00:44:05,160 --> 00:44:06,640
Speaker 2: Okay, so now you can tell her thank you for

1029
00:44:06,680 --> 00:44:07,200
Speaker 2: being here.

1030
00:44:07,120 --> 00:44:09,080
Speaker 1: Friend, thank you. That was really really great.

1031
00:44:09,120 --> 00:44:10,840
Speaker 3: I learned so much. I have more questions too, but

1032
00:44:10,880 --> 00:44:12,919
Speaker 3: that was super exciting. Thank you so much for sharing.

1033
00:44:12,960 --> 00:44:14,000
Speaker 2: You really appreciate your time.

1034
00:44:14,120 --> 00:44:16,480
Speaker 4: Sure come back anytime. Every day there's something new going

1035
00:44:16,520 --> 00:44:17,920
Speaker 4: on and we can't predict what it is.

1036
00:44:18,000 --> 00:44:19,000
Speaker 2: Good it sounds good.

1037
00:44:19,280 --> 00:44:24,680
Speaker 1: Thank you man. I learned so much.

1038
00:44:24,719 --> 00:44:26,960
Speaker 3: I mean in general idea of the Frozen Zoo, but

1039
00:44:27,040 --> 00:44:29,920
Speaker 3: all those nuances, oh, in the different teams.

1040
00:44:29,760 --> 00:44:31,080
Speaker 1: The different parts.

1041
00:44:31,120 --> 00:44:33,279
Speaker 3: I mean, she talked about bird eyes and whale eyes,

1042
00:44:33,400 --> 00:44:35,919
Speaker 3: you know, and outside of the conversation it wouldn't made sense.

1043
00:44:35,920 --> 00:44:38,279
Speaker 1: But that was super engaging. Hopefully our listeners learned a

1044
00:44:38,280 --> 00:44:38,600
Speaker 1: lot too.

1045
00:44:38,640 --> 00:44:41,040
Speaker 2: Yeah, and what I really appreciate too was her story

1046
00:44:41,080 --> 00:44:43,640
Speaker 2: and sharing in partnership with the Frozen Zoo. Story was

1047
00:44:43,719 --> 00:44:46,960
Speaker 2: just absolutely fascinating, but sort of the underlying tone there,

1048
00:44:47,040 --> 00:44:49,640
Speaker 2: or her story of studying something completely different, showed up

1049
00:44:49,680 --> 00:44:52,160
Speaker 2: to do this one thing, oh yeah, and then had

1050
00:44:52,160 --> 00:44:54,480
Speaker 2: no idea what the future held. It's that idea that

1051
00:44:54,840 --> 00:44:57,520
Speaker 2: just be opened opportunities and maybe anybody out there thinking

1052
00:44:57,520 --> 00:44:59,680
Speaker 2: about their career path or what they're doing, or not

1053
00:44:59,680 --> 00:45:02,879
Speaker 2: feeling they're in the right thing, be curious, try something new.

1054
00:45:02,920 --> 00:45:05,000
Speaker 2: If it doesn't work out, you've learned something, and if

1055
00:45:05,000 --> 00:45:06,560
Speaker 2: it does work out, I mean, look, she's a curator

1056
00:45:06,560 --> 00:45:08,920
Speaker 2: of the Frozen Zoo now, because she was like, yeah,

1057
00:45:08,920 --> 00:45:09,920
Speaker 2: I'll take a chance on this.

1058
00:45:10,040 --> 00:45:12,279
Speaker 3: She saw that door she stepped right through. So that's

1059
00:45:12,280 --> 00:45:14,960
Speaker 3: definitely something engaging and all the life here. Granted I

1060
00:45:15,040 --> 00:45:17,040
Speaker 3: just got pooed on by hummingbirdens and we were talking,

1061
00:45:17,200 --> 00:45:18,000
Speaker 3: but that's a part of it.

1062
00:45:18,360 --> 00:45:19,640
Speaker 2: I'm sure you hate it every moment.

1063
00:45:19,719 --> 00:45:20,439
Speaker 1: Yeah, I loved it.

1064
00:45:20,320 --> 00:45:21,880
Speaker 3: It was great, but you know, it's all about the

1065
00:45:22,000 --> 00:45:24,319
Speaker 3: visual components here and I'm really glad our listeners come

1066
00:45:24,360 --> 00:45:25,000
Speaker 3: in and check it out.

1067
00:45:25,040 --> 00:45:27,520
Speaker 1: But it made me think back at that last episode in.

1068
00:45:27,680 --> 00:45:30,480
Speaker 3: Education programs and kids can come here to the Beckam

1069
00:45:30,560 --> 00:45:33,000
Speaker 3: in the center all the different science programs we offer.

1070
00:45:33,080 --> 00:45:35,560
Speaker 3: So parents highly encourage you to check out our website

1071
00:45:35,640 --> 00:45:38,319
Speaker 3: right sz Safari Park dot org and learn about some

1072
00:45:38,360 --> 00:45:40,800
Speaker 3: of those programs of education that they can get involved

1073
00:45:40,840 --> 00:45:41,279
Speaker 3: in here well.

1074
00:45:41,280 --> 00:45:43,279
Speaker 2: And like Lisa in our last episode mention, even if

1075
00:45:43,320 --> 00:45:45,320
Speaker 2: you are looking for work in this type of world,

1076
00:45:45,440 --> 00:45:48,080
Speaker 2: oh yeah, but you're not here in San Diego. There

1077
00:45:48,120 --> 00:45:51,040
Speaker 2: are zoos around the nation, around the world that are

1078
00:45:51,160 --> 00:45:53,000
Speaker 2: doing similar work that you can be a part of

1079
00:45:53,000 --> 00:45:55,480
Speaker 2: and support your local zoo, go to the educational programs,

1080
00:45:55,560 --> 00:45:57,680
Speaker 2: or be a scientist or whatever it may be. Yeah,

1081
00:45:57,760 --> 00:45:59,920
Speaker 2: it's pretty exciting to think that we're a part of

1082
00:46:00,040 --> 00:46:01,879
Speaker 2: this big network and helping everybody out.

1083
00:46:01,840 --> 00:46:03,279
Speaker 3: One hundred percent of my friend and you know, even

1084
00:46:03,320 --> 00:46:05,520
Speaker 3: all that the humming bird's back. Oh a lot of

1085
00:46:05,520 --> 00:46:07,440
Speaker 3: wildlife going here at the park today. But with that,

1086
00:46:07,600 --> 00:46:10,120
Speaker 3: we're gonna talk about a very unique animal tea, right

1087
00:46:10,160 --> 00:46:13,040
Speaker 3: and kind of tied into the fiftieth anniversary. We talked

1088
00:46:13,080 --> 00:46:15,040
Speaker 3: about the past and now we're talking about the future,

1089
00:46:15,280 --> 00:46:17,680
Speaker 3: but kind of see an animal up close in center

1090
00:46:17,760 --> 00:46:20,240
Speaker 3: of some of the conservation work being done, right, Yeah,

1091
00:46:20,320 --> 00:46:24,120
Speaker 3: the Shavalski's first rider or the Mongolian wild horse.

1092
00:46:23,960 --> 00:46:25,080
Speaker 1: Which I'm super excited about.

1093
00:46:25,080 --> 00:46:27,160
Speaker 3: I know it's on a bird, but this animal is wicked,

1094
00:46:27,400 --> 00:46:29,719
Speaker 3: beautiful and we get to talk to wildlife care team too,

1095
00:46:29,840 --> 00:46:31,839
Speaker 3: and we got to say at the Safari Park, which

1096
00:46:31,840 --> 00:46:33,600
Speaker 3: I think, Amanda, you're excited about it. See right, we'll

1097
00:46:33,600 --> 00:46:35,200
Speaker 3: get our maybe on a on a bell hay or

1098
00:46:35,239 --> 00:46:35,920
Speaker 3: something funny like that.

1099
00:46:35,960 --> 00:46:37,360
Speaker 1: You're not not allergic, are you?

1100
00:46:37,440 --> 00:46:37,600
Speaker 2: Man?

1101
00:46:37,840 --> 00:46:39,239
Speaker 1: You know she's not allergic. We're good.

1102
00:46:39,480 --> 00:46:39,960
Speaker 2: I am but.

1103
00:46:42,560 --> 00:46:44,600
Speaker 3: Get excited about it, right, So it's gonna be a

1104
00:46:44,640 --> 00:46:45,320
Speaker 3: great transition.

1105
00:46:45,520 --> 00:46:48,280
Speaker 2: Yeah, so I think the value of this next visit.

1106
00:46:49,000 --> 00:46:51,640
Speaker 2: If you haven't listened already, check out the last episode

1107
00:46:51,640 --> 00:46:54,160
Speaker 2: of last season with Doctor Oli Ryder. He talks more

1108
00:46:54,200 --> 00:46:56,640
Speaker 2: about the pea horses we sometimes call them, and the

1109
00:46:56,760 --> 00:46:59,840
Speaker 2: tie into the frozens. Who's supporting actual wildlife and so

1110
00:47:00,000 --> 00:47:01,920
Speaker 2: we'll go out and see him. So if you haven't already,

1111
00:47:01,960 --> 00:47:03,960
Speaker 2: be sure to subscribe and then tune in next time

1112
00:47:04,000 --> 00:47:05,960
Speaker 2: when we get out in the wilds of the Safari

1113
00:47:06,000 --> 00:47:08,399
Speaker 2: Park to see one of these beautiful horses up close

1114
00:47:08,400 --> 00:47:14,560
Speaker 2: and personal. Can't wait now, markol and I'm Rick Schwartz.

1115
00:47:14,560 --> 00:47:21,520
Speaker 2: Thanks for listening and watching. For more information about the

1116
00:47:21,560 --> 00:47:23,960
Speaker 2: San Diego Zoo and San Diego Zoo Safari Park, go

1117
00:47:24,080 --> 00:47:29,320
Speaker 2: to SDZWA dot org. Amazing Wildlife is a production of iHeartRadio.

1118
00:47:29,600 --> 00:47:33,160
Speaker 2: Our supervising producers are Nikia Swinton and Dylan Fagan, and

1119
00:47:33,280 --> 00:47:36,640
Speaker 2: our sound designers are Sierra Spreen and Matt Russell. For

1120
00:47:36,719 --> 00:47:41,040
Speaker 2: more shows from iHeartRadio, check out the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,

1121
00:47:41,120 --> 00:47:47,160
Speaker 2: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.