1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,280 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,400 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,440 --> 00:00:17,200 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy E. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. This is 4 00:00:17,320 --> 00:00:20,760 Speaker 1: part two of our Unearthed, covering things that have been 5 00:00:20,800 --> 00:00:26,000 Speaker 1: literally and figuratively unearthed in the last quarter of one. 6 00:00:26,680 --> 00:00:29,160 Speaker 1: So in this installment of Unearthed, we were gonna We're 7 00:00:29,160 --> 00:00:31,720 Speaker 1: gonna have some necropolis is. There were just a lot 8 00:00:31,720 --> 00:00:34,919 Speaker 1: of those for some reason. Uh, some art, and some 9 00:00:35,080 --> 00:00:38,159 Speaker 1: edibles and potables and shipwrecks and of course the potpourri, 10 00:00:38,240 --> 00:00:40,919 Speaker 1: which is where I put the interesting things that I 11 00:00:40,960 --> 00:00:43,680 Speaker 1: thought were all really interesting, but I didn't have a 12 00:00:43,720 --> 00:00:48,880 Speaker 1: good way to categorize them thematically. Before we have the potpourri, though, 13 00:00:48,880 --> 00:00:51,720 Speaker 1: we have another category that's a lot like potpourri, and 14 00:00:51,720 --> 00:00:55,560 Speaker 1: that it's random and it is last minute additions because 15 00:00:56,080 --> 00:00:58,880 Speaker 1: when I planned out when we were doing this, I 16 00:00:58,920 --> 00:01:04,000 Speaker 1: did not realize that January third was a company holiday, 17 00:01:04,040 --> 00:01:05,560 Speaker 1: and that was the day that I was going to 18 00:01:05,680 --> 00:01:08,720 Speaker 1: look through everything that happened over the holidays and like 19 00:01:09,319 --> 00:01:13,440 Speaker 1: carefully weave it in to what was already written for 20 00:01:13,480 --> 00:01:16,360 Speaker 1: the episode. So no, I did not work yesterday and 21 00:01:16,400 --> 00:01:20,760 Speaker 1: instead came up with this new category this morning at 22 00:01:20,840 --> 00:01:25,600 Speaker 1: eight am. I Love It. A fundraising effort by the 23 00:01:25,760 --> 00:01:29,440 Speaker 1: UK Friends of the National Library has successfully prevented a 24 00:01:29,480 --> 00:01:33,560 Speaker 1: collection of manuscripts, documents and some of the Bronte siblings 25 00:01:33,760 --> 00:01:36,920 Speaker 1: tiny books from being split up and sold at auction. 26 00:01:37,600 --> 00:01:40,200 Speaker 1: These items have been collected in the nineteenth century by 27 00:01:40,240 --> 00:01:43,520 Speaker 1: William Law and his brother Alfred. In addition to some 28 00:01:43,560 --> 00:01:46,240 Speaker 1: of the Brontes tiny books, which have been the subject 29 00:01:46,240 --> 00:01:49,160 Speaker 1: of most of the headlines about this the collection also 30 00:01:49,200 --> 00:01:53,160 Speaker 1: includes works by Jane Austin, Robert Burns and Sir Walter Scott. 31 00:01:53,680 --> 00:01:58,520 Speaker 1: Sir Leonard Levatnik matched donations to buy this collection, essentially 32 00:01:58,560 --> 00:02:02,640 Speaker 1: contributing half the money for it. The total purchase price 33 00:02:02,720 --> 00:02:06,280 Speaker 1: was more than fifteen million pounds and items from this 34 00:02:06,360 --> 00:02:10,200 Speaker 1: collection are going to be donated to relevant museums, including 35 00:02:10,200 --> 00:02:14,160 Speaker 1: the Bronte Parsonage Museum, Jane Austen's House and the National 36 00:02:14,240 --> 00:02:18,440 Speaker 1: Library of Scotland, among others. It's a really amazing collection. 37 00:02:19,160 --> 00:02:21,840 Speaker 1: I'm very glad they were able to to buy it 38 00:02:21,880 --> 00:02:24,040 Speaker 1: and put it in museums instead of having it sort 39 00:02:24,040 --> 00:02:28,080 Speaker 1: of dissipate to other collectors. And if this all sounds 40 00:02:28,080 --> 00:02:31,640 Speaker 1: a bit familiar, especially the part about the Bronte's tiny books. 41 00:02:32,000 --> 00:02:35,120 Speaker 1: We covered a similar fundraising effort in our first quarter 42 00:02:35,160 --> 00:02:40,560 Speaker 1: owners for and in my next Last Minute edition. Conservators 43 00:02:40,600 --> 00:02:45,000 Speaker 1: in Virginia have found two different cornerstone boxes in the 44 00:02:45,080 --> 00:02:49,160 Speaker 1: pedestal of a statue of Robert E. Lee. The statue 45 00:02:49,200 --> 00:02:52,600 Speaker 1: part was removed from the site in September. The contents 46 00:02:52,639 --> 00:02:55,959 Speaker 1: of these two boxes are yet to be thoroughly analyzed, 47 00:02:56,000 --> 00:02:59,200 Speaker 1: but they're pretty typical of time capsules, although there was 48 00:02:59,240 --> 00:03:03,639 Speaker 1: no specified date for opening either of these two there 49 00:03:03,639 --> 00:03:06,520 Speaker 1: are things like newspapers and other documents and books and 50 00:03:06,560 --> 00:03:10,560 Speaker 1: coins and memorabilia, including some bullets. At the same time, 51 00:03:11,760 --> 00:03:14,000 Speaker 1: even though these are pretty typical things that we find 52 00:03:14,000 --> 00:03:17,679 Speaker 1: in these sorts of boxes, there are some mysteries. One 53 00:03:17,720 --> 00:03:22,079 Speaker 1: of the boxes was placed on October seven, and news 54 00:03:22,120 --> 00:03:25,840 Speaker 1: accounts from the time referenced some items that have not 55 00:03:25,960 --> 00:03:28,840 Speaker 1: been found in either box, one of them being a 56 00:03:28,880 --> 00:03:33,400 Speaker 1: photo of Abraham Lincoln and his coffin. There is an 57 00:03:33,440 --> 00:03:35,840 Speaker 1: illustration of Abraham Lincoln from one of them, but this 58 00:03:35,920 --> 00:03:39,680 Speaker 1: photo has not been found. And in our last Last 59 00:03:39,720 --> 00:03:43,680 Speaker 1: Minute edition, according to research by the Missing Prince's Project, 60 00:03:43,720 --> 00:03:47,520 Speaker 1: spearheaded by Philippa Langley. Edward the Fifth might not have 61 00:03:47,720 --> 00:03:51,280 Speaker 1: died in the Tower of London. Instead, Richard the Third 62 00:03:51,480 --> 00:03:53,720 Speaker 1: may have sent him to the village of Coldridge and 63 00:03:53,800 --> 00:03:57,400 Speaker 1: Devon in secret, where he lived under the name John Evans, 64 00:03:58,160 --> 00:04:00,480 Speaker 1: and the evidence submitted to back this up sounds a 65 00:04:00,520 --> 00:04:05,400 Speaker 1: little like a conspiracy theory. A lot of articles about 66 00:04:05,440 --> 00:04:09,000 Speaker 1: this have reference to the Da Vinci Code. John Evans 67 00:04:09,080 --> 00:04:11,520 Speaker 1: was new to the area, nobody had ever heard of him, 68 00:04:11,600 --> 00:04:13,760 Speaker 1: but in spite of that, he was given the title 69 00:04:13,840 --> 00:04:16,960 Speaker 1: Lord of the Manor and also oversaw the area's deer park. 70 00:04:17,600 --> 00:04:21,440 Speaker 1: He also commissioned artwork for a local church, including a 71 00:04:21,600 --> 00:04:25,880 Speaker 1: stained glass window depicting Edward the Five. It's one of 72 00:04:26,279 --> 00:04:29,200 Speaker 1: very few such depictions of Edward the Fifth, and it 73 00:04:29,279 --> 00:04:32,800 Speaker 1: was placed over the location where Evans wanted his tomb 74 00:04:32,800 --> 00:04:37,159 Speaker 1: to be placed. That tomb is engraved with the name 75 00:04:37,279 --> 00:04:41,919 Speaker 1: John EVAs rather than Evans, and it's empty. But the 76 00:04:41,960 --> 00:04:45,960 Speaker 1: team has speculated that this misspelling is intentional, with the 77 00:04:46,000 --> 00:04:49,039 Speaker 1: e V standing for Edward the five and the A 78 00:04:49,560 --> 00:04:57,440 Speaker 1: s possibly standing for a Latin term meaning in sanctuary. Uh. 79 00:04:57,560 --> 00:04:59,480 Speaker 1: It's it seems like the kind of thing you might 80 00:04:59,480 --> 00:05:04,000 Speaker 1: illustrate with a murder board. So that was our last 81 00:05:04,080 --> 00:05:06,159 Speaker 1: last minute edition and now we'll move on to the 82 00:05:06,200 --> 00:05:09,920 Speaker 1: potpourri stuff that I wrote before taking off for the holidays. 83 00:05:10,440 --> 00:05:13,400 Speaker 1: Four boomerangs were discovered in a creek bed during a 84 00:05:13,480 --> 00:05:20,120 Speaker 1: drought in Australia in ten and eighteen. Theyandrewanda Yawarawaka Traditional 85 00:05:20,200 --> 00:05:25,599 Speaker 1: Landowners and Aboriginal Corporation partnered with Australian Heritage Services, Flinders 86 00:05:25,680 --> 00:05:30,000 Speaker 1: University and the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization to 87 00:05:30,160 --> 00:05:33,560 Speaker 1: learn more about them. Radio carbon dating revealed that they 88 00:05:33,560 --> 00:05:37,720 Speaker 1: were made between sixteen fifty and eighteen thirty, before Europeans 89 00:05:37,760 --> 00:05:42,279 Speaker 1: first entered the area. These are non returning boomerangs and 90 00:05:42,320 --> 00:05:45,400 Speaker 1: they were likely used for digging and for fire management 91 00:05:45,440 --> 00:05:48,080 Speaker 1: in addition to hunting and fighting, and they may have 92 00:05:48,360 --> 00:05:53,200 Speaker 1: had a religious use as well. Researchers re examining Soviet 93 00:05:53,200 --> 00:05:56,760 Speaker 1: era archaeological research have determined that a liar found in 94 00:05:56,800 --> 00:06:01,200 Speaker 1: southwest Kazakhstan is incredibly similar to unknown as the Sutton 95 00:06:01,240 --> 00:06:04,360 Speaker 1: Who liar, named after the Sutton Whose ship burial where 96 00:06:04,400 --> 00:06:09,000 Speaker 1: it was found. These two sites are four thousand kilometers apart, 97 00:06:09,279 --> 00:06:12,240 Speaker 1: and before this point, Sutton Whose style liars had not 98 00:06:12,360 --> 00:06:16,200 Speaker 1: been found outside of Western Europe. This suggests that this 99 00:06:16,360 --> 00:06:18,640 Speaker 1: style of liar may have been part of a more 100 00:06:18,680 --> 00:06:22,880 Speaker 1: wide ranging musical tradition in the early medieval period, rather 101 00:06:22,960 --> 00:06:27,080 Speaker 1: than something that was specific to Western Europe. Moving on 102 00:06:27,440 --> 00:06:31,920 Speaker 1: to sixth century graves excavated in Bavaria have included a 103 00:06:31,920 --> 00:06:35,440 Speaker 1: couple of unique finds. One of the graves belonged to 104 00:06:35,440 --> 00:06:38,120 Speaker 1: somebody who was between forty and fifty years old when 105 00:06:38,120 --> 00:06:41,520 Speaker 1: he died, and it included lots of weapons, including a 106 00:06:41,560 --> 00:06:45,120 Speaker 1: battle axe, a sword, a lance, and a shield. There 107 00:06:45,160 --> 00:06:48,279 Speaker 1: was also a bridle and a pair of spurs which 108 00:06:48,440 --> 00:06:50,880 Speaker 1: may have been used with a horse that was also 109 00:06:51,000 --> 00:06:54,800 Speaker 1: buried nearby, and there was a bag buried at the 110 00:06:54,800 --> 00:06:58,200 Speaker 1: man's feet which had mostly decomposed, but it seems to 111 00:06:58,200 --> 00:07:01,760 Speaker 1: have basically been a toiletrees bag egg. Its contents included 112 00:07:01,800 --> 00:07:06,000 Speaker 1: a pair of scissors and a shattered ivory comb. Once 113 00:07:06,040 --> 00:07:08,520 Speaker 1: that comb had been pieced back together, it was shown 114 00:07:08,560 --> 00:07:12,880 Speaker 1: to be decorated on both sides with hunting scenes. Combs 115 00:07:12,960 --> 00:07:16,720 Speaker 1: aren't uncommon as grave goods from this period, but they're 116 00:07:16,720 --> 00:07:19,680 Speaker 1: more likely to be made of something like wood, bone 117 00:07:19,760 --> 00:07:22,960 Speaker 1: or antler than ivory, and then on top of that 118 00:07:23,000 --> 00:07:26,960 Speaker 1: there are antelope like animals shown in these hunting scenes 119 00:07:27,000 --> 00:07:29,440 Speaker 1: that are not native to the region of Europe where 120 00:07:29,480 --> 00:07:32,600 Speaker 1: the grave was found. The other grave seems to have 121 00:07:32,680 --> 00:07:35,120 Speaker 1: belonged to a woman between the ages of thirty and 122 00:07:35,160 --> 00:07:39,560 Speaker 1: forty years old, and the goods buried with her included jewelry, food, 123 00:07:39,680 --> 00:07:42,880 Speaker 1: and a weaving tool. But there was also a bowl, and, 124 00:07:43,120 --> 00:07:45,400 Speaker 1: like the comb and the other grave, a bowl that 125 00:07:45,480 --> 00:07:48,600 Speaker 1: doesn't seem to have been local to the area. It's 126 00:07:48,600 --> 00:07:52,080 Speaker 1: a style known as African red slipwear. This kind of 127 00:07:52,080 --> 00:07:55,160 Speaker 1: pottery was carried through much of the Roman Empire, but 128 00:07:55,280 --> 00:07:57,960 Speaker 1: was made in Tunisia, and this is the first complete 129 00:07:58,000 --> 00:08:01,960 Speaker 1: bowl found in Germany. Has raised some questions to these 130 00:08:02,000 --> 00:08:05,320 Speaker 1: two people travel and bring these pieces back with them 131 00:08:05,520 --> 00:08:09,000 Speaker 1: where they gifts from far away. It's kind of a mystery. 132 00:08:09,280 --> 00:08:13,000 Speaker 1: Archaeologists in Norway have found a thirteen hundred year old 133 00:08:13,080 --> 00:08:15,640 Speaker 1: ski believed to be the mate of one that was 134 00:08:15,680 --> 00:08:20,280 Speaker 1: found about five ms away. In both of these skis 135 00:08:20,360 --> 00:08:23,880 Speaker 1: or would with bindings made from birch ropes and leather straps, 136 00:08:24,520 --> 00:08:27,360 Speaker 1: if indeed they are a pair and not skis from 137 00:08:27,400 --> 00:08:30,640 Speaker 1: two different pairs that were coincidentally close together, then they 138 00:08:30,680 --> 00:08:34,240 Speaker 1: are the best preserved pair of prehistoric skis found to date. 139 00:08:35,240 --> 00:08:39,520 Speaker 1: All the researchers believed that these two skis were a set, 140 00:08:39,640 --> 00:08:43,400 Speaker 1: they're not actually identical. It's possible that whoever was using 141 00:08:43,400 --> 00:08:46,760 Speaker 1: them made a new pair out of two different skis. 142 00:08:46,800 --> 00:08:49,800 Speaker 1: They also show evidence of a lot of repair, suggesting 143 00:08:49,800 --> 00:08:52,440 Speaker 1: that these skis were just too valuable to try to 144 00:08:52,520 --> 00:08:56,160 Speaker 1: replace if they were damaged. In our next item, it 145 00:08:56,240 --> 00:08:58,760 Speaker 1: has long been established that the Norse arrived in North 146 00:08:58,800 --> 00:09:03,800 Speaker 1: America long before Lumpus voyage, including building a settlement in 147 00:09:03,840 --> 00:09:07,640 Speaker 1: what's now Newfoundland, but it hasn't been clear when exactly 148 00:09:07,679 --> 00:09:11,000 Speaker 1: that happened. According to research published in the journal Nature, 149 00:09:11,400 --> 00:09:13,959 Speaker 1: it was in the year ten twenty one, making the 150 00:09:14,040 --> 00:09:17,560 Speaker 1: earliest known crossing of the Atlantic Ocean something that happened 151 00:09:17,559 --> 00:09:22,680 Speaker 1: a thousand years ago. This research involved three pieces of wood, 152 00:09:22,920 --> 00:09:26,480 Speaker 1: all of which showed evidence of being cut with metal tools, 153 00:09:26,559 --> 00:09:29,640 Speaker 1: and at the time the indigenous population of North America 154 00:09:29,760 --> 00:09:33,360 Speaker 1: did not have these sorts of metal tools. The woods 155 00:09:33,440 --> 00:09:36,040 Speaker 1: still had a rough edge from where it was cut, 156 00:09:36,080 --> 00:09:38,839 Speaker 1: and that's something that would have been worn away if 157 00:09:38,840 --> 00:09:41,319 Speaker 1: it had been brought a long distance across the ocean, 158 00:09:41,640 --> 00:09:44,640 Speaker 1: so that led researchers to conclude that this had been 159 00:09:44,679 --> 00:09:47,719 Speaker 1: cut down in North America. It was not sounding that 160 00:09:47,760 --> 00:09:50,280 Speaker 1: had been cut down elsewhere and then brought to North America. 161 00:09:50,960 --> 00:09:53,800 Speaker 1: The wood came from three different trees, and the dating 162 00:09:53,840 --> 00:09:56,240 Speaker 1: relied on a massive solar storm that happened in the 163 00:09:56,320 --> 00:10:01,200 Speaker 1: year Researchers can see evidence to this solar storm in 164 00:10:01,280 --> 00:10:03,920 Speaker 1: tree rings, and each of the three pieces of wood 165 00:10:04,160 --> 00:10:08,280 Speaker 1: had twenty nine growth rings after that solar storm. So 166 00:10:08,440 --> 00:10:11,480 Speaker 1: the North came to North America with metal tools in 167 00:10:11,520 --> 00:10:15,840 Speaker 1: ten twenty one, cutting down these three trees after they arrived. 168 00:10:16,640 --> 00:10:20,640 Speaker 1: Next up, archaeologists in Utah have been excavating the site 169 00:10:20,640 --> 00:10:23,720 Speaker 1: of a town that housed Chinese workers during the building 170 00:10:23,720 --> 00:10:27,280 Speaker 1: of the Transcontinental Railroad. The town, known as Terrace, was 171 00:10:27,320 --> 00:10:30,160 Speaker 1: a temporary home to about five hundred people as the 172 00:10:30,240 --> 00:10:32,959 Speaker 1: railroad was being built, and then it was abandoned once 173 00:10:33,000 --> 00:10:36,319 Speaker 1: that stretch of the railroad was complete. At least some 174 00:10:36,400 --> 00:10:40,160 Speaker 1: of the buildings later burned down. In addition to finding 175 00:10:40,160 --> 00:10:42,160 Speaker 1: the remains of a building that had housed some of 176 00:10:42,160 --> 00:10:46,400 Speaker 1: the workers, archaeologists have found a medicine bottle, porcelain bowls, 177 00:10:46,840 --> 00:10:51,520 Speaker 1: writing instruments, and a seventeenth century Chinese coin. Next up, 178 00:10:51,720 --> 00:10:55,480 Speaker 1: Researchers in Pompeii have concluded that a recently unearthed room 179 00:10:55,679 --> 00:10:59,960 Speaker 1: was the living quarters for enslaved people, possibly an enslaved family. 180 00:11:01,000 --> 00:11:03,320 Speaker 1: The room is part of a much larger villa, but 181 00:11:03,360 --> 00:11:06,880 Speaker 1: it measures only about sixteen square meters where a hundred 182 00:11:06,880 --> 00:11:09,680 Speaker 1: and seventy square feet, and it seems to have functioned 183 00:11:09,679 --> 00:11:13,480 Speaker 1: as a sleeping and living space and as storage. The 184 00:11:13,520 --> 00:11:17,239 Speaker 1: stored items included what appeared to be parts of chariot harnesses, 185 00:11:17,520 --> 00:11:20,080 Speaker 1: and the room adjoins a space where the remains of 186 00:11:20,120 --> 00:11:23,839 Speaker 1: horses and the stable had been unearthed earlier in the year. 187 00:11:24,760 --> 00:11:27,200 Speaker 1: One of the three beds in the room is smaller 188 00:11:27,240 --> 00:11:29,480 Speaker 1: than the other, so it was possibly meant to be 189 00:11:29,559 --> 00:11:32,920 Speaker 1: used by a child. And then our last bit of 190 00:11:32,960 --> 00:11:37,800 Speaker 1: pot pourri. A team excavating a tomb in China's Nixia 191 00:11:37,920 --> 00:11:41,400 Speaker 1: region believe they had found the body of a grave robber, 192 00:11:41,520 --> 00:11:44,040 Speaker 1: since this body was found in a tunnel that had 193 00:11:44,120 --> 00:11:47,960 Speaker 1: been dug by looters, but examination of the remains has 194 00:11:48,040 --> 00:11:51,040 Speaker 1: revealed that he was probably a murder victim, with this 195 00:11:51,160 --> 00:11:54,720 Speaker 1: murder unrelated to the looting, who had been dumped into 196 00:11:54,760 --> 00:11:58,160 Speaker 1: the shaft later and left to die. The shaft was 197 00:11:58,280 --> 00:12:02,520 Speaker 1: dug sometime between the years anti five and two twenty CE, 198 00:12:02,720 --> 00:12:05,680 Speaker 1: but the remains date back only to the year six forty. 199 00:12:06,120 --> 00:12:08,520 Speaker 1: The shaft had also started to fill up with soil 200 00:12:08,640 --> 00:12:11,679 Speaker 1: again by the time this person died. Apart from all 201 00:12:11,720 --> 00:12:16,400 Speaker 1: of that, the skeleton shows signs of having been repeatedly stabbed. 202 00:12:17,160 --> 00:12:21,000 Speaker 1: This research was published in the journal Archaeological and Anthropological 203 00:12:21,080 --> 00:12:24,840 Speaker 1: Sciences under the delightful title Hiding a Leaf in the 204 00:12:24,920 --> 00:12:29,240 Speaker 1: Forest Uncovering at hundred year old homicide case in a 205 00:12:29,320 --> 00:12:32,680 Speaker 1: two thousand year old cemetery. Next up, we have a 206 00:12:32,720 --> 00:12:39,360 Speaker 1: few necropolis is in this installment of unearthed first Archaeologists 207 00:12:39,360 --> 00:12:43,120 Speaker 1: have known about a rock cut tomb complex and what's 208 00:12:43,120 --> 00:12:45,440 Speaker 1: now Turkey for more than a hundred and fifty years, 209 00:12:45,440 --> 00:12:48,199 Speaker 1: but it's really been more recently that there has been 210 00:12:48,200 --> 00:12:52,400 Speaker 1: a thorough examination of this area. This site is part 211 00:12:52,400 --> 00:12:55,840 Speaker 1: of an ancient city known as Blondos, which was founded 212 00:12:55,920 --> 00:12:58,440 Speaker 1: during the time of Alexander the Great, and that makes 213 00:12:58,440 --> 00:13:02,640 Speaker 1: these tombs about eighteen hundred years old. This excavation project 214 00:13:02,760 --> 00:13:07,400 Speaker 1: started in and researchers have been stunned at just how 215 00:13:07,480 --> 00:13:11,240 Speaker 1: huge this necropolis is, they have found more than four 216 00:13:11,320 --> 00:13:14,480 Speaker 1: hundred rock cut tombs believed to have been used as 217 00:13:14,520 --> 00:13:19,120 Speaker 1: family burial chambers over multiple generations. Many of these are 218 00:13:19,240 --> 00:13:23,560 Speaker 1: heavily decorated, although these adornments have deteriorated over the years 219 00:13:23,600 --> 00:13:28,800 Speaker 1: and so far only twenty four murals are still visible. Unfortunately, 220 00:13:28,920 --> 00:13:31,440 Speaker 1: many of the tombs are easily seen from the surface 221 00:13:31,480 --> 00:13:34,760 Speaker 1: since they're cut into a cliff face, and as a consequence, 222 00:13:34,800 --> 00:13:38,640 Speaker 1: they have been looted or otherwise damaged over the previous centuries. 223 00:13:39,440 --> 00:13:43,080 Speaker 1: In the same complex, they have also found temples, a theater, 224 00:13:43,280 --> 00:13:46,600 Speaker 1: a public bath, and more, and there are believed to 225 00:13:46,679 --> 00:13:50,360 Speaker 1: be hundreds more burial sites that haven't been explored yet, 226 00:13:50,840 --> 00:13:53,719 Speaker 1: and analysis of those sites has of course not been 227 00:13:53,760 --> 00:13:58,239 Speaker 1: done yet. Next up, archaeologists in Pauline near Lake Geneva 228 00:13:58,360 --> 00:14:01,959 Speaker 1: have found new tombs in a necropolis there during monitoring 229 00:14:02,000 --> 00:14:05,880 Speaker 1: work ahead of construction. This site was first excavated in 230 00:14:05,880 --> 00:14:09,000 Speaker 1: the early twentieth century and is home to the oldest 231 00:14:09,040 --> 00:14:13,720 Speaker 1: Neolithic burials in Switzerland. These newly discovered burial sites were 232 00:14:13,760 --> 00:14:16,640 Speaker 1: fairly close to the surface and they are in poor condition, 233 00:14:17,040 --> 00:14:20,040 Speaker 1: with many of the slabs that cover the remains already broken. 234 00:14:20,040 --> 00:14:23,360 Speaker 1: Into pieces. The grave sites that were threatened by the 235 00:14:23,400 --> 00:14:26,840 Speaker 1: construction were rescued, but the ones outside of that area 236 00:14:26,920 --> 00:14:32,000 Speaker 1: were covered and preserved. And lastly, a late Roman necropolis 237 00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:35,200 Speaker 1: has been found under the wall of a grocery store 238 00:14:35,360 --> 00:14:40,640 Speaker 1: in Ris, northern France. This was first detected in excavated 239 00:14:40,720 --> 00:14:44,400 Speaker 1: this past fall. Most of the burials in this necropolis 240 00:14:44,400 --> 00:14:47,520 Speaker 1: are individual bodies and wood coffins that have been placed 241 00:14:47,520 --> 00:14:51,360 Speaker 1: in cut graves, really without a lot of grave goods. Uh. 242 00:14:51,400 --> 00:14:53,760 Speaker 1: And now we're gonna take a quick sponsor break before 243 00:14:53,760 --> 00:15:05,440 Speaker 1: we talk about some art. We have a lot of 244 00:15:05,440 --> 00:15:10,240 Speaker 1: stuff related to art. This time around, conservators have found 245 00:15:10,360 --> 00:15:15,920 Speaker 1: a previously unknown painting by Armenian American artist our Shield 246 00:15:16,000 --> 00:15:19,400 Speaker 1: Gorky under his painting The Limit, which he completed in 247 00:15:21,120 --> 00:15:24,240 Speaker 1: Gorky's daughter had long suspected that there was another work 248 00:15:24,280 --> 00:15:27,600 Speaker 1: of art underneath the Limit, but conservators have thought it 249 00:15:27,640 --> 00:15:31,360 Speaker 1: was just too risky to try to reveal it. Swiss 250 00:15:31,400 --> 00:15:35,640 Speaker 1: conservators MICHAELA. Ritter and Olivier Masson finally began working with 251 00:15:35,680 --> 00:15:39,760 Speaker 1: this piece during the pandemic, carefully removing the Limit, which 252 00:15:39,800 --> 00:15:43,560 Speaker 1: is a work on paper, from the canvas underneath, and 253 00:15:43,640 --> 00:15:47,080 Speaker 1: it turned out that yes, that underlying canvas did have 254 00:15:47,240 --> 00:15:51,280 Speaker 1: its own painting, one now known as untitled with the 255 00:15:51,400 --> 00:15:55,360 Speaker 1: parentheses Virginia Summer, which was most likely painted earlier in 256 00:15:55,480 --> 00:15:59,280 Speaker 1: ninety seven. It's possible that the artist meant for this 257 00:15:59,480 --> 00:16:02,760 Speaker 1: layerying of the two artworks to be temporary, sort of 258 00:16:02,880 --> 00:16:05,720 Speaker 1: using that canvas temporarily, and was going to remove the 259 00:16:05,760 --> 00:16:11,000 Speaker 1: paper painting, but he died in in a September fine 260 00:16:11,160 --> 00:16:14,640 Speaker 1: that didn't cross our radar until now. Johannes Vermier's Girl 261 00:16:14,720 --> 00:16:17,520 Speaker 1: reading a letter at an open window has been restored, 262 00:16:18,040 --> 00:16:22,720 Speaker 1: revealing a depiction of Cupid. Scholars have known Cupid was 263 00:16:22,760 --> 00:16:25,280 Speaker 1: there for about forty years, since it was visible in 264 00:16:25,320 --> 00:16:27,960 Speaker 1: an X ray of the piece, but they thought Vermier 265 00:16:28,040 --> 00:16:30,920 Speaker 1: had removed the depiction of Cupid himself while working on 266 00:16:30,960 --> 00:16:35,640 Speaker 1: the painting. But during this paintings restoration, the area where 267 00:16:35,720 --> 00:16:39,120 Speaker 1: Cupid was known to be did not react to solvents 268 00:16:39,200 --> 00:16:41,400 Speaker 1: the same way that the rest of the painting did. 269 00:16:42,120 --> 00:16:44,680 Speaker 1: The suggestive that the paint used to cover up Cupid 270 00:16:44,800 --> 00:16:47,520 Speaker 1: was a different type than had been used when painting 271 00:16:47,600 --> 00:16:50,680 Speaker 1: the rest of the work, possibly put there by someone 272 00:16:50,760 --> 00:16:54,080 Speaker 1: else who tried to make that cover up blend in 273 00:16:54,240 --> 00:16:58,880 Speaker 1: with the original I mean it worked for work. The 274 00:16:59,000 --> 00:17:02,640 Speaker 1: museum can veened a panel of Vermeer experts who decided 275 00:17:02,680 --> 00:17:05,680 Speaker 1: that the best course of action was to collect microscopic 276 00:17:05,760 --> 00:17:09,359 Speaker 1: samples from the painting to study them, confirming that the 277 00:17:09,400 --> 00:17:12,440 Speaker 1: paint covering the cupid had been applied years or even 278 00:17:12,560 --> 00:17:15,960 Speaker 1: decades after the rest of the work was complete. With 279 00:17:16,080 --> 00:17:20,359 Speaker 1: the experts okay, conservators removed the rectangle of painting that 280 00:17:20,440 --> 00:17:23,560 Speaker 1: had been added later. The depiction of Cupid is a 281 00:17:23,640 --> 00:17:27,159 Speaker 1: painting within a painting, and that same cupid is also 282 00:17:27,320 --> 00:17:31,240 Speaker 1: used in other Vermeer artworks, including young Woman standing at 283 00:17:31,240 --> 00:17:35,119 Speaker 1: a virginal and Girl interrupted at her music. This discovery 284 00:17:35,119 --> 00:17:38,880 Speaker 1: has also raised some speculations about other artworks in which 285 00:17:38,920 --> 00:17:42,000 Speaker 1: a subject is in front of a seemingly blank wall, 286 00:17:42,760 --> 00:17:45,960 Speaker 1: and whether that blank wall also has a covered over 287 00:17:46,080 --> 00:17:50,880 Speaker 1: depiction of Cupid. Moving on, curators at Norway's National Museum 288 00:17:50,920 --> 00:17:56,680 Speaker 1: we're using infrared reflectography to examine Edvard Monks Madonna as 289 00:17:56,720 --> 00:18:00,359 Speaker 1: part of a routine conservation checkup. They discus, ever, that 290 00:18:00,440 --> 00:18:04,760 Speaker 1: earlier sketches are still visible using this noninvasive technique, and 291 00:18:04,800 --> 00:18:07,880 Speaker 1: these sketches suggest that earlier drafts of the painting were 292 00:18:07,880 --> 00:18:12,040 Speaker 1: more conservative. In the final painting, a nude woman has 293 00:18:12,119 --> 00:18:14,840 Speaker 1: one of her arms stretched up above her head and 294 00:18:14,880 --> 00:18:17,439 Speaker 1: the other sort of tucked behind her lower back, in 295 00:18:17,480 --> 00:18:21,040 Speaker 1: a pose that definitely looks sensuous. But in the earlier 296 00:18:21,160 --> 00:18:24,879 Speaker 1: sketch that stretched up arms down along her side, and 297 00:18:24,920 --> 00:18:29,040 Speaker 1: it's a position that looks more RESTful than erotic. In 298 00:18:29,119 --> 00:18:32,880 Speaker 1: similar news, Rice Museum has announced the discovery of preparatory 299 00:18:32,920 --> 00:18:37,080 Speaker 1: sketches in Rembrandty two painting The Night Watch, which are 300 00:18:37,119 --> 00:18:41,439 Speaker 1: visible through macro XRF imaging. This discovery came during a 301 00:18:41,520 --> 00:18:46,200 Speaker 1: two year restoration project for that piece. And speaking of Rembrandt, 302 00:18:46,520 --> 00:18:49,040 Speaker 1: scientists in the Netherlands have figured out that they can 303 00:18:49,080 --> 00:18:52,560 Speaker 1: determine exactly when paintings from the Dutch Golden Age were 304 00:18:52,560 --> 00:18:57,480 Speaker 1: created based on the exact composition of their lead white pigments. 305 00:18:58,160 --> 00:19:00,760 Speaker 1: This is because conflicts like the English Civil Wars in 306 00:19:00,800 --> 00:19:05,000 Speaker 1: the eighty years were disrupted lead supplies, forcing artists to 307 00:19:05,119 --> 00:19:08,479 Speaker 1: adjust the amount of lead they were using in their paints. 308 00:19:09,560 --> 00:19:12,640 Speaker 1: Archaeologists working on the High Speed Real Project known as 309 00:19:12,800 --> 00:19:16,800 Speaker 1: HS two have under three Roman era busts while excavating 310 00:19:16,800 --> 00:19:20,280 Speaker 1: a Norman church in Stoke, Mandeville, They had expected to 311 00:19:20,280 --> 00:19:23,560 Speaker 1: find early English artifacts because the excavation site was home 312 00:19:23,600 --> 00:19:27,359 Speaker 1: to a medieval tower, but instead found these three much 313 00:19:27,440 --> 00:19:32,040 Speaker 1: older stone sculptures. Two had essentially been decapitated, with the 314 00:19:32,119 --> 00:19:35,640 Speaker 1: head and the torso both still present, and the third 315 00:19:35,920 --> 00:19:39,120 Speaker 1: was only the head. In addition to these three very 316 00:19:39,119 --> 00:19:42,760 Speaker 1: well preserved statues, they also found a hexagonal glass jug 317 00:19:43,000 --> 00:19:46,480 Speaker 1: with large pieces of the glass still intact. Based on 318 00:19:46,560 --> 00:19:49,160 Speaker 1: all of this, they believed this tower was built directly 319 00:19:49,200 --> 00:19:51,080 Speaker 1: on top of the site of what had been a 320 00:19:51,160 --> 00:19:54,800 Speaker 1: Roman mausoleum and which had other uses prior to that. 321 00:19:55,600 --> 00:19:59,600 Speaker 1: And In similar news, excavations in western Turkey have unearthed 322 00:19:59,640 --> 00:20:04,720 Speaker 1: the head of statues depicting Aphrodite and Dionysus moving on. 323 00:20:05,000 --> 00:20:08,040 Speaker 1: A sculpture spotted outside a home in St. Louis In 324 00:20:09,320 --> 00:20:12,280 Speaker 1: has been confirmed as Martha and Mary by the late 325 00:20:12,359 --> 00:20:16,159 Speaker 1: artist William Edmondson, who died in nineteen fifty one. This 326 00:20:16,280 --> 00:20:19,000 Speaker 1: sculpture had also been displayed at the Museum of Modern 327 00:20:19,160 --> 00:20:23,000 Speaker 1: Art in ninety seven. That was a solo exhibition, making 328 00:20:23,119 --> 00:20:26,000 Speaker 1: Edmondson the first black artist to have a solo show 329 00:20:26,040 --> 00:20:30,199 Speaker 1: at MoMA. It appears that Anthony Ablis, executive director of 330 00:20:30,240 --> 00:20:34,320 Speaker 1: the Metropolitan Opera acquired the statute sometime after that show, 331 00:20:34,440 --> 00:20:37,320 Speaker 1: and then his wife Sally, inherited it after he died. 332 00:20:38,000 --> 00:20:42,520 Speaker 1: Street artist Brian Donnelly, known as Cause, purchased this from 333 00:20:42,720 --> 00:20:46,760 Speaker 1: Bliss as a gift for the American Folk Art Museum. 334 00:20:46,760 --> 00:20:49,159 Speaker 1: The statue has since been cleaned and it will be 335 00:20:49,200 --> 00:20:54,280 Speaker 1: on display at the museum in early next up. Restorers 336 00:20:54,320 --> 00:20:57,760 Speaker 1: working at Calvally Old Hall in Yorkshire, England have found 337 00:20:57,840 --> 00:21:02,440 Speaker 1: floor to ceiling Tutor era paintings under some nineteenth century plaster. 338 00:21:03,320 --> 00:21:06,800 Speaker 1: These paintings basically served the purpose of wallpaper and depict 339 00:21:06,920 --> 00:21:11,000 Speaker 1: exaggerated vines and mythical animals. They seem to be based 340 00:21:11,000 --> 00:21:13,960 Speaker 1: on designs from the Golden House of Roman Emperor Nero. 341 00:21:14,840 --> 00:21:18,320 Speaker 1: It's possible that a nineteenth century owner of this manner 342 00:21:18,520 --> 00:21:21,640 Speaker 1: covered the paintings up with plaster to try to protect them, 343 00:21:22,080 --> 00:21:24,960 Speaker 1: so now conservators are at work figuring out the best 344 00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:28,960 Speaker 1: way to preserve them. Next up, a walk around family 345 00:21:29,080 --> 00:21:31,439 Speaker 1: Land in Rutland has led to the discovery of a 346 00:21:31,480 --> 00:21:35,080 Speaker 1: mosaic depicting scenes from Homer's The Iliad, which was part 347 00:21:35,119 --> 00:21:38,560 Speaker 1: of a Roman era villa complex. The complex seems to 348 00:21:38,600 --> 00:21:42,080 Speaker 1: have been built sometime between the third and fourth century. 349 00:21:42,119 --> 00:21:44,879 Speaker 1: This is the first mosaic in Britain that depicts the 350 00:21:44,920 --> 00:21:47,960 Speaker 1: Iliad and it's being investigated by the University of Leicester 351 00:21:48,080 --> 00:21:51,720 Speaker 1: in partnership with Historic England and Rutland City Council. And 352 00:21:51,760 --> 00:21:56,000 Speaker 1: in another accidental family find, members of the Sitwell family 353 00:21:56,080 --> 00:21:58,960 Speaker 1: have decided to auction off the family's artwork and other 354 00:21:59,080 --> 00:22:04,200 Speaker 1: objects from Weston Hall in Northamptonshire, England, and as all 355 00:22:04,240 --> 00:22:07,480 Speaker 1: these items were being collected in catalog they found a 356 00:22:07,520 --> 00:22:10,720 Speaker 1: forgotten work of art just wrapped up in bubble wrap. 357 00:22:11,359 --> 00:22:15,040 Speaker 1: It turned out to be a drawing by Italian painter 358 00:22:15,240 --> 00:22:20,160 Speaker 1: Giovanni Batista Tiapolo, who worked in the eighteenth century. This 359 00:22:20,240 --> 00:22:24,399 Speaker 1: is called a large group of Puncinelli. Puncinelli, we're buffoonish 360 00:22:24,440 --> 00:22:28,120 Speaker 1: stock characters from seventeenth century Comedia dell Arte and then 361 00:22:28,480 --> 00:22:33,040 Speaker 1: this depiction they are all eating njoki, which I just 362 00:22:33,200 --> 00:22:38,760 Speaker 1: find delightful. Aspert said, well bought this painting in nineteen 363 00:22:38,840 --> 00:22:43,000 Speaker 1: thirty six and then they just forgot about it. This 364 00:22:43,080 --> 00:22:45,560 Speaker 1: was sold at auction in November with a final bit 365 00:22:45,640 --> 00:22:50,639 Speaker 1: of a hundred thousand pounds. I think more painting should 366 00:22:50,680 --> 00:22:53,920 Speaker 1: feature large groups of people just happily eating, just eating, 367 00:22:54,080 --> 00:22:58,520 Speaker 1: just munching on stuff. Now it's time for swords, glorious swords. 368 00:22:59,480 --> 00:23:01,920 Speaker 1: A die her off the coast of Israel has found 369 00:23:01,920 --> 00:23:05,320 Speaker 1: a nine hundred year old sword on the seafloor, along 370 00:23:05,320 --> 00:23:08,640 Speaker 1: with other artifacts from about the same period. The sword 371 00:23:08,680 --> 00:23:11,280 Speaker 1: itself is believed to be an excellent condition, although it 372 00:23:11,359 --> 00:23:14,480 Speaker 1: is completely encrusted in marine life, so it is not 373 00:23:14,880 --> 00:23:18,159 Speaker 1: entirely clear exactly what's under there. Based on where it 374 00:23:18,200 --> 00:23:20,760 Speaker 1: was found, it may be a crusader sword. It was 375 00:23:20,800 --> 00:23:24,280 Speaker 1: in an area where ships took shelter. The sea floor 376 00:23:24,320 --> 00:23:28,440 Speaker 1: in this area is constantly shifting and revealing new fines, 377 00:23:28,960 --> 00:23:32,240 Speaker 1: so this diver, Shlomi Katson was afraid that the sword 378 00:23:32,240 --> 00:23:35,000 Speaker 1: would be buried again if it was just left there, 379 00:23:35,400 --> 00:23:37,840 Speaker 1: and so took it to the surface and reported it 380 00:23:37,880 --> 00:23:40,960 Speaker 1: to authorities. That is how we have lots of photographs 381 00:23:41,000 --> 00:23:46,640 Speaker 1: of this absolutely marine life encrusted sword. That's actually how 382 00:23:46,680 --> 00:23:51,800 Speaker 1: it's designed. It's not that would be amazing. Another sword, 383 00:23:51,840 --> 00:23:55,879 Speaker 1: a broken bronze age sword, has been found in southwestern Finland. 384 00:23:56,320 --> 00:23:59,399 Speaker 1: This is a rare fine. Only about two hundred bronze 385 00:23:59,440 --> 00:24:02,119 Speaker 1: age items have been found in Finland and swords and 386 00:24:02,200 --> 00:24:04,840 Speaker 1: knives are only a little more than ten percent of those. 387 00:24:05,600 --> 00:24:08,320 Speaker 1: The fragments were found in July by someone who was 388 00:24:08,400 --> 00:24:11,320 Speaker 1: using a newly purchased metal detector to check out his 389 00:24:11,400 --> 00:24:16,040 Speaker 1: childhood home, but to find wasn't announced until October. Although 390 00:24:16,160 --> 00:24:18,360 Speaker 1: this was found under the lawn of a family home, 391 00:24:18,440 --> 00:24:21,040 Speaker 1: it is not clear how the broken sword got there. 392 00:24:21,320 --> 00:24:23,680 Speaker 1: It's possible that it was in soil that was brought 393 00:24:23,720 --> 00:24:28,120 Speaker 1: in for construction years ago. He contacted Finland's National Board 394 00:24:28,119 --> 00:24:31,600 Speaker 1: of Antiquities after finding the first couple of clearly very 395 00:24:31,640 --> 00:24:35,520 Speaker 1: old sword pieces, and a more official excavation uncovered the rest. 396 00:24:36,840 --> 00:24:40,159 Speaker 1: Next up, we have a couple of fines related to animals. 397 00:24:40,760 --> 00:24:44,199 Speaker 1: According to research published in the journal Nature in October, 398 00:24:44,600 --> 00:24:49,240 Speaker 1: an interdisciplinary team of researchers has concluded that today's horses 399 00:24:49,320 --> 00:24:53,719 Speaker 1: were first domesticated and the Pontic Caspian steps in the 400 00:24:53,720 --> 00:24:58,919 Speaker 1: Northern Caucasus. This happened somewhere around b C and then 401 00:24:58,960 --> 00:25:03,040 Speaker 1: over the next few sent trees, these domesticated horses replaced 402 00:25:03,160 --> 00:25:07,840 Speaker 1: genetically distinct wild horses in Anatolia, Europe and Central Asia 403 00:25:07,880 --> 00:25:12,560 Speaker 1: and Siberia. This research involved genetic analysis of two hundred 404 00:25:12,600 --> 00:25:16,760 Speaker 1: seventy three horse specimens that lived from fifty thousand to 405 00:25:16,960 --> 00:25:20,639 Speaker 1: a little more than two thousand years ago. They analyzed 406 00:25:20,680 --> 00:25:24,439 Speaker 1: their genes and then compared the results to modern domesticated 407 00:25:24,520 --> 00:25:28,920 Speaker 1: horses living today. However, these were not the first horses 408 00:25:28,960 --> 00:25:32,479 Speaker 1: ever to be domesticated. That was in Betai, Central Asia 409 00:25:32,560 --> 00:25:36,760 Speaker 1: around thirty d b C. But those earlier horses aren't 410 00:25:36,800 --> 00:25:40,959 Speaker 1: the ancestors of today's domestic horses. Their descendants are a 411 00:25:41,000 --> 00:25:45,960 Speaker 1: feral Mongolian horse known as Zerowski's horse. Our next animal find. 412 00:25:46,520 --> 00:25:52,320 Speaker 1: Researchers in severe have tried to confirm Neanderthal hunting techniques 413 00:25:52,400 --> 00:25:55,919 Speaker 1: for a crow like bird called the chef. It seems 414 00:25:56,119 --> 00:25:59,680 Speaker 1: very likely that the Neanderthals used chefs as a food source. 415 00:25:59,720 --> 00:26:02,760 Speaker 1: They've been various finds of chuf bones that have tooth 416 00:26:02,800 --> 00:26:07,040 Speaker 1: marks and caves that show evidence of Neanderthal use, But 417 00:26:07,880 --> 00:26:11,160 Speaker 1: it also seemed like this would be a tricky animal 418 00:26:11,280 --> 00:26:15,000 Speaker 1: for Neanderthals to hunt. Thinking that Neanderthals might have used 419 00:26:15,040 --> 00:26:19,199 Speaker 1: nets and torches, researchers armed themselves with butterfly nets and 420 00:26:19,280 --> 00:26:22,720 Speaker 1: flashlights and went into caves and other dark spaces where 421 00:26:22,760 --> 00:26:25,680 Speaker 1: modern chuffs are known to roost at night, and they 422 00:26:25,720 --> 00:26:28,800 Speaker 1: found that the chuffs became confused when the researchers shined 423 00:26:28,880 --> 00:26:31,720 Speaker 1: flashlights at them. They wound up just flying into dead 424 00:26:31,800 --> 00:26:34,120 Speaker 1: end spaces where it was easy for people to just 425 00:26:34,320 --> 00:26:37,520 Speaker 1: scoop them right up. Is this how Neanderthals did it? 426 00:26:37,800 --> 00:26:42,159 Speaker 1: Who knows, but it does suggest one possible way. I 427 00:26:42,240 --> 00:26:44,439 Speaker 1: also just, you know, I don't want to be cruel 428 00:26:44,440 --> 00:26:47,240 Speaker 1: to animals, but I find the scenario kind of amusing. 429 00:26:48,040 --> 00:26:52,960 Speaker 1: If this is a Neanderthal technique for hunting, it confirms 430 00:26:53,160 --> 00:26:55,840 Speaker 1: once again has with many many other things we've talked 431 00:26:55,840 --> 00:26:58,040 Speaker 1: about on Earth, that they were pretty good at problem 432 00:26:58,119 --> 00:27:02,119 Speaker 1: solving and stuff. I feel almost every time I'm researching 433 00:27:02,160 --> 00:27:04,840 Speaker 1: these episodes, I find headlines that make it sound like 434 00:27:04,880 --> 00:27:10,239 Speaker 1: this is new information. Moving on. Archaeologists and the Hi 435 00:27:10,359 --> 00:27:13,840 Speaker 1: Duguay Archipelago off the northern coast of British Columbia have 436 00:27:13,960 --> 00:27:18,000 Speaker 1: found the tooth of a domesticated dog. It was confirmed 437 00:27:18,040 --> 00:27:20,720 Speaker 1: to be a dog too through its DNA and radio 438 00:27:20,800 --> 00:27:24,439 Speaker 1: carbon dating suggests that it lived thirteen thousand, one hundred 439 00:27:24,560 --> 00:27:28,199 Speaker 1: years ago. This is the oldest evidence of domestic dogs 440 00:27:28,240 --> 00:27:31,360 Speaker 1: discovered so far in the America's and it also suggests 441 00:27:31,359 --> 00:27:34,240 Speaker 1: that people were living on the archipelago about two thousand 442 00:27:34,320 --> 00:27:38,880 Speaker 1: years earlier than previously thought. The Haida Nation's oral histories 443 00:27:38,920 --> 00:27:42,199 Speaker 1: were also part of this work, and indigenous archaeologists who 444 00:27:42,240 --> 00:27:44,639 Speaker 1: were part of this work have described it as the 445 00:27:44,680 --> 00:27:49,679 Speaker 1: field of archaeology catching up to those oral histories. And lastly, 446 00:27:50,040 --> 00:27:54,520 Speaker 1: archaeologists have studied fish bones at four sites connected to 447 00:27:54,680 --> 00:27:58,679 Speaker 1: the Slawa Tooth First Nations community on what's now the 448 00:27:58,800 --> 00:28:03,080 Speaker 1: West coast of Canada. Researchers have concluded that for about 449 00:28:03,080 --> 00:28:06,600 Speaker 1: a thousand years that Sligh with Tooth we're using large 450 00:28:06,720 --> 00:28:10,960 Speaker 1: weirs to catch salmon, determining the salmon sex and releasing 451 00:28:11,000 --> 00:28:14,320 Speaker 1: most of the females. Bones found at village sites were 452 00:28:14,440 --> 00:28:20,000 Speaker 1: overwhelmingly those of male fish. European colonists ultimately destroyed these 453 00:28:20,040 --> 00:28:23,959 Speaker 1: indigenous fishing tools, and since then the salmon population in 454 00:28:24,000 --> 00:28:28,320 Speaker 1: this area has largely collapsed. Jesse Morin, archaeologists for that 455 00:28:28,440 --> 00:28:31,399 Speaker 1: Sleigh with Tooth nation, and an adjunct professor at the 456 00:28:31,480 --> 00:28:35,000 Speaker 1: University of British Columbia, was quoted in the Canadian Process 457 00:28:35,080 --> 00:28:38,760 Speaker 1: saying quote, people were harvesting the same sort of fish consistently, 458 00:28:39,000 --> 00:28:43,040 Speaker 1: probably from the same places. For one thousand years. Here 459 00:28:43,040 --> 00:28:46,160 Speaker 1: we are one hundred fifty years later, one hundred fifty 460 00:28:46,240 --> 00:28:50,400 Speaker 1: years worth of industrial harvesting, and we've really destroyed these resources. 461 00:28:51,360 --> 00:28:53,640 Speaker 1: After we take a quick sponsor break, we will move 462 00:28:53,680 --> 00:28:57,400 Speaker 1: onto some edibles and potables, some of which, uh, we're 463 00:28:57,440 --> 00:29:00,520 Speaker 1: also animal related. There's a little over app in those 464 00:29:00,520 --> 00:29:12,280 Speaker 1: two categories. Now we are moving on so one of 465 00:29:12,280 --> 00:29:16,360 Speaker 1: our favorite topics, which is the edibles and potables. According 466 00:29:16,360 --> 00:29:19,960 Speaker 1: to research published in the journal Current Biology on oct 467 00:29:20,720 --> 00:29:25,080 Speaker 1: workers that prehistoric salt mines in Austria drank beer and 468 00:29:25,280 --> 00:29:29,280 Speaker 1: ate blue cheese. Researchers came to this conclusion after analyzing 469 00:29:29,400 --> 00:29:32,920 Speaker 1: paleo feces in the mines, which has been preserved for 470 00:29:32,960 --> 00:29:36,760 Speaker 1: about dred years thanks to the conditions in the mind. 471 00:29:37,520 --> 00:29:40,760 Speaker 1: This is the earliest evidence found so far of both 472 00:29:41,000 --> 00:29:45,480 Speaker 1: beer drinking and blue cheese eating in Europe. In the 473 00:29:45,520 --> 00:29:49,360 Speaker 1: words of Kirsten Kaark of the Museum of Natural History, Vienna, quote, 474 00:29:49,600 --> 00:29:53,000 Speaker 1: it is becoming increasingly clear that not only were prehistoric 475 00:29:53,040 --> 00:29:58,040 Speaker 1: culinary practices sophisticated, but also that complex processed food stuffs 476 00:29:58,040 --> 00:30:00,880 Speaker 1: as well as the technique of fermentation, have held a 477 00:30:00,920 --> 00:30:05,280 Speaker 1: prominent role in our early food history. Next up. Researchers 478 00:30:05,320 --> 00:30:08,240 Speaker 1: at a site known as Jordan's River Dura Jatte have 479 00:30:08,360 --> 00:30:12,360 Speaker 1: found evidence that people were using complex fishing tools and 480 00:30:12,480 --> 00:30:16,280 Speaker 1: techniques as long as twelve thousand years ago. Excavations have 481 00:30:16,440 --> 00:30:20,480 Speaker 1: unearthed nineteen bone hooks and grooved pebbles that seem to 482 00:30:20,480 --> 00:30:23,600 Speaker 1: have been used as sinkers. They could be tricky to 483 00:30:23,680 --> 00:30:27,520 Speaker 1: study fishing technology because things like lines and nets are 484 00:30:27,600 --> 00:30:31,240 Speaker 1: usually made from fibers that decomposed, but there are fiber 485 00:30:31,360 --> 00:30:34,320 Speaker 1: residues on these hooks that suggests that they were used 486 00:30:34,360 --> 00:30:38,080 Speaker 1: with lines of some sort. There's also some variation in 487 00:30:38,120 --> 00:30:40,760 Speaker 1: the shapes of the hooks, including their barbs and how 488 00:30:40,760 --> 00:30:43,760 Speaker 1: they were connected to a line, suggesting that people were 489 00:30:43,840 --> 00:30:47,480 Speaker 1: using different hooks to catch different types of fish. There's 490 00:30:47,520 --> 00:30:50,160 Speaker 1: also some suggestion that these hooks were used along with 491 00:30:50,280 --> 00:30:54,280 Speaker 1: artificial lures. We already knew that people living in this 492 00:30:54,360 --> 00:30:57,600 Speaker 1: area twelve thousand years ago we're eating fish, but this 493 00:30:57,720 --> 00:31:00,920 Speaker 1: is the earliest evidence of their using things like hooks 494 00:31:00,960 --> 00:31:05,240 Speaker 1: and artificial lures to catch them. Archaeologists in Iraq have 495 00:31:05,320 --> 00:31:09,840 Speaker 1: found a commercial winery including stone cut basins dating back 496 00:31:09,880 --> 00:31:13,320 Speaker 1: to the eighth or seventh century BC, as well as 497 00:31:13,360 --> 00:31:18,080 Speaker 1: fourteen stone cut installations that were used for pressing the juice. 498 00:31:18,360 --> 00:31:21,200 Speaker 1: The winery is near an area where archaeologists have been 499 00:31:21,200 --> 00:31:26,040 Speaker 1: examining stone cut reliefs carved into irrigation canals. The reliefs 500 00:31:26,040 --> 00:31:30,400 Speaker 1: depict sacred animals and kings in prayer, probably commissioned by 501 00:31:30,440 --> 00:31:32,800 Speaker 1: the same kings who paid for the canals to be built, 502 00:31:32,920 --> 00:31:36,280 Speaker 1: as both a symbol of religious devotion and a reminder 503 00:31:36,320 --> 00:31:40,520 Speaker 1: of who had funded the irrigation project. And Archaeologists have 504 00:31:40,720 --> 00:31:45,400 Speaker 1: also found a massive early medieval wine factory in Israel. 505 00:31:46,000 --> 00:31:48,840 Speaker 1: This was another facility that was used to make wine 506 00:31:48,960 --> 00:31:53,320 Speaker 1: on a large commercial scale. This one has five wine presses, 507 00:31:53,760 --> 00:31:57,840 Speaker 1: four large warehouses for storing and aging the wine, and 508 00:31:57,880 --> 00:32:00,720 Speaker 1: facilities for making and firing the and four eights that 509 00:32:00,800 --> 00:32:04,120 Speaker 1: were used to store the wine. There are also large 510 00:32:04,240 --> 00:32:07,719 Speaker 1: vats and a treading floor where the grapes were crushed underfoot. 511 00:32:08,280 --> 00:32:12,640 Speaker 1: A spokesperson from the Israeli Antiquities Authority estimated that this 512 00:32:12,920 --> 00:32:17,920 Speaker 1: winery could have produced two million liters of wine per year. 513 00:32:18,840 --> 00:32:21,960 Speaker 1: A golden amethyst ring has also been found not far 514 00:32:22,080 --> 00:32:24,920 Speaker 1: from this site. It dates back to at least the 515 00:32:25,000 --> 00:32:27,760 Speaker 1: seventh century, and there's some speculation that it may have 516 00:32:27,840 --> 00:32:32,360 Speaker 1: been worn for hangover prevention. The amethyst has traditionally been 517 00:32:32,440 --> 00:32:37,719 Speaker 1: regarded as having anti hangover properties. Moving on, archaeologists in 518 00:32:37,880 --> 00:32:42,160 Speaker 1: Germany have found a seventy nine year old, badly charred 519 00:32:42,520 --> 00:32:46,480 Speaker 1: cake in the town of Lubec. The British Royal Air 520 00:32:46,520 --> 00:32:50,640 Speaker 1: Force bombed this town on March twenty Nino and the 521 00:32:50,840 --> 00:32:55,240 Speaker 1: freshly unwrapped cake was buried and burned as the building's 522 00:32:55,760 --> 00:32:59,720 Speaker 1: upper floors collapsed over it and caught fire. Even though 523 00:32:59,720 --> 00:33:03,240 Speaker 1: this hake is badly burned, its nutty filling was preserved 524 00:33:03,280 --> 00:33:06,240 Speaker 1: pretty well in this fire. This has planned to be 525 00:33:06,880 --> 00:33:11,720 Speaker 1: conserved and eventually put on public display. And lastly, in 526 00:33:11,920 --> 00:33:16,040 Speaker 1: Edibles and Potables, Polish archaeologists have found a unique kitchen 527 00:33:16,040 --> 00:33:18,640 Speaker 1: were set at the site of a Roman legionary camp 528 00:33:18,680 --> 00:33:22,240 Speaker 1: in Bulgaria. These pieces were made of very high quality 529 00:33:22,280 --> 00:33:26,760 Speaker 1: clay and they seem to represent a full array of pots, lids, bowls, 530 00:33:26,800 --> 00:33:30,040 Speaker 1: and cups, as well as glasses that look like today's 531 00:33:30,040 --> 00:33:33,840 Speaker 1: pine glasses. The team plans to conserve and analyze this 532 00:33:33,880 --> 00:33:36,560 Speaker 1: cookwear set to determine what was cooked and stored in 533 00:33:36,600 --> 00:33:39,200 Speaker 1: the vessels. It is likely that at least some of 534 00:33:39,240 --> 00:33:43,440 Speaker 1: it was seafood, since there were also oyster shells found nearby. 535 00:33:43,520 --> 00:33:46,000 Speaker 1: And now we're going to move on to another favorite category, 536 00:33:46,080 --> 00:33:51,880 Speaker 1: which is shipwrecks. Volcanic and tectonic activity near the Ogasawara 537 00:33:52,000 --> 00:33:55,920 Speaker 1: Island chain in Japan has lifted the sea floor around 538 00:33:56,080 --> 00:33:59,400 Speaker 1: the island of eot known in English as Eo Jima, 539 00:34:00,000 --> 00:34:03,960 Speaker 1: revealing a fleet of World War Two era ships. These 540 00:34:03,960 --> 00:34:07,479 Speaker 1: are Japanese ships that American forces sank after the Battle 541 00:34:07,480 --> 00:34:10,360 Speaker 1: of Eo Jima, hoping that the wreckage would form a 542 00:34:10,400 --> 00:34:14,360 Speaker 1: breakwater to help create a harbor. That did not work, 543 00:34:14,880 --> 00:34:18,360 Speaker 1: but in photos of this you can see that there 544 00:34:18,400 --> 00:34:21,759 Speaker 1: the ships are arranged in a way that was purposeful. 545 00:34:22,600 --> 00:34:26,080 Speaker 1: Next up, the US revenue cutter Bear sank during a 546 00:34:26,120 --> 00:34:29,560 Speaker 1: storm in nineteen sixty three. It had been decommissioned and 547 00:34:29,560 --> 00:34:32,520 Speaker 1: tied to a wharf in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and it 548 00:34:32,600 --> 00:34:35,799 Speaker 1: was in the process of being towed to Philadelphia. But 549 00:34:35,920 --> 00:34:38,440 Speaker 1: before that point it had a long history at sea. 550 00:34:39,080 --> 00:34:41,560 Speaker 1: It started out as a vessel for seal hunting in 551 00:34:41,600 --> 00:34:44,920 Speaker 1: eighteen seventy four. The US government bought it a few 552 00:34:45,000 --> 00:34:47,279 Speaker 1: years later to use for rescue work. Since it had 553 00:34:47,280 --> 00:34:50,440 Speaker 1: been built to be able to navigate icy waters. Its 554 00:34:50,440 --> 00:34:52,719 Speaker 1: work as a relief vessel included being part of the 555 00:34:52,760 --> 00:34:56,440 Speaker 1: rescue fleet of the Greeley Expedition in eighteen eighty one. 556 00:34:56,760 --> 00:34:59,680 Speaker 1: It operated as a relief ship during the nineteen eighteen 557 00:34:59,719 --> 00:35:04,520 Speaker 1: flew pandemic, and was finally decommissioned in ninety nine. For 558 00:35:04,600 --> 00:35:06,800 Speaker 1: a time after that it was used as a floating 559 00:35:06,880 --> 00:35:10,200 Speaker 1: museum in Oakland, California, and then as a film set. 560 00:35:10,880 --> 00:35:13,719 Speaker 1: Then the Bear was recommissioned during World War Two and 561 00:35:13,800 --> 00:35:17,360 Speaker 1: sent back to the Arctic to patrol. During that time, 562 00:35:17,480 --> 00:35:20,960 Speaker 1: it helped capture a Norwegian ship that the German military 563 00:35:21,040 --> 00:35:24,480 Speaker 1: was using to gather and report information about weather conditions 564 00:35:24,480 --> 00:35:28,239 Speaker 1: in the North Atlantic. Various people and groups have been 565 00:35:28,280 --> 00:35:31,239 Speaker 1: searching for the wreck of the Bear since the nineteen seventies. 566 00:35:31,680 --> 00:35:35,399 Speaker 1: In sonar mapping of a sixty two square mile it's 567 00:35:35,480 --> 00:35:38,880 Speaker 1: about a hundred and sixty square kilometers area of seafloor 568 00:35:39,040 --> 00:35:43,400 Speaker 1: revealed two sunken ships. In September of this year, investigators 569 00:35:43,400 --> 00:35:46,520 Speaker 1: returned to the area with a remote operated vehicle and 570 00:35:46,600 --> 00:35:50,480 Speaker 1: identified one of those ships as the Bear. We also 571 00:35:50,560 --> 00:35:54,279 Speaker 1: have a couple of canoes, a maritime archaeologist from the 572 00:35:54,400 --> 00:35:58,600 Speaker 1: Wisconsin Historical Society spotted what she thought was a log 573 00:35:58,719 --> 00:36:02,319 Speaker 1: in Lake Mendota and Wisconsin, but it turned out to 574 00:36:02,440 --> 00:36:06,280 Speaker 1: be the oldest intact boat ever found in the state. 575 00:36:06,920 --> 00:36:09,400 Speaker 1: It's believed to be about twelve hundred years old and 576 00:36:09,480 --> 00:36:12,520 Speaker 1: was probably made by the Effigy Mound builders, who are 577 00:36:12,560 --> 00:36:16,239 Speaker 1: the ancestors of today's ho Chunk Nation. It is so 578 00:36:16,400 --> 00:36:20,600 Speaker 1: well preserved that the archaeologists initially thought this was the 579 00:36:20,719 --> 00:36:25,480 Speaker 1: Boy Scout project from the nineteen fifties. Archaeologists decided to 580 00:36:25,560 --> 00:36:27,600 Speaker 1: raise the canoe from the floor of the lake since 581 00:36:27,640 --> 00:36:30,359 Speaker 1: it was likely to be destroyed by micro organisms if 582 00:36:30,400 --> 00:36:33,640 Speaker 1: it was left where it was. It is currently undergoing 583 00:36:33,680 --> 00:36:36,000 Speaker 1: a preservation process with the hope that it can be 584 00:36:36,040 --> 00:36:40,480 Speaker 1: put on public display. Ho Chunk Tribal Historic Preservation Officer 585 00:36:40,520 --> 00:36:43,719 Speaker 1: Bill Quackenbush told reporters that he would collaborate with the 586 00:36:43,760 --> 00:36:49,040 Speaker 1: Wisconsin Historical Society on the canoes preservation. The other canoe 587 00:36:49,120 --> 00:36:52,279 Speaker 1: was found in a sonode or a freshwater sinkhole in 588 00:36:52,320 --> 00:36:56,200 Speaker 1: southern Mexico. It's believed to be about a thousand years old, 589 00:36:56,360 --> 00:36:59,279 Speaker 1: and it's the first complete canoe of its type ever 590 00:36:59,360 --> 00:37:03,160 Speaker 1: found It's possible that the Maya used this canoe to 591 00:37:03,200 --> 00:37:07,239 Speaker 1: gather water or to make offerings in the Sonodi. This 592 00:37:07,320 --> 00:37:10,280 Speaker 1: is one of many many objects that have been unearthed 593 00:37:10,320 --> 00:37:12,760 Speaker 1: during work on a railway that's being built to connect 594 00:37:12,800 --> 00:37:17,320 Speaker 1: multiple sites across the Yucatan Peninsula. This is a controversial project. 595 00:37:17,520 --> 00:37:19,799 Speaker 1: It's meant to bring tourists from the beaches on the 596 00:37:19,840 --> 00:37:24,040 Speaker 1: coast to historic and cultural sites and smaller towns farther inland. 597 00:37:24,560 --> 00:37:27,160 Speaker 1: But there are a lot of archaeological sites along the 598 00:37:27,200 --> 00:37:29,719 Speaker 1: path of the train, with more being discovered as work 599 00:37:29,760 --> 00:37:33,680 Speaker 1: goes on. Archaeologists working ahead of the train construction have 600 00:37:33,760 --> 00:37:38,360 Speaker 1: found hundreds of sites encompassing thousands of structures. The potential 601 00:37:38,480 --> 00:37:42,360 Speaker 1: archaeological and environmental impacts of the train project have both 602 00:37:42,480 --> 00:37:45,840 Speaker 1: drawn a lot of criticism. And now we have a 603 00:37:45,960 --> 00:37:48,600 Speaker 1: random final thing for the end of this episode. So 604 00:37:48,760 --> 00:37:53,640 Speaker 1: for our last find of it's actually something that was 605 00:37:53,680 --> 00:37:58,640 Speaker 1: first found in a glacier climber stumbled onto a box 606 00:37:58,760 --> 00:38:01,680 Speaker 1: from an Air India passenger jet that had crashed on 607 00:38:01,800 --> 00:38:06,480 Speaker 1: January nineteen sixty six. This plane was one of two 608 00:38:06,719 --> 00:38:09,680 Speaker 1: planes that crashed into mom Block in the middle of 609 00:38:09,680 --> 00:38:13,040 Speaker 1: the twentieth century and climbers in the area often find 610 00:38:13,239 --> 00:38:16,680 Speaker 1: various things from each of them. In this case, this 611 00:38:16,760 --> 00:38:21,440 Speaker 1: box turned out to contain emeralds and sapphires. This climber 612 00:38:21,480 --> 00:38:24,920 Speaker 1: turned the box into authorities who tried to track down 613 00:38:25,000 --> 00:38:29,759 Speaker 1: the survivors of whoever this box had belonged to. That 614 00:38:29,920 --> 00:38:33,560 Speaker 1: effort was unsuccessful, and in December it was announced that 615 00:38:33,600 --> 00:38:36,279 Speaker 1: the climber would get to keep half of the gemstones. 616 00:38:37,239 --> 00:38:39,800 Speaker 1: The other half is going to the village of Shemony 617 00:38:40,040 --> 00:38:42,319 Speaker 1: near the crash site, where they will become part of 618 00:38:42,360 --> 00:38:46,920 Speaker 1: the collection of the Shemony Crystals Museum. According to news coverage, 619 00:38:46,960 --> 00:38:49,680 Speaker 1: the climber, who has not been named, will be selling 620 00:38:49,719 --> 00:38:52,000 Speaker 1: off his half and using some of the money to 621 00:38:52,080 --> 00:38:57,239 Speaker 1: renovate his apartment. And that's our Unearthed, concluding the year 622 00:38:57,400 --> 00:39:01,239 Speaker 1: of so many things were on Earth, so many and 623 00:39:01,280 --> 00:39:03,399 Speaker 1: then so many things that we didn't even talk about 624 00:39:03,440 --> 00:39:09,320 Speaker 1: in this I have a listener mail from Ava to 625 00:39:09,360 --> 00:39:12,880 Speaker 1: take us out, and Ava wrote, Dear Holly and Tracy, 626 00:39:12,920 --> 00:39:14,799 Speaker 1: I've been listening to the podcast for a while now, 627 00:39:14,840 --> 00:39:17,520 Speaker 1: but have never felt so compelled to write into any 628 00:39:17,560 --> 00:39:20,799 Speaker 1: show as I did when I listened to the Nutcracker episode. 629 00:39:21,239 --> 00:39:24,719 Speaker 1: I hold a Doctor of Musical Arts degree and violin performance. 630 00:39:24,719 --> 00:39:27,080 Speaker 1: And while it is true that each winter we are 631 00:39:27,080 --> 00:39:30,799 Speaker 1: all one more Nutcracker closer to death, the Nutcracker is 632 00:39:30,840 --> 00:39:33,120 Speaker 1: one of the big influences and why I have chosen 633 00:39:33,160 --> 00:39:35,600 Speaker 1: the career path I have and hold the degrees that 634 00:39:35,680 --> 00:39:39,440 Speaker 1: I do. As a child, attending the Houston Ballets production 635 00:39:39,440 --> 00:39:42,280 Speaker 1: of The Nutcracker was a holiday tradition for my family, 636 00:39:42,560 --> 00:39:44,920 Speaker 1: and I even danced as a tiny apricot in the 637 00:39:44,960 --> 00:39:47,600 Speaker 1: background of the sugar plum very sequence in my ballet 638 00:39:47,640 --> 00:39:50,560 Speaker 1: school's production one year when I was young. Although I 639 00:39:50,600 --> 00:39:53,160 Speaker 1: went to school for music, I didn't know until listening 640 00:39:53,200 --> 00:39:56,120 Speaker 1: to the episode why the Nutcracker is such a Christmas 641 00:39:56,120 --> 00:40:00,359 Speaker 1: mainstay in our culture. Disney's Fantasia also played a huge 642 00:40:00,400 --> 00:40:03,239 Speaker 1: part in creating my musical path in life, and just 643 00:40:03,360 --> 00:40:06,520 Speaker 1: partly because of the Nutcracker and Right of Spring sequences 644 00:40:06,560 --> 00:40:09,279 Speaker 1: in that movie that I eventually ended up begging my 645 00:40:09,360 --> 00:40:12,719 Speaker 1: parents for violin lessons. I would even love to hear 646 00:40:12,760 --> 00:40:16,239 Speaker 1: a future episode on Stravinsky's Right of Spring, as it 647 00:40:16,320 --> 00:40:19,719 Speaker 1: has an amazingly interesting dance, musical, and social history behind it, 648 00:40:19,800 --> 00:40:23,799 Speaker 1: much like Kakovsky's Nutcracker. Thank You for providing a well 649 00:40:23,840 --> 00:40:27,319 Speaker 1: researched and insightful approach to topics that we sometimes take 650 00:40:27,360 --> 00:40:30,000 Speaker 1: for granted or overlook completely. As a small thank you, 651 00:40:30,000 --> 00:40:33,680 Speaker 1: I have attached pictures of my kiddies socks, Tuxedo cat, Pip, 652 00:40:33,760 --> 00:40:36,839 Speaker 1: Torty and Coco, great Tabby. Thanks again, Ava, Thank you 653 00:40:36,880 --> 00:40:40,400 Speaker 1: for this email, Ava, it really warmed my heart. No, 654 00:40:40,640 --> 00:40:44,520 Speaker 1: we mentioned people uh really being influenced by the Nutcracker 655 00:40:44,719 --> 00:40:48,880 Speaker 1: and UH and the Disneys Pantasia, but hearing from someone 656 00:40:48,920 --> 00:40:53,240 Speaker 1: directly turned that into a career path really warmed my heart. Also, 657 00:40:54,120 --> 00:40:55,799 Speaker 1: it's been a long time since I listened to this 658 00:40:55,880 --> 00:40:58,600 Speaker 1: episode and I don't remember how much it gets into 659 00:40:58,719 --> 00:41:01,880 Speaker 1: the greater history of the right of Spring, but previous 660 00:41:01,920 --> 00:41:04,680 Speaker 1: hosts Sarah and Bablina did an episode on the Right 661 00:41:04,760 --> 00:41:10,000 Speaker 1: of Spring riot back on June. I can't remember if 662 00:41:10,000 --> 00:41:12,799 Speaker 1: we've ever done a Saturday Classic with that, but if not, 663 00:41:13,000 --> 00:41:16,040 Speaker 1: maybe we will at some point. So thank you again, 664 00:41:16,120 --> 00:41:19,600 Speaker 1: Ava for this email and for the cat pictures. They're adorable. 665 00:41:20,360 --> 00:41:22,120 Speaker 1: If you would like to send us an email, we're 666 00:41:22,160 --> 00:41:24,759 Speaker 1: at History Podcast at I Heart radio dot com and 667 00:41:24,800 --> 00:41:27,799 Speaker 1: we're all over social media at missed in History, So 668 00:41:27,880 --> 00:41:30,600 Speaker 1: we'll find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Instagram, and you 669 00:41:30,640 --> 00:41:33,360 Speaker 1: can subscribe to our show on the I heart Radio 670 00:41:33,400 --> 00:41:41,560 Speaker 1: app and anywhere else you get your podcasts. Stuff you 671 00:41:41,600 --> 00:41:44,280 Speaker 1: Missed in History Class is a production of I heart Radio. 672 00:41:44,640 --> 00:41:47,200 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from I heart Radio, visit the i 673 00:41:47,280 --> 00:41:50,480 Speaker 1: heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to 674 00:41:50,520 --> 00:41:51,360 Speaker 1: your favorite shows.