1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,640 Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, Eve's here. Today's episode contains not just one, 2 00:00:03,880 --> 00:00:06,840 Speaker 1: but two nuggets of history. These are coming from the 3 00:00:06,880 --> 00:00:09,320 Speaker 1: T D I h C Vault, so you'll also here 4 00:00:09,360 --> 00:00:12,440 Speaker 1: to hosts. Consider it a double feature. Enjoy the show. 5 00:00:13,920 --> 00:00:16,400 Speaker 1: Welcome to This Day in History Class from how Stuff 6 00:00:16,400 --> 00:00:18,599 Speaker 1: Works dot com and from the desk of Stuff you 7 00:00:18,600 --> 00:00:21,040 Speaker 1: Missed in History Class. It's the show where we explore 8 00:00:21,079 --> 00:00:23,239 Speaker 1: the past one day at a time with a quick 9 00:00:23,280 --> 00:00:30,520 Speaker 1: look at what happened today in history. Hello and welcome 10 00:00:30,560 --> 00:00:33,880 Speaker 1: to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and it's October twelve. 11 00:00:34,520 --> 00:00:37,400 Speaker 1: The iron lung was used for the first time on 12 00:00:37,440 --> 00:00:41,680 Speaker 1: this day in The iron lung is mostly associated with polio, 13 00:00:41,880 --> 00:00:45,960 Speaker 1: and polio is a viral disease. It primarily affects children 14 00:00:46,040 --> 00:00:49,120 Speaker 1: under the age of five, although obviously not exclusively children 15 00:00:49,200 --> 00:00:52,000 Speaker 1: under the age of five. In addition to symptoms like 16 00:00:52,080 --> 00:00:56,280 Speaker 1: fever and headache and vomiting, polio attacks the nervous system 17 00:00:56,320 --> 00:01:00,760 Speaker 1: and it causes paralysis. Because if it's typically young, patience 18 00:01:00,920 --> 00:01:03,920 Speaker 1: and the way the disease progresses into paralysis, it's also 19 00:01:04,000 --> 00:01:08,560 Speaker 1: been known as infantile paralysis. Polio still exists today and 20 00:01:08,600 --> 00:01:10,959 Speaker 1: there is still no cure for it, but it is 21 00:01:11,000 --> 00:01:15,640 Speaker 1: preventible with vaccines. So while polio is rare to non 22 00:01:15,640 --> 00:01:18,120 Speaker 1: existent in some parts of the world, today it's endemic 23 00:01:18,240 --> 00:01:20,840 Speaker 1: in a few others, and it can spread from one 24 00:01:20,880 --> 00:01:23,280 Speaker 1: part of the world to the other sometimes as polio 25 00:01:23,360 --> 00:01:27,160 Speaker 1: progresses and it causes paralysis. It paralyzes muscles that are 26 00:01:27,160 --> 00:01:30,840 Speaker 1: associated with breathing. It affects a person's ability to breathe, 27 00:01:31,319 --> 00:01:33,720 Speaker 1: and before the introduction of the iron lung, this was 28 00:01:33,800 --> 00:01:37,720 Speaker 1: usually fatal often but not all the time. The paralysis 29 00:01:37,760 --> 00:01:41,680 Speaker 1: caused by polio is temporary, so people thought if there 30 00:01:41,720 --> 00:01:44,720 Speaker 1: was some kind of way to keep patients breathing during 31 00:01:44,720 --> 00:01:48,680 Speaker 1: this paralysis, but they might recover afterward. But they just 32 00:01:48,800 --> 00:01:51,360 Speaker 1: didn't know how to do that, how to keep people breathing, 33 00:01:52,120 --> 00:01:54,680 Speaker 1: and that brings us to the iron lung. The iron 34 00:01:54,760 --> 00:01:59,120 Speaker 1: lung is more properly called the negative pressure ventilator. It 35 00:01:59,160 --> 00:02:02,080 Speaker 1: looks like a big metal cylinder, large enough for a 36 00:02:02,120 --> 00:02:05,080 Speaker 1: person's whole body minus their head to fit into, so 37 00:02:05,120 --> 00:02:07,960 Speaker 1: it's from the neck down. Typically, there is a bed 38 00:02:08,160 --> 00:02:10,400 Speaker 1: inside of the tube that can be slid in and 39 00:02:10,400 --> 00:02:12,560 Speaker 1: out of the cylinder, which allows the patient to be 40 00:02:12,600 --> 00:02:17,280 Speaker 1: removed and returned when necessary. There are windows and portholes 41 00:02:17,320 --> 00:02:19,840 Speaker 1: and the sides of the cylinder that let caregivers touch 42 00:02:19,919 --> 00:02:23,400 Speaker 1: the person inside and adjust their bedding, generally care for 43 00:02:23,520 --> 00:02:27,680 Speaker 1: them while they're in the respirator. The iron lung works 44 00:02:27,720 --> 00:02:32,240 Speaker 1: by alternately lowering and raising the pressure inside of this chamber, 45 00:02:32,520 --> 00:02:35,360 Speaker 1: so when the pressure is lowered, air is drawn into 46 00:02:35,360 --> 00:02:38,000 Speaker 1: the lungs to the patient's nose and mouth, and then 47 00:02:38,000 --> 00:02:40,240 Speaker 1: when the pressure is raised, the air is pushed back 48 00:02:40,280 --> 00:02:42,960 Speaker 1: out and that forces the patient to exhale. It also 49 00:02:43,000 --> 00:02:46,360 Speaker 1: allows them to speak during that exhaled breath, so for 50 00:02:46,400 --> 00:02:49,280 Speaker 1: a person who's using an iron lung, speech is usually 51 00:02:49,320 --> 00:02:52,839 Speaker 1: timed to the machines cycle of breathing. The iron lung 52 00:02:52,880 --> 00:02:55,160 Speaker 1: was developed by Philip Drinker, who at a time was 53 00:02:55,200 --> 00:02:58,919 Speaker 1: an assistant professor in the Department of Ventilation and Illumination 54 00:02:59,080 --> 00:03:02,120 Speaker 1: at the Harvard School of Public Health. He developed the 55 00:03:02,160 --> 00:03:04,920 Speaker 1: idea of creating some kind of a ventilator for polio 56 00:03:04,960 --> 00:03:07,799 Speaker 1: patients when he went to Children's Hospital in Boston. He 57 00:03:07,880 --> 00:03:10,760 Speaker 1: was trying to figure out a temperature control issue in 58 00:03:10,880 --> 00:03:13,200 Speaker 1: a room that was used to care for premature infants, 59 00:03:13,240 --> 00:03:16,079 Speaker 1: and while he was there he saw children with polio 60 00:03:16,160 --> 00:03:19,800 Speaker 1: who were just struggling to breathe. The device that he 61 00:03:19,919 --> 00:03:23,200 Speaker 1: developed was at first called the Drinker respirator, and it 62 00:03:23,240 --> 00:03:25,240 Speaker 1: was used for the first time in a clinical trial 63 00:03:25,520 --> 00:03:28,239 Speaker 1: at Children's Hospital, and that trial started on October twel 64 00:03:29,560 --> 00:03:33,520 Speaker 1: This first iron lung was a lot boxier than the 65 00:03:33,600 --> 00:03:36,440 Speaker 1: tube like respirators that were used later, and it was 66 00:03:36,520 --> 00:03:41,760 Speaker 1: powered by two household vacuum cleaners. It completely changed the 67 00:03:41,800 --> 00:03:45,600 Speaker 1: world of polio treatment. Though. It allowed patients with temporary 68 00:03:45,640 --> 00:03:49,080 Speaker 1: paralysis to keep breathing until their bodies recovered and they 69 00:03:49,080 --> 00:03:51,440 Speaker 1: were able to breathe on their own again, and it 70 00:03:51,520 --> 00:03:56,640 Speaker 1: provided ongoing breathing support for people whose paralysis was permanent. Today, 71 00:03:56,800 --> 00:04:02,120 Speaker 1: iron lungs have almost completely been replaced by other respiration technologies, 72 00:04:02,160 --> 00:04:05,480 Speaker 1: but as often there were only about ten in use 73 00:04:05,640 --> 00:04:08,600 Speaker 1: around the world. Still, mostly there were was people who 74 00:04:08,600 --> 00:04:13,120 Speaker 1: had survived polio in childhood back decades ago. You can 75 00:04:13,240 --> 00:04:16,240 Speaker 1: learn more about the iron lung and the contexts in 76 00:04:16,279 --> 00:04:19,880 Speaker 1: which it has been used in the November one episode 77 00:04:19,880 --> 00:04:22,160 Speaker 1: of Stuff You Missed in History Class called polio the 78 00:04:22,240 --> 00:04:26,920 Speaker 1: dread Disease, and in the January episode Ed Roberts and 79 00:04:26,960 --> 00:04:29,880 Speaker 1: the Independent Living movement thanks to Terry Harrison for all 80 00:04:29,920 --> 00:04:32,240 Speaker 1: her audio work on this podcast, and you can subscribe 81 00:04:32,240 --> 00:04:34,719 Speaker 1: to the Stay in History Class on Apple Podcasts, Google 82 00:04:34,760 --> 00:04:37,240 Speaker 1: Podcasts and we're real to get your podcast. You can 83 00:04:37,279 --> 00:04:49,279 Speaker 1: tune in tomorrow for the return of a language. Hey y'all, 84 00:04:49,320 --> 00:04:52,280 Speaker 1: I'm Eves and you're listening to This Day in History Class, 85 00:04:52,640 --> 00:04:55,799 Speaker 1: a podcast for people interested in the big and small 86 00:04:55,880 --> 00:05:06,320 Speaker 1: moments in history. The day was October twelfth, eighteen ten. 87 00:05:07,400 --> 00:05:12,000 Speaker 1: Crown Prince Ludvik married Princess Teresa of Sexa Hildeberghausen, and 88 00:05:12,040 --> 00:05:15,080 Speaker 1: the citizens of Munich were invited to celebrate the occasion 89 00:05:15,400 --> 00:05:18,560 Speaker 1: in the fields in front of the city gate. This 90 00:05:18,680 --> 00:05:22,240 Speaker 1: celebration is the origin of october Fest, a festival and 91 00:05:22,360 --> 00:05:26,120 Speaker 1: fair in Munich that's held annually and attracts visitors from 92 00:05:26,160 --> 00:05:29,960 Speaker 1: around the world. In the days after the marriage, the 93 00:05:30,080 --> 00:05:33,240 Speaker 1: people of Bavaria gathered in front of the zen Linger tour, 94 00:05:33,720 --> 00:05:37,360 Speaker 1: a gate leading to Munich. The festivities in the inaugural 95 00:05:37,440 --> 00:05:40,680 Speaker 1: year of october Fest included a feast in horse races, 96 00:05:40,680 --> 00:05:45,279 Speaker 1: which around forty thousand people attended. The fields where the 97 00:05:45,320 --> 00:05:48,960 Speaker 1: celebration was held had been dubbed Terse and Visa, which 98 00:05:49,000 --> 00:05:54,599 Speaker 1: means Teresa's Meadow after the crown princess. Today, locals often 99 00:05:54,680 --> 00:05:57,719 Speaker 1: called the Celebration of Visan, after the nickname for the 100 00:05:57,800 --> 00:06:02,120 Speaker 1: fair grounds. October Fest was held again in eighteen eleven, 101 00:06:02,200 --> 00:06:06,760 Speaker 1: including horse races, drinking and feasting, but that year an 102 00:06:06,800 --> 00:06:11,159 Speaker 1: agricultural show was also part of the festivities. The eighteen 103 00:06:11,200 --> 00:06:14,880 Speaker 1: thirteen october Fest was canceled because of the Napoleonic Wars, 104 00:06:15,360 --> 00:06:18,919 Speaker 1: but after that the october Fest began to grow. In 105 00:06:18,960 --> 00:06:22,279 Speaker 1: the beginning, there weren't many amusements to choose from the 106 00:06:22,360 --> 00:06:25,719 Speaker 1: first carousel and two swings were set up in eighteen eighteen. 107 00:06:26,880 --> 00:06:30,800 Speaker 1: After eighteen nineteen, october Fest was planned as an annual event, 108 00:06:31,240 --> 00:06:35,320 Speaker 1: and more beer stands and attractions were added. The duration 109 00:06:35,360 --> 00:06:37,800 Speaker 1: of the festival was lengthened and moved to the end 110 00:06:37,839 --> 00:06:41,120 Speaker 1: of September to take advantage of longer and warmer days. 111 00:06:42,279 --> 00:06:45,640 Speaker 1: Ludovic became king of Bavaria in eighteen twenty five and 112 00:06:45,800 --> 00:06:49,720 Speaker 1: Teresa became queen, and they remained so until Ludvig abdicated 113 00:06:49,760 --> 00:06:52,839 Speaker 1: and his son Maximilian the Second took the throne in 114 00:06:52,920 --> 00:06:58,040 Speaker 1: eighteen forty eight. Still october Fest continued, though it has 115 00:06:58,080 --> 00:07:02,360 Speaker 1: been canceled in many years because of war, cholera, hyper inflation, 116 00:07:02,839 --> 00:07:06,040 Speaker 1: and other things that disrupted the normal course of events. 117 00:07:07,120 --> 00:07:11,080 Speaker 1: Electricity began powering the festival around eighteen eighty, and beer 118 00:07:11,120 --> 00:07:15,400 Speaker 1: tents were introduced years after that. Beer has been served 119 00:07:15,400 --> 00:07:18,640 Speaker 1: in glass mugs at october Fest since eighteen nine. Two 120 00:07:19,760 --> 00:07:23,160 Speaker 1: horse races are no longer featured, but the agricultural show 121 00:07:23,200 --> 00:07:27,840 Speaker 1: still happens once every four years. October Fest grew to 122 00:07:27,920 --> 00:07:32,240 Speaker 1: include amusements like bowling alleys and dance floors, and cities 123 00:07:32,280 --> 00:07:34,920 Speaker 1: outside of Germany that were home to many German descended 124 00:07:34,960 --> 00:07:39,120 Speaker 1: residents began hosting october Fest celebrations based on the original 125 00:07:39,160 --> 00:07:43,680 Speaker 1: event held in Munich. Though october Fest is celebratory, in 126 00:07:43,720 --> 00:07:46,720 Speaker 1: the early nineteen thirties, the festival did serve as a 127 00:07:46,840 --> 00:07:51,360 Speaker 1: vehicle for Nazi propaganda and nationalistic pride, and Jewish people 128 00:07:51,400 --> 00:07:55,760 Speaker 1: were forbidden from working on the fairgrounds. Now, october Fest 129 00:07:55,840 --> 00:07:59,080 Speaker 1: begins in late September and last until the first Sunday 130 00:07:59,120 --> 00:08:03,840 Speaker 1: in October, and parades kick off the festivities. Though the 131 00:08:03,880 --> 00:08:08,200 Speaker 1: event has expanded to include concerts, theater and other productions, 132 00:08:08,560 --> 00:08:11,800 Speaker 1: and it draws millions of people, it's still an important 133 00:08:11,840 --> 00:08:15,960 Speaker 1: part of Bavarian culture. I'm Eaves Deep Coote and hopefully 134 00:08:16,000 --> 00:08:18,440 Speaker 1: you know a little more about history today than you 135 00:08:18,480 --> 00:08:22,360 Speaker 1: did yesterday. If you're hungry for more history, you can 136 00:08:22,400 --> 00:08:26,840 Speaker 1: find us on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram at t d 137 00:08:26,880 --> 00:08:31,400 Speaker 1: i h C Podcast, and you can send your thoughts 138 00:08:31,440 --> 00:08:34,920 Speaker 1: are comments to us at this Day at I heart 139 00:08:35,040 --> 00:08:38,920 Speaker 1: media dot com. Thanks for listening. We'll see you here 140 00:08:38,960 --> 00:08:52,520 Speaker 1: again tomorrow with another episode. For more podcasts from my 141 00:08:52,559 --> 00:08:55,199 Speaker 1: Heart Radio, visit the I heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 142 00:08:55,280 --> 00:08:57,040 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.