1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,239 Speaker 1: Hey, history enthusiasts, you get not one, but two events 2 00:00:03,240 --> 00:00:05,960 Speaker 1: in history today. Heads up that you also might hear 3 00:00:06,000 --> 00:00:10,039 Speaker 1: two different hosts, me and Tracy V. Wilson. With that said, 4 00:00:10,160 --> 00:00:13,680 Speaker 1: on with the show. Welcome to this day in History 5 00:00:13,680 --> 00:00:16,239 Speaker 1: class from how Stuff Works dot Com and from the 6 00:00:16,280 --> 00:00:18,480 Speaker 1: desk of Stuff you Missed in History Class. It's the 7 00:00:18,480 --> 00:00:20,759 Speaker 1: show where we explore the past one day at a 8 00:00:20,800 --> 00:00:27,159 Speaker 1: time with a quick look at what happened today in history. 9 00:00:27,880 --> 00:00:30,880 Speaker 1: Welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and it's 10 00:00:30,880 --> 00:00:34,120 Speaker 1: August two. On this day in ninety four, Adolph Hitler 11 00:00:34,240 --> 00:00:38,120 Speaker 1: declared himself fuer or the Supreme Ruler of Germany. Now, 12 00:00:38,159 --> 00:00:43,239 Speaker 1: the word fuer initially just meant leader or guide, and 13 00:00:43,479 --> 00:00:46,120 Speaker 1: Hitler had actually already had that title in another context 14 00:00:46,120 --> 00:00:50,000 Speaker 1: even before this point. He was the Fureer or leader 15 00:00:50,040 --> 00:00:53,120 Speaker 1: of the National Socialist German Workers Party. He had joined 16 00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:55,200 Speaker 1: the party in nineteen nineteen, back when it was still 17 00:00:55,240 --> 00:00:57,800 Speaker 1: known as the German Workers Party. Of course, it was 18 00:00:57,880 --> 00:01:02,480 Speaker 1: really the Nazi Party. He worked in propaganda. He significantly 19 00:01:02,480 --> 00:01:04,959 Speaker 1: shaped the party's direction, and he became its leader in 20 00:01:05,040 --> 00:01:09,000 Speaker 1: nine one. He was leading the Nazi Party in nineteen three, 21 00:01:09,040 --> 00:01:11,880 Speaker 1: when he tried to overthrow the Weimar government in a 22 00:01:11,920 --> 00:01:15,200 Speaker 1: coup that became known as the beer Hall Pusch. But 23 00:01:15,240 --> 00:01:18,240 Speaker 1: the pusch failed and he went up sentenced to five 24 00:01:18,319 --> 00:01:21,360 Speaker 1: years in prison, although he only served for nine months. 25 00:01:22,120 --> 00:01:23,880 Speaker 1: During that nine months in prison, one of the things 26 00:01:23,920 --> 00:01:26,400 Speaker 1: that he did was to dictate the first volume of 27 00:01:26,480 --> 00:01:29,880 Speaker 1: Mind comp or My Struggle to his secretary he was 28 00:01:29,920 --> 00:01:34,040 Speaker 1: in prison with him. This was Hitler's manifesto. It outlined 29 00:01:34,080 --> 00:01:36,520 Speaker 1: his belief that the Aryan race was superior, and it 30 00:01:36,560 --> 00:01:40,160 Speaker 1: was threaded all through with intense anti Semitism. That time 31 00:01:40,160 --> 00:01:43,520 Speaker 1: in prison, though, didn't really dim his power very much. 32 00:01:43,560 --> 00:01:46,040 Speaker 1: The Nazi Party had been banned in the wake of 33 00:01:46,040 --> 00:01:47,920 Speaker 1: that coupe, but after he get out of prison he 34 00:01:47,920 --> 00:01:51,320 Speaker 1: started getting to work putting it back together again. By 35 00:01:51,400 --> 00:01:54,360 Speaker 1: nineteen thirty two, it was the largest party in the Reichstag, 36 00:01:54,800 --> 00:01:58,560 Speaker 1: or the German Parliament, although no party had a majority 37 00:01:58,640 --> 00:02:01,200 Speaker 1: at that point. That year he ran for president. He 38 00:02:01,360 --> 00:02:04,480 Speaker 1: lost to Paul von Hendenberg, and Paul von Hendenberg had 39 00:02:04,520 --> 00:02:07,480 Speaker 1: been asked to run only because he was the only 40 00:02:07,520 --> 00:02:11,040 Speaker 1: person people thought could be Hitler, and in ninety three 41 00:02:11,240 --> 00:02:15,600 Speaker 1: Paul von Hendenberg selected Adolf Hitler as the Chancellor of Germany, 42 00:02:16,320 --> 00:02:19,200 Speaker 1: hoping to appease the Nazi Party. As soon as he 43 00:02:19,240 --> 00:02:22,639 Speaker 1: took office, though, Hitler started advocating to dissolve the Reichstag 44 00:02:22,639 --> 00:02:25,160 Speaker 1: and to hold new elections because of the fact that 45 00:02:25,240 --> 00:02:28,480 Speaker 1: no party had a majority in the parliament, and then 46 00:02:28,600 --> 00:02:32,640 Speaker 1: the Reichstag building burned in a suspicious fire on February 47 00:02:33,080 --> 00:02:37,320 Speaker 1: ninety three. In the wake of that fire, Hitler got 48 00:02:37,320 --> 00:02:41,320 Speaker 1: the President to issue an emergency decree that set all 49 00:02:41,480 --> 00:02:44,760 Speaker 1: kinds of limits on the people's freedoms and liberties and 50 00:02:44,800 --> 00:02:47,440 Speaker 1: it was Quote for the protection of the people in 51 00:02:47,480 --> 00:02:51,120 Speaker 1: the state. And on March nine, thirty three, the Parliament 52 00:02:51,160 --> 00:02:55,240 Speaker 1: passed the Enabling Act or the Quote Law to remedy 53 00:02:55,280 --> 00:02:58,120 Speaker 1: the distress of people in the Reich, and this gave 54 00:02:58,360 --> 00:03:03,000 Speaker 1: Hitler an enormous amount of power to enact legislation without 55 00:03:03,080 --> 00:03:06,520 Speaker 1: having to go through Parliament in the normal way. At 56 00:03:06,520 --> 00:03:09,880 Speaker 1: the same time, the Nazi Party had its own paramilitary 57 00:03:10,000 --> 00:03:13,000 Speaker 1: organization known as the Essay, that was larger and more 58 00:03:13,080 --> 00:03:18,640 Speaker 1: powerful than the Weimar Army. From June to July two, 59 00:03:19,240 --> 00:03:22,960 Speaker 1: Hitler carried out a huge purge of his personal and 60 00:03:23,000 --> 00:03:26,880 Speaker 1: political enemies. These included the leader of the Essay, Ernst 61 00:03:27,000 --> 00:03:31,200 Speaker 1: Rome and several essay officers. Altogether, between a hundred and 62 00:03:31,240 --> 00:03:34,120 Speaker 1: fifty and two hundred people were killed. This became known 63 00:03:34,120 --> 00:03:36,160 Speaker 1: as the Night of the Long Knives, and then on 64 00:03:36,280 --> 00:03:39,240 Speaker 1: July three, he ordered a new law to be issued 65 00:03:39,280 --> 00:03:42,400 Speaker 1: by the Reich Cabinet that justified the Knight of the 66 00:03:42,440 --> 00:03:46,400 Speaker 1: Long Knives as an emergency action. Paul von Hennenburgh died 67 00:03:46,560 --> 00:03:49,400 Speaker 1: not long after this, on August two of nineteen thirty four, 68 00:03:49,440 --> 00:03:52,800 Speaker 1: and that's when Hitler declared himself Furor. It was a 69 00:03:52,920 --> 00:03:55,800 Speaker 1: role that was combining both the Chancellor and the president. 70 00:03:55,840 --> 00:03:58,200 Speaker 1: That this had been two different roles before. It was 71 00:03:58,640 --> 00:04:03,160 Speaker 1: unprecedented power, and on August nine, thirty four, the people 72 00:04:03,200 --> 00:04:07,360 Speaker 1: of Germany overwhelmingly voted in favor of combining these roles, 73 00:04:08,040 --> 00:04:11,280 Speaker 1: making him the fuer and reichs Counselor or leader and 74 00:04:11,360 --> 00:04:14,480 Speaker 1: Chancellor of the country. And it's after all this that 75 00:04:14,680 --> 00:04:19,320 Speaker 1: the word fure became more commonly understood as the supreme leader, 76 00:04:19,680 --> 00:04:24,040 Speaker 1: with these connotations of a totalitarian dictatorship. You can find 77 00:04:24,040 --> 00:04:27,880 Speaker 1: out more about Hitler's rise to power in the episode 78 00:04:27,880 --> 00:04:30,679 Speaker 1: of Stuff You Miss in History class called Hitler's Early 79 00:04:30,839 --> 00:04:32,880 Speaker 1: Rise and The Night of the Long Knives. Thanks to 80 00:04:33,000 --> 00:04:35,800 Speaker 1: Terry Harrison for her audio skills on all of these episodes, 81 00:04:36,200 --> 00:04:38,560 Speaker 1: and you can subscribe to This Day in History Class 82 00:04:38,560 --> 00:04:41,800 Speaker 1: on Apple podcasts, Google podcasts, and whatever else you get 83 00:04:41,839 --> 00:04:44,520 Speaker 1: your podcasts. We have a little bit of an accidental 84 00:04:44,600 --> 00:04:47,279 Speaker 1: theme these few days. We will be returning to Germany 85 00:04:47,360 --> 00:04:51,480 Speaker 1: for a story tomorrow from the six Berlin Olympic Games. 86 00:04:59,279 --> 00:05:03,320 Speaker 1: Hey guys, welcome to This Day in History Class, where 87 00:05:03,320 --> 00:05:06,600 Speaker 1: we bring you a new tidbit from history every day. 88 00:05:14,720 --> 00:05:19,720 Speaker 1: The day was August second, eighteen ninety four. Barretta Maria 89 00:05:19,960 --> 00:05:24,560 Speaker 1: Julia Lutz was born in South Paulo, Brazil. Lutes is 90 00:05:24,560 --> 00:05:28,920 Speaker 1: remembered as a dedicated feminist and diplomat and accomplished scientists. 91 00:05:29,920 --> 00:05:33,480 Speaker 1: Barrette was born into an upper middle class family. Her 92 00:05:33,520 --> 00:05:36,679 Speaker 1: mother was Any Fowler, a British nurse who had cared 93 00:05:36,760 --> 00:05:41,560 Speaker 1: for people with leprosy in Hawaii. Adolpho Lutes. Verta's father 94 00:05:42,120 --> 00:05:46,599 Speaker 1: was a Swiss Brazilian physician and epidemiologist who specialized in 95 00:05:46,640 --> 00:05:51,560 Speaker 1: tropical medicine. Barrette went to primary school in Brazil, but 96 00:05:51,720 --> 00:05:54,920 Speaker 1: she traveled to Europe to finish her studies. She attended 97 00:05:54,960 --> 00:05:59,640 Speaker 1: the University of Paris Sorbone, studying natural sciences and concentrating 98 00:05:59,680 --> 00:06:04,440 Speaker 1: on biology. In nineteen eighteen, she received a degree in 99 00:06:04,480 --> 00:06:08,600 Speaker 1: biology from the sword Bone. After she graduated, she returns 100 00:06:08,640 --> 00:06:13,040 Speaker 1: to Brazil. In nineteen nineteen, she took a high civil 101 00:06:13,080 --> 00:06:16,600 Speaker 1: service post as secretary at the National Museum of Rio 102 00:06:16,680 --> 00:06:20,799 Speaker 1: de Janeiro. But while in Europe she had been paying 103 00:06:20,800 --> 00:06:24,200 Speaker 1: attention to the suffragists and gained interest in the struggle 104 00:06:24,279 --> 00:06:28,440 Speaker 1: for women's right to vote. In Brazil, she began advocating 105 00:06:28,480 --> 00:06:32,640 Speaker 1: for women's suffrage and equal access to education in public office. 106 00:06:33,800 --> 00:06:36,320 Speaker 1: Though she did not believe that the militant actions of 107 00:06:36,320 --> 00:06:40,080 Speaker 1: suffragists in Britain would work in Brazil, she did believe 108 00:06:40,160 --> 00:06:42,799 Speaker 1: that women needed to organize in their fight for rights. 109 00:06:43,960 --> 00:06:47,520 Speaker 1: She published a call to Brazilian women which said, in part, 110 00:06:48,160 --> 00:06:51,520 Speaker 1: I am proposing the establishment of a League of Brazilian Women. 111 00:06:52,040 --> 00:06:55,599 Speaker 1: I am not proposing an association of suffragettes who would 112 00:06:55,600 --> 00:06:59,880 Speaker 1: break windows along the street, but rather of Brazilians who 113 00:07:00,080 --> 00:07:03,599 Speaker 1: understand that a woman ought not to live parasitically based 114 00:07:03,600 --> 00:07:07,480 Speaker 1: on her sex, taking advantage of man's animal instincts, but 115 00:07:07,760 --> 00:07:12,000 Speaker 1: rather be useful, educate, herself and her children, and become 116 00:07:12,080 --> 00:07:16,880 Speaker 1: capable of performing those political responsibilities which the future cannot 117 00:07:16,920 --> 00:07:21,080 Speaker 1: fail to allot her. LUTs began serving as director of 118 00:07:21,080 --> 00:07:24,880 Speaker 1: the Administrative Commission in the League of Brazilian Women, an 119 00:07:24,960 --> 00:07:28,600 Speaker 1: organization that was established in nineteen nineteen and had the 120 00:07:28,640 --> 00:07:32,840 Speaker 1: motto aid and Elevate Women, but LUTs would go on 121 00:07:32,960 --> 00:07:36,760 Speaker 1: to found her own organization. Together with a teacher and 122 00:07:36,840 --> 00:07:41,480 Speaker 1: author named Maria Leserga Jimura, she established the League for 123 00:07:41,520 --> 00:07:46,720 Speaker 1: the Intellectual Emancipation of Women in nineteen twenty. Unlike other 124 00:07:46,840 --> 00:07:52,040 Speaker 1: organizations and publications that emphasized Christian morality and were philanthropic, 125 00:07:52,520 --> 00:07:55,760 Speaker 1: the League was secular and did not take a charitable approach. 126 00:07:56,920 --> 00:08:00,880 Speaker 1: It focused on employment and suffrage and promoted women's intellectual 127 00:08:00,960 --> 00:08:06,480 Speaker 1: freedom through rational and scientific education. Its program was publicized 128 00:08:06,520 --> 00:08:11,600 Speaker 1: through articles in the press, petitions, and proclamations. In ninete, 129 00:08:12,560 --> 00:08:15,200 Speaker 1: the name of the organization was shortened to the League 130 00:08:15,240 --> 00:08:19,280 Speaker 1: for the Emancipation of Women, and political, legal and economic 131 00:08:19,360 --> 00:08:25,240 Speaker 1: issues took precedent over intellectual freedom. In nineteen two, Lutes 132 00:08:25,280 --> 00:08:28,640 Speaker 1: traveled to Baltimore, Maryland as Brazil's delegate to the Pan 133 00:08:28,680 --> 00:08:33,160 Speaker 1: American Conference of Women. There she consulted feminists and suffrage 134 00:08:33,240 --> 00:08:37,120 Speaker 1: leaders on strategies for the movement in Brazil. She was 135 00:08:37,120 --> 00:08:41,560 Speaker 1: elected vice president of the Pan American Association for South America, 136 00:08:42,040 --> 00:08:44,800 Speaker 1: and when she went back to Brazil, she established the 137 00:08:44,840 --> 00:08:49,120 Speaker 1: Brazilian Federation for the Advancement of Women, which had representatives 138 00:08:49,160 --> 00:08:53,240 Speaker 1: from all of the Brazilian states, women's professional organizations, and 139 00:08:53,600 --> 00:08:58,320 Speaker 1: social action and charity groups. The organization focused on and 140 00:08:58,440 --> 00:09:02,280 Speaker 1: was supported by and upper class women in urban areas 141 00:09:02,679 --> 00:09:06,360 Speaker 1: and some impoverished women, as many were illiterate and therefore 142 00:09:06,400 --> 00:09:09,800 Speaker 1: ineligible to vote, were turned off of the organization and 143 00:09:09,880 --> 00:09:14,280 Speaker 1: Loots for this reason, but the Federation did have programs 144 00:09:14,280 --> 00:09:17,920 Speaker 1: and initiatives that helped lower class women, including ones that 145 00:09:18,000 --> 00:09:21,920 Speaker 1: focused on shorter working hours, health issues for rural women, 146 00:09:22,280 --> 00:09:26,760 Speaker 1: and access to secondary education for girls. The campaign for 147 00:09:26,800 --> 00:09:31,239 Speaker 1: women's right to vote was contentious, even among Latin American feminists, 148 00:09:31,320 --> 00:09:33,520 Speaker 1: who did not all agree on the value of the 149 00:09:33,600 --> 00:09:36,680 Speaker 1: vote to their cause or were more concerned with other 150 00:09:36,800 --> 00:09:41,480 Speaker 1: social and economic issues. Either way, Loots continued to campaign 151 00:09:41,520 --> 00:09:46,679 Speaker 1: for women's suffrage, established more organizations and take more leadership positions. 152 00:09:47,920 --> 00:09:51,319 Speaker 1: She worked on the drafting committee for Brazil's new constitution 153 00:09:51,720 --> 00:09:55,360 Speaker 1: which was adopted in nineteen thirty four and women gained 154 00:09:55,480 --> 00:09:58,720 Speaker 1: the right to vote. She got a law degree in 155 00:09:58,800 --> 00:10:03,000 Speaker 1: nineteen thirty three. She entered into politics, but the establishment 156 00:10:03,040 --> 00:10:06,960 Speaker 1: of the dictatorial Estado Novo, or a New State, ended 157 00:10:07,000 --> 00:10:12,880 Speaker 1: women's participation in electoral politics. The women's movement lost momentum, 158 00:10:12,920 --> 00:10:16,439 Speaker 1: and people were split over the effectiveness of Lutz's leadership. 159 00:10:17,080 --> 00:10:21,280 Speaker 1: She turned her attention back to her patology. Lutz became 160 00:10:21,360 --> 00:10:24,800 Speaker 1: director of the Botanical Section of the National Museum, a 161 00:10:24,880 --> 00:10:28,560 Speaker 1: position she held until she retired in nineteen sixty four. 162 00:10:29,760 --> 00:10:34,120 Speaker 1: She died in nineteen seventy six. Several species of frogs 163 00:10:34,160 --> 00:10:38,360 Speaker 1: and lizards are named after Verita Lutz. I'm Eve Jeff 164 00:10:38,400 --> 00:10:40,960 Speaker 1: Kote and hopefully you know a little more about history 165 00:10:41,000 --> 00:10:44,840 Speaker 1: today than you did yesterday. Get more Notes from History 166 00:10:45,320 --> 00:10:51,040 Speaker 1: on Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook at t d I HC podcast. 167 00:10:51,920 --> 00:10:57,280 Speaker 1: We'll see you here in the same place tomorrow. For 168 00:10:57,400 --> 00:11:00,160 Speaker 1: more podcasts from iHeart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio ap up, 169 00:11:00,200 --> 00:11:02,760 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.