1 00:00:01,160 --> 00:00:04,800 Speaker 1: Hello, everyone, It's Saturday, and it's Chuck, and that means 2 00:00:04,800 --> 00:00:07,320 Speaker 1: it's time for another Stuff you Should Know. Select we 3 00:00:07,440 --> 00:00:11,159 Speaker 1: go all the way back to July to two to 4 00:00:11,320 --> 00:00:14,520 Speaker 1: discuss pollen. I'm not sure when this is gonna come out, 5 00:00:14,520 --> 00:00:17,040 Speaker 1: but if I'm timing it right, it should be sometime 6 00:00:17,120 --> 00:00:20,040 Speaker 1: during pollen season. And that's why I picked it, because 7 00:00:20,160 --> 00:00:23,600 Speaker 1: understanding the enemy is the first step toward defeating it. 8 00:00:24,040 --> 00:00:27,520 Speaker 1: And so many people have bad problems with allergies and pollen, 9 00:00:28,160 --> 00:00:30,360 Speaker 1: and UH, to understand how that really works in your body, 10 00:00:30,880 --> 00:00:33,000 Speaker 1: it's kind of cool and it really helps. So I 11 00:00:33,040 --> 00:00:34,720 Speaker 1: hope you don't have any problems with pollen. I hope 12 00:00:34,720 --> 00:00:37,400 Speaker 1: you're doing okay, but learn all about how pollen works 13 00:00:37,560 --> 00:00:42,120 Speaker 1: right here, right now. Welcome to Stuff you Should Know 14 00:00:42,680 --> 00:00:51,360 Speaker 1: Fromhouse Stuff Works dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. 15 00:00:51,440 --> 00:00:53,920 Speaker 1: I'm Josh Clark and there's Charles W. Chuck Bryant, and 16 00:00:54,000 --> 00:00:56,240 Speaker 1: that means it's time for Stuff you Should Know. But 17 00:00:56,360 --> 00:01:02,880 Speaker 1: itchy screezy skiez scratchy addition, not scheezy. No, that's not 18 00:01:03,880 --> 00:01:07,360 Speaker 1: itchy scratchy sneezy edition. That's what I meant. There you go. 19 00:01:07,760 --> 00:01:09,760 Speaker 1: It's funny how you can mix words together come up 20 00:01:09,760 --> 00:01:13,240 Speaker 1: with other words. You didn't mean to say, Jerry's eyes 21 00:01:13,240 --> 00:01:16,400 Speaker 1: are at Itchen, Yeah, well we should say. We were 22 00:01:16,440 --> 00:01:18,560 Speaker 1: just talking about the pollen count here in Atlanta. That's 23 00:01:18,560 --> 00:01:21,000 Speaker 1: pretty much all we ever talked about. Ever when the 24 00:01:21,040 --> 00:01:23,480 Speaker 1: cameras not on or the mics aren't recording that in 25 00:01:23,520 --> 00:01:28,080 Speaker 1: Coca Cola. Oh you know how everyone comes to Atlanta 26 00:01:28,080 --> 00:01:30,520 Speaker 1: and they're like, oh, every street's named peach Tree. Let's 27 00:01:30,520 --> 00:01:32,759 Speaker 1: go drink a coke because so it's the only two 28 00:01:32,760 --> 00:01:37,600 Speaker 1: things we've ever had. Alright, sorry, that's fine. So you 29 00:01:37,600 --> 00:01:39,600 Speaker 1: want to talk about Pollentin Moore, Yeah, it's low right 30 00:01:39,600 --> 00:01:43,160 Speaker 1: now in Atlanta. Thirty nine that's moderate, Yeah, well low 31 00:01:43,240 --> 00:01:46,600 Speaker 1: for us, right, but like according to the pollen scale 32 00:01:46,920 --> 00:01:49,360 Speaker 1: they scale that they used to count pollen and then 33 00:01:49,400 --> 00:01:53,760 Speaker 1: designated somewhere along the pollen spectrum, thirty nine is considered moderate, 34 00:01:53,840 --> 00:01:58,560 Speaker 1: not even low moderate. When it's really bad here in Georgia, 35 00:01:58,960 --> 00:02:02,360 Speaker 1: it gets to about nine thousand. Those are the few 36 00:02:02,400 --> 00:02:06,600 Speaker 1: weeks that the the streets run yellow with when it 37 00:02:06,720 --> 00:02:10,280 Speaker 1: rains with yellow water. Yeah, it looks like p yep. 38 00:02:10,480 --> 00:02:12,839 Speaker 1: Your car is totally covered in it. You're covered in it. 39 00:02:12,840 --> 00:02:16,520 Speaker 1: It's just everywhere, everywhere. Yeah, but now we're about to 40 00:02:16,520 --> 00:02:20,720 Speaker 1: tell everybody we're basically going to turn everybody into a palenologist. Yeah, 41 00:02:20,880 --> 00:02:22,800 Speaker 1: to an extent, should be a big fan after this 42 00:02:22,960 --> 00:02:25,960 Speaker 1: an amateur palenologists. I think about a third of all 43 00:02:26,000 --> 00:02:29,119 Speaker 1: the plants and vegetables and fruits and vegetables we eat 44 00:02:30,000 --> 00:02:32,720 Speaker 1: are you know here thanks to pollen. So if you 45 00:02:32,800 --> 00:02:37,320 Speaker 1: like eating food doesn't come in a box, thank you pollen. 46 00:02:37,480 --> 00:02:40,240 Speaker 1: Is it just a third that pollinate or a third 47 00:02:40,240 --> 00:02:45,080 Speaker 1: that are just angiosperms or gymnosperms, a third that that pollinate? Wow, 48 00:02:45,800 --> 00:02:48,760 Speaker 1: what's up with the other two thirds? I don't know. Well, 49 00:02:48,840 --> 00:02:52,239 Speaker 1: you know, bananas, they are clones of one another. There 50 00:02:52,240 --> 00:02:55,000 Speaker 1: you go, there's like there's there's some one. There's like 51 00:02:55,440 --> 00:02:58,120 Speaker 1: I think a thousand varieties of bananas. And thanks by 52 00:02:58,120 --> 00:03:01,400 Speaker 1: the way to Dama interesting for this information him. But 53 00:03:01,480 --> 00:03:04,000 Speaker 1: there's like a thousand varieties or species of bananas, but 54 00:03:04,120 --> 00:03:06,799 Speaker 1: each one like if you eat like a type of 55 00:03:06,880 --> 00:03:09,320 Speaker 1: just one of those species of bananas, you're eating an 56 00:03:09,360 --> 00:03:12,639 Speaker 1: exact clone of every other banana in that species. Because 57 00:03:13,240 --> 00:03:17,240 Speaker 1: many thousands of years ago, humans just stumbled upon the banana, 58 00:03:17,400 --> 00:03:22,560 Speaker 1: which is the hybrid of two basically inedible fruits that 59 00:03:22,680 --> 00:03:26,280 Speaker 1: came together to form the delicious banana, but made um sterile. 60 00:03:26,360 --> 00:03:28,880 Speaker 1: All banana plants are sterile, and the only way that 61 00:03:28,919 --> 00:03:32,760 Speaker 1: they're allowed to propagate is by human hand. Theous I 62 00:03:32,800 --> 00:03:35,400 Speaker 1: did a don't be dumb about that? Yeah, well you 63 00:03:35,440 --> 00:03:37,800 Speaker 1: just did it again. Yeah, you can check out Don't 64 00:03:37,800 --> 00:03:41,000 Speaker 1: be dumbs on our website Stuff you should know dot com. Wow. 65 00:03:41,400 --> 00:03:44,920 Speaker 1: All right, anyway, Pollen, Yes, it's been around for a while. Um. 66 00:03:44,960 --> 00:03:46,840 Speaker 1: I know in our b podcast we talked about how 67 00:03:46,880 --> 00:03:49,800 Speaker 1: bees and and paulling kind of emerged side by side 68 00:03:49,800 --> 00:03:55,440 Speaker 1: a hundred million years ago, but pollen actually goes further 69 00:03:55,480 --> 00:03:57,560 Speaker 1: back than that. In this article, it says about three 70 00:03:57,960 --> 00:04:01,000 Speaker 1: seventy five million years ago is when the plants started 71 00:04:01,040 --> 00:04:07,320 Speaker 1: getting clever and spreading their seed literally using pollen different techniques. 72 00:04:07,360 --> 00:04:10,240 Speaker 1: And I think that, um, the gymnot sperms were first, 73 00:04:10,520 --> 00:04:13,600 Speaker 1: you think so, I believe so. Uh yeah, And the 74 00:04:13,640 --> 00:04:16,040 Speaker 1: author of the article here points out that the reason 75 00:04:16,120 --> 00:04:20,640 Speaker 1: why it evolved was so plants didn't have to be 76 00:04:20,720 --> 00:04:24,159 Speaker 1: dumb and rely on water to carry their junk to 77 00:04:24,240 --> 00:04:27,600 Speaker 1: fertilize other junk. You know, they're like, how about wind 78 00:04:27,720 --> 00:04:30,440 Speaker 1: or how about that bat? Or about that beetle? Yeah, 79 00:04:30,760 --> 00:04:34,880 Speaker 1: or how about that bird pooping it out? That's right? Yeah? Um, 80 00:04:35,040 --> 00:04:39,440 Speaker 1: And like I said, I think pollen grains or plants 81 00:04:39,480 --> 00:04:43,760 Speaker 1: spread their seed. Literally, plant pollen is what amounts to 82 00:04:43,800 --> 00:04:47,000 Speaker 1: plant sperm. Yeah, it's like I always go to the 83 00:04:47,040 --> 00:04:50,960 Speaker 1: kids science pages to research. First off, I mean they're good, 84 00:04:51,080 --> 00:04:54,520 Speaker 1: they're they're colorful. Uh yeah, if we want to pollination 85 00:04:54,640 --> 00:04:58,040 Speaker 1: very simply, you know, people reproduce. Animals reproduce. They need 86 00:04:58,120 --> 00:05:00,760 Speaker 1: male and female parts. Plants and flower you are no different. 87 00:05:01,200 --> 00:05:04,279 Speaker 1: They need male parts to connect with the female parts 88 00:05:05,200 --> 00:05:07,800 Speaker 1: to make an egg. And in this case, pollination is 89 00:05:07,839 --> 00:05:10,799 Speaker 1: how it's done. So basically, how that sperm the pollen 90 00:05:10,920 --> 00:05:14,320 Speaker 1: reaches that egg, which is the ovule, right, and once 91 00:05:14,320 --> 00:05:17,520 Speaker 1: they get together, magic happens. That's right. But let's talk 92 00:05:17,600 --> 00:05:20,040 Speaker 1: about the way it looks first of all. Yeah, there's 93 00:05:20,040 --> 00:05:23,640 Speaker 1: like there's a lot of different looks to pollen depending 94 00:05:23,640 --> 00:05:28,279 Speaker 1: on the plant um and all of these variations. What 95 00:05:28,400 --> 00:05:32,000 Speaker 1: it can be like a cone literally a pine cone. Yeah, 96 00:05:32,040 --> 00:05:34,320 Speaker 1: and look at you know, just look up microscope pollen 97 00:05:34,400 --> 00:05:37,040 Speaker 1: on Google images and you'll see all sorts of weird, 98 00:05:37,160 --> 00:05:41,520 Speaker 1: colorful shapes and sizes. Yeah. Some look like blowfish. Yeah, 99 00:05:41,560 --> 00:05:45,360 Speaker 1: others look like sputnick really yeah, I didn't see the spot. 100 00:05:45,760 --> 00:05:52,200 Speaker 1: Some have ribbed edges for and all of these adaptations 101 00:05:52,680 --> 00:05:56,520 Speaker 1: are um or mutations. I guess they became adaptations allow 102 00:05:56,600 --> 00:05:59,839 Speaker 1: that pollen to kind of better ensure that it's going 103 00:05:59,880 --> 00:06:02,160 Speaker 1: to be carried to where it needs to go. Yeah, 104 00:06:02,160 --> 00:06:04,360 Speaker 1: it's it has a purpose. It's not just like, hey, 105 00:06:04,400 --> 00:06:05,960 Speaker 1: this one would look neat if it looks like a 106 00:06:06,000 --> 00:06:10,880 Speaker 1: starfish exactly. In the end. Some have wings kind of 107 00:06:10,880 --> 00:06:14,320 Speaker 1: what amount of basically wings because they're carried on the wind. 108 00:06:15,080 --> 00:06:18,320 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, yeah, like dandelion paulin, it's carried on the wind. 109 00:06:19,240 --> 00:06:22,080 Speaker 1: True will dandelions self palling night too. We'll get to 110 00:06:22,080 --> 00:06:25,160 Speaker 1: that though. Yeah. They're slippery little guys. Yeah they are. 111 00:06:25,600 --> 00:06:30,279 Speaker 1: They're also high and phytonutrients as well. Dandelion greens are 112 00:06:31,200 --> 00:06:36,719 Speaker 1: of the stems, No, the leaves, oh, the little leaves, 113 00:06:37,120 --> 00:06:39,080 Speaker 1: the yellow part. So here here's the rule of thumb. 114 00:06:39,200 --> 00:06:42,080 Speaker 1: There's a New York Times article that came out very 115 00:06:42,120 --> 00:06:44,840 Speaker 1: recently about phyto nutrients and how we basically bred them 116 00:06:44,839 --> 00:06:47,920 Speaker 1: out of our food and um. The rule of thumb 117 00:06:48,000 --> 00:06:52,680 Speaker 1: is the the bitter, the bitterer or more bitter the plant, 118 00:06:53,240 --> 00:06:56,720 Speaker 1: the higher it is in phytoonutrients. Phyto nutrients have kind 119 00:06:56,720 --> 00:07:00,200 Speaker 1: of the bitterest, stringent taste, and we tend to don't 120 00:07:00,200 --> 00:07:02,600 Speaker 1: really like that, so we stopped eating those things over time, 121 00:07:02,720 --> 00:07:06,640 Speaker 1: replace them with sweet things that aren't necessarily good for us, 122 00:07:06,680 --> 00:07:10,080 Speaker 1: like you know, potatoes and other starches. Yeah, well, bitter 123 00:07:10,080 --> 00:07:13,520 Speaker 1: things can also kill you, that's probably why. So you know, 124 00:07:13,720 --> 00:07:16,760 Speaker 1: that's that's a pretty good point. But bitter stuff that 125 00:07:16,800 --> 00:07:20,000 Speaker 1: you know won't kill you. Dandelion leaves God and needs 126 00:07:20,040 --> 00:07:22,040 Speaker 1: them right now. But back in the day, I bet 127 00:07:22,080 --> 00:07:25,160 Speaker 1: people are like that tastes bad and it killed tuk tuk, 128 00:07:25,280 --> 00:07:29,440 Speaker 1: So let's just not eat it right exactly alright, So 129 00:07:29,800 --> 00:07:33,680 Speaker 1: should we talk about pollination. Talked a little bit about pollen. 130 00:07:34,200 --> 00:07:36,040 Speaker 1: Now we need to talk about how plants make little 131 00:07:36,040 --> 00:07:39,720 Speaker 1: baby plants, right, And it's it's pretty simple, Like I said, 132 00:07:39,760 --> 00:07:43,760 Speaker 1: the male part and have you uh, It really helps 133 00:07:43,800 --> 00:07:46,239 Speaker 1: to follow along if you go to a handy dandy 134 00:07:46,280 --> 00:07:50,920 Speaker 1: little visual aid I found, because they really break down 135 00:07:50,960 --> 00:07:53,800 Speaker 1: the male parts and the female parts. The female is 136 00:07:53,840 --> 00:07:56,600 Speaker 1: the has the pistol and that's p I S T 137 00:07:56,760 --> 00:08:00,520 Speaker 1: I l and within that you have the over, which 138 00:08:00,960 --> 00:08:03,200 Speaker 1: you know sits down low in the plant, and the style, 139 00:08:03,640 --> 00:08:09,480 Speaker 1: which is a long, ah thin h appendage. I guess 140 00:08:09,800 --> 00:08:12,320 Speaker 1: that contains pollen tubes. And then at the top you 141 00:08:12,360 --> 00:08:14,680 Speaker 1: have your stigma, which is going to catch the pollen. Yeah, 142 00:08:14,720 --> 00:08:17,560 Speaker 1: and that's the female part, right, that's the lady. Don't 143 00:08:17,560 --> 00:08:21,040 Speaker 1: be confused because it is phallic in nature. Yeah, true, 144 00:08:21,120 --> 00:08:23,360 Speaker 1: but it's still the female part. And the male has 145 00:08:23,360 --> 00:08:25,120 Speaker 1: to filament, which is a long stem, and then the 146 00:08:25,160 --> 00:08:29,080 Speaker 1: anther at the top which holds all the pollen. And 147 00:08:29,320 --> 00:08:31,680 Speaker 1: that's pretty much the long and short of the parts. 148 00:08:32,120 --> 00:08:35,200 Speaker 1: And is that just angiosperms that you're describing or is 149 00:08:35,240 --> 00:08:39,760 Speaker 1: that all all pollinating? I think these are just the angiosperms. Well, 150 00:08:39,800 --> 00:08:42,720 Speaker 1: we should say quite explicitly that there's basically two ways 151 00:08:42,720 --> 00:08:46,960 Speaker 1: that plants compollinate. There's gymnas sperms and angiosperms. And the 152 00:08:46,960 --> 00:08:51,240 Speaker 1: big difference between the two is that gymnasperms literally that 153 00:08:51,280 --> 00:08:55,360 Speaker 1: means naked seed, which, by the way, gymnasium is means 154 00:08:55,480 --> 00:08:59,400 Speaker 1: place to be naked canasium and German did you know that, Yeah, 155 00:08:59,760 --> 00:09:03,600 Speaker 1: this so gymnasperms naked seed. There's nothing protecting the seed 156 00:09:03,640 --> 00:09:06,360 Speaker 1: once it's once it's produced, and a seed is just 157 00:09:06,400 --> 00:09:10,280 Speaker 1: a germ, a fertilized ovum or ovule, right yeah, um, 158 00:09:10,320 --> 00:09:13,679 Speaker 1: and just sperms produce something to protect that seed, whether 159 00:09:13,720 --> 00:09:17,120 Speaker 1: it's a shell like a nut or fruit like an 160 00:09:17,160 --> 00:09:19,839 Speaker 1: apple with the seeds inside, right, because an apple is 161 00:09:19,920 --> 00:09:25,640 Speaker 1: just a an enlarged ovule ovary and the seeds are 162 00:09:25,640 --> 00:09:29,559 Speaker 1: the fertilized though. Yes, Well, you can also pollinate, across 163 00:09:29,559 --> 00:09:33,400 Speaker 1: pollinate or self pollinate, right, those are the other two differences. 164 00:09:33,559 --> 00:09:37,000 Speaker 1: So you were saying, what what dandelions self pollinate, Well, 165 00:09:37,040 --> 00:09:39,520 Speaker 1: they can do both, um, But they do have a 166 00:09:39,559 --> 00:09:42,800 Speaker 1: little a cool little feature. They basically grow up. You know, 167 00:09:42,880 --> 00:09:45,439 Speaker 1: this is when there's still the little yellow flower. They 168 00:09:45,440 --> 00:09:48,320 Speaker 1: have these little florets that grow up and if you look, 169 00:09:48,640 --> 00:09:50,560 Speaker 1: well you probably can't see if you look really really close. 170 00:09:50,600 --> 00:09:54,560 Speaker 1: So these little florets that grow up, and as it grows, 171 00:09:54,679 --> 00:09:58,680 Speaker 1: it carries uh the pollen on its little stem and 172 00:09:58,679 --> 00:10:01,040 Speaker 1: then eventually gets to a point where it doesn't start 173 00:10:01,040 --> 00:10:04,360 Speaker 1: grow growing up anymore, and it splits and then starts 174 00:10:04,360 --> 00:10:09,600 Speaker 1: curling back on itself to uh, you know, no way. 175 00:10:11,320 --> 00:10:13,240 Speaker 1: It picks up its own pollen from its own style. 176 00:10:13,800 --> 00:10:16,400 Speaker 1: But it's self pollination. It's not gross or like perverted. 177 00:10:16,679 --> 00:10:20,839 Speaker 1: There's a there's a lot of them. There's a lot 178 00:10:20,920 --> 00:10:24,320 Speaker 1: of plants out there, though, that have mechanisms to prevent 179 00:10:24,360 --> 00:10:27,360 Speaker 1: them from self pollinating. It couldn't can't be good or bad. 180 00:10:27,360 --> 00:10:29,320 Speaker 1: That's what I couldn't figure out. Well, the plants somewhere 181 00:10:29,320 --> 00:10:31,760 Speaker 1: along the way figured out like, hey, the wider the 182 00:10:31,840 --> 00:10:34,600 Speaker 1: gene pool, the better off we are, because the more 183 00:10:34,760 --> 00:10:38,640 Speaker 1: room there is for adaptation, mutations and than adaptations. Right. Yeah, 184 00:10:38,679 --> 00:10:42,760 Speaker 1: But in here the author said ideally it cross pollinates, 185 00:10:42,800 --> 00:10:45,040 Speaker 1: But I don't think that's the case always. Well, it's 186 00:10:45,040 --> 00:10:47,360 Speaker 1: not ideal, it's just some doing some don't write. I mean, 187 00:10:47,400 --> 00:10:50,079 Speaker 1: if you look at it like from just an animalistic 188 00:10:51,440 --> 00:10:56,480 Speaker 1: or an organism viewpoint, right, like with us, if you 189 00:10:56,600 --> 00:10:58,960 Speaker 1: just get a bunch of Mennonites together and they just 190 00:10:59,080 --> 00:11:01,960 Speaker 1: reproduce with one other, there's going to be defects that 191 00:11:02,080 --> 00:11:05,679 Speaker 1: just are propagated throughout this this little gene pool. But 192 00:11:05,720 --> 00:11:08,880 Speaker 1: if the Mennonites spread out into the you know, larger 193 00:11:08,960 --> 00:11:12,800 Speaker 1: country as a whole, those defects are going to you know, 194 00:11:14,040 --> 00:11:16,880 Speaker 1: I guess be kind of watered down by the size 195 00:11:16,880 --> 00:11:18,319 Speaker 1: of the gene pool. I think it's the same thing 196 00:11:18,320 --> 00:11:22,000 Speaker 1: with self pollinating and cross pollinating. Yeah, because it's interesting 197 00:11:22,000 --> 00:11:25,319 Speaker 1: because things like peanuts or self pollinators and that's why 198 00:11:25,360 --> 00:11:30,400 Speaker 1: they thrive. But corn has a mechanism to not allow 199 00:11:30,440 --> 00:11:35,320 Speaker 1: itself to self pollinate. Like there, I think the sperm 200 00:11:35,440 --> 00:11:39,080 Speaker 1: is ready at a different time than the ovule is 201 00:11:39,160 --> 00:11:41,719 Speaker 1: ready to accept it, So it's it's a timing thing. 202 00:11:42,040 --> 00:11:44,280 Speaker 1: The thing is, peanuts would probably be able to talk 203 00:11:44,400 --> 00:11:46,920 Speaker 1: if they didn't self pollinate, and they sound like Jimmy 204 00:11:46,960 --> 00:11:51,880 Speaker 1: carter um. So there's a lot of mechanisms that plants 205 00:11:51,880 --> 00:11:55,760 Speaker 1: have to prevent themselves from self pollinating. UM. Some or 206 00:11:56,000 --> 00:12:00,360 Speaker 1: some might have either just male plants and just female ants. 207 00:12:01,600 --> 00:12:05,800 Speaker 1: UM some maybe uh where the male part if the 208 00:12:05,880 --> 00:12:10,560 Speaker 1: plant has both male and female flowers, for example, yes, 209 00:12:11,080 --> 00:12:14,800 Speaker 1: they they the the male flower might come out before 210 00:12:14,840 --> 00:12:18,160 Speaker 1: the female flower on the same plant, so that they're 211 00:12:18,160 --> 00:12:20,840 Speaker 1: not the timing is off a little bit. Um. And 212 00:12:20,840 --> 00:12:23,120 Speaker 1: then there's some they're just like they'll they'll signal a 213 00:12:23,160 --> 00:12:26,400 Speaker 1: biochemical marker. If pollen from the same plant gets near 214 00:12:26,520 --> 00:12:31,000 Speaker 1: the ovule, it'll just basically turn barren. So it just 215 00:12:31,240 --> 00:12:34,760 Speaker 1: is incapable of fertilizing itself, or like corn where the 216 00:12:34,760 --> 00:12:38,360 Speaker 1: timing is thrown off, so they rely on cross pollination, right, 217 00:12:38,400 --> 00:12:55,760 Speaker 1: which is pretty cool. So let's let's get explicit again here, 218 00:12:56,320 --> 00:13:01,280 Speaker 1: gymnasperms naked seed. How does the happened? Like, We'll use 219 00:13:01,320 --> 00:13:05,800 Speaker 1: the example of a pine, a lob lolly pine. It's 220 00:13:05,800 --> 00:13:08,800 Speaker 1: fun to say, um, but that's a conifer kind of 221 00:13:08,880 --> 00:13:13,320 Speaker 1: furs are ancient. I believe they were the first pollinating plant. Yeah, 222 00:13:13,360 --> 00:13:16,480 Speaker 1: I think so. Nice. So let's talk about it. Well, 223 00:13:16,520 --> 00:13:18,920 Speaker 1: the pine cones, they're they're little male pine cones, a 224 00:13:18,920 --> 00:13:21,560 Speaker 1: little female pine cones. You might not realize that you've 225 00:13:21,559 --> 00:13:24,240 Speaker 1: got quite a show going on in your backyard at 226 00:13:24,320 --> 00:13:27,600 Speaker 1: certain times of the year, right, Um. And basically, if 227 00:13:27,640 --> 00:13:29,560 Speaker 1: once you get the two together, you get a male 228 00:13:29,600 --> 00:13:33,040 Speaker 1: pine cone and a female pine cone together. The male 229 00:13:33,160 --> 00:13:38,559 Speaker 1: pine cone fertilized, well, the pollen comes in contact with 230 00:13:38,600 --> 00:13:40,960 Speaker 1: an ovule, and the pollen starts to go to town. 231 00:13:41,000 --> 00:13:43,079 Speaker 1: It absorbs a bunch of water. Well, the female pine 232 00:13:43,080 --> 00:13:45,200 Speaker 1: comes little sticky too. That helps, by the way, it does, 233 00:13:45,400 --> 00:13:49,280 Speaker 1: helps collect the pollen. Um. So the female or the 234 00:13:49,280 --> 00:13:51,839 Speaker 1: the pollen, the male, the male part of the pine 235 00:13:51,840 --> 00:13:56,319 Speaker 1: cone germinates and it starts growing. It's called a pollen tube, 236 00:13:56,640 --> 00:14:01,079 Speaker 1: which basically allows this pollen to directly for lies the ovule. 237 00:14:01,679 --> 00:14:05,080 Speaker 1: Once that happens, the ovule basically becomes a seed and 238 00:14:05,160 --> 00:14:08,680 Speaker 1: the seed is released from the pine cone. They go 239 00:14:08,720 --> 00:14:13,000 Speaker 1: everywhere and then they're eaten by birds and pooped out elsewhere, 240 00:14:13,160 --> 00:14:17,400 Speaker 1: carried along in the there trampled by a rhinoceros who 241 00:14:17,440 --> 00:14:20,080 Speaker 1: knows which just got loose from the zoo. But then 242 00:14:20,120 --> 00:14:23,200 Speaker 1: that seed is carried along, but it's not protected by anything. 243 00:14:23,200 --> 00:14:27,520 Speaker 1: It's just a seed and hence a naked seed. Hence gymnasperms. 244 00:14:28,440 --> 00:14:33,479 Speaker 1: So angiosperms they have kind of like a similar process 245 00:14:33,560 --> 00:14:36,520 Speaker 1: whereas there's a pollen tube that's grown and the male 246 00:14:36,560 --> 00:14:38,720 Speaker 1: pollen has to come in contact with the female pollen 247 00:14:38,760 --> 00:14:40,920 Speaker 1: and all that. And we're talking about flowers in most 248 00:14:40,920 --> 00:14:43,440 Speaker 1: cases here with andrew sperms, they're the only ones that 249 00:14:43,480 --> 00:14:46,520 Speaker 1: flower and produce fruit. So when you think about your 250 00:14:46,520 --> 00:14:49,760 Speaker 1: garden with the honey bee and all, that's angiosperm, right, 251 00:14:50,080 --> 00:14:54,440 Speaker 1: So that's a non naked seed and that's the that's 252 00:14:54,480 --> 00:14:56,720 Speaker 1: where the fruit comes in or the shell comes and 253 00:14:56,760 --> 00:15:00,960 Speaker 1: there's area sperms have developed a met achanism to protect 254 00:15:00,960 --> 00:15:04,360 Speaker 1: the seed, to better ensure its survival, and if you 255 00:15:04,360 --> 00:15:08,760 Speaker 1: think about it, to entice the things that transport these 256 00:15:08,760 --> 00:15:12,200 Speaker 1: seeds to go ahead and do their thing. Yeah, there's 257 00:15:12,360 --> 00:15:16,600 Speaker 1: like every flower has some sort of cool shape or 258 00:15:16,680 --> 00:15:22,080 Speaker 1: scent or color or something that matches with some little 259 00:15:22,080 --> 00:15:25,200 Speaker 1: insect or bird or bat that's gonna be enticed. Like 260 00:15:25,640 --> 00:15:27,680 Speaker 1: the bumble bee in the fox glove, they go hand 261 00:15:27,680 --> 00:15:30,760 Speaker 1: in hand because it fits up there just perfect, and 262 00:15:30,840 --> 00:15:33,880 Speaker 1: it has a little colorful landing strip on the bottom 263 00:15:33,880 --> 00:15:36,720 Speaker 1: pedal to guide the bumble bee in and it's just 264 00:15:36,800 --> 00:15:40,520 Speaker 1: like nature's it's just like harmonious. Yes, there's that one 265 00:15:40,680 --> 00:15:44,960 Speaker 1: orchid that I believe Darwin predicted the existence of a 266 00:15:45,080 --> 00:15:48,000 Speaker 1: type of hummingbird that had a very long curled beak 267 00:15:48,480 --> 00:15:50,800 Speaker 1: right that it co evolves with it and he was 268 00:15:50,840 --> 00:15:54,920 Speaker 1: absolutely correct. Remembers in that movie adaptation. Yeah, that's a 269 00:15:54,920 --> 00:15:57,680 Speaker 1: great movie. Um, and then, uh, you can learn a 270 00:15:57,720 --> 00:16:01,600 Speaker 1: lot from that movie. Yeah, yeah, anything that what's his name, 271 00:16:01,760 --> 00:16:06,680 Speaker 1: Charlie Kaufman writes, Yeah, well researched agreed. Um. The fruit 272 00:16:06,840 --> 00:16:09,880 Speaker 1: is another thing too. Animals love to eat fruit. The 273 00:16:10,000 --> 00:16:13,400 Speaker 1: fruit is basically once the fruit piece of fruit drops 274 00:16:13,440 --> 00:16:15,920 Speaker 1: to the ground. That means those seeds are ready to go. 275 00:16:16,160 --> 00:16:18,920 Speaker 1: They're ready to become seedlings. But first they need a 276 00:16:18,920 --> 00:16:22,160 Speaker 1: fox to eat the apple carried in its stomach over 277 00:16:22,560 --> 00:16:25,640 Speaker 1: you know, several meters or miles or whatever, and then 278 00:16:25,720 --> 00:16:29,400 Speaker 1: poop it out. And then you have seeds that are 279 00:16:29,440 --> 00:16:33,640 Speaker 1: basically just planted. That's amazing. They take purchase and a 280 00:16:33,640 --> 00:16:38,360 Speaker 1: new tree begins where his seed her insides where a 281 00:16:38,440 --> 00:16:42,080 Speaker 1: rocky place where seed you could find no purchase. So 282 00:16:42,240 --> 00:16:45,040 Speaker 1: pollen grains um are actually created. I guess we should 283 00:16:45,040 --> 00:16:49,080 Speaker 1: step back a second and talk about myosis. That's the 284 00:16:49,080 --> 00:16:53,440 Speaker 1: cells are dividing and growing. Eventually you get a little pollen. Uh. 285 00:16:53,600 --> 00:16:55,560 Speaker 1: It looks like a little dust speck to our eyeball, 286 00:16:56,040 --> 00:16:58,960 Speaker 1: but it's contains the sperm is not actually the sperm. 287 00:16:59,520 --> 00:17:04,040 Speaker 1: It contains into the sperm therein and uh, the pollen 288 00:17:04,480 --> 00:17:06,240 Speaker 1: is in pollen sacks at the end of the stamen, 289 00:17:06,240 --> 00:17:08,720 Speaker 1: which we talked about, and that little two loabed ant 290 00:17:09,000 --> 00:17:14,440 Speaker 1: uh almost aid antler antherer. And then eventually it'll find 291 00:17:14,480 --> 00:17:18,640 Speaker 1: its way to the stigma and travel down to the ovary. 292 00:17:18,720 --> 00:17:22,240 Speaker 1: And and in the case of angiosperms, there are two 293 00:17:22,240 --> 00:17:24,280 Speaker 1: sperm that are used. I don't think we said in 294 00:17:24,280 --> 00:17:27,240 Speaker 1: the case of gymnosperms, it's only one of the sperm 295 00:17:27,280 --> 00:17:29,440 Speaker 1: is used, right, Yeah, in a in a pollen sect, 296 00:17:29,480 --> 00:17:31,800 Speaker 1: there's two sperm, but you just need one for the 297 00:17:31,840 --> 00:17:34,760 Speaker 1: gymna sperm for the antio sperm unit to Yeah, because 298 00:17:34,760 --> 00:17:37,680 Speaker 1: one is actually fertilizing the egg and the other is 299 00:17:37,880 --> 00:17:42,400 Speaker 1: developing into endo sperm together alongside and what will eventually 300 00:17:42,400 --> 00:17:45,000 Speaker 1: be the seed. And if you think that sounds gross, 301 00:17:45,080 --> 00:17:49,040 Speaker 1: like the gymnos sperm, I'm sorry. The endosperm is like 302 00:17:49,080 --> 00:17:52,520 Speaker 1: a protein basically to keep it all alive. Yeah, that 303 00:17:52,640 --> 00:17:57,080 Speaker 1: keeps the seedling happy. So when you're eating corn, you're 304 00:17:57,080 --> 00:17:59,760 Speaker 1: actually eating the endo sperm. Each corn kernel is actually 305 00:18:00,240 --> 00:18:03,840 Speaker 1: you know, it's like that starchy indos form, which the 306 00:18:03,880 --> 00:18:08,320 Speaker 1: seed loves to eat itself. And that's true. Um. So 307 00:18:08,359 --> 00:18:13,399 Speaker 1: we talked about bees, we talked about birds, foxes, mentioned 308 00:18:13,400 --> 00:18:16,960 Speaker 1: poopa a couple of times. Yeah, and you were saying 309 00:18:17,000 --> 00:18:21,480 Speaker 1: that like basically every every flowering plant, especially has some 310 00:18:21,520 --> 00:18:25,240 Speaker 1: sort of mechanism to attract at least one kind of 311 00:18:25,359 --> 00:18:30,200 Speaker 1: um bug or animal that's been proven to help pollinate, 312 00:18:30,240 --> 00:18:33,440 Speaker 1: transport this pollen and so I mean for the most part, 313 00:18:33,480 --> 00:18:36,439 Speaker 1: we enjoy them, like you like the scent of you know, 314 00:18:37,280 --> 00:18:42,080 Speaker 1: a good flower, right, sure, but you might not like 315 00:18:42,160 --> 00:18:46,720 Speaker 1: the Devil's Tongue, yeah, which is a sumatran plant that 316 00:18:47,119 --> 00:18:53,120 Speaker 1: apparently reaks so badly it smells like a decomposing flash. Basically, basically, 317 00:18:53,160 --> 00:18:55,280 Speaker 1: did you see this thing? I've seen it before. You 318 00:18:55,280 --> 00:18:59,800 Speaker 1: actually remarkable like two feet and it's like it it 319 00:19:00,000 --> 00:19:03,480 Speaker 1: basically um flowers or blooms like once every like ten 320 00:19:03,560 --> 00:19:06,639 Speaker 1: years or twenty years something like that. Right, I'm not 321 00:19:06,680 --> 00:19:08,840 Speaker 1: sure if it's the same one. I'm thinking of things. 322 00:19:08,840 --> 00:19:11,320 Speaker 1: But it's stinky, right, And the reason why it's stinky 323 00:19:11,400 --> 00:19:14,359 Speaker 1: is because it pollinates with the help of a type 324 00:19:14,359 --> 00:19:18,840 Speaker 1: of carrion beetle that's attracted to decomposing flesh. So the 325 00:19:18,960 --> 00:19:22,720 Speaker 1: plant attracts this beetle that likes to eat decomposing flesh 326 00:19:22,920 --> 00:19:27,600 Speaker 1: by putting out the smell of decomposing flesh. That's so gross, yeah, 327 00:19:27,680 --> 00:19:30,480 Speaker 1: but it's pretty spectacular, it is, you know. Yeah, in 328 00:19:30,520 --> 00:19:32,760 Speaker 1: the philodendron, something you might have in your house. It 329 00:19:32,800 --> 00:19:36,400 Speaker 1: actually does the same thing, but it doesn't stink always. Um. 330 00:19:36,560 --> 00:19:39,000 Speaker 1: There's actual chemical reaction that takes place and heats it 331 00:19:39,119 --> 00:19:42,080 Speaker 1: up to omit this odor that the beetle is attracted to, 332 00:19:42,720 --> 00:19:45,960 Speaker 1: which sounds pretty gross too, but it all works, and 333 00:19:46,000 --> 00:19:49,640 Speaker 1: I would google that um the sumatra and devil's tongue. 334 00:19:49,640 --> 00:19:52,080 Speaker 1: It's pretty cool looking. Like the flower itself is two 335 00:19:52,160 --> 00:19:55,240 Speaker 1: feet It's not like, oh, what a long stem, It's 336 00:19:55,280 --> 00:19:57,600 Speaker 1: just this huge flower. It's amazing. And then you're also 337 00:19:57,600 --> 00:20:01,760 Speaker 1: saying like, was it fox glove that provided a landing 338 00:20:01,800 --> 00:20:05,919 Speaker 1: strip for bumblebees? Yeah, So flowers in general typically have 339 00:20:06,280 --> 00:20:09,639 Speaker 1: certain types of um like their color will be based 340 00:20:09,720 --> 00:20:13,520 Speaker 1: on the kind of creature that um that that helps 341 00:20:13,640 --> 00:20:17,720 Speaker 1: pollinate it, whether it's diurnal meaning it it's awake during 342 00:20:17,720 --> 00:20:20,400 Speaker 1: the day or nocturnal meaning it's awake at night. Right, right, 343 00:20:20,440 --> 00:20:22,320 Speaker 1: I guess that's in case of like bats and stuff 344 00:20:22,359 --> 00:20:25,159 Speaker 1: like that. Yeah, and then our old friend nectar is 345 00:20:25,200 --> 00:20:29,800 Speaker 1: a big lure and basically nectar is around right, just 346 00:20:30,080 --> 00:20:34,120 Speaker 1: because it tastes delicious and is enticing from what. Yeah, 347 00:20:34,160 --> 00:20:37,640 Speaker 1: it's basically like a little enticement like you said, for 348 00:20:37,960 --> 00:20:40,320 Speaker 1: like a bee or something or a bird. Yeah, come 349 00:20:40,359 --> 00:20:45,359 Speaker 1: get it. Because it's placed by the stamen that's right, 350 00:20:45,480 --> 00:20:48,199 Speaker 1: or the way that the the anthers are situated just 351 00:20:48,240 --> 00:20:50,840 Speaker 1: the way they're placed in the flower. If it gave 352 00:20:50,840 --> 00:20:53,600 Speaker 1: it an advantage to bump up against that bee, then 353 00:20:53,600 --> 00:20:56,600 Speaker 1: it's gonna be successful in the long run and live 354 00:20:56,640 --> 00:21:00,720 Speaker 1: out as a species as nice stuff that is pretty good. So, chuck, 355 00:21:00,800 --> 00:21:03,120 Speaker 1: we've reached a point where, um, I mean, ever since 356 00:21:03,119 --> 00:21:07,320 Speaker 1: we started selectively breeding plants, domesticating crops like hey, that's 357 00:21:07,320 --> 00:21:11,520 Speaker 1: pretty right, or hey I like this banana um or 358 00:21:11,560 --> 00:21:15,159 Speaker 1: that's hardy and it grows in my awful hot area 359 00:21:15,200 --> 00:21:19,760 Speaker 1: that I live in, many reasons to do so, right, Um, 360 00:21:20,200 --> 00:21:24,720 Speaker 1: you know, we we wanted to keep plants, we wanted 361 00:21:24,760 --> 00:21:27,040 Speaker 1: to keep the bad stuff out, keep the good ones 362 00:21:27,080 --> 00:21:30,800 Speaker 1: we wanted in. But it never became more crucial, um 363 00:21:30,920 --> 00:21:35,159 Speaker 1: until we started genetically modifying crops. And now all of 364 00:21:35,160 --> 00:21:38,160 Speaker 1: a sudden, not only are the corporations saying like, hey man, 365 00:21:38,359 --> 00:21:41,080 Speaker 1: you can't cross pollinate with our stuff for else that's 366 00:21:41,080 --> 00:21:45,160 Speaker 1: patent infringement, and nearby farmers says, I'm not using your 367 00:21:45,160 --> 00:21:48,560 Speaker 1: seeds as the bees, you can't blame me, and the 368 00:21:48,640 --> 00:21:52,160 Speaker 1: farmers who don't want GMO stuff in their crops say, 369 00:21:52,200 --> 00:21:54,800 Speaker 1: hey man, you need to keep your crops over there 370 00:21:55,240 --> 00:21:58,080 Speaker 1: because I don't want your GMO creud in here. I 371 00:21:58,080 --> 00:22:02,040 Speaker 1: have an organic farm exactly, and you're just blowing by 372 00:22:02,080 --> 00:22:05,000 Speaker 1: the wind. It's a touchy subject. We should do that 373 00:22:05,000 --> 00:22:08,320 Speaker 1: as the GMOs. I agree. The idea of like patenting 374 00:22:08,400 --> 00:22:13,240 Speaker 1: jeans in general and alone like crops is it's really interesting. Um, 375 00:22:13,280 --> 00:22:17,440 Speaker 1: but there's been some pretty clever, simple ways of getting 376 00:22:17,480 --> 00:22:21,800 Speaker 1: around this problem. It's posed by pollination of GMO crops 377 00:22:21,840 --> 00:22:26,960 Speaker 1: with non GMO crops. Yeah. Well, distance is obviously one thing. 378 00:22:28,080 --> 00:22:30,639 Speaker 1: Don't put my farm near your farm. But they have 379 00:22:30,680 --> 00:22:32,280 Speaker 1: to do all kinds of studies to see how the 380 00:22:32,280 --> 00:22:35,560 Speaker 1: wind reacts and how like how far does that be fly? Yeah, 381 00:22:35,560 --> 00:22:38,040 Speaker 1: and they found in uh, in certain parts of Africa, 382 00:22:38,080 --> 00:22:42,520 Speaker 1: these will go about four miles three kilometers. That's their 383 00:22:42,640 --> 00:22:45,680 Speaker 1: range for food. That's you know, that's a lot. Yeah. 384 00:22:45,920 --> 00:22:48,280 Speaker 1: But I mean just using that kind of thinking with 385 00:22:48,359 --> 00:22:51,320 Speaker 1: all process though, like okay, well this you know, there's 386 00:22:51,400 --> 00:22:53,640 Speaker 1: this guy's growing this over here, so I can't grow 387 00:22:53,720 --> 00:22:58,040 Speaker 1: this here, right, That will prevent that kind of pollination though. Yeah. 388 00:22:58,080 --> 00:23:00,479 Speaker 1: Another thing they can do is uh, sort of like 389 00:23:00,520 --> 00:23:03,600 Speaker 1: with the corn, they can time their crop rotation to 390 00:23:03,760 --> 00:23:06,359 Speaker 1: time out so where they're flowering at different times and 391 00:23:06,400 --> 00:23:10,160 Speaker 1: not interfering with one another. But um, it's a touchy subject. 392 00:23:10,200 --> 00:23:12,720 Speaker 1: Like from what I understand, there's a lot a lot 393 00:23:12,840 --> 00:23:17,359 Speaker 1: more going on then you know, is preferred by like 394 00:23:17,440 --> 00:23:21,440 Speaker 1: the organic farmers of the world, and in't the GMOs. 395 00:23:22,600 --> 00:23:25,840 Speaker 1: They can then say that you're infringing just because they 396 00:23:26,359 --> 00:23:30,480 Speaker 1: cross pollinated to their crop, even though you didn't buy 397 00:23:30,560 --> 00:23:34,600 Speaker 1: their seeds or even want their seeds. If a bee 398 00:23:34,640 --> 00:23:39,159 Speaker 1: carries there, it's there's seeds, there's crops falling over to 399 00:23:39,200 --> 00:23:42,720 Speaker 1: your crops. And you start to develop plants that have 400 00:23:42,920 --> 00:23:47,200 Speaker 1: the GMO characteristics that's patented. According to the corporations, you're 401 00:23:47,200 --> 00:23:50,600 Speaker 1: infringing on their pat It's very tricky ground, there isn't it. 402 00:23:50,880 --> 00:23:52,760 Speaker 1: I don't think it's tricky ground. If you ask me, 403 00:23:53,680 --> 00:23:55,600 Speaker 1: you should not be allowed to have a patent on 404 00:23:55,680 --> 00:23:58,240 Speaker 1: any living organism. Oh well, yeah, you know what I mean, though, 405 00:23:58,280 --> 00:24:01,679 Speaker 1: that's my opinion. It gets tricky, uh in courts and 406 00:24:01,960 --> 00:24:05,680 Speaker 1: studies and corporations and the course to tend to side 407 00:24:05,680 --> 00:24:11,000 Speaker 1: on the corporation's side. Typically. Let's do that one though 408 00:24:11,040 --> 00:24:14,280 Speaker 1: soon g MS. Yeah all right, Um, so let's say 409 00:24:14,320 --> 00:24:18,159 Speaker 1: for Paullen, if you're interested in how pollen causes allergies 410 00:24:18,160 --> 00:24:20,760 Speaker 1: and you should listen to our how Allergies Work episode 411 00:24:20,760 --> 00:24:22,439 Speaker 1: That was pretty good. Yeah, I was gonna recommend that. 412 00:24:22,560 --> 00:24:26,240 Speaker 1: Nice work. Um, thanks man. So, uh, if you want 413 00:24:26,280 --> 00:24:28,040 Speaker 1: to learn more about pollen in the meantime, you can 414 00:24:28,080 --> 00:24:30,000 Speaker 1: type that word in the search bar how stuff works 415 00:24:30,000 --> 00:24:32,480 Speaker 1: dot com. Since I said search bar, it's time, of 416 00:24:32,520 --> 00:24:56,280 Speaker 1: course for a message break. And now how about some 417 00:24:56,320 --> 00:25:02,240 Speaker 1: listener mail. Yeah, we have correction. It's been blowing up lately. 418 00:25:02,560 --> 00:25:05,520 Speaker 1: Oh man, I'm sorry. You know it's crazy. Is that's 419 00:25:05,560 --> 00:25:08,280 Speaker 1: the second time I've done that and a podcast on 420 00:25:08,359 --> 00:25:11,280 Speaker 1: that same same thing. I don't remember what the other 421 00:25:11,320 --> 00:25:13,359 Speaker 1: podcast was, but I've mentioned it before and we've gotten 422 00:25:13,400 --> 00:25:16,680 Speaker 1: tons of corrections about it and I didn't learn my lesson. Well, 423 00:25:16,720 --> 00:25:19,160 Speaker 1: this guy was really nice about it, so I'm gonna 424 00:25:19,200 --> 00:25:22,000 Speaker 1: read his. And it's an important correction because anytime you're 425 00:25:22,080 --> 00:25:26,560 Speaker 1: talking about drugs, so to recap in the PTSD podcast, 426 00:25:26,640 --> 00:25:30,600 Speaker 1: we got the two drugs beta blocker called propan and 427 00:25:30,640 --> 00:25:35,600 Speaker 1: all which helps with PTSD, confused with propofol, which is 428 00:25:35,640 --> 00:25:38,720 Speaker 1: what killed Michael Jackson. And so this is from Chris. 429 00:25:39,520 --> 00:25:42,280 Speaker 1: He's a big fan. He's listened to every episode on 430 00:25:42,400 --> 00:25:46,680 Speaker 1: his commute in southern California, which we know stinks. So 431 00:25:47,240 --> 00:25:49,119 Speaker 1: he said what we just said about the getting the 432 00:25:49,160 --> 00:25:51,160 Speaker 1: drugs confused, He seconds, see how you guys can mix 433 00:25:51,160 --> 00:25:53,600 Speaker 1: it up because the names are very similar, but they're 434 00:25:53,640 --> 00:26:00,000 Speaker 1: significantly different. Obviously, propan and all is relatively mild and um, 435 00:26:00,000 --> 00:26:03,040 Speaker 1: I'm only prescribed and very little potential for overdose, while 436 00:26:03,040 --> 00:26:06,280 Speaker 1: a propofile is a very powerful drug, extremely high potential 437 00:26:06,359 --> 00:26:11,040 Speaker 1: for overdose, and rarely administrated outside of strictly monitored medical settings. 438 00:26:11,800 --> 00:26:14,080 Speaker 1: It is actually a hypnotic agent that must be administered 439 00:26:14,119 --> 00:26:18,280 Speaker 1: intravenously because we talked about Michael Jackson's drip, and is 440 00:26:18,320 --> 00:26:22,480 Speaker 1: often used in conjunction with general anesthetics. Like most general anesthetics, 441 00:26:22,560 --> 00:26:27,400 Speaker 1: it's steep dose response curve significantly increases the risk of overdose, 442 00:26:27,960 --> 00:26:30,760 Speaker 1: where the effective dose is only slightly below a lethal dose. 443 00:26:31,400 --> 00:26:33,760 Speaker 1: That's kind of scary, Yeah, it really is. I mean, 444 00:26:33,800 --> 00:26:36,440 Speaker 1: like when you're when you're on that, like you're right 445 00:26:36,520 --> 00:26:39,680 Speaker 1: along the border. Yeah. Well, he says, Michael Jackson's case 446 00:26:39,760 --> 00:26:42,119 Speaker 1: is extremely rare, as he was essentially exposing himself to 447 00:26:42,200 --> 00:26:46,120 Speaker 1: risk similar to those associated with general anesthetics used during 448 00:26:46,160 --> 00:26:49,720 Speaker 1: surgery with a higher potential for overdose and death on 449 00:26:49,760 --> 00:26:54,600 Speaker 1: a daily basis for a relatively trivial purposes, which were 450 00:26:54,720 --> 00:26:58,320 Speaker 1: in this case is insomnia. Yeah, but from what I understand, 451 00:26:58,359 --> 00:27:01,800 Speaker 1: he had like years long insomnia. Like this guy was 452 00:27:01,880 --> 00:27:05,479 Speaker 1: not sleeping at all, Like they would they wouldn't, They 453 00:27:05,480 --> 00:27:07,639 Speaker 1: would give him everything first, and then they try that 454 00:27:07,920 --> 00:27:13,000 Speaker 1: last resort and like sometimes it's still wouldn't work. Really, Yeah, 455 00:27:13,080 --> 00:27:15,560 Speaker 1: he was really in bad shape at the end. Well, 456 00:27:15,600 --> 00:27:19,000 Speaker 1: he probably had a resistance to certain ship things like that. 457 00:27:19,720 --> 00:27:21,640 Speaker 1: So Chris goes on to say, I'm not certain about 458 00:27:21,640 --> 00:27:24,960 Speaker 1: the exact amount of risk posed by propofile administration, but 459 00:27:25,040 --> 00:27:26,600 Speaker 1: I believe the risk of death is something on the 460 00:27:26,680 --> 00:27:30,159 Speaker 1: order of tenths of a percent, meaning he would have 461 00:27:30,240 --> 00:27:32,960 Speaker 1: died according to the statistical model, within a couple of 462 00:27:33,040 --> 00:27:36,880 Speaker 1: years of daily use, like British guaranteed. Frankly, he would 463 00:27:36,880 --> 00:27:39,159 Speaker 1: have been better off using heroin that whole time, in 464 00:27:39,200 --> 00:27:43,520 Speaker 1: spite of his ironically strict yet poorly informed anti drug stance. 465 00:27:44,320 --> 00:27:47,159 Speaker 1: So that's from Chris. Thanks Chris. I was a genuinely 466 00:27:47,240 --> 00:27:50,000 Speaker 1: awesome email. That was good, um, and I'm sorry everybody 467 00:27:50,000 --> 00:27:53,880 Speaker 1: freaking so wrong. Well, I mean the names are just confusing. Yeah, 468 00:27:53,960 --> 00:27:55,960 Speaker 1: but I mean one's like a blood pressure medicine. The 469 00:27:55,960 --> 00:27:58,560 Speaker 1: other one's like pretty much a general anesthetic. I know. 470 00:27:58,600 --> 00:28:01,800 Speaker 1: But what gets me is that half of the emails 471 00:28:01,840 --> 00:28:04,000 Speaker 1: were like, well, yeah, they just sound alike, so you 472 00:28:04,040 --> 00:28:06,040 Speaker 1: goofed it in. Half of them were like those drugs 473 00:28:06,040 --> 00:28:09,520 Speaker 1: couldn't be anymore different, like you really thought of it, 474 00:28:09,880 --> 00:28:13,360 Speaker 1: you know. It's just it's like a verbal TYPEO. Thank you, chuck. Yeah, 475 00:28:13,400 --> 00:28:16,880 Speaker 1: thanks for letting me off anyway. Uh, if you have 476 00:28:16,920 --> 00:28:20,080 Speaker 1: a correction for us, we really do like to get those. 477 00:28:20,240 --> 00:28:22,800 Speaker 1: We like to know what we're talking about. Sometimes we 478 00:28:22,840 --> 00:28:26,600 Speaker 1: get we get things wrong. Sometimes I get things wrong, 479 00:28:26,880 --> 00:28:29,040 Speaker 1: but we do want to be corrected. Happens in the 480 00:28:29,119 --> 00:28:32,359 Speaker 1: nicest way possible, because that's usually who gets their letter 481 00:28:32,400 --> 00:28:35,800 Speaker 1: read right exactly. Yeah. 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