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Speaker 2: What's Good It's Calling and Eating Walbroke is back for

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Speaker 1: Podcasts presented by State Farm like a good neighbor. State

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Speaker 1: Farm is there?

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Speaker 3: Hey, Daniel, do you get tired of answering questions?

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Speaker 1: Oh? Never, I love our listener questions.

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Speaker 3: Just mean questions in general, like about the universe, but

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Speaker 3: your personal life.

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Speaker 1: Poor like this question you're asking me now.

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Speaker 3: From your podcast host partner.

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Speaker 1: No, people ask me questions all the time, but it's

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Speaker 1: fun to answer them. You know. Sometimes I wish I

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Speaker 1: got asked more science questions. You know, sometimes the questions

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Speaker 1: are more prosaic.

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Speaker 3: What about your kids? Your kids constantly pester you with

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Speaker 3: science questions too.

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Speaker 1: I wish they asked more. You know. It's the occasional

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Speaker 1: like what does a black hole look like? But more

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Speaker 1: often It's like, can I have more dessert? Or how

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Speaker 1: can my sister just to use the iPad more than

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Speaker 1: I do?

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Speaker 3: And the answer is always the same. Nobody knows that.

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Speaker 1: We have no idea?

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Speaker 3: What the idea? They're kind of physics questions too, aren't They

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Speaker 3: Like they're about time? Who gets more time on the iPad?

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Speaker 1: Or matter who gets more dessert exactly? And what about you?

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Speaker 1: Your kids ask you science questions?

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Speaker 3: They do? Yeah, pretty pretty often. I think my kids

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Speaker 3: like to read and sometimes they kind of make connections

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Speaker 3: in their head and they ask me questions.

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Speaker 1: And what do you do when they ask you questions

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Speaker 1: if you don't know the answer?

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Speaker 3: What do you mean you assume that I don't know

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Speaker 3: the answers.

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Speaker 1: I often don't know the answer, so I assume not

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Speaker 1: everybody has all the answers.

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Speaker 3: Sure, no, Well I do my best, I guess and baby,

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Speaker 3: mainly I just tell them to send their questions into

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Speaker 3: our podcast so that you can answer them.

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Speaker 1: That sounds good. I'm glad to be your backup science parent.

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Speaker 3: I mean, what's the whole point of befriending as a

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Speaker 3: physicists if not to get these questions answered?

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Speaker 1: Knew?

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Speaker 3: Why would you want to be friends with a physicists.

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Speaker 1: I knew I felt used. Now I know why.

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Speaker 3: I am Orge. I'm a cartoonist and the creator of

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Speaker 3: PhD Comics.

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Speaker 1: Hi. I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and a backup

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Speaker 1: science parent for many people out there.

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Speaker 3: And welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe,

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Speaker 3: a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 1: In which we take funny, weird, amazing, crazy things about

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Speaker 1: the universe and explain them to you so that you

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Speaker 1: can explain them to your kids or your.

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Speaker 3: Parents, or just sit them down with our podcast as

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Speaker 3: free babysitting.

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Speaker 1: That's right.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, so we love answering questions, right, Daniel.

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Speaker 1: Oh yeah, it's really fun because we can think about

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Speaker 1: the universe and we can talk about what's exciting for us.

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Speaker 1: But the most is interesting is answering questions from listeners

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Speaker 1: because it reveals what they understand and what they don't

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Speaker 1: and what they're wondering about, what all those collective brains

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Speaker 1: out there are cognating on.

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Speaker 3: Yeah. So, if you don't know this already, we actually

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Speaker 3: answer people's questions. If we have an Instagram account, a

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Speaker 3: Twitter account, a Facebook account, and if you post a

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Speaker 3: question well, first of all, follow us there. But if

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Speaker 3: you post a question, most likely Daniel will answer the question, right, Daniel,

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Speaker 3: or at least maybe one of your regrets.

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Speaker 1: That's right. No, I'll answer questions via email or Twitter

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Speaker 1: or Facebook. I'll be honest, though, I don't use Instagram,

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Speaker 1: So all those people asking physics questions on Instagram are

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Speaker 1: just questioning into the void. Sorry, folks. The question is

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Speaker 1: does anyone use Instagram anymore? Now that I don't?

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Speaker 3: I think the question is who doesn't use Instagram these days?

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Speaker 3: Just me, I guess, I guess just physicists me. No.

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Speaker 1: But it's wonderful. We hear questions from all over the world,

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Speaker 1: and sometimes there are questions people just had in their

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Speaker 1: minds they wanted to know the answers to, and those

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Speaker 1: are wonderful. But also sometimes the questions are in reaction

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Speaker 1: to something we talked about on the show. You know,

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Speaker 1: on the show, we do our best to think, what's

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Speaker 1: confusing about this? How do we explain this? How do

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Speaker 1: we make something clear? But we never can completely succeed.

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Speaker 1: So it's really nice to have feedback when people say,

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Speaker 1: you said X, but then that made me wonder why,

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Speaker 1: and that helps us be more clear in the future.

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Speaker 1: So please send us feedback us questions, send us presents,

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Speaker 1: send us gags, send us whatever.

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Speaker 3: You mostly just send us money please. I mean, how

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Speaker 3: much do you think podcasting makes?

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Speaker 1: That's right? And sometimes people send us serious questions about

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Speaker 1: the universe, and then sometimes people send us silly questions.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, like what bit us silly questions?

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Speaker 1: All right, here's a question we got on Twitter from

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Speaker 1: Patrick Norman. He says, Dear Daniel and Jorge, I've got

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Speaker 1: a question that really want to get answered. How heavy

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Speaker 1: would a blob or banana be of all of the

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Speaker 1: photons in the sun? And how big would it be?

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Speaker 3: Ooh interesting? So you took all the photons in the

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Speaker 3: sun and somehow what do you think transform them into

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Speaker 3: a banana? Or put them in a space shape them

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Speaker 3: into a banana? What do you think?

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Speaker 4: You know?

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Speaker 1: I actually started trying to work on this question, and

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Speaker 1: first I thought, well, how many photons are in the sun, right, Like,

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Speaker 1: is that a number? You know? And it's pretty tough,

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Speaker 1: But it turns out you can do a rough calculation

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Speaker 1: and the sun creates ten to the forty five photons

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Speaker 1: per second. That's ten with forty five zeros. Yeah, that's

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Speaker 1: a lot of photons.

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Speaker 3: It's a lot of like trillion, Billy busily.

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Speaker 1: But gillions, yes, exactly, bananilions and yeah, exactly. But not

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Speaker 1: all those photons escape the sun. You know, the Sun

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Speaker 1: is a huge ball of planets, and most of the

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Speaker 1: stuff that's made by the Sun is then just reabsorbed

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Speaker 1: by the Sun, and so only things that actually penetrate

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Speaker 1: and leave the Sun and hit your eyeballs arrive here

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Speaker 1: on Earth. That's a tiny fraction of what comes out

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Speaker 1: of the Sun. But anyway, let's say you had ten

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Speaker 1: to the forty five photons. Okay, that's a huge amount

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Speaker 1: of energy. And then this question is interesting. He said,

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Speaker 1: how big would that be? Right, Like, if you had

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Speaker 1: a pile of ten to the forty five photons, right, how?

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Speaker 3: Well, how how how close together can you cram them in?

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Speaker 3: Is maybe the question?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, And that's really interesting because there's no limit on

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Speaker 1: how close you can cram photons together. That's not true

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Speaker 1: of ordinary matter limit like electrons and other particles. These

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Speaker 1: things are fermions, and fermions are different from photons and

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Speaker 1: other kind of particles that we called bosons because fermions

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Speaker 1: have to have different quantum states. No two of them

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Speaker 1: can be in the same quantum state.

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Speaker 3: They can literally be on top of each other.

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Speaker 1: That's impossible, that's right. They have to have some difference,

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Speaker 1: Like you can have two electrons in the same level

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Speaker 1: of energy in an atom, but then they have different

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Speaker 1: have to have different spins or something different about them.

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Speaker 1: And so fermions have to be distinguishable. Whereas bosons, these

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Speaker 1: are particles with integer spin like a photon. They can

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Speaker 1: be right on top of each other. They can be

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Speaker 1: in exactly the same place, have the same momentum, have

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Speaker 1: the same everything.

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Speaker 3: I feel like the silly question is gotten a little serious. Yeah,

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Speaker 3: it's got some serious physics.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, even silly questions reveal something interesting about the universe.

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Speaker 1: And so you can have ten to the forty five

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Speaker 1: photons on the head of a pin, basically.

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Speaker 3: Right or on top of each other.

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Speaker 1: Are you saying, yes, exactly, all on top of each

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Speaker 1: other in a tiny, tiny space. So thank you Patrick

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Speaker 1: for sending in that hilarious question. It really made us think,

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Speaker 1: and there really is some physics in that question, even

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Speaker 1: in silly questions.

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Speaker 3: Well, we do have three questions today from listeners, and

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Speaker 3: so that is the topic of today's podcast to the

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Speaker 3: On the podcast, we'll be talking about listener questions five

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Speaker 3: point zero, five point one, five point one because because

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Speaker 3: we just askeered Patrick's question, so we got to add

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Speaker 3: a little that's right.

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Speaker 1: We're part way through this episode already. Yeah's right. We'll

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Speaker 1: be answering questions about electrons, about space, about stars, about

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Speaker 1: black holes, questions from far away, and questions from surprisingly nearby.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, and we might even know the answer to some

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Speaker 3: of these questions this time.

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Speaker 1: And if we don't, we'll speculate hilariously.

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Speaker 3: All right, let's jump into a daniel. Our first question

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Speaker 3: today is from this really pretty cool guy, fun guy,

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Speaker 3: maybe one of my favorite people. Has a great dad.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, so this is a question from Oliver from southern California.

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Speaker 5: What a far whole solar system is in a black hole?

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Speaker 1: And we don't notice? Wow, that's a deep question. His

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Speaker 1: voice sounds a little familiar to me.

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Speaker 3: Yeah. What a smart sounding little kid.

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Speaker 1: He sounds like he might grow up to be a cartoonist.

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Speaker 3: Well not if he's that smart, hopefully.

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Speaker 5: So.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, that's my son who just asked that question. And

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Speaker 3: he just turned to me one day, Well, what happened

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Speaker 3: was he was reading our book. So we, Daniel and

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Speaker 3: I wrote a book called We Have No Idea, A

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Speaker 3: Guy to the Unknown Universe, available now in Amazon dot

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Speaker 3: com and local.

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Speaker 1: Books, and you can verify it's been read by at

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Speaker 1: least one person, since your son is reading it.

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Speaker 3: That's right, that's right. He's underage, but he still counts

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Speaker 3: as a person. He's nine years old. And so he's

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Speaker 3: been reading our book, and I always kind of wonder

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Speaker 3: how much of it he's getting. You know, he's nine,

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Speaker 3: he's in third grade, but he seems to be enjoying it,

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Speaker 3: and he keeps reading it. And so one day he

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Speaker 3: just turned to me and he asked me this question.

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Speaker 1: Right, and what do you think is behind the question?

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Speaker 1: What do you think he's wondering? Explain the question to me?

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Speaker 3: Do you even explain my son do a deep dive?

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Speaker 3: If I knew that answer, Daniel, if I could explain

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Speaker 3: my son, my parenting experience would be so much easier.

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Speaker 1: So I thought it was really interesting. One part of

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Speaker 1: his question says, what if our whole solar system is

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Speaker 1: in a black hole? Cool? Fascinating, Yeah, But then he says,

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Speaker 1: and we don't even notice like, I think that taps

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Speaker 1: into you know, is the universe different from how we expected?

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Speaker 1: Is it possible that we think we're living in universe X,

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Speaker 1: but we're actually living in universe?

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Speaker 5: Why?

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Speaker 6: You know?

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Speaker 3: I think he was probably kind of reading about black

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Speaker 3: holes and he just kind of wondered, like, what if

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Speaker 3: what if we're inside of a black hole? Is that possible?

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Speaker 3: Like could the universe? Or or like could could a

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Speaker 3: solar system exist inside of a black hole? And you know,

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Speaker 3: we don't even know it?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, And I think there's something wonderful there about the

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Speaker 1: feeling that maybe, you know, the universe could be revealed

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Speaker 1: to be totally different from what you expected, because that's

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Speaker 1: precisely happened a lot of times in history, right, We've thought, oh,

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Speaker 1: the universe works this way. Nope, it's totally different from

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Speaker 1: what you imagined. And those are the best moments in physics.

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Speaker 1: So to hear your son like sort of wondering if

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Speaker 1: he's coming to that realization himself, or wondering if this

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Speaker 1: kind of realization is around the corner, that's fantastic. He's

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Speaker 1: been bitten by the physics bug, so be careful.

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Speaker 3: Oh no, he's gonna be like spider Man.

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Speaker 1: Well, that's only if he's bitten by a radioactive physicist.

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Speaker 3: Okay, aren't they all radioactive by now?

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Speaker 1: Well, I grew up in Los Alamos, so maybe I'm

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Speaker 1: especially radioactive. But I'll do my best not to not

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Speaker 1: to bue your son. Yeah, but let's break it down.

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Speaker 1: It's interesting question. And you know, some thing that's important

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Speaker 1: to think about is sort of the size of a

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Speaker 1: black hole, Like could our entire solar system fit into

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Speaker 1: a black hole? Well? Right, the size of a black

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Speaker 1: hole is really we usually consider that to be the

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Speaker 1: size of the event horizon. That's the point, right the

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Speaker 1: black stuff.

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Speaker 3: Like, look at a black hole, it would look like

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Speaker 3: a black sphere, and so the size of that sphere

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Speaker 3: that's the size of the black hole. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and if you go past that point, you can't escape, right,

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Speaker 1: And nobody knows what's inside of a black hole, but

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Speaker 1: we know how to calculate the size of the event horizon.

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Speaker 1: It's determined just by the amount of stuff in the

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Speaker 1: black hole. So the more mass in the black hole,

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Speaker 1: the stronger the gravitational pull. The farther away it can

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Speaker 1: grab stuff and never let go. Right, So the size

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Speaker 1: of the black hole is determined by its mass, So

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Speaker 1: how much stuff is in our solar system? Well, basically,

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Speaker 1: the first approximation, our solar system is just a sun.

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Speaker 1: Like the rest of the stuff in the solar system Jupiter,

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Speaker 1: mall me, you hamsters, all that stuff is negligible. It's

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Speaker 1: a tiny fraction of the mass of the solar system.

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Speaker 1: So basically you can ask, like, if you had a

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Speaker 1: black hole with the mass of our Sun, how far

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Speaker 1: away would the event horizon be? Would it be out

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Speaker 1: past the edge of the of the solar system? Is

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Speaker 1: it possible to fit a solar system in a black

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Speaker 1: hole that has the mass of our Sun? It's sort

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Speaker 1: of the way I interpret the question.

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Speaker 3: So you're interpreting the question as could our solar system

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Speaker 3: be a black hole?

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Speaker 1: Yeah? Exactly? Could we be inside a black hole right now?

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Speaker 1: Is there enough room in a black hole with the

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Speaker 1: mass of the Sun to fit the entire solar system? Oh?

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Speaker 3: I see? So could we be in a hole where

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Speaker 3: the only thing inside of it is our solar system?

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Speaker 1: Yeah? Exactly exactly is how you're interacting the question, And

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Speaker 1: the answer to that is no, Because a black hole

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Speaker 1: that has only the mass of our Sun, the event

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Speaker 1: horizon would only be three kilometers from the center of

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Speaker 1: the Sun, and so it definitely wouldn't be big enough

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Speaker 1: to have the whole solar system in it, because the

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Speaker 1: solar system is a lot more than three kilometers. It's

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Speaker 1: one billion kilometers wide.

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Speaker 3: So we couldn't be in a black hole where the

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Speaker 3: only thing in it was our solar system. But is

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Speaker 3: it possible that we are that our solar system is

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Speaker 3: inside of somebody else's black hole?

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Speaker 1: Do you know what I mean?

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Speaker 3: Like, yeahs black hole out there with a lot of

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Speaker 3: mass inside of it, and we are just inside of

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Speaker 3: the event horizon of that black hole floating around.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that's possible. Right, Let's consider that for a moment. So,

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Speaker 1: what if there's a really dense blob somewhere else sort

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Speaker 1: of nearby, and that makes a black hole that's big

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Speaker 1: enough to encompass us and we're inside that black hole

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Speaker 1: right right right, Well, that's possible, but it's difficult to

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Speaker 1: imagine because such a huge mass would have a big

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Speaker 1: effect on us. You know, if there was a like

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Speaker 1: if there's a really big mass somewhere else inside our

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Speaker 1: solar system next to the Sun, like an invisible, huge

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Speaker 1: block of dark matter that made their enough mass so

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Speaker 1: that the black hole was big enough, we would definitely

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Speaker 1: notice that that would affect the orbit of the planets.

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Speaker 1: What if there was another big mass kind of far

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Speaker 1: away but close enough that we were still inside the

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Speaker 1: event horizon, Well, you're talking about still really strong gravity.

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Speaker 1: So it's hard to imagine having some enormously powerful gravitational

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Speaker 1: attractor nearby and not having it disturbed like the orbits

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Speaker 1: of the planets or even just tossing of baseballs and

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Speaker 1: all sorts of stuff. So I think if you were

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Speaker 1: inside a black hole that was big enough to hold

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Speaker 1: the Solar System, it would have to have a huge mass,

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Speaker 1: and that mass would definitely be noticeable. It would affect

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Speaker 1: the way things move on Earth.

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Speaker 3: Would it, though? Because you know, like, so our Solar

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Speaker 3: System is moving around a galaxy, right, Like, a galaxy

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Speaker 3: has a lot of mass, and it's huge, and there's

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Speaker 3: a lot and there's a huge black hole in the

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Speaker 3: center of the galaxy, but it's not really affecting us

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Speaker 3: in a local level, right Like that gravity is kind

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Speaker 3: of spinning us around the galaxy, but it's not really

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Speaker 3: changing the orbits of the planets around the Sun.

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Speaker 1: That's right, Yeah, and that black hole in the center

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Speaker 1: of the galaxy is really massive and it's pretty big,

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Speaker 1: but it's also super duper duper duper far away. Right.

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Speaker 1: Any black hole that's either near enough to include us

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Speaker 1: or far away but huge enough to include us still

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Speaker 1: would definitely affect the gravitational poll But you know, I

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Speaker 1: haven't done the calculation. There is one configuration I imagine though.

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Speaker 1: Imagine our entire solar system and then it's surrounded by

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Speaker 1: some enormously dense sphere of material. Okay, if you're inside

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Speaker 1: a sphere of material, then the gravitational pull of that

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Speaker 1: stuff doesn't affect you at all, right, because it all

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Speaker 1: balances out. There's enough stuff on the left to balance

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Speaker 1: the stuff on the right. Just like that episode we

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Speaker 1: talked about where you jump inside the Earth. Once you

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Speaker 1: get to the center of the Earth, there is no

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Speaker 1: gravitational force from the stuff around you. Right. Well, I

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Speaker 1: have a sphere, a super dense material surrounding the Solar system, right,

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Speaker 1: then that might be enough to create a black hole,

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Speaker 1: right that we would be inside of. We wouldn't feel

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Speaker 1: the gravitational force because we would be inside all the stuff.

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Speaker 1: It'd be all around us.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, that's what I mean.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, but they'd have to be perfectly distributed, right,

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Speaker 1: And the only reason that there's one reason to think

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Speaker 1: that's not the case, and that's that we have sent

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Speaker 1: stuff outside the Solar system, Like we've launched probes and

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Speaker 1: they're floating off into space and we're watching them, and

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Speaker 1: they haven't like banged up against the wall of some

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Speaker 1: hugely massive blob of stuff.

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Speaker 3: But what if you expand that idea even further to

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Speaker 3: encompass the whole observable universe. It is possible then that

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Speaker 3: we could be inside of a black hole.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, it's possible the entire observable universe is inside

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Speaker 1: a black hole. Yes, you can't rule that out.

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Speaker 3: How do you feel about saying that on a public record.

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Speaker 1: I wonder if any my colleagues are listening. No, I

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Speaker 1: think it's awesome.

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Speaker 3: You would be surprised.

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Speaker 1: I think it's awesome. And I think sometimes these awesome

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Speaker 1: questions come from the minds of children, And that's why

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Speaker 1: I hope that people are listening to the podcast with

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Speaker 1: their kids, because kids ask amazing questions that make us

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Speaker 1: think about things we otherwise would have totally discarded that

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Speaker 1: might actually be reality.

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Speaker 3: Well, so that's the answer. The answer is that it

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Speaker 3: is totally possible that we are inside of a black

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Speaker 3: hole and not knowing.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, but I think our whole universe would have to

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Speaker 1: be inside the black hole, not just the solar system.

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Speaker 1: But yeah, that's a pretty small conveat for in it

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Speaker 1: for a yes answer to that question.

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Speaker 3: Isn't that sort of a theory out there that we,

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Speaker 3: like the whole universe, are inside the whole universe inside

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Speaker 3: of a black hole and there are other black holes

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Speaker 3: and stuff like that, or is that pretty fringe?

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Speaker 1: I think it is a theory out there, and it's

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Speaker 1: pretty fringe, but it's also totally possible. You know, like

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Speaker 1: we really just we don't know what's going on inside

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Speaker 1: black holes are their little universes in there, you know,

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Speaker 1: the inside of a black hole is totally disconnected from

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Speaker 1: the space that we live in, right, Like there's no

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Speaker 1: way to get from here to there, right That's why

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Speaker 1: that's how a black hole works, even like can't escape it,

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Speaker 1: not because it's like slowing down the light as it

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Speaker 1: tries to leave, but because it's bent space in such

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Speaker 1: a way that there's just no path out, like just

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Speaker 1: zooming around inside the black hole. So in some ways

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Speaker 1: you can think of it as sort of like a

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Speaker 1: different universe, disconnected from our space, and so you can

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Speaker 1: imagine then anything that goes on in there. And when

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Speaker 1: experiments can't constrain things, theorists' minds tend to go wild,

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Speaker 1: and so they think about all sorts of crazy stuff

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Speaker 1: that could be inside there, dancing bears or entire universes.

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Speaker 3: Crazy scientists, and nine year old boys.

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Speaker 1: Who might grow up to be crazy scientists.

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Speaker 3: All right, well that's the answer for Oliver's son of

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Speaker 3: Horror hap and I'll let him know if he's Stumpedy physical.

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Speaker 1: Yes, yeah, it's a great question. If he was Icelandic,

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Speaker 1: his last name would be Jorgesn exactly.

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Speaker 3: All right, Well, we have two other awesome questions that

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Speaker 3: we are going to answer about electron identity. I guess

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Speaker 3: is that we would be the right topic, and also

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Speaker 3: about dark matter stars, which sounds like a heavy battle.

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Speaker 1: Band name flash science fiction movie.

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Speaker 3: So stay tuned. We'll be right back.

425
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474
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Speaker 3: All right, we are back answering listener questions, and so

475
00:24:06,359 --> 00:24:10,120
Speaker 3: our next question comes from Yugi from the Netherlands, and

476
00:24:10,240 --> 00:24:14,720
Speaker 3: he is wondering if electrons have identity crisis.

477
00:24:15,080 --> 00:24:17,600
Speaker 1: That's right, and this particular listener is something of a

478
00:24:17,680 --> 00:24:20,359
Speaker 1: super fan, writing it to us on Twitter fairly often

479
00:24:20,400 --> 00:24:22,680
Speaker 1: with insightful questions, and he sent me this one and

480
00:24:22,720 --> 00:24:26,159
Speaker 1: I thought, well that's a good question. Let's take it online.

481
00:24:26,880 --> 00:24:27,840
Speaker 1: And so here he.

482
00:24:27,920 --> 00:24:31,879
Speaker 7: Is, Hi, Danielle and Jorge. My name is Eugenie Radermacher

483
00:24:32,000 --> 00:24:35,920
Speaker 7: and I live in the Netherlands, hence the actions. I'm

484
00:24:35,920 --> 00:24:38,040
Speaker 7: a big fan of your mar of a spotcost series,

485
00:24:38,200 --> 00:24:41,639
Speaker 7: for it makes me understand more of physics and it

486
00:24:41,720 --> 00:24:45,000
Speaker 7: makes me think a lot about the universe in general.

487
00:24:46,160 --> 00:24:50,040
Speaker 7: After listening to your episode about quantum tunneling, the following

488
00:24:50,119 --> 00:24:54,240
Speaker 7: question came to my mind. If an electronal tap will

489
00:24:54,640 --> 00:24:59,120
Speaker 7: say A suddenly appears in well b, how can physicist

490
00:24:59,200 --> 00:25:04,000
Speaker 7: tell it's actually the very same electron? I realized that

491
00:25:04,080 --> 00:25:07,520
Speaker 7: I had the bowling ball, empty swimming pool and analogy

492
00:25:07,640 --> 00:25:11,520
Speaker 7: in my mind when the question suddenly appeared in my will.

493
00:25:12,400 --> 00:25:16,320
Speaker 7: Thanks for spending time answering my questions live and now.

494
00:25:16,520 --> 00:25:18,959
Speaker 3: All right, thank you you for saying this question, and

495
00:25:19,040 --> 00:25:20,880
Speaker 3: also for being a fan of the show. We really

496
00:25:20,920 --> 00:25:25,199
Speaker 3: appreciate everyone listening out there. Yeah, exactly, And it's a

497
00:25:25,200 --> 00:25:27,240
Speaker 3: really a wonderful question, you know. To me, it goes

498
00:25:27,280 --> 00:25:29,840
Speaker 3: to the heart of like what are these particles? What

499
00:25:29,880 --> 00:25:30,919
Speaker 3: are we talking about?

500
00:25:32,240 --> 00:25:34,679
Speaker 1: But the way I interpret this question is like, you

501
00:25:34,720 --> 00:25:38,080
Speaker 1: haven't an electron over here, and physics tells us the

502
00:25:38,119 --> 00:25:41,280
Speaker 1: electron can then later be over there. But his question is,

503
00:25:41,480 --> 00:25:44,800
Speaker 1: how do you know it's the same electron? Right, because

504
00:25:45,040 --> 00:25:47,280
Speaker 1: we don't have this sort of notion anymore of a

505
00:25:47,280 --> 00:25:49,880
Speaker 1: classical path that you can like watch a baseball fly

506
00:25:50,000 --> 00:25:52,640
Speaker 1: through the air, and when a baseball, you know, when

507
00:25:52,680 --> 00:25:55,320
Speaker 1: somebody hits a home run, you watch it fly. You

508
00:25:55,359 --> 00:25:57,320
Speaker 1: don't ask like is that the same baseball or is

509
00:25:57,320 --> 00:26:01,040
Speaker 1: it suddenly swapped out, but with quantumuy care particles, because

510
00:26:01,040 --> 00:26:03,560
Speaker 1: you can't observe them all the way along the path.

511
00:26:03,600 --> 00:26:06,360
Speaker 1: You just get these snapshots. You can sort of wonder, like,

512
00:26:06,560 --> 00:26:08,600
Speaker 1: how do you know that's the same electron? Maybe it's

513
00:26:08,720 --> 00:26:11,080
Speaker 1: from another electron down the street, right, it's just Tom

514
00:26:11,160 --> 00:26:12,479
Speaker 1: or Harry or Mary or Sally.

515
00:26:12,960 --> 00:26:14,960
Speaker 3: I feel like the question is is there such a

516
00:26:15,000 --> 00:26:18,400
Speaker 3: thing as an electron? Is there an electron? You can

517
00:26:18,440 --> 00:26:21,760
Speaker 3: say and follow it around and it has a birth

518
00:26:21,800 --> 00:26:25,080
Speaker 3: in a you know, journey, and then it maybe ends

519
00:26:25,160 --> 00:26:27,679
Speaker 3: or at some point, wow, we can you follow an electron?

520
00:26:27,800 --> 00:26:30,760
Speaker 1: Or are we getting into identity politics now? So there's

521
00:26:30,800 --> 00:26:33,160
Speaker 1: electrons go back to where they came from. Two identity

522
00:26:33,160 --> 00:26:38,600
Speaker 1: physics business qualified? Yeah, obviously we're not qualified to dive

523
00:26:38,640 --> 00:26:42,679
Speaker 1: into those topics. You know. Well, it's a famous topic

524
00:26:42,720 --> 00:26:46,240
Speaker 1: in physics, and it's something that real physicists wonder. And

525
00:26:46,960 --> 00:26:50,680
Speaker 1: in nineteen forty, this famous physicist John Wheeler, he had

526
00:26:50,680 --> 00:26:52,320
Speaker 1: this sort of moment of insight, and I don't know

527
00:26:52,320 --> 00:26:54,840
Speaker 1: if he was smoking banana peels or what, but he

528
00:26:54,960 --> 00:26:58,760
Speaker 1: was wondering, like, why do all electrons behave the same way?

529
00:26:59,240 --> 00:27:02,639
Speaker 1: Like you drop an electron in the circumstance. It's always

530
00:27:02,680 --> 00:27:04,280
Speaker 1: going to get repulsed in the same way. It's not

531
00:27:04,359 --> 00:27:06,560
Speaker 1: like this one's got a little bit more charge and

532
00:27:06,600 --> 00:27:09,320
Speaker 1: that one's got a little bit more mass. They're all identical.

533
00:27:09,359 --> 00:27:11,439
Speaker 1: They're not like scoops of ice cream, right, they all

534
00:27:11,480 --> 00:27:14,480
Speaker 1: have exactly the same properties. And he at this moment

535
00:27:14,520 --> 00:27:17,200
Speaker 1: of inside he thought, oh wait a second, maybe there

536
00:27:17,320 --> 00:27:21,320
Speaker 1: is just one electron. These are all the same electron.

537
00:27:23,160 --> 00:27:26,520
Speaker 3: What what do you mean, like the electrons in my

538
00:27:26,600 --> 00:27:28,760
Speaker 3: body and the ones in your body they're all the same.

539
00:27:29,040 --> 00:27:33,680
Speaker 1: Yes, yes, sort of, And I think that's actually sort

540
00:27:33,680 --> 00:27:37,600
Speaker 1: of the answer is that the electron is not really

541
00:27:38,520 --> 00:27:41,560
Speaker 1: a particle that has an identity. It's sort of like

542
00:27:42,280 --> 00:27:45,000
Speaker 1: a state of mind or a state of matter, right,

543
00:27:45,160 --> 00:27:49,280
Speaker 1: because these days we don't think quantum mechanically about particles

544
00:27:49,359 --> 00:27:52,280
Speaker 1: as the fundamental basis of the universe. Instead we think

545
00:27:52,320 --> 00:27:56,240
Speaker 1: of fields, right, and particles are just excited states of

546
00:27:56,280 --> 00:27:58,600
Speaker 1: the field. It's sort of like when you look at

547
00:27:58,600 --> 00:28:01,440
Speaker 1: the ocean, you know, and you've tried to follow a wave, right.

548
00:28:01,840 --> 00:28:04,119
Speaker 1: A wave is not the basic unit of the ocean.

549
00:28:04,160 --> 00:28:06,919
Speaker 1: It's the water, right. The wave is just like you know,

550
00:28:07,000 --> 00:28:09,200
Speaker 1: the ocean has got excited a little bit by the wind,

551
00:28:09,240 --> 00:28:11,199
Speaker 1: and it comes and it goes, and there's more waves

552
00:28:11,240 --> 00:28:12,879
Speaker 1: behind it.

553
00:28:11,720 --> 00:28:14,320
Speaker 3: It's just the motion of the ocean.

554
00:28:14,600 --> 00:28:17,480
Speaker 1: That's right, exactly. And so in that same way, you

555
00:28:17,520 --> 00:28:20,320
Speaker 1: can think of electrons not as like here's a little

556
00:28:20,440 --> 00:28:22,959
Speaker 1: chunk of matter, a little like piece of the universe

557
00:28:22,960 --> 00:28:25,399
Speaker 1: we're going to follow around, But it's just like a

558
00:28:25,480 --> 00:28:29,160
Speaker 1: momentary excitation of this sort of hard to think about

559
00:28:29,280 --> 00:28:33,000
Speaker 1: thing called the electron field which fills the universe. And

560
00:28:33,040 --> 00:28:35,080
Speaker 1: when it gets a little bit of energy somewhere, you

561
00:28:35,200 --> 00:28:36,440
Speaker 1: call that an electron.

562
00:28:36,560 --> 00:28:39,200
Speaker 3: It's not an object. It's kind of a wiggle of

563
00:28:39,240 --> 00:28:39,880
Speaker 3: an object.

564
00:28:40,360 --> 00:28:43,800
Speaker 1: Yes, exactly, it's a wiggle of an object. And you know,

565
00:28:43,840 --> 00:28:46,040
Speaker 1: this goes back to that other question we tried to answer.

566
00:28:46,480 --> 00:28:49,160
Speaker 1: It's a photon, a particle, or a wave, for example,

567
00:28:49,440 --> 00:28:51,200
Speaker 1: And I think I said on that podcast that it's

568
00:28:51,240 --> 00:28:53,440
Speaker 1: sort of neither and sort of both, and really it's

569
00:28:53,440 --> 00:28:56,760
Speaker 1: something else weird and fundamental that we just cannot understand

570
00:28:57,080 --> 00:29:01,120
Speaker 1: by making analogies, right, analogies from our macroscopic experience. The

571
00:29:01,160 --> 00:29:03,960
Speaker 1: things that we're familiar with just don't work because we've

572
00:29:04,000 --> 00:29:06,640
Speaker 1: never seen anything like that before. Well, it turns out

573
00:29:06,680 --> 00:29:09,320
Speaker 1: you can apply the same ideas to an electron. Also,

574
00:29:09,880 --> 00:29:12,880
Speaker 1: an electron is both a particle and a wave, and

575
00:29:13,040 --> 00:29:16,600
Speaker 1: both and neither and something else totally weird. It's really

576
00:29:16,680 --> 00:29:20,640
Speaker 1: just the excitation of a quantum field. And the reason,

577
00:29:20,840 --> 00:29:23,120
Speaker 1: the reason actually that we came up with quantum fields,

578
00:29:23,360 --> 00:29:27,080
Speaker 1: the reason that this whole development is progress, right, and

579
00:29:27,120 --> 00:29:30,000
Speaker 1: not just confusion, is that it helped us think about

580
00:29:30,080 --> 00:29:32,880
Speaker 1: the way particles are created and destroyed. Because when an

581
00:29:32,880 --> 00:29:36,640
Speaker 1: electron is flying through the universe, it doesn't just sit

582
00:29:36,680 --> 00:29:40,280
Speaker 1: around happily. It generates photons, and those photons turn into

583
00:29:40,280 --> 00:29:43,920
Speaker 1: electrons and positrons, which turn back into photons. Every electron

584
00:29:44,000 --> 00:29:47,800
Speaker 1: is actually surrounded by like a fuzzball of virtual particles

585
00:29:47,800 --> 00:29:50,760
Speaker 1: photons and electrons and things popping in out of the vacuum.

586
00:29:50,880 --> 00:29:54,400
Speaker 3: What do you mean, Like, an electron is not always

587
00:29:54,440 --> 00:29:59,200
Speaker 3: an electron. It's constantly kind of fuzzy and morphing and changing.

588
00:29:59,360 --> 00:30:02,760
Speaker 1: Yes, exactly, it's constantly morphing and changing, and it's surrounded

589
00:30:02,800 --> 00:30:07,880
Speaker 1: by a ball of almost an infinite number of low

590
00:30:08,000 --> 00:30:11,200
Speaker 1: energy particles that are being created and destroyed around it, right,

591
00:30:11,600 --> 00:30:14,600
Speaker 1: And so we came up with this alternative mathematical formulation

592
00:30:14,760 --> 00:30:18,280
Speaker 1: quantum field theory because it's really hard to follow the

593
00:30:18,320 --> 00:30:21,960
Speaker 1: path of an individual particle through this sort of probabilistic

594
00:30:22,120 --> 00:30:25,040
Speaker 1: storm of things that's happening, and it's much easier to

595
00:30:25,080 --> 00:30:27,760
Speaker 1: just think about the field that's generating all these particles,

596
00:30:27,960 --> 00:30:30,480
Speaker 1: and then a particle creation and destruction is much more

597
00:30:30,560 --> 00:30:33,959
Speaker 1: natural in quantum field theory than in old quantum mechanics,

598
00:30:34,000 --> 00:30:37,280
Speaker 1: where you try to follow an individual particle as if

599
00:30:37,320 --> 00:30:39,200
Speaker 1: it was a baseball. So we had to sort of

600
00:30:39,400 --> 00:30:43,000
Speaker 1: let go of this whole idea of particles having identities,

601
00:30:43,320 --> 00:30:47,520
Speaker 1: particles having paths, and just think of them as momentary

602
00:30:47,560 --> 00:30:48,880
Speaker 1: oscillations in this field.

603
00:30:49,240 --> 00:30:52,520
Speaker 3: Well, I think there's several questions here, Like, you know,

604
00:30:53,360 --> 00:30:58,160
Speaker 3: maybe was also thinking of the wave analogy maybe, and

605
00:30:58,240 --> 00:31:00,960
Speaker 3: so maybe his question was, you know, just like you

606
00:31:01,000 --> 00:31:03,800
Speaker 3: can follow a wave in the ocean, you know, if

607
00:31:03,800 --> 00:31:06,080
Speaker 3: you if I make a ripple in the in a

608
00:31:06,160 --> 00:31:09,240
Speaker 3: lake or something, or if a wave is made out

609
00:31:09,280 --> 00:31:11,560
Speaker 3: into the ocean, you can you can kind of follow

610
00:31:11,680 --> 00:31:15,040
Speaker 3: that wave, right, like that's wave A I'm gonna call

611
00:31:15,080 --> 00:31:19,080
Speaker 3: it Sally, and you can follow Sally as it moves

612
00:31:19,120 --> 00:31:21,200
Speaker 3: across the Pacific.

613
00:31:20,800 --> 00:31:23,240
Speaker 1: Right, you sort of can. But what if Sally looks

614
00:31:23,280 --> 00:31:27,160
Speaker 1: exactly like all the other waves, and there's billions of them,

615
00:31:27,360 --> 00:31:30,320
Speaker 1: and you look away, and then you look back and

616
00:31:30,360 --> 00:31:32,880
Speaker 1: you wonder which of those waves is Sally m.

617
00:31:35,000 --> 00:31:38,280
Speaker 3: That's the situation where the one that like, if I

618
00:31:38,320 --> 00:31:40,320
Speaker 3: see that point A and I see at point B

619
00:31:40,640 --> 00:31:44,280
Speaker 3: one second later, well that's his question, right, the one

620
00:31:44,280 --> 00:31:46,040
Speaker 3: that's a point C another second later?

621
00:31:46,160 --> 00:31:48,760
Speaker 1: Basically right, could be or could be that along the

622
00:31:48,800 --> 00:31:51,080
Speaker 1: way got turned into something else and then got turned

623
00:31:51,120 --> 00:31:53,320
Speaker 1: back into a wave, And is it the same wave then?

624
00:31:53,520 --> 00:31:57,959
Speaker 3: But it almost always is, isn't it Like do electrons

625
00:31:58,000 --> 00:32:00,160
Speaker 3: really just transformed to something else.

626
00:32:00,200 --> 00:32:06,880
Speaker 1: Constantly, constantly, even while we're looking. Electrons are constantly in flux. Yes, exactly.

627
00:32:07,440 --> 00:32:09,600
Speaker 3: You know, there's that even the ones in my body,

628
00:32:09,720 --> 00:32:10,480
Speaker 3: even the ones.

629
00:32:10,280 --> 00:32:13,680
Speaker 1: In your body, and they're not special, sorry to inform you.

630
00:32:13,680 --> 00:32:16,760
Speaker 1: You know, there's that ancient philosophical question. Right. There's some

631
00:32:16,760 --> 00:32:19,880
Speaker 1: some ancient Greek ship and every time it comes into harbor,

632
00:32:20,200 --> 00:32:22,840
Speaker 1: it's lost a piece and they repair it, and then

633
00:32:22,880 --> 00:32:25,560
Speaker 1: after five years there are no pieces of the original ship,

634
00:32:25,600 --> 00:32:28,200
Speaker 1: and they wonder, like, is it still that same ship?

635
00:32:28,440 --> 00:32:30,160
Speaker 1: You know, if it's made out of all new pieces

636
00:32:31,280 --> 00:32:34,680
Speaker 1: and it's sort of that question, but it's the particle

637
00:32:34,800 --> 00:32:35,760
Speaker 1: version of that question.

638
00:32:36,520 --> 00:32:38,960
Speaker 3: And wait, what if it rides the same wave though?

639
00:32:40,840 --> 00:32:43,280
Speaker 3: That just that just blows the Greek's mind.

640
00:32:45,200 --> 00:32:47,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, And so I'd say in this in the

641
00:32:48,000 --> 00:32:51,320
Speaker 1: same way there there is really no particle identity. I

642
00:32:51,320 --> 00:32:53,360
Speaker 1: don't I don't know that I've smoked enough banana peels

643
00:32:53,360 --> 00:32:55,960
Speaker 1: to say they're all the same electron But I think

644
00:32:56,160 --> 00:32:58,640
Speaker 1: sort of what he's saying is that they're all manifestations

645
00:32:58,640 --> 00:33:01,960
Speaker 1: of the same field. Right, there's really just one electron field,

646
00:33:02,760 --> 00:33:05,800
Speaker 1: and it appears in lots of different places in the universe.

647
00:33:06,080 --> 00:33:08,120
Speaker 3: But then what's really going on? Because you know, I

648
00:33:08,160 --> 00:33:12,400
Speaker 3: feel pretty consistent, you know, like I am this way

649
00:33:12,640 --> 00:33:15,880
Speaker 3: sort of now and and I'm sort of the same

650
00:33:16,680 --> 00:33:20,000
Speaker 3: way a second ago. I think that's my perception. Are

651
00:33:20,000 --> 00:33:22,480
Speaker 3: you saying that, you know I could have changed into

652
00:33:22,520 --> 00:33:25,160
Speaker 3: something totally different between now and the next second that

653
00:33:25,200 --> 00:33:26,680
Speaker 3: I am conscious about.

654
00:33:27,000 --> 00:33:30,800
Speaker 1: Yes, But the whoreheness is not about the stuff that

655
00:33:30,840 --> 00:33:34,040
Speaker 1: you're made up of, but the arrangement of those particles, right,

656
00:33:34,120 --> 00:33:37,040
Speaker 1: just like that ship is not about the pieces of

657
00:33:37,040 --> 00:33:39,080
Speaker 1: wood that went into it, but how they're put together

658
00:33:39,200 --> 00:33:41,440
Speaker 1: and what it's doing, and you know how it spends

659
00:33:41,440 --> 00:33:44,120
Speaker 1: its time. And so in the same way, you were

660
00:33:44,160 --> 00:33:47,920
Speaker 1: a constantly frothing mass of quantum mechanical particles. But that's

661
00:33:47,960 --> 00:33:50,360
Speaker 1: not what makes you you. What makes you you is

662
00:33:50,360 --> 00:33:52,560
Speaker 1: the way they're arranged and the way they live their life.

663
00:33:52,720 --> 00:33:54,840
Speaker 3: Well, I am a constant frothing mass of something.

664
00:33:55,280 --> 00:34:00,280
Speaker 1: Sure, it's a really hard question. And you know, this

665
00:34:00,360 --> 00:34:03,440
Speaker 1: is a question which is definitely on the philosophy side

666
00:34:03,760 --> 00:34:06,720
Speaker 1: of the threshold. And something I love about physics is

667
00:34:06,760 --> 00:34:10,840
Speaker 1: that it bumps up against philosophy so often because there

668
00:34:10,840 --> 00:34:14,440
Speaker 1: are deep consequences to the answers of physics questions. And

669
00:34:14,480 --> 00:34:18,720
Speaker 1: so I've always been really interested in the philosophical implications

670
00:34:18,760 --> 00:34:21,680
Speaker 1: of particle physics. But I have to say it's not

671
00:34:21,840 --> 00:34:24,640
Speaker 1: something that most of us, most of us particle physicists,

672
00:34:24,719 --> 00:34:27,480
Speaker 1: are actually qualified to talk about, even though we do

673
00:34:27,560 --> 00:34:29,600
Speaker 1: pontificate long windedly on it.

674
00:34:29,840 --> 00:34:31,840
Speaker 3: Oh, I see. It's it's one of these questions that

675
00:34:32,200 --> 00:34:35,080
Speaker 3: the answer is kind of like it depends on what

676
00:34:35,200 --> 00:34:39,520
Speaker 3: the definition of is Istately you have to.

677
00:34:39,440 --> 00:34:40,000
Speaker 1: Go there, but.

678
00:34:41,719 --> 00:34:45,160
Speaker 3: I think it applies in this case. Yeah, right, It's

679
00:34:45,480 --> 00:34:47,279
Speaker 3: like it depends on what you mean by having an

680
00:34:47,320 --> 00:34:49,200
Speaker 3: identity or being the same electron.

681
00:34:49,360 --> 00:34:52,480
Speaker 1: Exactly. You could dig into that forever and smoke banana

682
00:34:52,520 --> 00:34:57,360
Speaker 1: peels and not necessarily make any progress exactly. Yeah, but

683
00:34:57,400 --> 00:34:59,920
Speaker 1: it's a really fun question, so thank you for asking it.

684
00:35:00,160 --> 00:35:02,160
Speaker 3: Yeah, well, what's the What would you say is the answer? Then?

685
00:35:02,880 --> 00:35:06,400
Speaker 3: Do electrons have an identity or can you have the

686
00:35:06,440 --> 00:35:08,319
Speaker 3: same electron? And the answer seems to be I.

687
00:35:08,320 --> 00:35:11,480
Speaker 1: Would say no. I would say identity is a microscopic

688
00:35:11,600 --> 00:35:14,600
Speaker 1: quality that we like to attribute to things because we're

689
00:35:14,680 --> 00:35:16,760
Speaker 1: used to it, because we're familiar with it, we expect

690
00:35:16,840 --> 00:35:21,160
Speaker 1: it to We expect also tiny particles to have it,

691
00:35:21,200 --> 00:35:24,120
Speaker 1: but they don't, and so I think it's odd and uh,

692
00:35:24,760 --> 00:35:27,560
Speaker 1: and it tells us more about how we think than

693
00:35:27,600 --> 00:35:28,840
Speaker 1: about how the universe works.

694
00:35:28,960 --> 00:35:32,200
Speaker 3: So you're saying, at the microscopic level, at the individual

695
00:35:32,239 --> 00:35:36,839
Speaker 3: electron level, these things we can't apply because things are

696
00:35:36,880 --> 00:35:39,719
Speaker 3: just constantly changing and frothing, And.

697
00:35:40,000 --> 00:35:41,759
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, I don't think it has any meaning at

698
00:35:41,760 --> 00:35:42,760
Speaker 1: the microscopic level.

699
00:35:42,840 --> 00:35:45,600
Speaker 3: All right, Well, thank you hearing you from the Netherlands

700
00:35:45,880 --> 00:35:48,160
Speaker 3: for that question. Please keep listening. I hope you answer

701
00:35:48,239 --> 00:35:52,759
Speaker 3: your question, answer your question to your satisfaction. So we

702
00:35:52,800 --> 00:35:55,680
Speaker 3: have one more question, and this one comes from Mexico

703
00:35:55,920 --> 00:35:58,719
Speaker 3: or Mexico about dark manner stars.

704
00:35:59,040 --> 00:36:05,680
Speaker 1: But first, let's take a quick break. When you pop

705
00:36:05,719 --> 00:36:07,600
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706
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707
00:36:11,080 --> 00:36:14,520
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708
00:36:14,520 --> 00:36:17,359
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709
00:36:17,400 --> 00:36:21,960
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710
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711
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712
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Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water, for example,

713
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714
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715
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716
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718
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719
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720
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721
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724
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738
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747
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Speaker 3: All right? Our last question of today comes from ben

748
00:38:29,840 --> 00:38:33,799
Speaker 3: who is sending his question from Mexico, and he has

749
00:38:33,840 --> 00:38:36,160
Speaker 3: a question about dark matter stars.

750
00:38:36,560 --> 00:38:40,239
Speaker 8: Hi, Daniel Lane Jorge, This is Benjamin from Mexico, and

751
00:38:40,360 --> 00:38:43,520
Speaker 8: I was wondering, if the dark matter has all these

752
00:38:43,560 --> 00:38:48,960
Speaker 8: gravitational properties as the regular matter, why haven't askedrophysicists discovered

753
00:38:49,040 --> 00:38:53,040
Speaker 8: yet a big celestial body made of dark matter, like

754
00:38:53,080 --> 00:38:56,839
Speaker 8: a dark matter star or something big that we can

755
00:38:56,920 --> 00:38:58,719
Speaker 8: indirectly know it's there.

756
00:38:59,400 --> 00:39:00,000
Speaker 1: Thank you?

757
00:39:00,080 --> 00:39:02,799
Speaker 3: All right, that's a pretty cool question. Why aren't there

758
00:39:03,000 --> 00:39:11,360
Speaker 3: dark stars besides a in comic books?

759
00:39:11,440 --> 00:39:14,799
Speaker 1: Yeah? Exactly, it should be, Yeah exactly. No, it's an

760
00:39:14,800 --> 00:39:17,839
Speaker 1: awesome question. And the way I interpret it is that

761
00:39:17,920 --> 00:39:21,200
Speaker 1: he's wondering, why can't we tell that dark matter is there?

762
00:39:21,360 --> 00:39:24,880
Speaker 1: Why hasn't dark matter coalesced into some sort of object

763
00:39:25,080 --> 00:39:28,120
Speaker 1: that we could then pinpoint, because I think he maybe

764
00:39:28,160 --> 00:39:31,560
Speaker 1: is frustrated at the sort of diffusiveness of dark matter.

765
00:39:31,840 --> 00:39:34,000
Speaker 1: We know it's there, we know it's sort of everywhere,

766
00:39:34,000 --> 00:39:36,120
Speaker 1: but we can't seem to say exactly where it is

767
00:39:36,160 --> 00:39:38,439
Speaker 1: and why not? Is that how you interpret the question?

768
00:39:38,560 --> 00:39:39,960
Speaker 3: Why does it stay so fuzzy?

769
00:39:40,520 --> 00:39:44,040
Speaker 1: Yeah? Yeah, exactly right? And I think that the key

770
00:39:44,080 --> 00:39:46,919
Speaker 1: thing to understand here is remember that gravity is really

771
00:39:46,920 --> 00:39:49,439
Speaker 1: really weak, and it's the only way we can see

772
00:39:49,520 --> 00:39:51,839
Speaker 1: dark matter so far. The only way we can feel

773
00:39:51,840 --> 00:39:54,919
Speaker 1: it is through its gravity, and and so it takes

774
00:39:54,920 --> 00:39:58,240
Speaker 1: a huge amount of stuff to notice something just from gravity.

775
00:39:58,280 --> 00:40:00,920
Speaker 1: Remember that gravity is so weak that you can feel

776
00:40:00,960 --> 00:40:03,799
Speaker 1: the Earth's gravity, but you can't feel the gravity of

777
00:40:03,840 --> 00:40:06,279
Speaker 1: your car or your house, even though there is a

778
00:40:06,320 --> 00:40:09,560
Speaker 1: gravitational pull there. It takes some huge body to even

779
00:40:09,640 --> 00:40:10,040
Speaker 1: feel it.

780
00:40:10,200 --> 00:40:13,160
Speaker 3: Right, Well, maybe we should recap in a little bit

781
00:40:13,160 --> 00:40:16,360
Speaker 3: about dark matter. Right, So we know that dark matter

782
00:40:17,200 --> 00:40:19,960
Speaker 3: feels gravity, right, that's how we sort of know it's

783
00:40:20,000 --> 00:40:23,080
Speaker 3: there because it's pulling us around the galaxy. But it

784
00:40:23,120 --> 00:40:27,080
Speaker 3: doesn't feel electromagnetic forces, which means we can't see it

785
00:40:27,320 --> 00:40:27,880
Speaker 3: or touch it.

786
00:40:27,960 --> 00:40:30,680
Speaker 1: Right, that's right, exactly it doesn't give off light, it

787
00:40:30,719 --> 00:40:33,640
Speaker 1: doesn't reflect light. We can't see it using any of

788
00:40:33,640 --> 00:40:37,160
Speaker 1: those normal methods that we usually use to see stuff.

789
00:40:37,040 --> 00:40:39,840
Speaker 3: Right, But it does feel gravity, and so I think

790
00:40:39,880 --> 00:40:43,719
Speaker 3: maybe Ben's question is, if dark matter feels gravity, why

791
00:40:43,840 --> 00:40:47,920
Speaker 3: hasn't it clumped together out in space because it's attracted

792
00:40:48,080 --> 00:40:50,400
Speaker 3: to itself, right, isn't it attracted to itself?

793
00:40:50,480 --> 00:40:53,720
Speaker 1: Dark matter is attracted to itself by gravity, absolutely yes,

794
00:40:54,080 --> 00:40:57,560
Speaker 1: and it has clumped together. Right, dark matter is not

795
00:40:57,760 --> 00:41:01,400
Speaker 1: evenly spread throughout the universe. Dark matter has clumped together

796
00:41:01,560 --> 00:41:04,960
Speaker 1: thanks to gravity, and it's formed these big blobs. And

797
00:41:05,000 --> 00:41:08,920
Speaker 1: it's in fact only because dark matter has clumped together

798
00:41:09,280 --> 00:41:12,520
Speaker 1: to make these blobs that we have galaxies and we

799
00:41:12,640 --> 00:41:16,760
Speaker 1: are alive, because without dark matter's gravitational pull, there wouldn't

800
00:41:16,800 --> 00:41:20,120
Speaker 1: be enough gravity to hold the galaxies together. And we've

801
00:41:20,120 --> 00:41:23,560
Speaker 1: done simulations and seeing that in universes without dark matter,

802
00:41:23,800 --> 00:41:26,839
Speaker 1: it takes a lot longer for gravity to pull all

803
00:41:26,920 --> 00:41:30,960
Speaker 1: this luminous stuff together to make stars and planets and galaxies.

804
00:41:31,400 --> 00:41:35,160
Speaker 1: So dark matter does make structure. It does make objects,

805
00:41:35,520 --> 00:41:38,600
Speaker 1: but those objects are sort of big and diffuse, and

806
00:41:39,160 --> 00:41:41,960
Speaker 1: they's sort of the size of the galaxy and you

807
00:41:42,040 --> 00:41:44,719
Speaker 1: might ask, well, how do we know that the dark

808
00:41:44,760 --> 00:41:48,160
Speaker 1: matter inside the galaxy hasn't also clumped together to make

809
00:41:48,239 --> 00:41:51,000
Speaker 1: you know, star sized stuff or planet sized stuff the

810
00:41:51,040 --> 00:41:54,920
Speaker 1: way normal matter has, right, And we don't know the

811
00:41:54,960 --> 00:41:57,359
Speaker 1: answer to that, right, And the reason we don't know

812
00:41:57,520 --> 00:41:59,920
Speaker 1: is because we can't see dark matter in enough to

813
00:42:00,120 --> 00:42:03,680
Speaker 1: tail Like, it's totally possible that the distribution of dark

814
00:42:03,680 --> 00:42:08,520
Speaker 1: matter in the galaxy is either a totally smoothly spread

815
00:42:08,520 --> 00:42:12,000
Speaker 1: out right b sort of you know, like a like

816
00:42:12,040 --> 00:42:14,200
Speaker 1: a cloud. Now we know it's denser towards the center

817
00:42:14,440 --> 00:42:17,399
Speaker 1: and less dense towards the outside, but it could still

818
00:42:17,440 --> 00:42:20,719
Speaker 1: be a like a big cloud, right, Or it could

819
00:42:20,800 --> 00:42:23,960
Speaker 1: be that they're structure that it's clumped together to make

820
00:42:24,200 --> 00:42:26,319
Speaker 1: you know, a bunch of dense points, just the way

821
00:42:26,360 --> 00:42:27,280
Speaker 1: normal matter has.

822
00:42:27,400 --> 00:42:30,520
Speaker 3: So there could be dark matter stars, yes, or dark

823
00:42:30,520 --> 00:42:32,080
Speaker 3: matter planets.

824
00:42:31,520 --> 00:42:34,200
Speaker 1: Exactly, but the only way to see them would be

825
00:42:34,200 --> 00:42:37,880
Speaker 1: through gravity. And it's really hard to see the gravity

826
00:42:37,880 --> 00:42:41,399
Speaker 1: from one planet or the gravity from one star right

827
00:42:41,440 --> 00:42:44,359
Speaker 1: unless it's really close by. Like if there were dark

828
00:42:44,400 --> 00:42:48,600
Speaker 1: matter stars and a dark matter star passed near our

829
00:42:48,640 --> 00:42:51,400
Speaker 1: Solar system, then we could detect it the way we

830
00:42:51,440 --> 00:42:55,080
Speaker 1: detect black holes right there. Black holes are invisible. We

831
00:42:55,160 --> 00:42:57,920
Speaker 1: detect them from their gravity. Sometimes we detect black holes

832
00:42:57,920 --> 00:43:00,440
Speaker 1: because of the X rays that are produced from impressed

833
00:43:00,440 --> 00:43:03,600
Speaker 1: gas nearby. But a lot of black holes we see

834
00:43:03,640 --> 00:43:05,720
Speaker 1: through their gravity. But you need to be a pretty

835
00:43:05,719 --> 00:43:08,160
Speaker 1: big black hole to detect its gravity from far away

836
00:43:08,280 --> 00:43:12,279
Speaker 1: or to see its gravitational effect on nearby stuff. Right.

837
00:43:12,880 --> 00:43:14,839
Speaker 1: And in fact, there are a few of these things

838
00:43:14,920 --> 00:43:17,160
Speaker 1: we found, and they have a pretty silly name.

839
00:43:17,280 --> 00:43:20,160
Speaker 3: You ready for it, always physics silly names.

840
00:43:20,239 --> 00:43:24,319
Speaker 1: Yeah. Back a long time ago, before we knew whether

841
00:43:24,400 --> 00:43:26,759
Speaker 1: dark matter was a thing, people were wondering if there

842
00:43:26,800 --> 00:43:28,920
Speaker 1: were just big clumps of normal matter that were sort

843
00:43:28,920 --> 00:43:31,160
Speaker 1: of hidden out there. And they give them this name,

844
00:43:31,760 --> 00:43:36,040
Speaker 1: massive compact halo objects, and the acronym for that is

845
00:43:36,280 --> 00:43:41,360
Speaker 1: m A c HO. Right, So MACHOs not nachos. Nachos

846
00:43:41,360 --> 00:43:44,480
Speaker 1: are a totally different thing. These are MACHOs, right, And.

847
00:43:44,360 --> 00:43:48,399
Speaker 3: So that's not physics over compensating for anything at all,

848
00:43:48,440 --> 00:43:48,960
Speaker 3: not at all.

849
00:43:49,520 --> 00:43:49,600
Speaker 4: No.

850
00:43:49,719 --> 00:43:51,440
Speaker 1: And so people went out there and looking for these things,

851
00:43:51,440 --> 00:43:55,719
Speaker 1: like can we find dark blobs out there, dark condensed

852
00:43:55,760 --> 00:43:58,880
Speaker 1: blobs out there that might be responsible for all the

853
00:43:58,960 --> 00:44:01,520
Speaker 1: missing mass? Right, And they did find a bunch of

854
00:44:01,920 --> 00:44:04,320
Speaker 1: not nearly enough to account for all the dark matter,

855
00:44:04,400 --> 00:44:06,200
Speaker 1: but they found a bunch of them. They would find

856
00:44:06,239 --> 00:44:10,160
Speaker 1: them like eclipsing stars or bending the path of other objects.

857
00:44:11,000 --> 00:44:13,520
Speaker 1: And so we know that there are dark objects out there.

858
00:44:13,640 --> 00:44:16,759
Speaker 1: Some of them could be dark matter, right, some of

859
00:44:16,800 --> 00:44:19,959
Speaker 1: them could be. So it's totally possible that dark matter

860
00:44:20,000 --> 00:44:22,680
Speaker 1: has clumped these objects together. We just don't have the

861
00:44:22,719 --> 00:44:27,480
Speaker 1: gravitational sensitivity to see them because they're too small essentially,

862
00:44:27,600 --> 00:44:29,120
Speaker 1: and gravity is so weak.

863
00:44:29,200 --> 00:44:34,000
Speaker 3: Like our ability to notice or feel or see dark

864
00:44:34,040 --> 00:44:37,280
Speaker 3: matter is not at the planet or at the star level.

865
00:44:37,320 --> 00:44:39,680
Speaker 3: It's only at sort of the galaxy level.

866
00:44:39,719 --> 00:44:42,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly a little bit less than the galaxy. We

867
00:44:42,239 --> 00:44:44,680
Speaker 1: can get some sense of where they are based on

868
00:44:44,920 --> 00:44:48,120
Speaker 1: how rotations vary as a function of the radius from

869
00:44:48,120 --> 00:44:50,560
Speaker 1: the center of the galaxy, but roughly get much more

870
00:44:50,560 --> 00:44:53,520
Speaker 1: at the galaxy level than the star level. But it's

871
00:44:53,600 --> 00:44:56,480
Speaker 1: fun to think about, like imagine what would happen. What

872
00:44:56,520 --> 00:44:58,480
Speaker 1: would happen if you had a huge blob of dark

873
00:44:58,520 --> 00:45:01,280
Speaker 1: matter and it coalesced into sort of a tight blob,

874
00:45:01,400 --> 00:45:02,880
Speaker 1: Like would it make a star?

875
00:45:03,080 --> 00:45:03,720
Speaker 3: Make a planet?

876
00:45:03,840 --> 00:45:06,000
Speaker 1: You know, when we say a star, we sort of

877
00:45:06,080 --> 00:45:09,560
Speaker 1: mean something that's big enough has enough gravity that it's

878
00:45:09,680 --> 00:45:13,759
Speaker 1: pushed the stuff together that begins to fuse and release energy. Right,

879
00:45:14,320 --> 00:45:16,560
Speaker 1: And so another interesting question is that what would happen

880
00:45:16,600 --> 00:45:18,520
Speaker 1: if you squeeze that much dark matter together?

881
00:45:18,840 --> 00:45:24,080
Speaker 3: What interesting things happen, like, you know, elements fusing and

882
00:45:24,160 --> 00:45:26,080
Speaker 3: releasing photons and things like that.

883
00:45:26,120 --> 00:45:27,719
Speaker 1: Well, we don't know, but we know it's not made

884
00:45:27,760 --> 00:45:29,520
Speaker 1: of elements, right, it's not made of atoms. It's made

885
00:45:29,560 --> 00:45:32,719
Speaker 1: of some other kind of matter. And the only interaction

886
00:45:32,800 --> 00:45:35,960
Speaker 1: we know it has is gravity. So as far as

887
00:45:35,960 --> 00:45:38,240
Speaker 1: we know, it would just squeeze and squeeze and squeeze

888
00:45:38,280 --> 00:45:41,480
Speaker 1: and squeeze, and there's no repulsion. Right. The thing that

889
00:45:41,560 --> 00:45:44,160
Speaker 1: keeps a star or a planet from immediately becoming a

890
00:45:44,160 --> 00:45:48,759
Speaker 1: black hole are the other forces. It feels like electromagnetism,

891
00:45:48,760 --> 00:45:52,359
Speaker 1: which and the strong force which fuel fusion, right, which

892
00:45:52,440 --> 00:45:55,759
Speaker 1: keeps a star exploding, It keeps it from collapsing immediately.

893
00:45:56,320 --> 00:45:59,600
Speaker 1: So if dark matter has no other forces, then every

894
00:45:59,640 --> 00:46:01,520
Speaker 1: time it has to be a pretty dense clump, it's

895
00:46:01,520 --> 00:46:03,640
Speaker 1: just going to turn into a dark matter black hole

896
00:46:03,960 --> 00:46:07,680
Speaker 1: because that's it's just gravity. But if dark matter does

897
00:46:07,719 --> 00:46:10,439
Speaker 1: feel some other force, maybe some new force we've never

898
00:46:10,480 --> 00:46:13,759
Speaker 1: seen before that only affects dark matter on dark matter interactions.

899
00:46:14,080 --> 00:46:16,399
Speaker 1: Then maybe, you know, clumping a bunch of the dark

900
00:46:16,440 --> 00:46:20,120
Speaker 1: matter together could spark some sort of dark matter interaction

901
00:46:20,160 --> 00:46:24,560
Speaker 1: which could release like dark photons. We're just wildly speculating

902
00:46:24,600 --> 00:46:27,279
Speaker 1: here because we just really don't know what happens when

903
00:46:27,360 --> 00:46:28,760
Speaker 1: dark matter bumps into dark.

904
00:46:28,560 --> 00:46:32,520
Speaker 3: Matter, dark photons, and dark light. Yes, exactly, sounds like

905
00:46:32,960 --> 00:46:34,560
Speaker 3: all good comic book characters.

906
00:46:36,520 --> 00:46:39,000
Speaker 1: That's right. Today we've been exploring the connection between physics,

907
00:46:39,040 --> 00:46:40,880
Speaker 1: philosophy and physics and comics books.

908
00:46:41,080 --> 00:46:44,479
Speaker 3: Is a trifecta. I think, you know, maybe that's where

909
00:46:44,560 --> 00:46:47,440
Speaker 3: Ben's question came from. You know, like, you know, we

910
00:46:47,480 --> 00:46:51,040
Speaker 3: know dark matter feels gravity, so why hasn't it clumped

911
00:46:51,200 --> 00:46:54,759
Speaker 3: into dark matter black holes? You know, why is it

912
00:46:54,800 --> 00:46:59,759
Speaker 3: still kind of diffused and not not more noticeable?

913
00:47:01,200 --> 00:47:01,399
Speaker 1: Right?

914
00:47:01,440 --> 00:47:05,120
Speaker 3: Does that mean that you know these are alternative you

915
00:47:05,160 --> 00:47:08,600
Speaker 3: mentioned are maybe probably true? You know that there are

916
00:47:08,640 --> 00:47:12,600
Speaker 3: other forces or there are maybe other mechanisms going on

917
00:47:12,719 --> 00:47:13,960
Speaker 3: inside of a dark.

918
00:47:13,800 --> 00:47:17,000
Speaker 1: Matter Absolutely, I think a lot of physicists believe that

919
00:47:17,000 --> 00:47:19,520
Speaker 1: there must be some other kind of force that dark

920
00:47:19,560 --> 00:47:22,719
Speaker 1: matter feels, not just gravity and the sort of complicated

921
00:47:22,800 --> 00:47:24,719
Speaker 1: arguments for that based on what happened in the early

922
00:47:24,840 --> 00:47:27,839
Speaker 1: universe and how some matter and dark matter turned back

923
00:47:27,840 --> 00:47:31,080
Speaker 1: and forth into itself. We have indirect evidence of that happening,

924
00:47:31,400 --> 00:47:33,799
Speaker 1: which suggests there must be some other force that dark

925
00:47:33,840 --> 00:47:36,480
Speaker 1: matter feels, but we haven't figured that out yet at all.

926
00:47:36,680 --> 00:47:40,359
Speaker 1: It's really it's very indirect arguments. But there is one

927
00:47:40,400 --> 00:47:43,840
Speaker 1: thing that keeps dark matter from collapsing sort of quickly

928
00:47:43,880 --> 00:47:47,440
Speaker 1: into a black hole, and that's our old friend rotation. Like,

929
00:47:47,840 --> 00:47:50,200
Speaker 1: one thing that keeps the galaxy from collapsing into a

930
00:47:50,360 --> 00:47:53,320
Speaker 1: black hole is that it's spinning, and so that keeps

931
00:47:53,320 --> 00:47:56,160
Speaker 1: the stars from falling in just the way spinning the

932
00:47:56,200 --> 00:47:58,640
Speaker 1: Earth spinning around the Sun keeps it from falling into

933
00:47:58,640 --> 00:48:01,040
Speaker 1: the Sun. Right, it's an orbit. If you have a

934
00:48:01,120 --> 00:48:04,120
Speaker 1: huge blob of dark matter and it's rotating, that rotation

935
00:48:04,520 --> 00:48:08,080
Speaker 1: keeps it from collapsing gravitationally into a black hole. And

936
00:48:08,160 --> 00:48:11,759
Speaker 1: so that's something that dark matter can do even if

937
00:48:11,800 --> 00:48:14,960
Speaker 1: it has no other interactions. But yeah, I think that

938
00:48:15,000 --> 00:48:18,360
Speaker 1: it's totally possible that dark matter has formed really dense

939
00:48:18,400 --> 00:48:21,799
Speaker 1: blobs inside our galaxy, and it's possible that there's new

940
00:48:21,840 --> 00:48:25,680
Speaker 1: interactions doing weird stuff inside those dark matter objects that

941
00:48:25,760 --> 00:48:27,000
Speaker 1: we have no idea about.

942
00:48:27,160 --> 00:48:28,919
Speaker 3: But I think what you were saying maybe is that

943
00:48:28,960 --> 00:48:31,719
Speaker 3: we sort of haven't seen that yet, right, Like if

944
00:48:31,920 --> 00:48:36,000
Speaker 3: we are surrounded by dark matter stars or dark matter

945
00:48:36,160 --> 00:48:38,879
Speaker 3: you know, giant asteroids, you know, and one of them

946
00:48:38,920 --> 00:48:41,960
Speaker 3: came through our Solar system, we would notice it, right,

947
00:48:42,040 --> 00:48:46,440
Speaker 3: like we would notice all the other planets going whoa gravitation.

948
00:48:46,320 --> 00:48:48,400
Speaker 1: Yes, exactly, that's the kind of thing we would notice,

949
00:48:48,400 --> 00:48:50,920
Speaker 1: for sure. I mean we noticed Omua mua, right, this

950
00:48:51,200 --> 00:48:54,160
Speaker 1: tiny lil of rock coming through from deep space and

951
00:48:54,200 --> 00:48:57,439
Speaker 1: passing through our Solar system with no gravitational interaction at all.

952
00:48:57,719 --> 00:49:01,480
Speaker 1: That was but it was reflective. But imagine some really dense,

953
00:49:01,560 --> 00:49:04,640
Speaker 1: heavy object that perturbed the path of the planets that

954
00:49:04,680 --> 00:49:06,480
Speaker 1: we would definitely notice. Yeah, it would have to be

955
00:49:06,520 --> 00:49:09,680
Speaker 1: pretty big though, because gravity is pretty weak, so like

956
00:49:09,719 --> 00:49:12,520
Speaker 1: some random rock flying through the universe we wouldn't notice.

957
00:49:12,800 --> 00:49:15,560
Speaker 1: It have to be you know, like the have to

958
00:49:15,560 --> 00:49:18,240
Speaker 1: be a pretty significant object. I'm not sure exactly how massive,

959
00:49:18,520 --> 00:49:20,839
Speaker 1: but some significant fraction in the mass of the Sun

960
00:49:20,920 --> 00:49:21,800
Speaker 1: at very least.

961
00:49:22,040 --> 00:49:24,240
Speaker 3: Yeah, we would notice it, right, it would totally disrupt

962
00:49:24,280 --> 00:49:26,080
Speaker 3: our Solar system.

963
00:49:25,840 --> 00:49:29,239
Speaker 1: Yeah, absolutely, But there could be a lot of these

964
00:49:29,360 --> 00:49:31,440
Speaker 1: dark matter blobs out there, and just none of them

965
00:49:31,480 --> 00:49:35,160
Speaker 1: have passed through the Solar System because the galaxy is huge, right,

966
00:49:35,600 --> 00:49:38,440
Speaker 1: and there's lots of blobs out there that made of

967
00:49:38,480 --> 00:49:41,200
Speaker 1: normal matter that don't pass through our Solar System. Doesn't

968
00:49:41,200 --> 00:49:42,000
Speaker 1: mean they're not out there.

969
00:49:42,520 --> 00:49:46,240
Speaker 3: I mean there could be a giant banana shaped massive

970
00:49:46,320 --> 00:49:50,120
Speaker 3: dark matter out there that's right waiting for us to

971
00:49:50,120 --> 00:49:50,520
Speaker 3: slip on.

972
00:49:50,680 --> 00:49:52,480
Speaker 1: That's right. You're going to tie all the questions together.

973
00:49:52,920 --> 00:49:55,759
Speaker 1: What if there's a banana shaped mass of dark matter

974
00:49:55,920 --> 00:49:59,920
Speaker 1: creating a Solar System sized black hole and we're in it,

975
00:50:00,080 --> 00:50:02,640
Speaker 1: we tell if there was another one that was identical.

976
00:50:03,360 --> 00:50:06,279
Speaker 3: All right, Well, I guess that Ben's answer is that

977
00:50:06,920 --> 00:50:09,720
Speaker 3: there could be dark matter stars and planets or things

978
00:50:09,800 --> 00:50:12,680
Speaker 3: out there. We just can't see them yet, That's right.

979
00:50:12,680 --> 00:50:16,359
Speaker 3: I just don't have the right glasses to see it

980
00:50:16,600 --> 00:50:17,760
Speaker 3: more sharply, right.

981
00:50:17,960 --> 00:50:21,160
Speaker 1: That's right. Yeah, And it's not clear that we ever

982
00:50:21,200 --> 00:50:23,719
Speaker 1: will because we don't know what glasses to put on,

983
00:50:23,880 --> 00:50:27,000
Speaker 1: or if there are glasses that you could even potentially

984
00:50:27,040 --> 00:50:28,840
Speaker 1: theoretically put on to see this stuff.

985
00:50:29,040 --> 00:50:30,680
Speaker 3: Well, obviously we just need dark glasses.

986
00:50:32,600 --> 00:50:34,640
Speaker 1: I wear my sunglasses at night. I don't know about you.

987
00:50:34,760 --> 00:50:37,680
Speaker 3: All right, Well, once again, thank you listeners for sending

988
00:50:37,680 --> 00:50:41,080
Speaker 3: you us your questions. We love to interact with you online,

989
00:50:41,160 --> 00:50:43,760
Speaker 3: and so please follow us and please tell your friends

990
00:50:43,760 --> 00:50:44,880
Speaker 3: about this podcast.

991
00:50:45,120 --> 00:50:47,160
Speaker 1: That's right. And if you're listening to us talk about

992
00:50:47,200 --> 00:50:49,640
Speaker 1: something in physics and you have a question that pops

993
00:50:49,680 --> 00:50:52,680
Speaker 1: into your mind, please share it with us. The reason

994
00:50:52,719 --> 00:50:55,319
Speaker 1: we're doing this podcast is to clarify these things and

995
00:50:55,360 --> 00:50:57,960
Speaker 1: explain them to you. And so if there's something we've missed,

996
00:50:58,239 --> 00:50:59,319
Speaker 1: we want to get on it.

997
00:50:59,600 --> 00:51:01,640
Speaker 3: Yeah, and we'll answer it even if you are not

998
00:51:01,760 --> 00:51:04,280
Speaker 3: our sons.

999
00:51:03,200 --> 00:51:07,040
Speaker 1: Unless you're on Instagram. In that case, sorry, in that case,

1000
00:51:07,920 --> 00:51:10,440
Speaker 1: you're out of luck. Do you have any sons on Instagram,

1001
00:51:10,440 --> 00:51:10,879
Speaker 1: you know where?

1002
00:51:11,000 --> 00:51:13,320
Speaker 3: If you're trendy and like the rest of the universe,

1003
00:51:13,480 --> 00:51:15,520
Speaker 3: then maybe you should ask the question on Twitter.

1004
00:51:16,560 --> 00:51:17,560
Speaker 1: That's solid advice.

1005
00:51:17,680 --> 00:51:19,640
Speaker 3: All right, Thanks for listening. Hope you enjoyed it.

1006
00:51:19,760 --> 00:51:33,040
Speaker 1: Thanks for tuning in. If you still have a question

1007
00:51:33,120 --> 00:51:36,560
Speaker 1: after listening to all these explanations, please drop us a line.

1008
00:51:36,560 --> 00:51:38,719
Speaker 1: We'd love to hear from you. You can find us

1009
00:51:38,719 --> 00:51:42,520
Speaker 1: at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge that's

1010
00:51:42,520 --> 00:51:47,440
Speaker 1: one word, or email us at feedback at Danielandhorge dot com.

1011
00:51:47,560 --> 00:51:50,360
Speaker 1: Thanks for listening and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain

1012
00:51:50,440 --> 00:51:54,440
Speaker 1: the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts

1013
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Speaker 1: from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever

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