1 00:00:08,560 --> 00:00:12,080 Speaker 1: Hey, Daniel, did you have a good holiday break? Oh? 2 00:00:12,160 --> 00:00:14,880 Speaker 1: I did, but you know, as usual, I ate too much. 3 00:00:15,200 --> 00:00:19,480 Speaker 1: You mean you ate cosmically too much? Yeah, I totally 4 00:00:19,480 --> 00:00:21,799 Speaker 1: overdid it. I'm like on the verge of becoming a 5 00:00:21,880 --> 00:00:26,480 Speaker 1: black hole myself. Would you say your waistline is inflating, 6 00:00:28,000 --> 00:00:30,560 Speaker 1: I'd say a few more bites and I'd be risking 7 00:00:30,600 --> 00:00:36,560 Speaker 1: becoming my own personal big bang big Daniel. I'm talking 8 00:00:36,680 --> 00:00:40,279 Speaker 1: dark matter here people. Oh no, let's cut to the 9 00:00:40,280 --> 00:00:58,640 Speaker 1: theme song. Cut to the theme song. Hi am or 10 00:00:58,720 --> 00:01:03,280 Speaker 1: handmade cartoonist and the creator of PhD comics. Hi, I'm Daniel, 11 00:01:03,480 --> 00:01:06,760 Speaker 1: I'm a particle physicist, and I am actually full of 12 00:01:06,880 --> 00:01:10,480 Speaker 1: dark matter. Welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain 13 00:01:10,520 --> 00:01:13,600 Speaker 1: the Universe, a production of I Heart Radio in which 14 00:01:13,600 --> 00:01:17,520 Speaker 1: we examine all things fascinating and amazing and bonkers about 15 00:01:17,560 --> 00:01:19,920 Speaker 1: our universe and explain them to you in a way 16 00:01:19,920 --> 00:01:23,399 Speaker 1: that you can actually understand. So it's a new decade here, 17 00:01:23,560 --> 00:01:25,520 Speaker 1: and so, Daniel, what do we have to look forward 18 00:01:25,560 --> 00:01:27,679 Speaker 1: to in physics? What do we have to look forward 19 00:01:27,720 --> 00:01:30,880 Speaker 1: to in physics? Wow? So much? There are all sorts 20 00:01:30,920 --> 00:01:34,080 Speaker 1: of new exciting telescopes coming online that will let us 21 00:01:34,120 --> 00:01:37,800 Speaker 1: see further and further into the ancient past. The Large 22 00:01:37,800 --> 00:01:40,199 Speaker 1: Hadron Collider is going to keep running and maybe discover 23 00:01:40,400 --> 00:01:43,440 Speaker 1: some crazy new particles. But you know the best thing 24 00:01:43,480 --> 00:01:45,640 Speaker 1: about looking forward in physics is that we have no 25 00:01:45,800 --> 00:01:48,760 Speaker 1: idea what we're going to discover. There are always surprises 26 00:01:48,760 --> 00:01:51,640 Speaker 1: out there waiting for us. There are surprises everywhere. Yeah, 27 00:01:51,720 --> 00:01:54,200 Speaker 1: that's awesome. Yeah there might be Hey, a new kind 28 00:01:54,200 --> 00:01:58,000 Speaker 1: of plantain or a strawberry flavored banana discovered by scientists somewhere. 29 00:01:58,120 --> 00:02:04,040 Speaker 1: You never know science. It's what's for dinner, and so 30 00:02:04,240 --> 00:02:05,760 Speaker 1: there's a lot of good stuff to look forward to. 31 00:02:06,160 --> 00:02:10,160 Speaker 1: I look forward to in looking back and thinking, Man, 32 00:02:10,320 --> 00:02:14,720 Speaker 1: those folks in had no idea what was coming. Interesting. 33 00:02:14,800 --> 00:02:16,840 Speaker 1: You look forward to the future so you can laugh 34 00:02:16,919 --> 00:02:19,920 Speaker 1: at the past. Yeah, it's a wonderful feeling to think, 35 00:02:20,320 --> 00:02:23,160 Speaker 1: look at what we know about the universe, and look 36 00:02:23,200 --> 00:02:26,600 Speaker 1: at how the people before us, including ourselves ten years ago, 37 00:02:27,000 --> 00:02:29,880 Speaker 1: really had no clue what was coming. And that's exciting 38 00:02:29,919 --> 00:02:32,320 Speaker 1: to me because it makes me enthusiastic about the next 39 00:02:32,320 --> 00:02:35,679 Speaker 1: ten years. You know, the mind blowing discoveries that physics 40 00:02:35,680 --> 00:02:38,239 Speaker 1: and the rest of science will reveal. Man, you're making 41 00:02:38,240 --> 00:02:43,839 Speaker 1: me feel bad about humans. They were so clueless, oh man, 42 00:02:44,240 --> 00:02:47,919 Speaker 1: with their like new Facebook craze and they didn't even 43 00:02:47,960 --> 00:02:51,720 Speaker 1: have TikTok or Instagram. No, but we learned a lot 44 00:02:51,760 --> 00:02:54,960 Speaker 1: about the universe in the twenty tens. You know, we 45 00:02:55,000 --> 00:02:58,120 Speaker 1: saw a whole bunch of new exo planets and discovered 46 00:02:58,240 --> 00:03:01,320 Speaker 1: the Higgs boson, and you are there really some pretty 47 00:03:01,360 --> 00:03:03,359 Speaker 1: big shifts that our understanding of the universe in the 48 00:03:03,440 --> 00:03:06,919 Speaker 1: last ten years. And since science is just accelerating exponentially, 49 00:03:07,360 --> 00:03:10,520 Speaker 1: then I look forward to even more mind blowing stuff 50 00:03:10,639 --> 00:03:13,040 Speaker 1: in the decade to come. Yeah, and technically we have 51 00:03:13,360 --> 00:03:17,680 Speaker 1: more universe now than we had in Right, the universe 52 00:03:17,760 --> 00:03:21,760 Speaker 1: is constantly expanding and getting bigger. There's new space being created, 53 00:03:22,280 --> 00:03:24,600 Speaker 1: so we have also that to look forward to. Right 54 00:03:24,639 --> 00:03:26,600 Speaker 1: in the future, there there will be even more space. 55 00:03:27,240 --> 00:03:30,280 Speaker 1: That's right, in the future, you will occupy a smaller 56 00:03:30,320 --> 00:03:35,200 Speaker 1: fraction of the universe because the universe is inflating. Oh no, wait, 57 00:03:35,240 --> 00:03:38,280 Speaker 1: so you're saying that the people in were more significant 58 00:03:38,360 --> 00:03:42,280 Speaker 1: than we are. Well, you know, what's the fraction of 59 00:03:42,320 --> 00:03:45,800 Speaker 1: infinity is still zero so relatively speaking. But you know, 60 00:03:45,840 --> 00:03:47,520 Speaker 1: I had a listener right in and make a really 61 00:03:47,600 --> 00:03:50,680 Speaker 1: fascinating point about the expansion of the universe that I 62 00:03:50,680 --> 00:03:54,320 Speaker 1: had never thought of before. Yeah, And they said, well, 63 00:03:54,360 --> 00:03:57,600 Speaker 1: what about in time travel books, if you go back 64 00:03:57,640 --> 00:04:01,720 Speaker 1: in time, then doesn't your body occupy a smaller space 65 00:04:01,760 --> 00:04:04,920 Speaker 1: in the universe back then than it does now? And 66 00:04:05,000 --> 00:04:08,160 Speaker 1: how do you account for that? And it's true, you know, 67 00:04:08,200 --> 00:04:12,200 Speaker 1: the space that you occupied twenty years ago has expanded 68 00:04:12,360 --> 00:04:15,320 Speaker 1: to a larger space, and so somehow you have to 69 00:04:15,400 --> 00:04:18,520 Speaker 1: factor that into your time travel novel. WHOA like if 70 00:04:18,520 --> 00:04:21,000 Speaker 1: you if you send your consciousness back, it has to 71 00:04:21,320 --> 00:04:25,560 Speaker 1: somehow fit into a smaller package or something. Yeah, it 72 00:04:25,640 --> 00:04:28,560 Speaker 1: has to shrink exactly. You gotta squeeze your way back 73 00:04:28,560 --> 00:04:31,520 Speaker 1: into the universe from ten years ago or twenty years ago. 74 00:04:31,560 --> 00:04:34,320 Speaker 1: On today's episode, we are going to not look forward 75 00:04:34,400 --> 00:04:37,040 Speaker 1: in time, but we're going to try to look backwards 76 00:04:37,040 --> 00:04:40,080 Speaker 1: in time almost as much as you can look backwards. Right, 77 00:04:40,360 --> 00:04:42,880 Speaker 1: that's right. We're gonna try to rewind all the way 78 00:04:42,920 --> 00:04:46,080 Speaker 1: back to the very beginning. Because I've noticed that in 79 00:04:46,400 --> 00:04:49,599 Speaker 1: conversations with listeners and just with folks around campus, that 80 00:04:49,680 --> 00:04:52,880 Speaker 1: there's still a lot of misunderstandings about the very beginning 81 00:04:52,880 --> 00:04:55,240 Speaker 1: of the universe. Right, because right now we have a 82 00:04:55,279 --> 00:04:57,680 Speaker 1: lot of space, there's a lot of universe, but at 83 00:04:57,720 --> 00:05:00,839 Speaker 1: some point in the past there was very little of 84 00:05:00,839 --> 00:05:03,280 Speaker 1: the universe. I don't know. I mean, I think right 85 00:05:03,320 --> 00:05:07,080 Speaker 1: now the universe is pretty dilute, but in the past, 86 00:05:07,160 --> 00:05:09,280 Speaker 1: the universe was more dense. It could be that the 87 00:05:09,360 --> 00:05:13,159 Speaker 1: universe has been infinite since its conception. So in that sense, 88 00:05:13,200 --> 00:05:16,039 Speaker 1: it doesn't really make sense to talk about having less universe. 89 00:05:16,080 --> 00:05:20,760 Speaker 1: It's just more compact, right, A denser infinity, yes, a 90 00:05:20,839 --> 00:05:26,000 Speaker 1: denser infinity exactly, versus a water down infinity, which you know, 91 00:05:26,040 --> 00:05:29,599 Speaker 1: it just doesn't taste as good. That's right. But I 92 00:05:29,640 --> 00:05:31,400 Speaker 1: think a lot of people when you talk about the 93 00:05:31,400 --> 00:05:33,960 Speaker 1: beginning of the universe and the Big Bang, they have 94 00:05:34,040 --> 00:05:36,000 Speaker 1: sort of an old idea in their head of what 95 00:05:36,080 --> 00:05:38,560 Speaker 1: the Big Bang was like this just this big explosion 96 00:05:38,600 --> 00:05:42,159 Speaker 1: from a singularity, and that's not really the modern view. Wait, 97 00:05:42,240 --> 00:05:45,719 Speaker 1: you're saying the name big bang doesn't actually describe the 98 00:05:45,720 --> 00:05:48,640 Speaker 1: Big Bang. I think it was pretty big and it 99 00:05:48,720 --> 00:05:51,040 Speaker 1: might have been a bang, so you know, from that 100 00:05:51,120 --> 00:05:53,400 Speaker 1: point of view. But I think the ideas in people's 101 00:05:53,400 --> 00:05:56,800 Speaker 1: heads need updating. I see, it's it's a kind of 102 00:05:56,839 --> 00:06:00,560 Speaker 1: big bang, yes, exactly. Big Bang and compass is like 103 00:06:00,600 --> 00:06:04,280 Speaker 1: a whole spectrum of ideas and physics has moved on, 104 00:06:04,360 --> 00:06:08,599 Speaker 1: while popular conception is sort of stuck in the eighties version, right, 105 00:06:08,640 --> 00:06:10,839 Speaker 1: And so this is a question that you said to me. 106 00:06:11,000 --> 00:06:13,880 Speaker 1: A lot of listeners asked wrote in to ask about 107 00:06:14,360 --> 00:06:16,400 Speaker 1: a lot of people are wondering and asking us to 108 00:06:16,520 --> 00:06:20,000 Speaker 1: explain what this idea is. Yeah, and so, as usually, 109 00:06:20,000 --> 00:06:21,600 Speaker 1: we want to cater to our listeners. We want to 110 00:06:21,640 --> 00:06:24,719 Speaker 1: answer the questions that are in your minds, and we 111 00:06:24,760 --> 00:06:26,640 Speaker 1: want to bring you to the forefront of science. We 112 00:06:26,680 --> 00:06:29,240 Speaker 1: want you to understand what scientists out there, who are 113 00:06:29,320 --> 00:06:32,000 Speaker 1: experts in this field, who know the most that any 114 00:06:32,120 --> 00:06:34,479 Speaker 1: human is ever known about the beginning of the universe, 115 00:06:34,600 --> 00:06:37,160 Speaker 1: what they are thinking about. We want to explain it 116 00:06:37,200 --> 00:06:39,360 Speaker 1: to you in a way that makes sense. So that's 117 00:06:39,360 --> 00:06:41,880 Speaker 1: our goal. So today on the episode, we'll be asking 118 00:06:41,880 --> 00:06:54,040 Speaker 1: the question, what is cosmic inflation? Inflation? Inflation? That's right, 119 00:06:54,080 --> 00:06:56,839 Speaker 1: it's not controlled by the Federal Reserve. It's not the 120 00:06:56,960 --> 00:07:00,320 Speaker 1: reason why your bank account is emptying. Wait, you mean 121 00:07:00,400 --> 00:07:03,599 Speaker 1: cosmic interest rate? Don't don't make a difference here. No, 122 00:07:03,720 --> 00:07:07,000 Speaker 1: we can't borrow money from the other universe. Orything can 123 00:07:07,040 --> 00:07:11,720 Speaker 1: my cosmic debt somehow bring it down? That's your karmic debt, actually, 124 00:07:11,720 --> 00:07:15,760 Speaker 1: and there's nothing you can do about that. Then do 125 00:07:15,840 --> 00:07:18,120 Speaker 1: good things for people, like explain the universe to them. 126 00:07:18,160 --> 00:07:20,880 Speaker 1: I think that's definitely a positive on the karmic debt, 127 00:07:21,600 --> 00:07:25,080 Speaker 1: right right, But today we're talking about cosmic inflation, and 128 00:07:25,480 --> 00:07:27,320 Speaker 1: that kind of sounds simple. It just means that the 129 00:07:27,360 --> 00:07:32,200 Speaker 1: cosmos is getting bigger or got bigger. But in this case, 130 00:07:32,320 --> 00:07:35,800 Speaker 1: scientists use this phrase for something very specific, right, like 131 00:07:35,840 --> 00:07:40,400 Speaker 1: a very specific moment in time right after the Big Bang. 132 00:07:41,000 --> 00:07:44,040 Speaker 1: Sort Of, it's both a specific moment in time that's 133 00:07:44,120 --> 00:07:47,239 Speaker 1: after the Big Bang, it's also sort of our modern 134 00:07:47,320 --> 00:07:51,840 Speaker 1: view of what the Big Bang was, and and it's 135 00:07:51,960 --> 00:07:57,240 Speaker 1: also connects the like primordial inflation, these first moments when 136 00:07:57,240 --> 00:08:00,360 Speaker 1: the universe is expanding with the current inflation, and it 137 00:08:00,400 --> 00:08:03,440 Speaker 1: says maybe these things are connected. So it's sort of 138 00:08:03,480 --> 00:08:06,360 Speaker 1: like saying the Big Bang wasn't the moment of creation. 139 00:08:06,360 --> 00:08:09,000 Speaker 1: It happened just afterwards. And it's saying maybe the Big 140 00:08:09,000 --> 00:08:13,480 Speaker 1: Bang is still banging. We're still banging, yes, exactly, that's 141 00:08:13,480 --> 00:08:17,240 Speaker 1: how big this bang is. Well, it sounds like it's 142 00:08:17,320 --> 00:08:20,280 Speaker 1: it's pretty interesting and maybe there are a lot of 143 00:08:20,320 --> 00:08:22,320 Speaker 1: subtle ideas here, so we'll get into all of that. 144 00:08:22,480 --> 00:08:24,760 Speaker 1: But first, as usual, we were wondering how many people 145 00:08:24,800 --> 00:08:28,480 Speaker 1: out there heard of the phrase cosmic inflation and if 146 00:08:28,480 --> 00:08:31,400 Speaker 1: they knew what it was. That's right. And so since 147 00:08:31,440 --> 00:08:34,680 Speaker 1: it was winter break and you see, Irvine was closed, 148 00:08:34,920 --> 00:08:37,760 Speaker 1: I walked around coffee shops in Irvine and I asked 149 00:08:37,920 --> 00:08:42,400 Speaker 1: random strangers who were amenable to being interrogated about physics 150 00:08:42,440 --> 00:08:46,000 Speaker 1: topics while on their holiday break if they knew anything 151 00:08:46,120 --> 00:08:49,000 Speaker 1: about cosmic inflation. Here's what they had to say. Oh, 152 00:08:49,160 --> 00:08:50,560 Speaker 1: I feel like I've heard the term, but I do 153 00:08:50,600 --> 00:08:56,719 Speaker 1: not know what it means. Um, cosmic inflation is that 154 00:08:56,960 --> 00:08:59,680 Speaker 1: like the theory where everything in space is like constantly 155 00:08:59,679 --> 00:09:04,360 Speaker 1: moving away from itself, like there's an explosion and everything's 156 00:09:04,360 --> 00:09:08,120 Speaker 1: still expanding. Yeah, I have no idea. I think it 157 00:09:08,160 --> 00:09:11,920 Speaker 1: means that just like crowding together, maybe like everything's coming together, 158 00:09:12,520 --> 00:09:17,520 Speaker 1: but I don't know. The universe is expanding and getting 159 00:09:17,520 --> 00:09:21,079 Speaker 1: bigger with each but as time passes, so something that's 160 00:09:21,120 --> 00:09:25,920 Speaker 1: happening now or in the past, it's still happening from 161 00:09:25,960 --> 00:09:28,559 Speaker 1: the universe. That's something that's happening now or in the 162 00:09:28,600 --> 00:09:31,680 Speaker 1: beginning the universe, or it's always been happening. Yes, what 163 00:09:31,840 --> 00:09:35,719 Speaker 1: is it? That's essentially the basis of the big bank theory? Okay, Um, 164 00:09:35,720 --> 00:09:39,280 Speaker 1: when did it happen fourteen point three billion years ago? 165 00:09:39,600 --> 00:09:44,240 Speaker 1: We might have more more satellites of space, space stations 166 00:09:44,320 --> 00:09:47,559 Speaker 1: or something. I have no idea. I mean it sounds 167 00:09:47,600 --> 00:09:51,920 Speaker 1: like the expansion of space, cosmic inflation. No, alright, a 168 00:09:51,960 --> 00:09:55,240 Speaker 1: lot of knows I feel, not a lot of inflated 169 00:09:55,280 --> 00:10:01,520 Speaker 1: answers here. No, no, no, and confusion people thinking like 170 00:10:01,640 --> 00:10:05,240 Speaker 1: space is getting smaller or the Earth is getting more crowded. 171 00:10:05,840 --> 00:10:09,960 Speaker 1: That maybe they thought space was getting devalued. Maybe there's 172 00:10:10,000 --> 00:10:13,120 Speaker 1: the there's the negative flip side to it that surprised. 173 00:10:13,600 --> 00:10:17,040 Speaker 1: The market for space is sad oversaturated. So better spend 174 00:10:17,040 --> 00:10:22,000 Speaker 1: your space now before it's worth nothing. Better use it up. Better, 175 00:10:22,040 --> 00:10:24,960 Speaker 1: eat more so you can take up more space. That's 176 00:10:25,000 --> 00:10:28,440 Speaker 1: that's my New Year's resolution. Eat more dark matter, take 177 00:10:28,520 --> 00:10:33,480 Speaker 1: up more space, make more dark better. But there were 178 00:10:33,520 --> 00:10:35,960 Speaker 1: some some core ideas here. You know, people have heard 179 00:10:36,000 --> 00:10:39,239 Speaker 1: of some connection to the Big Bang or some ideas 180 00:10:39,280 --> 00:10:41,280 Speaker 1: for things that happened in the early universe. So there's 181 00:10:41,280 --> 00:10:43,480 Speaker 1: definitely some nuggets there Yeah. A lot of people said 182 00:10:43,640 --> 00:10:46,040 Speaker 1: it related to the expansion of the universe, which is 183 00:10:46,120 --> 00:10:48,960 Speaker 1: I guess not a big stretch, right. Inflation and expansion 184 00:10:49,040 --> 00:10:51,839 Speaker 1: sort of sound the same. Yeah, And in fact I 185 00:10:51,880 --> 00:10:53,920 Speaker 1: think they're right. It is related to the expansion of 186 00:10:53,920 --> 00:10:56,360 Speaker 1: the universe as far as we know, which is not 187 00:10:56,559 --> 00:10:58,800 Speaker 1: very much, it turns out, you know, and this is 188 00:10:58,800 --> 00:11:01,160 Speaker 1: fascinating to me because it's something where we've made a 189 00:11:01,240 --> 00:11:03,520 Speaker 1: lot of progress in the last twenty years coming up 190 00:11:03,559 --> 00:11:06,480 Speaker 1: with new, crazy ideas about the universe, but something that 191 00:11:06,480 --> 00:11:10,319 Speaker 1: we're also still puzzled over, Like there are huge unanswered 192 00:11:10,400 --> 00:11:13,360 Speaker 1: questions about the Big Bang and cosmic inflation. There are 193 00:11:13,360 --> 00:11:16,120 Speaker 1: things that scientists are arguing about. You know, the guy 194 00:11:16,160 --> 00:11:18,960 Speaker 1: who came up with inflation, one of the architects of 195 00:11:19,000 --> 00:11:22,280 Speaker 1: the theory, Paul Steinhardt, is now the guy arguing against 196 00:11:22,320 --> 00:11:27,640 Speaker 1: the theory most Yeah, he's trying to deflate inflation, that's right. 197 00:11:27,760 --> 00:11:30,160 Speaker 1: He's trying to pop the bubble of his own creation. 198 00:11:30,360 --> 00:11:32,600 Speaker 1: So what's interesting I think is that, you know, if 199 00:11:32,600 --> 00:11:34,200 Speaker 1: you had asked what is the Big Bang, a lot 200 00:11:34,240 --> 00:11:36,200 Speaker 1: of people might have said, yes, it has had some 201 00:11:36,280 --> 00:11:39,000 Speaker 1: ideas about that. It's about the beginning of the universe, 202 00:11:39,160 --> 00:11:42,120 Speaker 1: but cosmic inflation, which is almost as important, doesn't have 203 00:11:42,200 --> 00:11:45,280 Speaker 1: the same kind of market recognition. Yeah, and that's what 204 00:11:45,360 --> 00:11:47,840 Speaker 1: we're going to try to correct today on the podcast. 205 00:11:48,200 --> 00:11:51,080 Speaker 1: We're gonna bring some panash to cosmic inflation. We're gonna 206 00:11:51,080 --> 00:11:53,959 Speaker 1: show people how big bang is sort of the old 207 00:11:54,040 --> 00:11:58,040 Speaker 1: busted theory and cosmic inflation is the new hotness. M 208 00:11:58,800 --> 00:12:01,200 Speaker 1: it's a new bang. It's the new bang. That's right 209 00:12:01,240 --> 00:12:06,960 Speaker 1: out with the old bang, in with it's climb. Are 210 00:12:06,960 --> 00:12:11,360 Speaker 1: you still banging the old way? Man? What's wrong with you? Try? 211 00:12:11,360 --> 00:12:16,240 Speaker 1: Are you physics bace banging? Yeah? I don't know what 212 00:12:16,320 --> 00:12:19,400 Speaker 1: advertisers are going to go for that. Somebody out there 213 00:12:19,440 --> 00:12:22,920 Speaker 1: has got a product that fits that. Alright, Diana, So 214 00:12:23,000 --> 00:12:25,440 Speaker 1: let's get into it. Let's get into this idea of 215 00:12:25,520 --> 00:12:28,960 Speaker 1: cosmic inflation. So, first of all, what is how would 216 00:12:28,960 --> 00:12:34,200 Speaker 1: you define inflation in a physics way? Basically, inflation is 217 00:12:34,240 --> 00:12:38,160 Speaker 1: the expansion of space. It's saying, let's take space and 218 00:12:38,440 --> 00:12:42,400 Speaker 1: stretch it. Let's make space bigger and it it's important 219 00:12:42,400 --> 00:12:44,920 Speaker 1: there to understand that it's not the moving of stuff 220 00:12:44,960 --> 00:12:48,960 Speaker 1: through space. It's really the stretching of space itself. So 221 00:12:49,040 --> 00:12:52,440 Speaker 1: are we stretching space or creating new space both both. 222 00:12:52,960 --> 00:12:55,720 Speaker 1: That is how you stretch spaces and you create new space. 223 00:12:56,120 --> 00:12:57,959 Speaker 1: I see, like there's more meters. It's not like the 224 00:12:58,040 --> 00:13:01,400 Speaker 1: meter got bigger, so it's just more meters of space. Yeah, 225 00:13:01,520 --> 00:13:04,320 Speaker 1: there are more meters of space. So stuff can be 226 00:13:04,520 --> 00:13:08,160 Speaker 1: further apart without moving through space. Right. It's like if 227 00:13:08,240 --> 00:13:11,520 Speaker 1: you take a ruler and you put a penny on 228 00:13:11,600 --> 00:13:13,880 Speaker 1: the one meter and on the two m and then 229 00:13:13,920 --> 00:13:16,760 Speaker 1: you stretch the ruler. The ruler itself is like may 230 00:13:16,840 --> 00:13:19,480 Speaker 1: out of elastic, and you stretch the rulers to make 231 00:13:19,480 --> 00:13:22,160 Speaker 1: it longer than the two pennies are further apart even 232 00:13:22,160 --> 00:13:26,679 Speaker 1: though they haven't moved relative to the ruler. That's expansion 233 00:13:26,720 --> 00:13:30,400 Speaker 1: of space. That's inflation of space. Right. But it's not 234 00:13:30,480 --> 00:13:32,720 Speaker 1: just that the ruler expanded. It's like the wood of 235 00:13:32,760 --> 00:13:36,400 Speaker 1: the ruler got bigger. You definitely add more to the ruler. Okay, 236 00:13:36,440 --> 00:13:39,760 Speaker 1: And so that's different than kind of the old idea 237 00:13:39,800 --> 00:13:44,520 Speaker 1: of how the Big Bank happened after the beginning of time. Yeah, 238 00:13:44,559 --> 00:13:46,840 Speaker 1: so let's dig into that in that way. Let's like 239 00:13:47,080 --> 00:13:50,280 Speaker 1: define what I think most people think the Big Bang 240 00:13:50,520 --> 00:13:52,640 Speaker 1: was and the sort of old idea of what the 241 00:13:52,720 --> 00:13:55,360 Speaker 1: universe was, and then let's contrast it with with sort 242 00:13:55,360 --> 00:13:57,640 Speaker 1: of what they should replace in their heads with. Okay, 243 00:13:57,720 --> 00:14:00,640 Speaker 1: so what's the old thing. The old thing, I think 244 00:14:00,960 --> 00:14:03,280 Speaker 1: is this idea that the universe started from a point 245 00:14:03,400 --> 00:14:08,520 Speaker 1: like a singularity and infinitely dense dot primordial atom, which 246 00:14:08,600 --> 00:14:10,880 Speaker 1: was a point in space. It was like somewhere and 247 00:14:10,920 --> 00:14:14,240 Speaker 1: it was infinitely dense. And remember, like nobody has in 248 00:14:14,280 --> 00:14:16,520 Speaker 1: the idea where this thing might have come from, what 249 00:14:16,640 --> 00:14:18,760 Speaker 1: could have created it. But that's sort of just like 250 00:14:18,840 --> 00:14:21,400 Speaker 1: swept under the rug, you know, the primordial rug, Like well, 251 00:14:21,680 --> 00:14:23,360 Speaker 1: you know, we don't know what came before, but let's 252 00:14:23,360 --> 00:14:25,720 Speaker 1: just start from there. Right, it was like a little tiny, 253 00:14:25,800 --> 00:14:30,480 Speaker 1: infinitely energetic package in sitting in space actually right like 254 00:14:30,520 --> 00:14:33,520 Speaker 1: it was. People think it was like a grenade sitting there. 255 00:14:33,880 --> 00:14:36,480 Speaker 1: It was really really small, exactly, And that's really key 256 00:14:36,480 --> 00:14:39,520 Speaker 1: insight there that space was already created. You already had space, 257 00:14:39,560 --> 00:14:41,640 Speaker 1: and you just had this dot in space. And then 258 00:14:41,680 --> 00:14:45,560 Speaker 1: it exploded and that stuff then flew out and it 259 00:14:45,760 --> 00:14:49,560 Speaker 1: spread out and slowly got more and more dilute, right 260 00:14:49,680 --> 00:14:53,120 Speaker 1: less dense like an explosion would, and spread out to 261 00:14:53,200 --> 00:14:56,880 Speaker 1: eventually form of the universe, and that's the stuff moving 262 00:14:57,000 --> 00:14:59,440 Speaker 1: through space. And that's what we call in science the 263 00:14:59,480 --> 00:15:02,000 Speaker 1: hot big Bang model. The hot big Bang is now 264 00:15:02,040 --> 00:15:05,320 Speaker 1: the old Big Bang. It's right, you know, it's like 265 00:15:05,400 --> 00:15:07,480 Speaker 1: your ex girlfriend and boyfriends. You still think they're hot, 266 00:15:07,680 --> 00:15:11,880 Speaker 1: but it's not really for you anymore. Man. So that's 267 00:15:11,920 --> 00:15:14,440 Speaker 1: probably the idea most people have in their heads when 268 00:15:14,480 --> 00:15:17,120 Speaker 1: you say big bang or creation in the universe. And 269 00:15:17,440 --> 00:15:20,080 Speaker 1: I think that's what I thought that the Big Bang was, 270 00:15:20,480 --> 00:15:22,440 Speaker 1: you know, way before, when I was in high school 271 00:15:22,560 --> 00:15:25,560 Speaker 1: or before I started hanging out with physicists, was that 272 00:15:25,640 --> 00:15:27,400 Speaker 1: the Big Bang is really just like a bang, Like 273 00:15:28,080 --> 00:15:30,160 Speaker 1: everything that we know about was in a small spot 274 00:15:30,200 --> 00:15:32,720 Speaker 1: and then it just exploded. And now all the stars 275 00:15:32,720 --> 00:15:34,800 Speaker 1: and galaxies and dust that was in that little bit 276 00:15:34,880 --> 00:15:38,640 Speaker 1: doot are now flying through space outwards. Yeah. And you know, 277 00:15:38,680 --> 00:15:41,840 Speaker 1: when you started hanging out with physicists, basically the moment 278 00:15:41,920 --> 00:15:45,200 Speaker 1: your universe was created. Everything else before that is like, oh, 279 00:15:45,800 --> 00:15:50,760 Speaker 1: waste of time. I see you. You created my universe, Daniel, 280 00:15:51,040 --> 00:15:53,880 Speaker 1: my universe started. There's nothing before I met you. There 281 00:15:54,000 --> 00:15:58,160 Speaker 1: you're supposed to go with you complete my universe. You're 282 00:15:58,200 --> 00:16:02,280 Speaker 1: saying you made my universe. Then that's even more romantic. Wow. 283 00:16:02,720 --> 00:16:04,480 Speaker 1: Well all right, yeah, I think on the back pedal 284 00:16:04,520 --> 00:16:06,440 Speaker 1: on that a little bit, But no, you're right, and 285 00:16:06,480 --> 00:16:09,400 Speaker 1: I think that's what most people think um as sort 286 00:16:09,440 --> 00:16:11,400 Speaker 1: of how the universe began, and you know, there's lots 287 00:16:11,400 --> 00:16:14,400 Speaker 1: of questions there um. But one big problem with that 288 00:16:14,440 --> 00:16:17,600 Speaker 1: conception is that it has a center, has a place 289 00:16:17,600 --> 00:16:20,520 Speaker 1: where the Big Bang happened. And if you were looking 290 00:16:20,560 --> 00:16:23,040 Speaker 1: at the explosion from any point of view, you would 291 00:16:23,080 --> 00:16:26,640 Speaker 1: see stuff sort of flying sideways, unless you happen to 292 00:16:26,760 --> 00:16:29,760 Speaker 1: be at the center, then everything would be flying in 293 00:16:29,800 --> 00:16:32,560 Speaker 1: a certain direction, right, and you could tell maybe where 294 00:16:32,560 --> 00:16:34,880 Speaker 1: the center of the universe was just by looking at 295 00:16:35,200 --> 00:16:38,360 Speaker 1: where all the things were, and you're flying away from 296 00:16:38,360 --> 00:16:42,680 Speaker 1: precisely and as a foreshadowing moment, that's not what we 297 00:16:42,760 --> 00:16:45,480 Speaker 1: see when we look out into space. Yeah. So at 298 00:16:45,520 --> 00:16:50,400 Speaker 1: some point a humanity physicist and scientists decided or started 299 00:16:50,680 --> 00:16:53,400 Speaker 1: to realize that this old model of the big band 300 00:16:53,640 --> 00:16:56,760 Speaker 1: was not the right one. Yeah. I mean it's a 301 00:16:56,760 --> 00:16:59,400 Speaker 1: good first draft. Like we're thinking about the universe, is 302 00:16:59,440 --> 00:17:01,680 Speaker 1: expanding what could have created it. You know, we don't 303 00:17:01,680 --> 00:17:04,400 Speaker 1: want to criticize those scientists, is being dumb or something 304 00:17:04,440 --> 00:17:06,520 Speaker 1: It's just sort of like science evolves, and this is 305 00:17:06,560 --> 00:17:08,840 Speaker 1: how it evolves. You have an idea, you compare it 306 00:17:08,840 --> 00:17:11,159 Speaker 1: to what you see. Doesn't quite work, so you improved 307 00:17:11,200 --> 00:17:16,199 Speaker 1: the idea. Right, They did a bang up job. It 308 00:17:16,280 --> 00:17:19,520 Speaker 1: was a big project. But but what I guess what 309 00:17:19,560 --> 00:17:21,720 Speaker 1: I mean is it at what point did we start 310 00:17:21,760 --> 00:17:24,439 Speaker 1: to sort of realize maybe this view was not the 311 00:17:24,480 --> 00:17:27,439 Speaker 1: correct one. Well, there's been a lot of problems with 312 00:17:27,480 --> 00:17:30,120 Speaker 1: the Big Bang basically since early on. You know when 313 00:17:30,280 --> 00:17:33,320 Speaker 1: ed when Hubble looked out into the universe and realized 314 00:17:33,359 --> 00:17:36,719 Speaker 1: it's like a hundred years ago that the universe was expanding, 315 00:17:37,320 --> 00:17:39,480 Speaker 1: That's sort of what gave birth to this concept of 316 00:17:39,480 --> 00:17:42,760 Speaker 1: a big Bang. He's the one who discovered that everything 317 00:17:42,840 --> 00:17:45,200 Speaker 1: was moving away from us, and everything was moving away 318 00:17:45,200 --> 00:17:47,480 Speaker 1: from us sort of the same speed in every direction 319 00:17:47,520 --> 00:17:50,159 Speaker 1: you looked. So this is an outstanding problem for the 320 00:17:50,200 --> 00:17:53,639 Speaker 1: Big Bang for a long time, and it wasn't until 321 00:17:54,040 --> 00:17:57,440 Speaker 1: this idea of inflation came along that it helped solve it. 322 00:17:57,520 --> 00:18:00,760 Speaker 1: So the Big Bang was not like totally accepted for 323 00:18:01,240 --> 00:18:04,280 Speaker 1: many many decades. And one problem what with it was, 324 00:18:04,720 --> 00:18:06,679 Speaker 1: you know, are we at the center? Why does it 325 00:18:06,760 --> 00:18:09,480 Speaker 1: look like we are at the center. Oh, I see. 326 00:18:09,560 --> 00:18:12,119 Speaker 1: He tried to figure out where the center of the 327 00:18:12,160 --> 00:18:15,520 Speaker 1: grenade was, and so he looked around and he found 328 00:18:15,560 --> 00:18:18,520 Speaker 1: that the center was us, which is weird, which was like, 329 00:18:18,600 --> 00:18:22,000 Speaker 1: too coincidental. It's too coincidental. Any time in science you 330 00:18:22,040 --> 00:18:23,760 Speaker 1: appear to be at the center of the universe, you 331 00:18:23,840 --> 00:18:28,520 Speaker 1: gotta wonder my biased or I'm just thinking about this wrong. 332 00:18:28,560 --> 00:18:31,000 Speaker 1: You know, you want to avoid coincidences. You want to 333 00:18:31,000 --> 00:18:35,359 Speaker 1: avoid things that are really unlikely, or especially things that 334 00:18:35,400 --> 00:18:38,320 Speaker 1: put humanity in the very important place in the cosmos. 335 00:18:38,400 --> 00:18:42,680 Speaker 1: Because we've made that mistake before, right, Like before we thought, 336 00:18:42,800 --> 00:18:44,639 Speaker 1: we like the Earth with decent was the center of 337 00:18:44,680 --> 00:18:46,600 Speaker 1: the Solar system. More than that, we thought it was 338 00:18:46,600 --> 00:18:49,240 Speaker 1: the center of the cosmos, right without everything was created 339 00:18:49,280 --> 00:18:52,520 Speaker 1: around the Earth, Yeah, right, right, And then it turns 340 00:18:52,520 --> 00:18:54,480 Speaker 1: out that the Sun, not even the Sun, is the 341 00:18:54,520 --> 00:18:57,960 Speaker 1: center of the universe. It's like just one star in 342 00:18:58,000 --> 00:19:02,359 Speaker 1: the rotating galaxy, which is part of something even bigger. Yeah, 343 00:19:02,440 --> 00:19:04,800 Speaker 1: And we like to think more democratically now. We like 344 00:19:04,880 --> 00:19:07,920 Speaker 1: to think that every point in space is equal, not 345 00:19:07,960 --> 00:19:10,560 Speaker 1: because they're voting or anything, but just that you know, 346 00:19:10,600 --> 00:19:13,760 Speaker 1: there should be no special locations because special locations require 347 00:19:13,840 --> 00:19:17,160 Speaker 1: special explanations. It just makes the most sense if everywhere 348 00:19:17,160 --> 00:19:20,000 Speaker 1: in space follows the same rules and is the same. 349 00:19:20,320 --> 00:19:21,720 Speaker 1: And that's why I like the Big Bang is a 350 00:19:21,760 --> 00:19:23,639 Speaker 1: point never really made sense to me, because then you 351 00:19:23,640 --> 00:19:26,159 Speaker 1: can always ask, like, well, why they're why did the 352 00:19:26,160 --> 00:19:28,400 Speaker 1: Big Bang start there and not like a meter over 353 00:19:28,680 --> 00:19:30,640 Speaker 1: or over there or a light year in the other direction, 354 00:19:31,040 --> 00:19:34,000 Speaker 1: why they're nowhere else? And so you avoid those questions 355 00:19:34,040 --> 00:19:36,240 Speaker 1: if you say, everywhere in the universe is the same. 356 00:19:36,400 --> 00:19:39,560 Speaker 1: All right, So that's the old bang, the old hot bang, 357 00:19:40,160 --> 00:19:43,320 Speaker 1: and now let's talk about the new hotter bang, I guess, 358 00:19:43,600 --> 00:19:47,520 Speaker 1: and in terms of trendiness um and why why we 359 00:19:47,560 --> 00:19:49,639 Speaker 1: think it happened and why is it still a mystery? 360 00:19:49,760 --> 00:20:06,200 Speaker 1: But first let's take a quick break. Okay, So Danny 361 00:20:06,640 --> 00:20:09,320 Speaker 1: telling me that the universe, the Big Bang is not 362 00:20:09,440 --> 00:20:11,760 Speaker 1: like a grenade that exploded that was full stuff and 363 00:20:11,760 --> 00:20:14,840 Speaker 1: then exploded, But the universe, the Big Bang is actually 364 00:20:14,880 --> 00:20:18,600 Speaker 1: something different where new space is being created and space 365 00:20:18,680 --> 00:20:22,040 Speaker 1: is being stretched. It's not an explosion, that's right. And 366 00:20:22,080 --> 00:20:24,120 Speaker 1: we still have to reconcile the fact that we think 367 00:20:24,160 --> 00:20:27,479 Speaker 1: the universe was more dense in the past than it 368 00:20:27,600 --> 00:20:29,840 Speaker 1: is today, and that makes you want to go to 369 00:20:29,920 --> 00:20:32,840 Speaker 1: the explosion explanation because you know, like, how else could 370 00:20:32,880 --> 00:20:37,040 Speaker 1: it happen? Right, because the grenade was denser before the explosion, 371 00:20:38,280 --> 00:20:41,760 Speaker 1: So you might be tempted to apply to our universe. Yeah, 372 00:20:41,880 --> 00:20:44,760 Speaker 1: So another approach and a better way to think about 373 00:20:44,760 --> 00:20:48,600 Speaker 1: it that it requires swallowing a really big idea, is 374 00:20:48,640 --> 00:20:52,800 Speaker 1: that the Big Bang essentially happened everywhere all at once. 375 00:20:53,400 --> 00:20:56,840 Speaker 1: That the universe wasn't created as a tiny singularity which 376 00:20:56,880 --> 00:21:01,359 Speaker 1: then exploded, but that the entire uni verse, an infinite 377 00:21:01,440 --> 00:21:05,960 Speaker 1: universe filled with an infinite amount of stuff, was created somehow, 378 00:21:06,240 --> 00:21:09,760 Speaker 1: we don't know how, in a very dense state, and 379 00:21:09,800 --> 00:21:12,520 Speaker 1: the Big Bang was the expansion of that state, the 380 00:21:12,600 --> 00:21:16,400 Speaker 1: stretching of space itself to make that stuff more dilute. 381 00:21:16,560 --> 00:21:19,840 Speaker 1: But that it was created everywhere and happened everywhere all 382 00:21:19,880 --> 00:21:23,000 Speaker 1: at once. So like that's an infinitely big bang. Okay, 383 00:21:23,040 --> 00:21:26,720 Speaker 1: So you're saying that the universe was has always been infinite. 384 00:21:26,720 --> 00:21:28,600 Speaker 1: It's not like it started as a point and became 385 00:21:28,720 --> 00:21:32,600 Speaker 1: exploited into infinity. You're saying that the universe was always infinite, 386 00:21:33,040 --> 00:21:35,760 Speaker 1: but that before it was like a dance and compact 387 00:21:35,800 --> 00:21:39,000 Speaker 1: infinite infinity but now it's more of a bigger and 388 00:21:40,240 --> 00:21:43,800 Speaker 1: more expanded infinity. Precisely, that's the idea. And of course 389 00:21:43,800 --> 00:21:46,119 Speaker 1: we don't know the size of the universe, and we 390 00:21:46,160 --> 00:21:48,480 Speaker 1: don't even know it's shape, but this is the idea. 391 00:21:48,480 --> 00:21:52,639 Speaker 1: It explains what we see, an infinite universe created infinitely 392 00:21:52,680 --> 00:21:55,480 Speaker 1: big and always filled with an infinite amount of stuff. 393 00:21:55,520 --> 00:21:58,359 Speaker 1: There's no edge to the matter, and there's no edge 394 00:21:58,400 --> 00:22:01,439 Speaker 1: to the universe, and just started out really hot and 395 00:22:01,480 --> 00:22:05,800 Speaker 1: dense and then stretched out right, But that's only one possibility, right, 396 00:22:06,200 --> 00:22:08,400 Speaker 1: that it's infinite. It could also be that the universe 397 00:22:08,560 --> 00:22:11,480 Speaker 1: is finite as far as we know. Right, it could 398 00:22:11,480 --> 00:22:13,600 Speaker 1: be right, but it at least has to be big 399 00:22:13,720 --> 00:22:18,840 Speaker 1: enough to fill our observable universe with a homogeneous stuff. Right. 400 00:22:18,880 --> 00:22:22,000 Speaker 1: If there is an edge to the stuff in the universe, 401 00:22:22,400 --> 00:22:24,439 Speaker 1: we don't see that, and so it has to be 402 00:22:24,560 --> 00:22:27,800 Speaker 1: really really big and and pretty uniform, at least in 403 00:22:27,840 --> 00:22:31,480 Speaker 1: our neighborhood. So it's possible that there's an edge to 404 00:22:31,520 --> 00:22:34,960 Speaker 1: the stuff in the universe. But it's sort of simpler somehow. 405 00:22:34,960 --> 00:22:37,560 Speaker 1: It's weird. It's weird. It's simpler to imagine an infinite 406 00:22:37,640 --> 00:22:39,520 Speaker 1: universe with infinite stuff because then you don't have to 407 00:22:39,520 --> 00:22:43,199 Speaker 1: explain the edges. Even though I can't explain how you 408 00:22:43,240 --> 00:22:45,480 Speaker 1: create an infinite universe with an infinite amount of stuff 409 00:22:45,480 --> 00:22:50,159 Speaker 1: in it either, well, nobody can explain it finite universe either. Right, 410 00:22:50,240 --> 00:22:52,920 Speaker 1: All this stuff defies explanation. But you know it's it's 411 00:22:52,960 --> 00:22:55,880 Speaker 1: like pushing the rock further up the hill. You don't 412 00:22:55,920 --> 00:22:58,159 Speaker 1: have to have the answer to every question. You just 413 00:22:58,200 --> 00:23:00,119 Speaker 1: have to ask have the answer to this question in 414 00:23:00,440 --> 00:23:02,680 Speaker 1: and then it gives you the next question. Like if 415 00:23:02,760 --> 00:23:06,480 Speaker 1: you say, let's assume the universe started infinitely large, filled 416 00:23:06,520 --> 00:23:08,920 Speaker 1: with an infinite amount of stuff, then what would have happened? 417 00:23:09,119 --> 00:23:11,159 Speaker 1: And you can show that that's consistent with what we 418 00:23:11,200 --> 00:23:13,320 Speaker 1: see so far, then you get to go back to 419 00:23:13,359 --> 00:23:15,800 Speaker 1: that other question, say, okay, let's roll up our sleeves 420 00:23:15,800 --> 00:23:19,320 Speaker 1: and figure out how it's possible to create an infinite universe. Um. 421 00:23:19,520 --> 00:23:22,119 Speaker 1: So that is that your approach to teaching as well, Daniel, 422 00:23:22,280 --> 00:23:25,160 Speaker 1: Just make it up as you go along, push all 423 00:23:25,160 --> 00:23:28,160 Speaker 1: the problems off until tomorrow. That's my approach to life. 424 00:23:28,440 --> 00:23:34,800 Speaker 1: Yes to my inbox as well. Yeah, and so the 425 00:23:34,840 --> 00:23:38,679 Speaker 1: idea is you create an infinite universe filled with an 426 00:23:38,720 --> 00:23:41,480 Speaker 1: infinite amount of stuff, but it's very hot and dense. Right, 427 00:23:41,520 --> 00:23:44,520 Speaker 1: it's like a huge singularity essentially. Okay, so I think 428 00:23:44,560 --> 00:23:46,159 Speaker 1: you're saying that the best way to think about the 429 00:23:46,160 --> 00:23:48,840 Speaker 1: big band it's not as like a little point that exploded, 430 00:23:49,320 --> 00:23:52,320 Speaker 1: but just as an infinity going from a really dense 431 00:23:52,359 --> 00:23:57,640 Speaker 1: infinity to a bigger infinity. Yeah, And that's what cosmic 432 00:23:57,640 --> 00:24:01,840 Speaker 1: inflation is, is taking that really dense um infinity and 433 00:24:02,000 --> 00:24:06,320 Speaker 1: stretching it out to a much more dilute infinity, because 434 00:24:06,320 --> 00:24:09,040 Speaker 1: that is what we see, that's what we have evidence for, right, 435 00:24:09,080 --> 00:24:12,640 Speaker 1: Like we see that the universe is really sparse and 436 00:24:12,760 --> 00:24:15,159 Speaker 1: I'm kind of empty now, and and we see that 437 00:24:15,200 --> 00:24:19,320 Speaker 1: everything used to be much much denser. Yeah, we need 438 00:24:19,400 --> 00:24:21,879 Speaker 1: to have inflation order to explain a bunch of stuff 439 00:24:21,880 --> 00:24:24,120 Speaker 1: that we see in the universe. And we can get 440 00:24:24,119 --> 00:24:26,240 Speaker 1: into that in a few minutes if you like. But 441 00:24:26,520 --> 00:24:30,000 Speaker 1: this explains why the universe looks the way that it does. 442 00:24:30,440 --> 00:24:34,119 Speaker 1: And without inflation, the universe doesn't really make sense. Like 443 00:24:34,480 --> 00:24:38,200 Speaker 1: if you just create the universe at this current density 444 00:24:38,240 --> 00:24:41,920 Speaker 1: and said it expanding now um ten billion years ago, 445 00:24:42,160 --> 00:24:44,400 Speaker 1: it wouldn't make sense. It doesn't explain what we see. 446 00:24:44,440 --> 00:24:47,040 Speaker 1: So you need to have this inflationary period in order 447 00:24:47,040 --> 00:24:49,040 Speaker 1: to get all the sort of the clumpiness and the 448 00:24:49,080 --> 00:24:52,840 Speaker 1: structure that we see in the temperature of stuff all correct. Okay, 449 00:24:52,840 --> 00:24:55,920 Speaker 1: So I think that's another key concept about inflation, which 450 00:24:55,960 --> 00:24:59,160 Speaker 1: is that it's not you know, the universe went from 451 00:24:59,640 --> 00:25:03,560 Speaker 1: a as infinity to a wider infinity, but it didn't 452 00:25:03,600 --> 00:25:06,119 Speaker 1: do it sort of evenly, right, like there were there 453 00:25:06,200 --> 00:25:08,400 Speaker 1: was a period of time where it was really expanding 454 00:25:08,400 --> 00:25:11,159 Speaker 1: really fast, and now it's expanding but not as fast. 455 00:25:11,800 --> 00:25:14,239 Speaker 1: And so what do you call inflation? Is it that 456 00:25:14,440 --> 00:25:16,600 Speaker 1: rapid expansion or is it the whole thing, or is 457 00:25:16,600 --> 00:25:20,760 Speaker 1: it that's still kind of undecided. That's a little bit fuzzy. Yeah, 458 00:25:20,760 --> 00:25:23,800 Speaker 1: I think if you talk to most cosmologists, they would 459 00:25:23,800 --> 00:25:27,600 Speaker 1: think about inflation as this very narrow period from tend 460 00:25:27,640 --> 00:25:31,320 Speaker 1: to the minus thirty six seconds after somehow the universe 461 00:25:31,600 --> 00:25:34,440 Speaker 1: was created, to tend to the minus thirty two seconds 462 00:25:34,640 --> 00:25:37,119 Speaker 1: after the universe was created, in which you had this 463 00:25:37,359 --> 00:25:40,480 Speaker 1: enormous expansion in the universe. It seems like a factor 464 00:25:40,520 --> 00:25:43,520 Speaker 1: of ten to the twenty six. That's what they would 465 00:25:43,520 --> 00:25:46,240 Speaker 1: think of as inflation. But I'd also like to think 466 00:25:46,280 --> 00:25:48,480 Speaker 1: about what, you know, what expansion is still happening, and 467 00:25:48,520 --> 00:25:50,760 Speaker 1: so maybe this is still really part of inflation. But 468 00:25:50,920 --> 00:25:53,640 Speaker 1: that was the most dramatic moment, and so I think, 469 00:25:54,119 --> 00:25:56,000 Speaker 1: you know, if you talk about inflation, that's the moment 470 00:25:56,040 --> 00:25:58,520 Speaker 1: that people are thinking about. Oh, I see, like we're 471 00:25:58,560 --> 00:26:01,480 Speaker 1: maybe it's just at the air party of the inflation, 472 00:26:01,880 --> 00:26:05,160 Speaker 1: but you could technically maybe still call it inflation night, 473 00:26:05,280 --> 00:26:07,840 Speaker 1: you know, like the Oscar's Night. That's right, is the 474 00:26:07,840 --> 00:26:10,600 Speaker 1: celebration after the super Bowl part of the super Bowl. Yeah, 475 00:26:10,920 --> 00:26:14,639 Speaker 1: you know, but it's nothing like yeah, like the tailgating 476 00:26:14,680 --> 00:26:18,719 Speaker 1: counts as part of the event, surely, yeah, exactly. The 477 00:26:18,720 --> 00:26:21,359 Speaker 1: tailgating created the whole thing. It's only because the fans 478 00:26:21,400 --> 00:26:23,880 Speaker 1: and you can even have a super Bowl. So there 479 00:26:23,920 --> 00:26:26,000 Speaker 1: you go. And one of my favorite things about inflation 480 00:26:26,119 --> 00:26:28,880 Speaker 1: is just sort of the mind boggling numbers. We're talking 481 00:26:28,880 --> 00:26:31,320 Speaker 1: about a really brief amount of time. Tend to the 482 00:26:31,400 --> 00:26:35,120 Speaker 1: minus thirty two seconds. It's like impossible to think about. 483 00:26:35,119 --> 00:26:38,680 Speaker 1: We talked recently on a podcast about how long particles live, 484 00:26:39,160 --> 00:26:41,000 Speaker 1: and I said that they last like ten to the 485 00:26:41,040 --> 00:26:45,439 Speaker 1: minus twenty three seconds, which seems impossibly short, but you know, 486 00:26:45,480 --> 00:26:48,000 Speaker 1: compared to tend to the minus thirty six. That's a 487 00:26:48,119 --> 00:26:50,720 Speaker 1: huge amount of time. The ideas that the universe went 488 00:26:50,800 --> 00:26:57,400 Speaker 1: from almost or actually infinitely dense and infinitely dense infinity 489 00:26:58,000 --> 00:27:02,480 Speaker 1: to a less infinite lead dance infinity in a matter 490 00:27:02,520 --> 00:27:06,879 Speaker 1: of seconds or fractions of fractions of a second. And 491 00:27:06,920 --> 00:27:10,080 Speaker 1: the expansion also is incredible. I mean ten to the 492 00:27:10,160 --> 00:27:13,760 Speaker 1: twenty six expansion is hard to get your mind around. Yeah, 493 00:27:13,840 --> 00:27:18,120 Speaker 1: it would take one meter and expanded to ten billion 494 00:27:18,359 --> 00:27:20,760 Speaker 1: light years. That's what happened at the beginning of time. 495 00:27:21,240 --> 00:27:24,120 Speaker 1: Is that a meter, Like suddenly a meter became ten 496 00:27:24,119 --> 00:27:26,960 Speaker 1: billion light years. Yeah, so the stuff that's in a 497 00:27:27,000 --> 00:27:30,000 Speaker 1: meter of space got stretched out and spread out over 498 00:27:30,160 --> 00:27:33,560 Speaker 1: ten billion light years in a matter of ten to 499 00:27:33,760 --> 00:27:36,640 Speaker 1: minus thirty two seconds. Yeah, one pachinko second or whatever 500 00:27:36,680 --> 00:27:41,240 Speaker 1: that unit is second. You know, if you're a cosmology is, 501 00:27:41,280 --> 00:27:43,680 Speaker 1: you get to make up whatever terms like because you're 502 00:27:43,960 --> 00:27:47,440 Speaker 1: this is uncharted territory in terms of scientific prefixes. Right, 503 00:27:47,600 --> 00:27:49,199 Speaker 1: I think I think you should claim it right now, 504 00:27:49,640 --> 00:27:52,320 Speaker 1: go online to chink that's the sound of me claiming 505 00:27:52,359 --> 00:27:56,240 Speaker 1: pachinko second and then gaining royalties from it. Then you 506 00:27:56,280 --> 00:27:59,240 Speaker 1: get to change seconds and the other thing to wrap 507 00:27:59,280 --> 00:28:01,400 Speaker 1: your mind around is that this is stuff that's happening 508 00:28:01,520 --> 00:28:04,439 Speaker 1: faster than the speed of light. You know, light can't 509 00:28:04,480 --> 00:28:07,719 Speaker 1: travel ten billion light years in ten to the minus 510 00:28:07,760 --> 00:28:10,840 Speaker 1: thirty two seconds, obviously, right, it would take ten billion 511 00:28:10,920 --> 00:28:14,880 Speaker 1: light years years to cross that distance. That's right, even 512 00:28:14,880 --> 00:28:17,040 Speaker 1: Han Solo would take twelve par Sex to get that far. 513 00:28:18,600 --> 00:28:20,159 Speaker 1: Which hand Solo though? That do you want here? The 514 00:28:20,200 --> 00:28:24,600 Speaker 1: old of course, the old one, the original? And I 515 00:28:24,600 --> 00:28:26,320 Speaker 1: want to get a shout out to all those fans 516 00:28:26,359 --> 00:28:28,960 Speaker 1: out there who wrote in and gave me an explanation 517 00:28:29,240 --> 00:28:32,239 Speaker 1: for why Han Solo quoted his Kessel run time in 518 00:28:32,320 --> 00:28:36,240 Speaker 1: par Sex because he found a shortcut. He wasn't using 519 00:28:36,240 --> 00:28:38,240 Speaker 1: it as a measure of time. He was referring to 520 00:28:38,280 --> 00:28:40,520 Speaker 1: the fact that he took a trip near some gravitational well, 521 00:28:40,560 --> 00:28:43,440 Speaker 1: which basically shortened his trip through space. So thank you 522 00:28:43,480 --> 00:28:45,880 Speaker 1: to all those fans who educated me on the physics 523 00:28:45,960 --> 00:28:48,560 Speaker 1: of Star Wars. Sounds like a whole episode we should do, 524 00:28:48,920 --> 00:28:52,520 Speaker 1: We should, certainly. But the idea here is that space 525 00:28:52,560 --> 00:28:55,040 Speaker 1: expanded faster than the speed of light. And so for 526 00:28:55,080 --> 00:28:57,880 Speaker 1: those of you physics afficionados who are thinking, what nothing 527 00:28:57,920 --> 00:29:00,240 Speaker 1: can go fast in the speed of light, you're night 528 00:29:00,280 --> 00:29:02,360 Speaker 1: that nothing can go faster than the speed of light 529 00:29:02,520 --> 00:29:06,800 Speaker 1: through space. But there's no limit to how fast space 530 00:29:06,840 --> 00:29:09,600 Speaker 1: can expand really no limit. You think you think space 531 00:29:09,640 --> 00:29:14,440 Speaker 1: can expand infinitely. Well, it made a pretty impressive expansion 532 00:29:14,440 --> 00:29:16,280 Speaker 1: in the first few moments of the universe. I mean, 533 00:29:16,360 --> 00:29:18,680 Speaker 1: I'm impressed we are not aware of a limit. I 534 00:29:18,680 --> 00:29:20,840 Speaker 1: mean there could be a limit, but you know, we 535 00:29:20,880 --> 00:29:25,280 Speaker 1: have evidence that this expansion happened in a mind boggling speed. 536 00:29:25,320 --> 00:29:27,360 Speaker 1: So things that used to be close by, they used 537 00:29:27,400 --> 00:29:30,280 Speaker 1: to be like a meter apart, where all of a sudden, 538 00:29:30,880 --> 00:29:35,120 Speaker 1: cosmically separated. They were in their own essentially observable universes. 539 00:29:35,160 --> 00:29:37,280 Speaker 1: You know, they could no longer see each other or 540 00:29:37,280 --> 00:29:42,280 Speaker 1: communicate with each other. That's a little sad. You know, 541 00:29:42,440 --> 00:29:45,480 Speaker 1: something tore them apart. Yeah, something tore them apart. And 542 00:29:45,560 --> 00:29:48,720 Speaker 1: that's actually an important clue as to why we think 543 00:29:48,800 --> 00:29:52,280 Speaker 1: inflation happened. And you know, this kind of expansion is 544 00:29:52,400 --> 00:29:55,200 Speaker 1: the same kind of expansion that we're talking about now 545 00:29:55,320 --> 00:29:58,120 Speaker 1: that we're talking about for dark energy. You know, people 546 00:29:58,240 --> 00:30:01,160 Speaker 1: in the interviews who said, huh, in space expanding now 547 00:30:01,280 --> 00:30:06,320 Speaker 1: is cosmic inflation talking about the current expansion of the universe. Maybe, right, 548 00:30:06,400 --> 00:30:09,120 Speaker 1: that there's no difference in the kind of expansion we're 549 00:30:09,160 --> 00:30:12,120 Speaker 1: seeing now that's driven by dark energy and the kind 550 00:30:12,120 --> 00:30:15,280 Speaker 1: of expansion that we're talking about for cosmic inflation. They're 551 00:30:15,320 --> 00:30:20,360 Speaker 1: the same expansion of space, right, And so so this was, 552 00:30:20,840 --> 00:30:25,400 Speaker 1: um what we that short, super crazy period happened near 553 00:30:25,440 --> 00:30:29,560 Speaker 1: the beginning of time, and it happened really fast, but 554 00:30:29,600 --> 00:30:32,680 Speaker 1: we don't know kind of why it happened, right, We 555 00:30:32,720 --> 00:30:35,160 Speaker 1: don't know what happened, and we don't know why it 556 00:30:35,280 --> 00:30:38,000 Speaker 1: stopped happening and sort of cool off for a while, 557 00:30:38,480 --> 00:30:40,920 Speaker 1: and then we don't know why it started happening a 558 00:30:40,960 --> 00:30:44,520 Speaker 1: little bit again five billion years ago when dark energy 559 00:30:44,600 --> 00:30:47,120 Speaker 1: sort of started taking over the universe. So yeah, we 560 00:30:47,160 --> 00:30:50,520 Speaker 1: don't understand the mechanism of it at all, right, but 561 00:30:50,560 --> 00:30:52,920 Speaker 1: it is pretty crazy, and maybe that is that kind 562 00:30:52,920 --> 00:30:55,080 Speaker 1: of where the idea of a big band came from, 563 00:30:55,160 --> 00:30:58,400 Speaker 1: Like from this crazy expansion. It's almost like an explosion 564 00:30:58,440 --> 00:31:01,080 Speaker 1: of space, right, you might call it or a bang 565 00:31:01,120 --> 00:31:04,000 Speaker 1: of space, or I think the original name big Bang 566 00:31:04,080 --> 00:31:06,400 Speaker 1: came as a sort of a joke trying to mock 567 00:31:06,480 --> 00:31:09,440 Speaker 1: somebody else's scientific theory, and that was thinking of the 568 00:31:09,480 --> 00:31:13,040 Speaker 1: universe is starting from a point and an explosion through space. 569 00:31:13,360 --> 00:31:15,600 Speaker 1: And people were like, what are you suggesting as a 570 00:31:15,680 --> 00:31:18,200 Speaker 1: theory of the whole universe? Something as whimsical as that 571 00:31:18,320 --> 00:31:21,280 Speaker 1: Big Bang? You know, I think probably said with a 572 00:31:21,280 --> 00:31:25,560 Speaker 1: snotty British accident, you know exactly what the sneer, right, 573 00:31:26,400 --> 00:31:29,840 Speaker 1: the curled lip, but it caught on it like the 574 00:31:29,880 --> 00:31:34,680 Speaker 1: Big mag like the Big mag. It was catchy precisely, 575 00:31:34,720 --> 00:31:37,280 Speaker 1: and you know it has its own special sauce. And 576 00:31:38,960 --> 00:31:41,120 Speaker 1: but it is sort of it is sort incredible that 577 00:31:41,360 --> 00:31:43,160 Speaker 1: I mean, it's sort of like if you were alive 578 00:31:43,200 --> 00:31:45,479 Speaker 1: back then, it would you would not survive that, right, 579 00:31:45,520 --> 00:31:47,800 Speaker 1: It would feel like an explosion. It would feel like 580 00:31:47,840 --> 00:31:52,840 Speaker 1: this crazy violent, uh you know, sudden thing that it 581 00:31:52,960 --> 00:31:55,920 Speaker 1: just happened suddenly. Yeah, if you're two ms high, then 582 00:31:55,920 --> 00:31:59,840 Speaker 1: you would suddenly become a twenty billion light year long 583 00:32:00,160 --> 00:32:03,720 Speaker 1: staying on the universe. Right, I feel like I'm a 584 00:32:03,760 --> 00:32:06,480 Speaker 1: staying in the universe now that yeah, but you're localized, 585 00:32:06,880 --> 00:32:10,760 Speaker 1: like infinitely stayed. Do you want to be a cosmic 586 00:32:10,880 --> 00:32:13,719 Speaker 1: smear in the universe? You know? And if you are 587 00:32:13,760 --> 00:32:16,600 Speaker 1: reading that time travel device, be careful don't go back 588 00:32:16,600 --> 00:32:21,120 Speaker 1: to far because you do not want to experience cosmic inflation, right, 589 00:32:21,120 --> 00:32:23,640 Speaker 1: but you know it's it's space and time are tied together. 590 00:32:23,800 --> 00:32:27,000 Speaker 1: So is this was time also moving slower or was 591 00:32:27,120 --> 00:32:31,000 Speaker 1: time moving? Is this all measured at the same time scale? 592 00:32:31,480 --> 00:32:33,400 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, that's a great question and a deep one, 593 00:32:33,600 --> 00:32:36,040 Speaker 1: and we don't really understand. But we're measuring these things 594 00:32:36,080 --> 00:32:39,959 Speaker 1: according to our time, so our proper time. You know 595 00:32:40,040 --> 00:32:42,800 Speaker 1: what when you have experienced in terms of time, if 596 00:32:42,840 --> 00:32:46,040 Speaker 1: you're living through that period, I don't know. And we 597 00:32:46,040 --> 00:32:49,080 Speaker 1: don't really have a mechanism for explaining how this happened. 598 00:32:49,080 --> 00:32:51,120 Speaker 1: We just sort of sort of describing that it did. 599 00:32:51,680 --> 00:32:53,960 Speaker 1: And so we don't understand, like, is this part of 600 00:32:54,000 --> 00:32:56,480 Speaker 1: general relativity, there's some term you can add to the 601 00:32:56,480 --> 00:32:59,720 Speaker 1: equations of general realtivity that create this expansion, or is 602 00:32:59,720 --> 00:33:02,719 Speaker 1: it some totally different than it is stretching space? And 603 00:33:02,800 --> 00:33:05,000 Speaker 1: so the answer to how it affects time depends a 604 00:33:05,040 --> 00:33:07,960 Speaker 1: little bit on the details of what's doing it, whether 605 00:33:08,000 --> 00:33:12,240 Speaker 1: it's part of general relativity or not. I think time 606 00:33:12,280 --> 00:33:16,200 Speaker 1: itself cost inflation about that? Is that a new idea? 607 00:33:17,800 --> 00:33:21,320 Speaker 1: Lame Craig lame credit to that high fi novel. That's right, 608 00:33:21,360 --> 00:33:24,880 Speaker 1: that is officially your idea. And look forward to seeing 609 00:33:24,920 --> 00:33:28,280 Speaker 1: the paper you're writing on it. All right, let's get 610 00:33:28,320 --> 00:33:31,480 Speaker 1: into why we think costmic inflation even happened in the 611 00:33:31,520 --> 00:33:33,960 Speaker 1: first place, and let's get into what is still a 612 00:33:34,000 --> 00:33:50,000 Speaker 1: big mystery about it. But first let's take another break. Okay, 613 00:33:50,080 --> 00:33:53,960 Speaker 1: Daniel Lid we're talking about cosmic inflation, which is the 614 00:33:54,040 --> 00:33:56,160 Speaker 1: new Big Bang? Should we just call it the big 615 00:33:56,480 --> 00:34:03,440 Speaker 1: inflationary Bang, the Biggest Bang? Maybe the bangie inflation. But 616 00:34:03,560 --> 00:34:05,800 Speaker 1: so that's a crazy idea, that this idea that the 617 00:34:05,960 --> 00:34:11,320 Speaker 1: universe went from an infinitely dense infinity to a less 618 00:34:11,440 --> 00:34:15,600 Speaker 1: infinitely dense infinity in less than ten to the twenty 619 00:34:15,640 --> 00:34:18,760 Speaker 1: six seconds. That's crazy. It's crazy. But you know, the 620 00:34:18,880 --> 00:34:23,560 Speaker 1: universe and reality are no stranger to absurdity, right, They 621 00:34:23,560 --> 00:34:26,480 Speaker 1: don't care what your definition of crazy is. Yeah, and 622 00:34:26,640 --> 00:34:29,240 Speaker 1: crazy stuff has happened. And that's one of my favorite 623 00:34:29,239 --> 00:34:32,560 Speaker 1: things about physics is learning that the universe is bonkers, 624 00:34:32,600 --> 00:34:37,040 Speaker 1: bonkers beyond our imagination sometimes so it stretches our concept 625 00:34:37,120 --> 00:34:39,640 Speaker 1: of reality completely. I guess my question to you is 626 00:34:40,040 --> 00:34:43,160 Speaker 1: why do scientists think that so much happen is such 627 00:34:43,160 --> 00:34:46,200 Speaker 1: a short amount of time? You know, basically, why do 628 00:34:46,239 --> 00:34:49,440 Speaker 1: we think that the Big Bang or the inflation happened 629 00:34:49,440 --> 00:34:51,920 Speaker 1: in the first place. Yeah, well, it solves some problems. 630 00:34:52,000 --> 00:34:54,000 Speaker 1: It explains some of the things that we see that 631 00:34:54,120 --> 00:34:56,480 Speaker 1: we can't otherwise resolve. I mean, you might come up 632 00:34:56,480 --> 00:34:59,879 Speaker 1: with another theory that explains what we see out there, 633 00:35:00,000 --> 00:35:01,719 Speaker 1: but it has to explain all the stuff that we 634 00:35:01,760 --> 00:35:04,279 Speaker 1: see and tie up all the loose ends. And one 635 00:35:04,280 --> 00:35:06,440 Speaker 1: of the things is what we mentioned earlier on is 636 00:35:06,480 --> 00:35:08,719 Speaker 1: that we seem to be at the center of the 637 00:35:08,840 --> 00:35:11,719 Speaker 1: universe and that doesn't make sense. And the the hot Big 638 00:35:11,760 --> 00:35:14,440 Speaker 1: Bang model we have a point that explodes out, but 639 00:35:14,520 --> 00:35:17,719 Speaker 1: it does explain what we see if the whole universe 640 00:35:17,840 --> 00:35:21,320 Speaker 1: was infinite and expanded out everywhere at once, because then 641 00:35:21,440 --> 00:35:24,000 Speaker 1: everywhere looks like it's at the center of the universe. 642 00:35:24,400 --> 00:35:26,080 Speaker 1: It's like you're in the middle of a loaf of 643 00:35:26,120 --> 00:35:29,040 Speaker 1: bread and all the reasons as it's baking, all the 644 00:35:29,080 --> 00:35:31,479 Speaker 1: reasons are moving away from you. That's true, no matter 645 00:35:31,520 --> 00:35:34,760 Speaker 1: where you are in this infinite loaf of bread. Yeah, 646 00:35:34,840 --> 00:35:37,120 Speaker 1: it's like being in a rubber sheet. Right when you 647 00:35:37,160 --> 00:35:40,200 Speaker 1: stretch it out wherever you stand, it looks like everything's 648 00:35:40,200 --> 00:35:44,320 Speaker 1: blooming away from you. Yeah, exactly, And and that's pretty compelling. 649 00:35:44,719 --> 00:35:46,680 Speaker 1: But then you might ask, all right, well, that just 650 00:35:46,800 --> 00:35:49,120 Speaker 1: requires that the universe is infinite and it is filled 651 00:35:49,160 --> 00:35:51,000 Speaker 1: with an infor amount of stuff. Why do you think 652 00:35:51,040 --> 00:35:54,720 Speaker 1: it had this crazy expansion? And part of that comes 653 00:35:54,800 --> 00:35:56,840 Speaker 1: with what we see out there in the universe is 654 00:35:56,880 --> 00:35:59,839 Speaker 1: that the universe is pretty smooth. I mean, there are 655 00:36:00,040 --> 00:36:02,880 Speaker 1: clumps and galaxies and solar systems. Will get into that 656 00:36:02,960 --> 00:36:05,560 Speaker 1: in a moment, but if you average out over it, 657 00:36:05,920 --> 00:36:09,000 Speaker 1: it looks pretty smooth. And most specifically, if you look 658 00:36:09,040 --> 00:36:13,120 Speaker 1: at this cosmic microwave background radiation, this light we've talked 659 00:36:13,120 --> 00:36:16,400 Speaker 1: about that comes from like three hundred thousand years after 660 00:36:16,800 --> 00:36:19,440 Speaker 1: the Big Bang, when the universe was a hot plasma. 661 00:36:19,960 --> 00:36:22,040 Speaker 1: We see that light and we use that light to 662 00:36:22,080 --> 00:36:24,680 Speaker 1: measure it's sort of the temperature of the universe by 663 00:36:24,719 --> 00:36:29,760 Speaker 1: the frequency of the light. And it's really really, really smooth. 664 00:36:30,320 --> 00:36:32,839 Speaker 1: Like it looks like the universe was basically the same 665 00:36:32,960 --> 00:36:36,960 Speaker 1: temperature everywhere. And that's weird. It's it's very even, right, 666 00:36:37,040 --> 00:36:39,640 Speaker 1: It's like it it all, it all looks the same 667 00:36:39,719 --> 00:36:42,919 Speaker 1: almost from every direction. Yeah, it looks like a smooth bath, 668 00:36:43,480 --> 00:36:46,719 Speaker 1: you know. It looks like the temperature varies by one 669 00:36:46,840 --> 00:36:48,960 Speaker 1: part in a hundred thousand or one part in ten 670 00:36:49,080 --> 00:36:51,880 Speaker 1: thousand from here to there to the other place. And 671 00:36:51,960 --> 00:36:55,200 Speaker 1: you might be thinking, well, what what's weird about that? Right, Well, 672 00:36:55,280 --> 00:36:57,800 Speaker 1: it's weird from the point of view that those things 673 00:36:58,120 --> 00:37:02,080 Speaker 1: are cosmically far upon heart. If you look at light 674 00:37:02,160 --> 00:37:04,800 Speaker 1: that's coming to us from one direction in the cosmic 675 00:37:04,880 --> 00:37:08,120 Speaker 1: micro background radiation, it's been traveling the whole history of 676 00:37:08,120 --> 00:37:10,759 Speaker 1: the universe, just got here. If you look from the 677 00:37:10,840 --> 00:37:13,920 Speaker 1: other direction, life coming from the other direction has also 678 00:37:14,000 --> 00:37:16,759 Speaker 1: been traveling the whole history universe and just got here. 679 00:37:17,080 --> 00:37:19,359 Speaker 1: So it's the first time they ever met, right from 680 00:37:19,400 --> 00:37:22,120 Speaker 1: different ends of the universe. Right, one of them came 681 00:37:22,160 --> 00:37:24,200 Speaker 1: from the left edge of the universe and the other 682 00:37:24,239 --> 00:37:27,160 Speaker 1: one came from the right edge of the right. Yeah, well, 683 00:37:27,200 --> 00:37:29,760 Speaker 1: even if there aren't any edges, they came from totally 684 00:37:29,840 --> 00:37:32,600 Speaker 1: separated spots, spots that have not had time to talk 685 00:37:32,680 --> 00:37:35,200 Speaker 1: to each other or communicate in any way since the 686 00:37:35,280 --> 00:37:40,640 Speaker 1: beginning of the universe. Right, that's weird. That's weird because 687 00:37:40,719 --> 00:37:42,759 Speaker 1: they're the same temperature, and the only way you can 688 00:37:42,840 --> 00:37:45,520 Speaker 1: get stuff to be the same temperature is to let 689 00:37:45,600 --> 00:37:48,440 Speaker 1: it mix, Right, Like if you put an ice cube 690 00:37:48,760 --> 00:37:52,160 Speaker 1: into hot water, then you have a cold spot in 691 00:37:52,320 --> 00:37:54,919 Speaker 1: your water, and you have to wait for things to mix, 692 00:37:55,000 --> 00:37:57,520 Speaker 1: for the temperature to get so even. And so it 693 00:37:57,719 --> 00:38:00,320 Speaker 1: looks like the universe had a chance to mix. It 694 00:38:00,440 --> 00:38:05,000 Speaker 1: looks like the temperature smoothed out. But how did that happen? 695 00:38:05,160 --> 00:38:07,239 Speaker 1: Because these things have never had a chance to talk 696 00:38:07,280 --> 00:38:09,640 Speaker 1: to each other before. Why what? What if it touch 697 00:38:09,680 --> 00:38:13,000 Speaker 1: is how the universe was before? Yeah, it could be. 698 00:38:13,360 --> 00:38:16,920 Speaker 1: You know, a lot of these problems are sort of aesthetic. 699 00:38:17,200 --> 00:38:19,200 Speaker 1: You're like, well, I don't really get it. I don't 700 00:38:19,280 --> 00:38:21,520 Speaker 1: like that assumption. And so you could say, well, the 701 00:38:21,600 --> 00:38:25,319 Speaker 1: universe were just created like perfectly smooth. Yeah, just came 702 00:38:25,400 --> 00:38:29,719 Speaker 1: off the factory floor, nice and nice and toasty. Yeah, 703 00:38:29,880 --> 00:38:33,800 Speaker 1: nice and toasty. It's not exactly smooth. We see little 704 00:38:33,960 --> 00:38:37,640 Speaker 1: clumps in there, and the distribution of those clumps is 705 00:38:37,680 --> 00:38:40,640 Speaker 1: another thing that's explained by inflation. But you're right, this, 706 00:38:41,000 --> 00:38:45,920 Speaker 1: you know, by itself, this smoothness problem is not completely bulletproof. Right. 707 00:38:45,920 --> 00:38:49,240 Speaker 1: You could say, maybe the universe was just created almost 708 00:38:49,280 --> 00:38:52,640 Speaker 1: perfectly smooth, like maybe when photons are creative at the beginning, 709 00:38:53,080 --> 00:38:55,600 Speaker 1: they all have the same temperature. There would be another 710 00:38:55,600 --> 00:38:57,000 Speaker 1: way to explain it. There would be another way to 711 00:38:57,040 --> 00:39:00,080 Speaker 1: explain it. But the explanation that comes from inflation and 712 00:39:00,760 --> 00:39:03,879 Speaker 1: is that these things did once have a chance to mix. 713 00:39:04,000 --> 00:39:07,440 Speaker 1: That you know, before inflation, these photons, which were ten 714 00:39:07,520 --> 00:39:10,480 Speaker 1: billion light years apart, were only a meter apart. And 715 00:39:10,600 --> 00:39:13,040 Speaker 1: so there's a lot of time in this early plasma 716 00:39:13,120 --> 00:39:15,359 Speaker 1: for stuff to slash around and for things to get 717 00:39:15,440 --> 00:39:18,160 Speaker 1: smoothed out and for the universe to get to an 718 00:39:18,239 --> 00:39:23,239 Speaker 1: even temperature before things got inflated. Right, And so I 719 00:39:23,320 --> 00:39:25,920 Speaker 1: think I remember this that the the the way that 720 00:39:26,000 --> 00:39:28,640 Speaker 1: this explains it. It is that you need this kind 721 00:39:28,680 --> 00:39:33,560 Speaker 1: of rapid and violent expansion of space to basically take 722 00:39:33,640 --> 00:39:38,160 Speaker 1: the left edge photon and the right edge photon far 723 00:39:38,360 --> 00:39:42,120 Speaker 1: enough apart where it makes sense now. Yeah, so these 724 00:39:42,160 --> 00:39:45,000 Speaker 1: two have had to been inside the same sort of 725 00:39:45,200 --> 00:39:49,600 Speaker 1: cosmic horizon before, and now they're outside the cosmic horizon. 726 00:39:50,160 --> 00:39:53,719 Speaker 1: Cosmic horizon is something that is so far away that 727 00:39:54,000 --> 00:39:56,839 Speaker 1: you have not seen it because light from it has 728 00:39:56,920 --> 00:39:59,600 Speaker 1: never reached you in the history of the universe. Right, 729 00:39:59,640 --> 00:40:02,200 Speaker 1: there's a no way they could have talked before, And 730 00:40:02,320 --> 00:40:05,719 Speaker 1: yet it seems like they had have talked before. And 731 00:40:05,880 --> 00:40:08,319 Speaker 1: the expansion of space faster than the speed of light 732 00:40:08,440 --> 00:40:09,839 Speaker 1: is the thing that can do that. It can take 733 00:40:09,920 --> 00:40:13,239 Speaker 1: things that were inside the same cosmic horizon, right, that 734 00:40:13,280 --> 00:40:15,400 Speaker 1: are close enough to interact and talk to each other, 735 00:40:15,480 --> 00:40:18,359 Speaker 1: and smooth them become the same temperature, and push them 736 00:40:18,400 --> 00:40:21,359 Speaker 1: apart into their own separate cosmic horizons so that they 737 00:40:21,680 --> 00:40:24,120 Speaker 1: can no longer interact. And so that's what we think 738 00:40:24,160 --> 00:40:27,160 Speaker 1: we see now is that light from this from two 739 00:40:27,239 --> 00:40:30,839 Speaker 1: directions in the universe is now the same temperature, even 740 00:40:30,920 --> 00:40:33,640 Speaker 1: though without cosmic inflation, we don't think that they could 741 00:40:33,719 --> 00:40:36,360 Speaker 1: ever have met, right, It's like it's like a crazy 742 00:40:36,440 --> 00:40:38,400 Speaker 1: thing you've see in the universe that can only be 743 00:40:38,520 --> 00:40:43,200 Speaker 1: explained apparently by this crazy idea of inflation. Yeah, precisely. 744 00:40:43,719 --> 00:40:47,520 Speaker 1: That's one reason why we like inflation. It explains that. 745 00:40:48,280 --> 00:40:52,440 Speaker 1: And more specifically, the universe is not all the same temperature. 746 00:40:52,560 --> 00:40:55,200 Speaker 1: If you look at the cosmic microwave background radiation, this 747 00:40:55,400 --> 00:40:57,960 Speaker 1: light from the early universe, we said, it's like the 748 00:40:58,080 --> 00:41:00,239 Speaker 1: same too, within one in ten thousand, one in a 749 00:41:00,320 --> 00:41:04,319 Speaker 1: hundred thousand. Those wiggles are actually important. Those those deviations 750 00:41:04,440 --> 00:41:07,640 Speaker 1: from being exactly the same temperature are really important, and 751 00:41:08,080 --> 00:41:11,240 Speaker 1: we study those really carefully because those are the seeds 752 00:41:11,440 --> 00:41:13,880 Speaker 1: of the rest of the universe, right, that they're the 753 00:41:14,080 --> 00:41:18,600 Speaker 1: wrinkles that came from basically this giant stretching of the universe. Yeah, 754 00:41:18,680 --> 00:41:22,080 Speaker 1: those those wrinkles came from the giant stretching. And you 755 00:41:22,160 --> 00:41:25,400 Speaker 1: might wonder, like, all right, say the universe was created 756 00:41:25,560 --> 00:41:28,520 Speaker 1: perfectly smoothly, like you were saying earlier, Right, why couldn't 757 00:41:28,560 --> 00:41:31,400 Speaker 1: just come off the factory floor, like totally homogeneous. Well, 758 00:41:31,440 --> 00:41:33,960 Speaker 1: if you have a universe like that, then you never 759 00:41:34,120 --> 00:41:36,800 Speaker 1: get any sort of clumping. You don't get anything like 760 00:41:37,080 --> 00:41:41,000 Speaker 1: solar systems and hamsters and galaxies and stuff, because everything 761 00:41:41,120 --> 00:41:44,439 Speaker 1: is perfectly smooth and there's no place where things start 762 00:41:44,520 --> 00:41:47,280 Speaker 1: to clump together. To get any sort of clumping or structure, 763 00:41:47,600 --> 00:41:50,600 Speaker 1: you need something and that's not homogeneous, right, And so 764 00:41:50,960 --> 00:41:54,800 Speaker 1: you're saying, inflation is our only explanation for why the 765 00:41:54,960 --> 00:41:59,640 Speaker 1: universe is smooth and clumpy just the right amount that 766 00:41:59,840 --> 00:42:02,120 Speaker 1: we see it right now. That's right, because in physics 767 00:42:02,200 --> 00:42:06,200 Speaker 1: we have only one way to introduce random clumpiness, and 768 00:42:06,320 --> 00:42:09,840 Speaker 1: that's quantum mechanics. So the idea is the universe was 769 00:42:09,880 --> 00:42:14,719 Speaker 1: really really dense and perfectly smooth, and then quantum fluctuations 770 00:42:14,760 --> 00:42:16,440 Speaker 1: just like created a few particles here and a few 771 00:42:16,480 --> 00:42:19,400 Speaker 1: particles there. Now, normally, when that happens, and it's happening 772 00:42:19,440 --> 00:42:21,360 Speaker 1: all the time, it's not a big deal because there 773 00:42:21,400 --> 00:42:23,440 Speaker 1: are the quantum level so you don't see them. But 774 00:42:24,160 --> 00:42:27,400 Speaker 1: what if just when you're making those fluctuations, the universe 775 00:42:27,480 --> 00:42:30,759 Speaker 1: decides I'm gonna blow this up to ten billion light years? 776 00:42:31,160 --> 00:42:34,480 Speaker 1: Then all of a sudden, tiny little quantum fluctuations become 777 00:42:34,560 --> 00:42:39,200 Speaker 1: really big cosmic fluctuations, right, they become spread out over 778 00:42:39,320 --> 00:42:43,600 Speaker 1: the whole cosmos. Then they're big enough to seed gravity, 779 00:42:43,680 --> 00:42:46,840 Speaker 1: to get things moving, to clump stuff together. Right and 780 00:42:46,960 --> 00:42:51,000 Speaker 1: if so, so, if an inflation was not as dramatic, 781 00:42:51,600 --> 00:42:55,319 Speaker 1: then we wouldn't see those quantum fluctuations, right, because let's 782 00:42:55,360 --> 00:43:00,640 Speaker 1: say that inflation had actually taken longer than you wouldn't 783 00:43:00,840 --> 00:43:03,799 Speaker 1: you know, it wouldn't stretch those quantum fluctuations because things 784 00:43:03,840 --> 00:43:07,080 Speaker 1: would even out before you stretch out to the to 785 00:43:07,200 --> 00:43:09,120 Speaker 1: what we see now. Yeah, And that's why you need 786 00:43:09,160 --> 00:43:11,600 Speaker 1: to have inflation happened at the scale that had happened 787 00:43:11,680 --> 00:43:14,719 Speaker 1: like so dramatically and so quickly. You've got to catch 788 00:43:15,040 --> 00:43:20,160 Speaker 1: those quantum fluctuations with their pants down. Otherwise it doesn't 789 00:43:20,200 --> 00:43:23,520 Speaker 1: explain the universe were in. That's right, Their cosmic embarrassment 790 00:43:23,640 --> 00:43:27,160 Speaker 1: is the reason why we are here. Yeah, that's sort 791 00:43:27,200 --> 00:43:30,200 Speaker 1: of basically right, right, Like, it's like you needed to 792 00:43:30,280 --> 00:43:33,160 Speaker 1: catch the universe just the right time with this crazy 793 00:43:33,239 --> 00:43:37,000 Speaker 1: expansion like this photograph in order to explain what we 794 00:43:37,080 --> 00:43:39,400 Speaker 1: see now. Yeah, And we talked on the podcast recently 795 00:43:39,440 --> 00:43:43,040 Speaker 1: about another possibility, another different idea, which was cosmic strings. 796 00:43:43,120 --> 00:43:45,840 Speaker 1: People thought, maybe cosmic strings are the reason why we 797 00:43:45,920 --> 00:43:48,240 Speaker 1: see this sort of distribution of stuff in the universe, 798 00:43:48,600 --> 00:43:50,719 Speaker 1: but people look at them more carefully and it doesn't work. 799 00:43:50,920 --> 00:43:53,520 Speaker 1: You don't get this sort of the right kind of wiggles, 800 00:43:53,560 --> 00:43:55,880 Speaker 1: you don't get the right distribution of stuff here and 801 00:43:55,920 --> 00:43:59,680 Speaker 1: stuff there. But inflation gets it just right. Inflation says, 802 00:44:00,000 --> 00:44:02,480 Speaker 1: if you had that really dense plasma and then you 803 00:44:02,560 --> 00:44:04,960 Speaker 1: blew it up really quickly, you would expect to get 804 00:44:05,160 --> 00:44:07,359 Speaker 1: just the right density of stuff to form the kind 805 00:44:07,440 --> 00:44:10,480 Speaker 1: of structure that we see today, And there's no other 806 00:44:10,600 --> 00:44:13,440 Speaker 1: way to explain it in such fine detail that we know. 807 00:44:13,719 --> 00:44:16,160 Speaker 1: I mean, there are some other crazier ideas, but none 808 00:44:16,160 --> 00:44:18,160 Speaker 1: of them work as well as inflation, right, Yeah, Like, 809 00:44:18,239 --> 00:44:21,240 Speaker 1: if inflation at lasts it tended to the negative thirty 810 00:44:21,360 --> 00:44:24,360 Speaker 1: one seconds instead of tend to negative thirty two seconds, 811 00:44:24,920 --> 00:44:27,479 Speaker 1: then you and I wouldn't be here. Yeah, it would 812 00:44:27,480 --> 00:44:30,080 Speaker 1: be some other podcasts which would be not nearly as funny. 813 00:44:32,000 --> 00:44:34,560 Speaker 1: It would probably be over quicker. But there's a there's 814 00:44:34,600 --> 00:44:37,080 Speaker 1: some something else there. There's a real randomness right, Like 815 00:44:37,520 --> 00:44:39,839 Speaker 1: it tells you that the structure to universe, Like why 816 00:44:39,880 --> 00:44:44,239 Speaker 1: does a galaxy here comes from some like electron fluctuating 817 00:44:44,280 --> 00:44:47,120 Speaker 1: out of the vacuum fourteen billion years ago, And if 818 00:44:47,120 --> 00:44:49,080 Speaker 1: it had fluctuated in a different direction, we'd have a 819 00:44:49,200 --> 00:44:53,120 Speaker 1: different galaxy somewhere else. Like those tiny little quantum rolls 820 00:44:53,160 --> 00:44:57,440 Speaker 1: of the dye determine the specific structure of our universe today. 821 00:44:57,920 --> 00:45:02,000 Speaker 1: It mind boggling to think about. And they're super sensitive, right, 822 00:45:02,040 --> 00:45:06,440 Speaker 1: and totally random, super sensitive and totally random. Yeah. Wow. 823 00:45:06,920 --> 00:45:09,120 Speaker 1: So we we are lucky to have the universe we 824 00:45:09,239 --> 00:45:12,120 Speaker 1: have right now, and you listeners are lucky to have us, frankly, 825 00:45:12,840 --> 00:45:15,680 Speaker 1: and we are lucky to have you. We are very 826 00:45:15,719 --> 00:45:18,479 Speaker 1: glad that you fluctuated into existence. We are all lucky 827 00:45:18,560 --> 00:45:21,239 Speaker 1: to have each other. I think is the new theme 828 00:45:21,280 --> 00:45:24,799 Speaker 1: for Okay cool. I feel like I really understand there's 829 00:45:24,800 --> 00:45:27,160 Speaker 1: a little bit more, you know. It's it's like this 830 00:45:27,360 --> 00:45:32,200 Speaker 1: idea of an infinite infinity going less dense is and 831 00:45:32,480 --> 00:45:34,319 Speaker 1: very quickly in order to explain what we have now. 832 00:45:35,280 --> 00:45:37,479 Speaker 1: So does that mean, Daniel, that we know everything about 833 00:45:37,520 --> 00:45:39,560 Speaker 1: inflation and what happened at the beginning of time? Or 834 00:45:39,640 --> 00:45:42,160 Speaker 1: are there still things we don't know? There's not an 835 00:45:42,280 --> 00:45:44,800 Speaker 1: infinite amount of stuff that we don't know about inflation, 836 00:45:45,920 --> 00:45:48,200 Speaker 1: infinitely amount of stuff we don't know about an infinite 837 00:45:48,719 --> 00:45:51,880 Speaker 1: lead dance infinity that gets less infinite. Yeah, as our 838 00:45:52,000 --> 00:45:54,440 Speaker 1: knowledge grows, it feels like our ignorance is also growing, 839 00:45:54,560 --> 00:45:57,439 Speaker 1: or like our knowledge of our ignorance is inflating as well, 840 00:45:57,600 --> 00:46:00,400 Speaker 1: you know. But that's the fun part about science. I 841 00:46:00,520 --> 00:46:03,880 Speaker 1: think the biggest mystery about inflation is like what caused it? 842 00:46:04,040 --> 00:46:07,520 Speaker 1: What made it happen? What could possibly expand space at 843 00:46:07,600 --> 00:46:10,920 Speaker 1: this crazy rate? Right? Like why didn't the universe just 844 00:46:11,040 --> 00:46:13,239 Speaker 1: stay the way it was before? Why did it have 845 00:46:13,440 --> 00:46:16,239 Speaker 1: to have this crazy expansion? Yeah, and why did the 846 00:46:16,280 --> 00:46:19,520 Speaker 1: expansion stop? And so as usual, we don't have any idea, 847 00:46:19,560 --> 00:46:22,879 Speaker 1: but we've already given it a name, and of course yeah, 848 00:46:22,880 --> 00:46:27,960 Speaker 1: we've we've called it the infloton not a joke. I 849 00:46:28,040 --> 00:46:31,120 Speaker 1: know it sounds like I'm making that up. But created 850 00:46:31,200 --> 00:46:33,839 Speaker 1: this field called the infloton field, which would have an 851 00:46:33,840 --> 00:46:37,279 Speaker 1: infloton particle, and the ideas that this field causes this 852 00:46:37,480 --> 00:46:40,840 Speaker 1: crazy expansion. It sort of just puts off the question like, 853 00:46:40,920 --> 00:46:43,560 Speaker 1: all right, well, what creates the inflotton field and what 854 00:46:43,680 --> 00:46:46,160 Speaker 1: controls it? Well, we have no idea, but it's just 855 00:46:46,239 --> 00:46:49,280 Speaker 1: sort of like a place to put our ideas. Interesting, 856 00:46:49,640 --> 00:46:52,320 Speaker 1: So we owe our existence and our universe to the 857 00:46:52,480 --> 00:46:55,239 Speaker 1: infloton Yeah, and the infloton The idea there is like 858 00:46:55,600 --> 00:46:58,560 Speaker 1: the universe is filled with this infloton field, which expands 859 00:46:58,640 --> 00:47:04,000 Speaker 1: space and sort of decays into ordinary matter. And that's 860 00:47:04,000 --> 00:47:06,359 Speaker 1: how you get ordinary matter. You have in photon field, 861 00:47:06,360 --> 00:47:09,719 Speaker 1: which then turns into corks and electrons and other kinds 862 00:47:09,760 --> 00:47:13,240 Speaker 1: of fields. Um. And we don't know like what would 863 00:47:13,400 --> 00:47:16,000 Speaker 1: cause that decay, Like that's when inflation stops, is when 864 00:47:16,040 --> 00:47:18,440 Speaker 1: it turns into normal matter. But we don't know like 865 00:47:18,719 --> 00:47:21,319 Speaker 1: why would it stopped and or why was it there 866 00:47:21,360 --> 00:47:23,200 Speaker 1: in the first place? Yeah, what was there first place? 867 00:47:23,400 --> 00:47:27,200 Speaker 1: And also did it stop? Like there might be it 868 00:47:27,320 --> 00:47:30,000 Speaker 1: might be that inflation sort of stopped in our part 869 00:47:30,040 --> 00:47:33,080 Speaker 1: of the universe, but it's still going on in other 870 00:47:33,239 --> 00:47:35,840 Speaker 1: parts of the universe. Could be the rest of the universe. 871 00:47:35,880 --> 00:47:38,360 Speaker 1: We're like in a little bubble, a pocket universe, and 872 00:47:38,440 --> 00:47:41,320 Speaker 1: the rest of the universe is still inflating. And imagine 873 00:47:41,320 --> 00:47:43,640 Speaker 1: how far If it got that far in ten of 874 00:47:43,680 --> 00:47:45,800 Speaker 1: the minus thirty two seconds, imagine what it could do 875 00:47:45,880 --> 00:47:50,160 Speaker 1: in fourteen billion years. Wow. So you're saying that maybe 876 00:47:50,320 --> 00:47:55,120 Speaker 1: we are even more insignificant than we had previously imagined. Yeah, 877 00:47:55,200 --> 00:47:57,760 Speaker 1: that's this idea. It's called eternal inflation. That the universe 878 00:47:57,920 --> 00:48:02,480 Speaker 1: is continuously inflating, and occasionally the inflation sort of decays 879 00:48:02,560 --> 00:48:04,279 Speaker 1: into normal matter, and then you get the kind of 880 00:48:04,360 --> 00:48:06,880 Speaker 1: universe we're familiar with, but that most of the universe 881 00:48:07,280 --> 00:48:11,840 Speaker 1: is just this massively expanding infloton field. Wait, are you saying, Daniel, 882 00:48:11,880 --> 00:48:15,719 Speaker 1: that the infloton works in mysterious ways? I'm saying exactly that, 883 00:48:16,200 --> 00:48:18,600 Speaker 1: mostly because we don't understand it at all, And so 884 00:48:19,080 --> 00:48:21,200 Speaker 1: can I start a new religion based on the infloton? 885 00:48:22,760 --> 00:48:25,120 Speaker 1: Are you the high priest of the inflation here? Yeah, 886 00:48:25,400 --> 00:48:27,920 Speaker 1: because I am both the high priest and the parishioner 887 00:48:28,400 --> 00:48:31,200 Speaker 1: of my church of the Inflaton. Yes, please donate to 888 00:48:31,440 --> 00:48:35,720 Speaker 1: the Church of the Inflaton. I think we just replaced 889 00:48:35,760 --> 00:48:39,080 Speaker 1: the spagetti master. Yeah, and so of course this feels 890 00:48:39,120 --> 00:48:41,040 Speaker 1: like a big place holder because it is we don't know, 891 00:48:41,239 --> 00:48:44,680 Speaker 1: and so it's just a way to say, if inflation happened, 892 00:48:45,160 --> 00:48:47,239 Speaker 1: what's a possible way it might have happened. And then 893 00:48:47,320 --> 00:48:50,120 Speaker 1: let's start to get to work on, you know, figuring 894 00:48:50,160 --> 00:48:52,440 Speaker 1: out how that theory has to look. Step one, give 895 00:48:52,480 --> 00:48:56,319 Speaker 1: it a science names and then figure it out. Step 896 00:48:56,400 --> 00:49:02,919 Speaker 1: to get ridiculed by Jorge. Step three, get to work alright. Cool, 897 00:49:02,920 --> 00:49:05,320 Speaker 1: It sounds like there's still lots of answers to be 898 00:49:05,480 --> 00:49:08,360 Speaker 1: found in this and these are important answers, right, I 899 00:49:08,400 --> 00:49:11,640 Speaker 1: mean they're they're about the beginning of the universe and 900 00:49:11,840 --> 00:49:14,000 Speaker 1: why are things the way they are? And are things 901 00:49:14,040 --> 00:49:16,320 Speaker 1: going to change in the future. And you know, I 902 00:49:16,400 --> 00:49:18,279 Speaker 1: think in ten years or in twenty years, people will 903 00:49:18,280 --> 00:49:20,600 Speaker 1: look back at these ideas and think, oh, my gosh, 904 00:49:20,680 --> 00:49:23,800 Speaker 1: how absurd. I can't believe they really believe that stuff. 905 00:49:24,320 --> 00:49:26,839 Speaker 1: Because we're going to learn things about inflation, and we're 906 00:49:26,840 --> 00:49:28,640 Speaker 1: going to learn things about the history of the universe 907 00:49:28,680 --> 00:49:30,640 Speaker 1: and its current expansion that are going to give us 908 00:49:30,880 --> 00:49:33,759 Speaker 1: better ideas, even crazier ideas that are going to be 909 00:49:33,840 --> 00:49:37,320 Speaker 1: even more correct. And so this is the perfect example 910 00:49:37,400 --> 00:49:40,400 Speaker 1: of how our knowledge of the universe is constantly expanding. 911 00:49:40,480 --> 00:49:43,160 Speaker 1: We look back and think, wow, how silly. Yeah, you 912 00:49:43,200 --> 00:49:47,640 Speaker 1: know they say twenties smart physicists are twenty thirties ignoratons. 913 00:49:48,640 --> 00:49:52,480 Speaker 1: That's right, Yeah, I have twenty twenty vision, which means 914 00:49:52,600 --> 00:49:54,839 Speaker 1: I look back at ten and think one a bunch 915 00:49:54,880 --> 00:50:00,759 Speaker 1: of ideas. Well, I can't wait to have visions. That's 916 00:50:00,800 --> 00:50:02,480 Speaker 1: what happens in our old age, right, we all get 917 00:50:02,520 --> 00:50:06,000 Speaker 1: reading to us is all right? Well, maybe we'll get 918 00:50:06,040 --> 00:50:08,840 Speaker 1: into these mysteries a little bit deeper in the future podcast, 919 00:50:09,000 --> 00:50:11,279 Speaker 1: but for now, thanks for joining us. We hope you 920 00:50:11,360 --> 00:50:13,799 Speaker 1: enjoyed that. We hope we inflated your mind and took 921 00:50:13,840 --> 00:50:16,200 Speaker 1: you on a tour of the early universe. Thank you 922 00:50:16,320 --> 00:50:26,360 Speaker 1: very much. Before you still have a question after listening 923 00:50:26,400 --> 00:50:29,439 Speaker 1: to all these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd 924 00:50:29,560 --> 00:50:32,320 Speaker 1: love to hear from you. You can find us on Facebook, Twitter, 925 00:50:32,440 --> 00:50:36,080 Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge that's one word, or 926 00:50:36,239 --> 00:50:39,600 Speaker 1: email us at Feedback at Daniel and Jorge dot com. 927 00:50:40,200 --> 00:50:43,000 Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain 928 00:50:43,080 --> 00:50:45,920 Speaker 1: the Universe is a production of I heart Radio. For 929 00:50:46,080 --> 00:50:49,000 Speaker 1: more podcast from my heart Radio, visit the i heart 930 00:50:49,120 --> 00:50:52,680 Speaker 1: Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your 931 00:50:52,719 --> 00:50:53,440 Speaker 1: favorite shows.