1 00:00:01,840 --> 00:00:08,719 Speaker 1: Welcome to Brainstuff, a production of iHeartRadio. Hey Brainstuff, Lauren Bogelbaum. Here. 2 00:00:10,320 --> 00:00:13,160 Speaker 1: We don't often talk about current events on this show, 3 00:00:13,440 --> 00:00:17,159 Speaker 1: but given the ongoing Israel Hamas War, which started on 4 00:00:17,200 --> 00:00:20,360 Speaker 1: October seventh of twenty twenty three and is part of 5 00:00:20,400 --> 00:00:24,599 Speaker 1: the larger Gaza Israel conflict and the even larger Israeli 6 00:00:24,680 --> 00:00:28,040 Speaker 1: Palestinian conflict, I wanted to talk today about a term 7 00:00:28,040 --> 00:00:33,080 Speaker 1: that's been in the news a lot lately, Zionism. Zionism 8 00:00:33,240 --> 00:00:37,080 Speaker 1: is a nationalist movement that successfully established an independent state 9 00:00:37,159 --> 00:00:40,440 Speaker 1: for Jewish people in nineteen forty eight and continues to 10 00:00:40,479 --> 00:00:45,160 Speaker 1: support Judaism's claim to Israel, its ancient homeland. It's also 11 00:00:45,320 --> 00:00:49,120 Speaker 1: one of the most complex and controversial political ideas of 12 00:00:49,240 --> 00:00:53,760 Speaker 1: the past one hundred and fifty years. Not only is 13 00:00:53,800 --> 00:00:57,360 Speaker 1: the history of Zionism complex and messy, but so are 14 00:00:57,400 --> 00:01:01,720 Speaker 1: the emotions and opinions surrounding it today. A criticism of 15 00:01:01,760 --> 00:01:05,800 Speaker 1: Israel's treatment of the Palestinians has stoked protests and calls 16 00:01:05,800 --> 00:01:09,319 Speaker 1: for economic boycotts of Israel, similar to those levied against 17 00:01:09,360 --> 00:01:14,480 Speaker 1: South Africa during apartheid. However, criticisms of Israel strike a 18 00:01:14,520 --> 00:01:17,200 Speaker 1: nerve and some supporters of the state, because the line 19 00:01:17,240 --> 00:01:22,520 Speaker 1: between anti Zionism and antisemitism can be dangerously thin. So 20 00:01:22,920 --> 00:01:28,559 Speaker 1: today let's talk about how all of this started. Although 21 00:01:28,640 --> 00:01:31,880 Speaker 1: Zionism draws its name from the biblical Mount Zion, it 22 00:01:32,120 --> 00:01:36,680 Speaker 1: isn't a primarily religious movement. It's true that some Jewish 23 00:01:36,680 --> 00:01:39,280 Speaker 1: people have yearned for a return to the so called 24 00:01:39,319 --> 00:01:43,560 Speaker 1: Promised Land of Abraham for two thousand years, but leaders 25 00:01:43,600 --> 00:01:47,119 Speaker 1: of the modern Zionist movement were mostly secular and even 26 00:01:47,200 --> 00:01:50,880 Speaker 1: agnostic Jewish people who identified their people as a nation 27 00:01:51,240 --> 00:01:55,280 Speaker 1: rather than a religion. Zionism, for them meant the creation 28 00:01:55,480 --> 00:02:01,760 Speaker 1: of an independent political state for this Jewish nation. Zionism 29 00:02:01,800 --> 00:02:04,400 Speaker 1: wouldn't be so problematic if it wasn't focused on the 30 00:02:04,440 --> 00:02:07,280 Speaker 1: creation of this nation. In what's sometimes known as the 31 00:02:07,320 --> 00:02:11,160 Speaker 1: Holy Land or the Palestine Region, a small strip of 32 00:02:11,320 --> 00:02:15,320 Speaker 1: historically and culturally important land between the Mediterranean Sea and 33 00:02:15,360 --> 00:02:20,960 Speaker 1: the River Jordan. It's considered holy by multiple religions. Furthermore, 34 00:02:21,320 --> 00:02:25,200 Speaker 1: Arab Palestinians have comprised the majority of people living there 35 00:02:25,240 --> 00:02:28,240 Speaker 1: for centuries, under the yoke of both the Ottoman and 36 00:02:28,360 --> 00:02:33,800 Speaker 1: British empires. The result is one of the thorniest political 37 00:02:33,840 --> 00:02:37,639 Speaker 1: issues in the modern world. Zionists and some other supporters 38 00:02:37,639 --> 00:02:41,160 Speaker 1: of Israel argue that the safety and continued existence of 39 00:02:41,200 --> 00:02:45,440 Speaker 1: the brutally persecuted Jewish people depends upon the existence of 40 00:02:45,440 --> 00:02:48,240 Speaker 1: a Jewish state, and that the rightful place for that 41 00:02:48,320 --> 00:02:54,880 Speaker 1: state is Judaism's ancestral homeland. Meanwhile, Palestinians and their supporters 42 00:02:55,000 --> 00:02:59,120 Speaker 1: see Zionism as an at best imperialist and at worst 43 00:02:59,280 --> 00:03:03,880 Speaker 1: racist movement that forcefully colonized Arab lands and homes and 44 00:03:03,960 --> 00:03:07,800 Speaker 1: subjugated the native Palestinian people as second class citizens in 45 00:03:07,919 --> 00:03:11,440 Speaker 1: areas like Gaza, a territory that's been under Israeli military 46 00:03:11,480 --> 00:03:17,960 Speaker 1: control since nineteen sixty seven, and now decades of conflict 47 00:03:18,000 --> 00:03:21,400 Speaker 1: have erupted into the Fifth War between Gaza and Israel. 48 00:03:23,840 --> 00:03:26,280 Speaker 1: To understand how we got here, let's start with the 49 00:03:26,280 --> 00:03:29,080 Speaker 1: birth of the modern Zionist movement, which took place in 50 00:03:29,120 --> 00:03:32,519 Speaker 1: Europe at the tail end of the eighteen hundreds. Nationalist 51 00:03:32,639 --> 00:03:35,720 Speaker 1: movement swept Europe in the early and mid eighteen hundreds. 52 00:03:36,440 --> 00:03:39,880 Speaker 1: For centuries, different ethnic and cultural groups had been forced 53 00:03:39,920 --> 00:03:44,480 Speaker 1: to live together under sprawling empires and kingdoms, but at 54 00:03:44,480 --> 00:03:48,240 Speaker 1: that time, new European states were forged in places like 55 00:03:48,280 --> 00:03:53,880 Speaker 1: Italy and Germany around people with shared language and cultural history. 56 00:03:54,760 --> 00:03:58,280 Speaker 1: This left some European Jewish people wondering are we not 57 00:03:58,440 --> 00:04:01,240 Speaker 1: also a nation? They were living at the time in 58 00:04:01,320 --> 00:04:05,440 Speaker 1: a scattered diaspora in nation states that mostly treated them 59 00:04:05,480 --> 00:04:09,800 Speaker 1: as suspect foreigners, though occasionally welcomed them as full citizens, 60 00:04:09,880 --> 00:04:15,040 Speaker 1: as France did in seventeen ninety. Even before the eruption 61 00:04:15,280 --> 00:04:19,640 Speaker 1: of violent anti Jewish raids pogroms in Eastern Europe, Jewish 62 00:04:19,640 --> 00:04:22,920 Speaker 1: intellectuals struggled with what was known as the Jewish question 63 00:04:23,320 --> 00:04:27,080 Speaker 1: or the Jewish problem. The issue was whether it was 64 00:04:27,200 --> 00:04:30,680 Speaker 1: even possible for Jewish people to be truly free and 65 00:04:30,760 --> 00:04:35,760 Speaker 1: equal in someone else's nation, and as anti Semitic rhetoric 66 00:04:35,880 --> 00:04:39,520 Speaker 1: and violence increased in the eighteen hundreds, this question became 67 00:04:39,760 --> 00:04:44,839 Speaker 1: far more urgent. For the article this episode is based 68 00:04:44,880 --> 00:04:48,080 Speaker 1: on how Stuffworks spoke back in twenty twenty with Daniel Kotsen, 69 00:04:48,480 --> 00:04:51,920 Speaker 1: currently a history professor at William Jewell College who has 70 00:04:51,920 --> 00:04:56,600 Speaker 1: conducted extensive research on the subject. He said, in many ways, 71 00:04:56,720 --> 00:05:00,120 Speaker 1: modern Zionism was a response to the Jewish question, Well, 72 00:05:00,160 --> 00:05:02,080 Speaker 1: what is the place of Jews in Europe? In a 73 00:05:02,120 --> 00:05:07,960 Speaker 1: post Enlightenment age. But if there was a catalyst to 74 00:05:08,080 --> 00:05:14,360 Speaker 1: pursuing independent nationhood, it was the Dreyfus affair. In eighteen 75 00:05:14,440 --> 00:05:18,200 Speaker 1: ninety four, a French army captain named Alfred Dreyfus was 76 00:05:18,279 --> 00:05:23,960 Speaker 1: falsely accused and convicted of treason in a highly publicized trial. Dreyfus, 77 00:05:24,200 --> 00:05:28,280 Speaker 1: a secular Jew, became the target of openly antisemitic attacks 78 00:05:28,279 --> 00:05:31,560 Speaker 1: in the press. There was this idea that because he 79 00:05:31,640 --> 00:05:37,760 Speaker 1: was Jewish, he was not truly Frenchkotsen said, here is 80 00:05:37,800 --> 00:05:42,200 Speaker 1: this army officer the epitome of an emancipated and assimilated Jew. 81 00:05:42,920 --> 00:05:46,600 Speaker 1: The people behind the treasonous accusations spread this false idea 82 00:05:46,720 --> 00:05:49,160 Speaker 1: that Jews could never be part of the European nation 83 00:05:49,360 --> 00:05:55,080 Speaker 1: state and should always be viewed with suspicion. Among the 84 00:05:55,120 --> 00:05:58,640 Speaker 1: journalists covering the Dreyfus affair was an Austrian playwright named 85 00:05:58,720 --> 00:06:01,599 Speaker 1: Theodore Hertzel, who was living in Paris as a foreign 86 00:06:01,600 --> 00:06:06,480 Speaker 1: correspondent for a Viennese newspaper. Hertzel, himself Jewish at fully 87 00:06:06,480 --> 00:06:10,600 Speaker 1: assimilated and non religious, wrote later that he identified deeply 88 00:06:10,720 --> 00:06:15,240 Speaker 1: with Dreyfus. If a man of Dreyfus's stature wasn't immune 89 00:06:15,279 --> 00:06:21,120 Speaker 1: from anti Semitism. Who was. In eighteen ninety six, Hertzel 90 00:06:21,160 --> 00:06:24,760 Speaker 1: published The Jewish State, a call to Jewish nationhood that 91 00:06:24,839 --> 00:06:28,880 Speaker 1: launched the modern Zionist movement. In it, he argued that 92 00:06:28,920 --> 00:06:31,920 Speaker 1: the establishment of an independent Jewish nation would be good 93 00:06:31,920 --> 00:06:35,960 Speaker 1: for everyone in Europe, Jewish or otherwise, because antisemitism was 94 00:06:36,000 --> 00:06:42,200 Speaker 1: causing divisions that plagued European nations. Coming on the heels 95 00:06:42,200 --> 00:06:45,640 Speaker 1: of the Dreyfus affair, Hertzel's writings found a ready audience 96 00:06:45,680 --> 00:06:49,960 Speaker 1: among many Jewish intellectuals. In eighteen ninety seven, the First 97 00:06:50,120 --> 00:06:54,640 Speaker 1: Zionist Congress met in Basel, Switzerland, and Hertzel dedicated the 98 00:06:54,680 --> 00:06:56,920 Speaker 1: short rest of his life he died from a heart 99 00:06:56,920 --> 00:07:00,560 Speaker 1: attack in nineteen oh four to securing political as financial 100 00:07:00,640 --> 00:07:03,120 Speaker 1: support for the creation of a Jewish state in the 101 00:07:03,160 --> 00:07:07,960 Speaker 1: region of Palestine. Note that all of this was part 102 00:07:08,000 --> 00:07:12,000 Speaker 1: of the political Zionist movement. There were several different streams 103 00:07:12,000 --> 00:07:16,280 Speaker 1: of Zionism present in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. For example, 104 00:07:16,520 --> 00:07:20,560 Speaker 1: cultural Zionism called for a spiritual rebirth of Judaism in Israel, 105 00:07:21,000 --> 00:07:27,320 Speaker 1: not necessarily an independent state, but okay. A turning point 106 00:07:27,320 --> 00:07:30,360 Speaker 1: in political Zionism was a short letter written in nineteen 107 00:07:30,440 --> 00:07:34,320 Speaker 1: seventeen by the British Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfer to 108 00:07:34,600 --> 00:07:38,760 Speaker 1: one Baron Lionel Walter Rothschild, heir to the Rothschild banking 109 00:07:38,800 --> 00:07:44,160 Speaker 1: fortune and president of the British Zionist Federation. The letter, 110 00:07:44,520 --> 00:07:47,760 Speaker 1: known as the Blfer Declaration, was, in its own words, 111 00:07:48,320 --> 00:07:52,840 Speaker 1: a declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations. In it, 112 00:07:52,960 --> 00:07:57,520 Speaker 1: Belfer wrote, his Majesty's government view with favor the establishment 113 00:07:57,560 --> 00:08:00,120 Speaker 1: in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish peaceop 114 00:08:00,680 --> 00:08:03,800 Speaker 1: and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement 115 00:08:03,920 --> 00:08:10,640 Speaker 1: of this object. While far from a mandate or official compact, 116 00:08:11,040 --> 00:08:13,880 Speaker 1: this letter was a huge step forward for the Zionist movement, 117 00:08:14,160 --> 00:08:16,800 Speaker 1: which to that date had only sent small delegations of 118 00:08:16,880 --> 00:08:21,960 Speaker 1: Jewish immigrants to settle in Palestine. A Kotsen said here, 119 00:08:22,000 --> 00:08:24,480 Speaker 1: you have the most powerful empire in the world at 120 00:08:24,480 --> 00:08:27,320 Speaker 1: the time, saying to the Jewish people, We're going to 121 00:08:27,320 --> 00:08:29,880 Speaker 1: help you find a home in your native land of Palestine. 122 00:08:30,320 --> 00:08:36,280 Speaker 1: This was enormously important when the British took control of 123 00:08:36,320 --> 00:08:40,040 Speaker 1: Palestine after World War One. The stage was set for conflict. 124 00:08:40,760 --> 00:08:44,440 Speaker 1: A Jewish immigration to Palestine increased, an Arab resentment of 125 00:08:44,480 --> 00:08:48,359 Speaker 1: what was seen as Balfur's betrayal boiled over into violent clashes. 126 00:08:49,760 --> 00:08:52,000 Speaker 1: It was seen as a betrayal because the British had 127 00:08:52,040 --> 00:08:55,520 Speaker 1: made a lot of promises between nineteen fifteen and nineteen seventeen, 128 00:08:55,960 --> 00:08:58,840 Speaker 1: including one to help create a pan Arab state in 129 00:08:58,840 --> 00:09:01,440 Speaker 1: the Middle East, in which turn for Arab support in 130 00:09:01,520 --> 00:09:05,640 Speaker 1: fighting the Ottoman Empire in World War One. Arab Palestinians 131 00:09:05,720 --> 00:09:08,080 Speaker 1: kept their end of the bargain, and the bell for 132 00:09:08,200 --> 00:09:14,319 Speaker 1: Declaration essentially renegged on the deal. The next two decades 133 00:09:14,360 --> 00:09:17,880 Speaker 1: saw Arab riots and rebellions, and when the British then 134 00:09:17,960 --> 00:09:24,280 Speaker 1: tried to clamp down on Jewish immigration, Zionists also fought back. However, 135 00:09:24,480 --> 00:09:28,480 Speaker 1: through all of this, Zionism remained a small minority movement 136 00:09:28,559 --> 00:09:32,120 Speaker 1: within the global Jewish community, with loud critics from both 137 00:09:32,160 --> 00:09:36,680 Speaker 1: the religious and secular camps. That's according to Columbia University 138 00:09:36,800 --> 00:09:41,720 Speaker 1: historian Michael Stanislowsky and his book Zionism A Very Short Introduction. 139 00:09:43,000 --> 00:09:46,360 Speaker 1: He explains that the situation changed dramatically after the rise 140 00:09:46,360 --> 00:09:49,440 Speaker 1: of the Nazis and their murder of six million Jewish people, 141 00:09:50,400 --> 00:09:53,560 Speaker 1: he wrote, The need for an independent Jewish state to 142 00:09:53,600 --> 00:09:57,200 Speaker 1: serve as a safe haven for Jews became not only widespread, 143 00:09:57,320 --> 00:10:03,160 Speaker 1: but central to Jewish consciousness throughout the world. By nineteen 144 00:10:03,240 --> 00:10:06,720 Speaker 1: forty five, large numbers of Holocaust survivors were living at 145 00:10:06,760 --> 00:10:10,600 Speaker 1: makeshift refugee camps in Europe, while Allied governments argued over 146 00:10:10,679 --> 00:10:13,520 Speaker 1: what to do with them. The British had all but 147 00:10:13,600 --> 00:10:16,600 Speaker 1: cut off Jewish immigration to Palestine in nineteen thirty nine 148 00:10:16,920 --> 00:10:19,960 Speaker 1: in an effort to secure favor with Arab oil producing nations, 149 00:10:20,400 --> 00:10:23,560 Speaker 1: but US President Harry Truman now called on Britain to 150 00:10:23,600 --> 00:10:27,800 Speaker 1: allow one hundred thousand Jewish refugees to enter Palestine immediately. 151 00:10:29,880 --> 00:10:33,520 Speaker 1: The British, already the target of both Arab and Zionist attacks, 152 00:10:33,960 --> 00:10:37,880 Speaker 1: saw no viable solution, so in nineteen forty seven they 153 00:10:37,960 --> 00:10:42,040 Speaker 1: handed over the seething Jewish Palestinian problem to the newly 154 00:10:42,120 --> 00:10:48,240 Speaker 1: created United Nations. In November of nineteen forty seven, the 155 00:10:48,400 --> 00:10:52,520 Speaker 1: UN passed a resolution to partition or divide Palestine into 156 00:10:52,559 --> 00:10:56,440 Speaker 1: two states, one Jewish and one Arab, of roughly equal sizes, 157 00:10:57,080 --> 00:10:59,600 Speaker 1: even though at the time the one point five million 158 00:10:59,640 --> 00:11:03,200 Speaker 1: strung population of Palestine was only about one third Jewish 159 00:11:03,280 --> 00:11:07,920 Speaker 1: and two thirds Arab. The Arab Palestinians flatly rejected the 160 00:11:08,040 --> 00:11:10,959 Speaker 1: un plan and took up arms against the Zionists in 161 00:11:11,080 --> 00:11:13,840 Speaker 1: what was essentially a civil war for control of the 162 00:11:13,840 --> 00:11:19,640 Speaker 1: Holy Land. As internal fighting raged on, the British set 163 00:11:19,640 --> 00:11:22,200 Speaker 1: a date of May fifteenth, nineteen forty eight, for its 164 00:11:22,240 --> 00:11:26,320 Speaker 1: official departure from the region. The day before British armed 165 00:11:26,320 --> 00:11:30,720 Speaker 1: forces left Palestine, the Zionist leader David benger Yan declared 166 00:11:30,760 --> 00:11:34,200 Speaker 1: the independence of the State of Israel, knowing full well 167 00:11:34,240 --> 00:11:36,840 Speaker 1: that such a provocation would invite all out war with 168 00:11:36,920 --> 00:11:43,520 Speaker 1: neighboring Arab nations. Stanislawsky notes that bengur Yan's declaration makes 169 00:11:43,559 --> 00:11:46,000 Speaker 1: no mention of God or the biblical promise of a 170 00:11:46,040 --> 00:11:51,000 Speaker 1: Jewish homeland. That was not the Zionist message. Instead, bengur 171 00:11:51,080 --> 00:11:55,080 Speaker 1: Yan declared the establishment of Israel was quote the natural 172 00:11:55,160 --> 00:11:57,360 Speaker 1: right of the Jewish people to be masters of their 173 00:11:57,400 --> 00:12:01,040 Speaker 1: own fate, like all other nations, in their own sovereign state. 174 00:12:03,960 --> 00:12:07,600 Speaker 1: As benger Jan and the Zionists expected, five different Arab 175 00:12:07,679 --> 00:12:10,679 Speaker 1: nations immediately declared war on the new state of Israel. 176 00:12:11,760 --> 00:12:15,520 Speaker 1: To demonstrate the opposing perspectives of this war and its outcome. 177 00:12:15,960 --> 00:12:19,679 Speaker 1: Israelis call it the War of Independence, and Arab Palestinians 178 00:12:19,679 --> 00:12:24,520 Speaker 1: and their allies call it the Catastrophe. It's not just 179 00:12:24,600 --> 00:12:28,719 Speaker 1: the names that are different. As historian Betty Morris has demonstrated, 180 00:12:28,960 --> 00:12:32,360 Speaker 1: there are also two starkly opposing narratives about how and 181 00:12:32,520 --> 00:12:36,160 Speaker 1: why hundreds of thousands of Arab Palestinians left Palestine during 182 00:12:36,160 --> 00:12:41,000 Speaker 1: the war and became refugees in Jordan and Syria. In 183 00:12:41,040 --> 00:12:43,960 Speaker 1: the Zionist account, these people willingly fled the war zone 184 00:12:44,000 --> 00:12:46,800 Speaker 1: because their Arab allies warned that they would imminently and 185 00:12:46,920 --> 00:12:51,800 Speaker 1: violently invade. In the Palestinian account, the Israeli army raided 186 00:12:51,800 --> 00:12:57,640 Speaker 1: their villages and brutally drove them out at gunpoint. According 187 00:12:57,640 --> 00:13:01,359 Speaker 1: to historical documents, there is clear evidence that some Palestinians 188 00:13:01,360 --> 00:13:03,880 Speaker 1: fled their homes out of fear of violence by Israeli 189 00:13:03,880 --> 00:13:09,280 Speaker 1: defense forces, both real and imagined. Even historian Morris, a 190 00:13:09,360 --> 00:13:12,839 Speaker 1: defender of Israel, conceded in his book nineteen forty eight 191 00:13:12,960 --> 00:13:16,800 Speaker 1: The First Arab Israeli War that quote, the Jews committed 192 00:13:16,840 --> 00:13:20,040 Speaker 1: far more atrocities than the Arabs and killed far more civilians. 193 00:13:20,040 --> 00:13:23,040 Speaker 1: In POWs in deliberate acts of brutality in the course 194 00:13:23,120 --> 00:13:28,640 Speaker 1: of nineteen forty eight. Ultimately, Israel won the war and 195 00:13:28,760 --> 00:13:31,560 Speaker 1: walked away with fifty percent more territory than it would 196 00:13:31,559 --> 00:13:33,600 Speaker 1: have been granted by the UN partition plan. In the 197 00:13:33,600 --> 00:13:37,400 Speaker 1: first place, that territory did not yet include the so 198 00:13:37,520 --> 00:13:41,040 Speaker 1: called occupied territories in Gaza and the West Bank, which 199 00:13:41,080 --> 00:13:43,600 Speaker 1: were added after Israel's victory in the Six Day War 200 00:13:43,720 --> 00:13:50,120 Speaker 1: of nineteen sixty seven. And so the troubling Jewish question 201 00:13:50,280 --> 00:13:52,600 Speaker 1: that led to the creation of the Zionist movement has 202 00:13:52,640 --> 00:13:57,600 Speaker 1: now become the Palestinian question. After decades of conflict, can 203 00:13:57,679 --> 00:14:00,720 Speaker 1: Israelis and Palestinians find a way to live in peace. 204 00:14:02,679 --> 00:14:06,480 Speaker 1: Many left leaning Israelis and some Zionists recognize the plight 205 00:14:06,520 --> 00:14:10,079 Speaker 1: of the Palestinians and support a two state solution similar 206 00:14:10,080 --> 00:14:13,720 Speaker 1: to the UN partition, while more conservative backers of Israel 207 00:14:13,840 --> 00:14:17,840 Speaker 1: oppose such concessions, claiming that Palestinian leaders and their Arab 208 00:14:17,960 --> 00:14:21,240 Speaker 1: allies continue to seek the destruction of what they see 209 00:14:21,280 --> 00:14:26,400 Speaker 1: as the Jewish homeland. As decades of tension and conflict 210 00:14:26,480 --> 00:14:35,080 Speaker 1: have shown there is no easy solution. Today's episode is 211 00:14:35,080 --> 00:14:37,400 Speaker 1: based on the article what is Zionism and is it 212 00:14:37,440 --> 00:14:40,960 Speaker 1: fueling the Palestinian Israeli conflict? On how stuffworks dot Com 213 00:14:41,000 --> 00:14:43,880 Speaker 1: written by Dave Ruse. Brainstuff is production of by Heart 214 00:14:43,960 --> 00:14:46,280 Speaker 1: Radio in partnership with how Stuffworks dot Com and is 215 00:14:46,320 --> 00:14:49,720 Speaker 1: produced by Tyler Klang. Four more podcasts my heart Radio, 216 00:14:49,960 --> 00:14:53,040 Speaker 1: visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen 217 00:14:53,080 --> 00:14:54,040 Speaker 1: to your favorite shows.