WEBVTT - How Apple Survived the PC Wars: Part Two 0:00:04.160 --> 0:00:07.160 Get in text with technology with tech Stuff from how 0:00:07.240 --> 0:00:13.680 stuff Works dot com. Hey there, and welcome to tech Stuff. 0:00:13.720 --> 0:00:16.400 I'm your host, Jonathan Strickland. I'm an executive producer with 0:00:16.400 --> 0:00:18.800 How Stuff Works and I love all things tech. And 0:00:18.840 --> 0:00:23.040 we're going to continue our discussion about how Apple survived 0:00:23.040 --> 0:00:26.040 the PC Wars. So if you haven't heard part one, 0:00:26.360 --> 0:00:29.280 that was last week's or the last episode rather, you 0:00:29.280 --> 0:00:31.520 should go and listen to that. The episode before that 0:00:31.640 --> 0:00:35.800 was all about obscure or semi obscure computers that time 0:00:35.840 --> 0:00:38.639 has forgotten, So computers that came out in the seventies 0:00:38.640 --> 0:00:41.680 and eighties that did not stand the test of time. 0:00:42.240 --> 0:00:44.040 So these are all sort of part of kind of 0:00:44.040 --> 0:00:48.519 a series about computers and why the computer landscape is 0:00:48.560 --> 0:00:51.360 the way it is today. Why don't we have a 0:00:51.440 --> 0:00:55.040 Commodore sixty four, a really you know, would be like 0:00:55.080 --> 0:00:57.920 a Commodore like two thousand forty eight or something at 0:00:57.920 --> 0:01:01.720 this point. Why don't we have that? Instead? We've got 0:01:01.760 --> 0:01:06.840 these various Windows based machines and Macintosh machines or mac machines. 0:01:07.120 --> 0:01:09.640 Why is that? So we're looking at the Apple side 0:01:09.640 --> 0:01:13.520 of that story and continuing that story today. Uh. In 0:01:13.560 --> 0:01:15.560 the last episode, I talked about the early history of 0:01:15.560 --> 0:01:18.080 Apple computers and how the company hit a home run 0:01:18.120 --> 0:01:20.760 with the Apple two platform, but then found itself on 0:01:20.840 --> 0:01:25.000 shaky ground. When Apple launched the Macintosh in night four, 0:01:25.120 --> 0:01:28.199 the company was still depending upon revenue generated by Apple 0:01:28.240 --> 0:01:30.800 two sales, mostly in the form of the Apple to 0:01:31.120 --> 0:01:34.600 E computer. The platform had the benefit of a large 0:01:34.640 --> 0:01:37.920 library of programs. A lot of developers had made software 0:01:37.920 --> 0:01:41.320 for the Apple too, and the computers were dependent upon 0:01:41.400 --> 0:01:44.800 processors that have been manufactured in the late nineteen seventies, 0:01:44.840 --> 0:01:49.800 which raised some eyebrows because now you had this increasingly 0:01:49.880 --> 0:01:53.720 old platform, had a good library of software, but couldn't 0:01:53.720 --> 0:01:57.640 remain relevant. At the time, the software rarely required more 0:01:57.720 --> 0:02:01.720 resources than the Apple two could provide, so they hadn't 0:02:01.800 --> 0:02:05.640 quite hit a a true stopping point yet. There there 0:02:05.680 --> 0:02:08.520 were some concessions being made by software developers to make 0:02:08.560 --> 0:02:11.400 sure that their programs could run on Apple two properly, 0:02:12.000 --> 0:02:17.080 but it was good enough. It didn't push the the 0:02:17.080 --> 0:02:20.440 the capabilities of the Apple two platforms so hard that 0:02:20.520 --> 0:02:23.280 it was unable to meet the requirements of the software. 0:02:23.800 --> 0:02:26.720 It didn't hurt that Apple two had a text based 0:02:26.760 --> 0:02:30.680 operating system rather than the graphic user interface that the 0:02:30.720 --> 0:02:33.760 Macintosh introduced to the home computer market. Because, if you 0:02:33.800 --> 0:02:36.480 remember from our last episode, one of the big challenges 0:02:36.520 --> 0:02:40.080 the Macintosh faced was that the gooey this graphic user 0:02:40.080 --> 0:02:43.520 interface took up most of the computer's memory, which left 0:02:43.639 --> 0:02:46.640 very little for it to do other applications. The Apple 0:02:46.680 --> 0:02:48.959 two didn't have that problem. It was all text based, 0:02:49.080 --> 0:02:53.440 so it could reserve its memory for all the programs. Meanwhile, 0:02:53.480 --> 0:02:56.320 the Macintosh continue to struggle in those early days due 0:02:56.320 --> 0:02:59.320 to an expensive price tag and a limited number of 0:02:59.400 --> 0:03:03.040 application is available for the platform. When the McIntosh came 0:03:03.040 --> 0:03:06.000 out in nineteen eighty four, it was not alone. Apple 0:03:06.080 --> 0:03:09.639 launched another computer a couple of months later, while it 0:03:09.720 --> 0:03:12.920 also launched the Lisa two, which was an attempt to 0:03:12.960 --> 0:03:17.640 salvage the Lisa project. It would ultimately rebrand the Lisa 0:03:17.720 --> 0:03:21.840 Too as the Macintosh XL. But that's not the computer 0:03:21.919 --> 0:03:24.560 I was referring to. Instead, I'm talking about the Apple 0:03:24.600 --> 0:03:27.960 to See. So even as Apple was trying to forge 0:03:28.000 --> 0:03:31.320 a new path with the Macintosh line of computers, it 0:03:31.400 --> 0:03:34.880 was still leaning heavily on the Apple Too platform. So 0:03:34.960 --> 0:03:37.880 what set the Apple to See Apart from the Apple 0:03:37.880 --> 0:03:41.760 to E, which had launched in three Well, for one thing, 0:03:42.120 --> 0:03:44.640 it was a lot smaller the C and Apple to 0:03:44.800 --> 0:03:50.320 see stood for compact. It was, at least by some definitions, portable. 0:03:50.680 --> 0:03:53.040 The basic computer had a handle that could fold down 0:03:53.080 --> 0:03:56.000 to become a stand that would tilt the computer keyboard 0:03:56.040 --> 0:03:59.240 into the proper position for typing. It did not, however, 0:03:59.440 --> 0:04:02.680 have an degraded display, so you would have to carry 0:04:02.720 --> 0:04:05.440 a separate display around with you and connect it to 0:04:05.560 --> 0:04:09.560 your portable computer. Also, it didn't have a battery power supply. 0:04:10.000 --> 0:04:12.760 You would have to plug the computer in somewhere. Now, 0:04:12.800 --> 0:04:15.200 eventually you could get battery packs that the computer could 0:04:15.280 --> 0:04:18.520 use as a power source, but it didn't ship with them. Still, 0:04:18.560 --> 0:04:21.800 the industrial redesign of the Apple form factor and its 0:04:21.880 --> 0:04:25.479 versatile size UH and its features meant it got support 0:04:25.520 --> 0:04:27.440 in the market. Even though it was built on an 0:04:27.480 --> 0:04:31.200 aging foundation of the Apple two platform. It actually received 0:04:31.240 --> 0:04:34.960 the highest number of day one orders in Apple's history, 0:04:35.320 --> 0:04:39.120 and it initially cost hundred dollars. After a year on 0:04:39.120 --> 0:04:42.200 the market, it sold more than four hundred thousand units, 0:04:42.240 --> 0:04:44.560 so it proved that the Apple two platform still had 0:04:44.640 --> 0:04:48.719 legs seven years after it had been introduced. In April, 0:04:49.880 --> 0:04:53.960 Apple officially retired the Apple three platform. Between the Apple 0:04:53.960 --> 0:04:56.839 three and the Apple three Plus, which was a slightly 0:04:56.920 --> 0:05:00.800 upgraded version, the company had managed to sell only sixty 0:05:00.920 --> 0:05:06.480 five thousand computers. It had manufactured ninety thousand. The Apple 0:05:06.520 --> 0:05:10.279 three was just about, by any measurement, a total failure. 0:05:10.880 --> 0:05:16.400 In Apple announced it had shipped seventy thousand Macintosh computers 0:05:16.440 --> 0:05:19.040 within the first one hundred days of it being available, 0:05:19.480 --> 0:05:22.760 though I should point out that shipped and sold are 0:05:22.800 --> 0:05:26.080 two different metrics. Still, this was not a bad number, 0:05:26.120 --> 0:05:28.760 but it was still shy of projections Apple had made 0:05:28.800 --> 0:05:31.520 when the Macintosh was still in development. They had said 0:05:31.560 --> 0:05:35.760 that they needed to sell forty seven thousand units per month. Instead, 0:05:35.839 --> 0:05:39.320 they had moved seventy thousand units in a hundred days, 0:05:39.680 --> 0:05:43.200 so they were still falling short. In September, Apple introduced 0:05:43.200 --> 0:05:46.560 the five hundred twelve kilobyte version of the Macintosh. This 0:05:46.720 --> 0:05:50.040 version was more expensive than the base model. It cost 0:05:50.480 --> 0:05:53.520 three thousand, two hundred dollars when it launched. The following month, 0:05:53.560 --> 0:05:57.200 Apple announced they had sold the two millionth Apple two computer. 0:05:57.760 --> 0:05:59.719 That means in just a little more than a year, 0:06:00.080 --> 0:06:03.479 the company went from producing it's one millionth Apple two 0:06:03.480 --> 0:06:07.800 machine to selling its two millionth unit. Now, this was 0:06:07.800 --> 0:06:10.600 spread across the family of Apple two computers at that time, 0:06:10.640 --> 0:06:12.279 so the Apple to the Apple two E and the 0:06:12.279 --> 0:06:15.599 Apple to C the Apple two line continued to keep 0:06:15.640 --> 0:06:18.880 the company afloat. By the end of nineteen eighty four, 0:06:19.040 --> 0:06:22.839 Apple had sold a quarter of a million Macintosh systems. 0:06:23.080 --> 0:06:25.360 It was a modest success, but far short of those 0:06:25.400 --> 0:06:27.560 two point two million units the company had hoped for 0:06:27.640 --> 0:06:30.960 back in nineteen eighty one. Still, the Macintosh was a 0:06:31.080 --> 0:06:34.240 nice change of pace. It was not a commercial flop 0:06:34.360 --> 0:06:38.160 like the Lisa or the technical flop like the Apple three. 0:06:38.600 --> 0:06:41.760 In Night five. While struggles at the management level would 0:06:41.839 --> 0:06:45.359 ultimately prompt Steve Jobs and Apple to part ways, the 0:06:45.400 --> 0:06:48.080 company was still struggling with what to do with the 0:06:48.160 --> 0:06:52.200 Lisa Too. At first, the company rebranded the Lisa Too 0:06:52.360 --> 0:06:55.599 and called it the Macintosh XL, but the rebranding wasn't 0:06:55.760 --> 0:06:59.520 enough to save the project, and ultimately Apple would abandon 0:06:59.600 --> 0:07:04.280 it in April five, just a few months after rebranding it. 0:07:04.640 --> 0:07:08.440 Also that year, Apple made some major cuts. The number 0:07:08.440 --> 0:07:11.880 of employees had topped five thousand, seven hundred at Apple, 0:07:12.280 --> 0:07:17.160 but in June the company eliminated about twenty percent of 0:07:17.240 --> 0:07:21.360 all of its positions. In nineteen six, Apple was a 0:07:21.480 --> 0:07:25.320 very different company. Both of the co founders were gone. 0:07:25.720 --> 0:07:28.320 The Apple three and the Lisa projects were both a 0:07:28.400 --> 0:07:31.800 thing of the past. The Macintosh line was continuing, as 0:07:31.800 --> 0:07:35.800 did the now ancient by computer standards Apple two line. 0:07:36.280 --> 0:07:41.040 On the tenth anniversary of Apple's founding April first, nineteen 0:07:41.120 --> 0:07:45.600 eighty six, the company announced the Apple two GS. This 0:07:45.680 --> 0:07:48.680 was the last major update to the Apple two platform. 0:07:48.960 --> 0:07:51.560 Apple would later introduce upgrades to the Apple to E 0:07:51.920 --> 0:07:55.240 and the two C lines, but the two GS represented 0:07:55.320 --> 0:07:58.800 the last big development on that platform. It was the 0:07:59.800 --> 0:08:02.720 ind of the life cycle for the Apple two platform, 0:08:02.800 --> 0:08:05.480 or at least the beginning of the end. The G 0:08:05.840 --> 0:08:07.920 S and two g s, by the way, stood for 0:08:08.120 --> 0:08:10.880 graphics and sound. This is one of those things that 0:08:10.960 --> 0:08:13.720 confused me back when I was a kid, because we 0:08:13.800 --> 0:08:16.520 had an Apple to E. The Apple to C came 0:08:16.560 --> 0:08:20.200 out after the Apple to E, but in the alphabet, 0:08:20.520 --> 0:08:23.520 C comes before E, and I didn't know that the 0:08:23.600 --> 0:08:26.720 letters actually stood for stuff. And then the Apple two 0:08:26.800 --> 0:08:29.200 GS came out, and I really was wondering what was 0:08:29.240 --> 0:08:32.080 going on. That's because these letters actually were standing for 0:08:32.120 --> 0:08:34.439 different terms in this case, Like I said, g S 0:08:34.520 --> 0:08:37.240 stood for graphics and sound. The Apple two GS at 0:08:37.240 --> 0:08:41.160 a graphic user interface that was similar to the Macintosh Gooey. 0:08:41.200 --> 0:08:43.840 It also had a mouse. It did not have an 0:08:43.880 --> 0:08:47.360 integrated floppy drive in the computer case, but rather it 0:08:47.360 --> 0:08:50.160 would have an external floppy disk drive, so you would 0:08:50.200 --> 0:08:52.880 have to connect it via a cable to the CPU. 0:08:53.120 --> 0:08:55.720 These were three and a half inch discs at this time, 0:08:55.760 --> 0:08:58.480 not the old five and a quarter inch discs. Some 0:08:58.520 --> 0:09:01.400 people mistakenly at the time would call these discs hard 0:09:01.480 --> 0:09:03.880 disks because three and a half inch discs were in 0:09:03.960 --> 0:09:07.400 hard plastic as opposed to that thinner, more flexible stuff 0:09:07.440 --> 0:09:09.560 that the five and a quarter inch discs used. But 0:09:09.600 --> 0:09:13.280 they were still technically floppy disks, not hard disks. That's 0:09:13.280 --> 0:09:16.199 a tangent. The two GS had a different processor than 0:09:16.240 --> 0:09:20.800 it's Apple two computer predecessors. It used the Western Digital 0:09:20.960 --> 0:09:26.400 sixteen bit sixty five C eight sixteen microprocessor. However, that 0:09:26.520 --> 0:09:30.920 microprocessor was compatible with the older six five O two 0:09:30.960 --> 0:09:34.520 processors that other Apple two computers used, so the two 0:09:34.520 --> 0:09:39.880 GS retained backwards compatibility with existing Apple to software. The 0:09:40.000 --> 0:09:42.800 clock speed on the new processor could reach two point 0:09:42.800 --> 0:09:45.600 eight mega hurts, though, if you were running old Apple 0:09:45.640 --> 0:09:48.560 to software, you would have to limit the clock speed 0:09:48.559 --> 0:09:51.400 to one mega hurts in order to make it compatible 0:09:51.400 --> 0:09:54.720 with that old programming. If you bought third party hardware, 0:09:54.760 --> 0:09:57.520 you could actually over clock it to a then blistering 0:09:57.640 --> 0:10:00.719 eight teen mega hurts. The company all so boasted two 0:10:00.760 --> 0:10:03.800 hundred fifty six kilobytes of RAM, which could be expanded 0:10:03.880 --> 0:10:07.440 up to eight megabytes. The company had a display that 0:10:07.600 --> 0:10:09.720 or the computer rather had a display that could support 0:10:09.760 --> 0:10:12.439 a resolution of six hundred forty by two hundred pixels 0:10:12.440 --> 0:10:15.160 in four color mode or three d twenty by two 0:10:15.240 --> 0:10:18.320 hundred pixels in sixteen color mode. So still well, it 0:10:18.360 --> 0:10:21.760 was high definition at the time. It's pretty low resolution 0:10:21.880 --> 0:10:25.360 these days. The two gs also introduced a new hardware 0:10:25.400 --> 0:10:28.319 element that found its way into the Macintosh line after 0:10:28.480 --> 0:10:32.640 a little bit. This was called the Apple Dusktop bus. Now, 0:10:32.640 --> 0:10:36.400 a bus is a communication system within a computer or 0:10:36.440 --> 0:10:41.239 between computers. Its job is to transfer data between components 0:10:41.360 --> 0:10:46.040 or between computers. For example, a computer's CPU and its 0:10:46.080 --> 0:10:50.160 memory are tightly coupled, and a bus provides the communication 0:10:50.240 --> 0:10:54.360 link between those two components. The Apple Desktop bus was 0:10:54.400 --> 0:10:57.720 a peripheral and external peripheral that allowed users to connect 0:10:57.760 --> 0:11:01.800 different devices to a proprietary standard for Apple systems. You 0:11:01.800 --> 0:11:04.079 can use it to connect stuff like a keyboard or 0:11:04.120 --> 0:11:07.720 a mouse to a computer. This was Apple's proprietary approach 0:11:07.920 --> 0:11:11.400 to a universal connector universal within the world of Apple, 0:11:11.480 --> 0:11:14.600 but not outside of it now. Eventually, the company would 0:11:14.679 --> 0:11:19.360 discontinue this BUS system in favor of following the industry 0:11:19.400 --> 0:11:23.920 standard of USB later on. Much later on, as Macintosh 0:11:24.000 --> 0:11:26.840 computers will continue to use a dB until the late 0:11:26.920 --> 0:11:30.439 nineteen nineties. The a dB was one of many projects 0:11:30.480 --> 0:11:33.240 Steve Wozniak had worked on before he left the company 0:11:33.280 --> 0:11:37.240 in Ve. Also in nineteen eighty six, Apple swapped out 0:11:37.240 --> 0:11:41.160 the five twelve kilobyte Macintosh for a new enhanced version 0:11:41.240 --> 0:11:45.479 that cost less. The new machine sold for two thousand dollars, 0:11:45.559 --> 0:11:48.520 and the Macintosh Plus also debuted in nineteen eight six. 0:11:48.559 --> 0:11:51.240 It had a whopping hole megabyte of RAM and a 0:11:52.520 --> 0:11:56.320 ES of read only memory or ROM. This machine was 0:11:56.360 --> 0:11:59.280 capable of running more demanding applications and put it beyond 0:11:59.320 --> 0:12:02.040 the limits of what the failed Lisa and Lisa two 0:12:02.040 --> 0:12:04.920 platforms were supposed to do. So finally, Apple had moved 0:12:04.920 --> 0:12:09.200 beyond those and it cost dollars, which was expensive, but 0:12:09.320 --> 0:12:12.080 not nearly at the levels of the earlier Macintosh and 0:12:12.160 --> 0:12:16.600 Lisa computers. By this time, Apple was really swinging focus 0:12:16.679 --> 0:12:19.440 to the Macintosh line. The Apple two products were finally 0:12:19.520 --> 0:12:22.160 running out of steam. There are only so many updates 0:12:22.200 --> 0:12:24.440 Apple could make to the legacy platform to keep them 0:12:24.480 --> 0:12:27.839 relevant in the face of competing machines. Those machines were 0:12:27.920 --> 0:12:31.200 largely IBM compatible PCs at this point. Now I'll talk 0:12:31.280 --> 0:12:34.199 more about them in the next episode, but the Macintosh 0:12:34.240 --> 0:12:35.920 line looked like it was truly going to be the 0:12:35.920 --> 0:12:38.000 future of the company. Now. That did not mean that 0:12:38.040 --> 0:12:41.240 Apple would abandon the Apple two platform right away. Sales 0:12:41.280 --> 0:12:44.320 were still okay, so they were still bringing in money 0:12:44.360 --> 0:12:47.079 for the for the company, and the Macintosh sales figures 0:12:47.240 --> 0:12:49.800 had not quite reached a level that was sustainable in 0:12:49.840 --> 0:12:53.000 the long term. The former president of Apple France, a 0:12:53.040 --> 0:12:56.679 man named Jean Louis Gassa, came over to Apple's US 0:12:56.760 --> 0:12:59.720 operations to take the role that Steve Jobs had held 0:12:59.760 --> 0:13:03.840 for years. Gassa made decisions that were very different from 0:13:03.840 --> 0:13:07.559 its predecessor. He wanted Apple to stop concentrating on making 0:13:07.600 --> 0:13:10.800 machines for home users and focus on the more profitable 0:13:10.840 --> 0:13:14.320 business and high end consumer market. He wanted Apple to 0:13:14.320 --> 0:13:18.760 focus more on technical superiority than aesthetic design. He had 0:13:18.800 --> 0:13:21.600 a mantra that many at Apple began to repeat, and 0:13:21.640 --> 0:13:25.040 that mantra was fifty five or die. That was a 0:13:25.080 --> 0:13:27.800 reference to Gassay's goal of hitting a fifty five percent 0:13:27.920 --> 0:13:31.720 profit margin on Apple computers, meaning that you're selling the 0:13:31.760 --> 0:13:35.280 computers at more than what it cost you to make 0:13:35.360 --> 0:13:37.720 them and market them. It was at this time that 0:13:37.760 --> 0:13:41.200 Apple really cemented its reputation as offering computers that were 0:13:41.240 --> 0:13:45.080 more expensive than the comparable IBM clones on the market. 0:13:45.559 --> 0:13:49.520 At first, Magotosh computers also suffered from a lack of software, 0:13:49.559 --> 0:13:53.280 and to be fair, the Macintosh platform consistently lagged behind 0:13:53.400 --> 0:13:57.760 IBM compatible computers in terms of a software library. That said, 0:13:58.000 --> 0:14:01.280 the emphasis on power and technical specs meant that developers 0:14:01.320 --> 0:14:05.520 could create sophisticated software for the Macintosh that IBM compatible 0:14:05.600 --> 0:14:08.880 machines could not easily replicate. This was a trend that 0:14:08.920 --> 0:14:11.960 would last for years, with certain types of processor heavy 0:14:11.960 --> 0:14:16.560 applications like video, photo and audio editing software becoming the 0:14:16.600 --> 0:14:19.920 bread and butter for the Macintosh line. That remains true 0:14:19.960 --> 0:14:22.080 to this day. If you look at the production machines 0:14:22.120 --> 0:14:25.000 here at how stuff works, you'll notice an awful lot 0:14:25.040 --> 0:14:27.720 of Macintosh computers because the people who are using it 0:14:27.760 --> 0:14:32.280 to edit audio and video work need that power, and 0:14:32.440 --> 0:14:35.880 McIntosh is still known for that to this day. I've 0:14:35.880 --> 0:14:38.360 got a lot more to say about Apple and how 0:14:38.400 --> 0:14:42.920 it survived the PC wars of the early eighties all 0:14:42.920 --> 0:14:44.840 the way through the nineties. But first, let's take a 0:14:44.920 --> 0:14:56.720 quick break to thank our sponsor. In Apple sold its 0:14:56.840 --> 0:15:01.560 one million Macintosh computer. That was good, but again, their 0:15:01.600 --> 0:15:04.600 original goal was to hit that two point two million 0:15:04.720 --> 0:15:08.640 units sales from nineteen eight to nineteen eighty five. So 0:15:08.840 --> 0:15:11.880 eighties seven hitting one million, they're a little behind schedule. 0:15:12.400 --> 0:15:14.760 The Macintosh and debut in nineteen eighty four, it took 0:15:14.840 --> 0:15:18.240 three years to hit that one million units sold. Still, 0:15:18.960 --> 0:15:23.520 the Macintosh Apple was offering was a very different machine 0:15:23.840 --> 0:15:26.640 than the one the design team had had in mind 0:15:26.680 --> 0:15:29.400 way back in the early nineteen eighties. Remember, they had 0:15:29.400 --> 0:15:31.720 wanted to create a user friendly home computer that could 0:15:31.720 --> 0:15:34.920 be sold for around a thousand dollars. The actual machines 0:15:35.200 --> 0:15:38.640 had so many more features than the design team had 0:15:38.640 --> 0:15:42.760 originally intended that it cost more than twice as much 0:15:42.880 --> 0:15:45.520 as the goal price the team had anticipated when they 0:15:45.520 --> 0:15:49.640 were first talking about it. That spring, Apple introduced the 0:15:49.760 --> 0:15:52.800 Macintosh to This was the first of the computers of 0:15:52.840 --> 0:15:56.800 the gas Say era. It cost a whopping six thousand, 0:15:57.040 --> 0:15:59.760 five hundred dollars when it was released that you could 0:15:59.760 --> 0:16:01.720 actual we find it for a little less at about 0:16:01.880 --> 0:16:05.120 five thousand, five hundred at some places. The computer boasted 0:16:05.120 --> 0:16:08.840 a thirty two bit microprocessor for Motorola, running at sixteen 0:16:08.840 --> 0:16:11.600 mega hurts clock speed. It also had one megabyte of 0:16:11.680 --> 0:16:14.920 RAM expandable up to sixty eight megabytes, and two d 0:16:14.960 --> 0:16:18.160 fifty six kilobytes of ROM. It was also the first 0:16:18.200 --> 0:16:21.560 Mac to support a color display. This was Apple's first 0:16:21.600 --> 0:16:25.800 big step to creating a three M machine. Now, this 0:16:25.880 --> 0:16:29.040 was a term used in the early eighties to describe 0:16:29.040 --> 0:16:31.640 a computer that had at least one megabyte of memory, 0:16:32.040 --> 0:16:36.440 a million pixel display, and a mega flop of processing power. 0:16:37.080 --> 0:16:39.760 There was actually another project that was supposed to get 0:16:39.800 --> 0:16:43.560 Apple to that fabled three M land. It was called 0:16:43.800 --> 0:16:47.400 the Big Mac. Steve Jobs had overseen the project back 0:16:47.440 --> 0:16:50.560 before he left Apple. The computer was supposed to run 0:16:50.920 --> 0:16:55.040 Unix as its operating system instead of the system Mac 0:16:55.080 --> 0:16:58.760 Operating System. After Jobs left and guess A took over 0:16:59.360 --> 0:17:03.600 his role, GASA canceled the Big Mac project. Much of 0:17:03.600 --> 0:17:07.240 that work was then transitioned over to the Macintosh to design. 0:17:07.560 --> 0:17:10.360 The Macintosh two had a megabyte of memory, and when 0:17:10.440 --> 0:17:14.240 paired with the right display, could support a million pixels, 0:17:14.280 --> 0:17:17.280 but it fell short on the floating operations per second metric, 0:17:17.440 --> 0:17:22.280 topping out at one sixty kilo flops. The leads on 0:17:22.320 --> 0:17:26.120 the Macintosh to design were Michael Dewey and Brian Berkeley 0:17:26.240 --> 0:17:29.919 and Heartmot s Linger. Now, back when they first started 0:17:29.920 --> 0:17:33.080 on the design works, Steve Jobs was still around. They 0:17:33.160 --> 0:17:37.600 kept their work secret because they were expressly violating Steve 0:17:37.680 --> 0:17:42.680 jobs as wishes with the Macintosh two's features. Specifically, Steve 0:17:42.760 --> 0:17:45.880 Jobs was not in favor of color displays and Macintosh 0:17:45.960 --> 0:17:50.720 computers because at that time printers were monochromatic. So if 0:17:50.720 --> 0:17:53.480 you could view colors on screen, but you could only 0:17:53.520 --> 0:17:56.239 print and black and white, the print outs would not 0:17:56.320 --> 0:17:59.359 represent what you were working on. That would be a disconnect. 0:17:59.400 --> 0:18:01.760 This was a viole lation of the what you see 0:18:01.960 --> 0:18:05.960 is what you get or whizzy wig design philosophy. Jobs 0:18:06.000 --> 0:18:09.199 was also against the idea of expansion slots, which the 0:18:09.320 --> 0:18:13.359 Macintosh two had. Jobs felt that expansion slots were great 0:18:13.359 --> 0:18:16.959 for hobbyists, but that they made the experience complicated for 0:18:17.040 --> 0:18:20.120 the average user. The secret project had a code name 0:18:20.720 --> 0:18:23.919 Little Big Mac. It was developed in parallel with the 0:18:23.960 --> 0:18:27.240 Big Mac project that Jobs was overseeing before his departure. 0:18:27.520 --> 0:18:30.200 The Macintosh two ended up being sort of a combination 0:18:30.400 --> 0:18:33.639 of these two projects. Actually, it had several code names, 0:18:33.880 --> 0:18:37.639 many of which were city names during its whole design process. 0:18:38.200 --> 0:18:40.880 The case design of the Macintosh two made it look 0:18:40.920 --> 0:18:44.720 a lot more like your standard IBM compatible machine. Had 0:18:44.760 --> 0:18:47.480 a case that you would placed on your desk horizontally. 0:18:47.880 --> 0:18:50.960 You'd set your monitor on top of this horizontal case. 0:18:51.280 --> 0:18:53.679 The keyboard was separate and would sit in front of 0:18:53.720 --> 0:18:56.400 the case. The Macintosh two was one of the first 0:18:56.440 --> 0:19:00.320 Macintosh machines to feature the Apple Desktop bus ter used 0:19:00.359 --> 0:19:03.560 by the Apple two GS, and from that point forward, 0:19:03.760 --> 0:19:08.000 Macintosh computers would typically ship standard with the Apple Desktop 0:19:08.040 --> 0:19:11.600 bush and The Macintosh two was also the first of 0:19:11.640 --> 0:19:15.159 the Macintosh computers to feature what is commonly referred to 0:19:15.320 --> 0:19:21.160 as the chimes of Death. Well the Macintosh se which 0:19:21.160 --> 0:19:23.840 came out the same month as the Macintosh to also 0:19:24.000 --> 0:19:27.119 had the chimes of death. This was the sound notification 0:19:27.160 --> 0:19:30.720 the Macintosh would make when there was a critical failure 0:19:30.760 --> 0:19:33.639 in the system. The sc was more of a traditional 0:19:33.680 --> 0:19:36.600 Macintosh computer, souped up a bit for the business world. 0:19:36.880 --> 0:19:40.439 It cost three thousand seven dollars upon release, making it 0:19:40.680 --> 0:19:44.840 a less expensive solution than the Macintosh too. The same year, 0:19:45.000 --> 0:19:47.880 Apple spun off its software division as a new company 0:19:47.920 --> 0:19:51.560 called Claris. The company was able to focus on developing 0:19:51.600 --> 0:19:54.840 software for the Macintosh platforms and had licenses to several 0:19:54.960 --> 0:19:58.280 legacy mac programs like mac Wright and mac Paint. It 0:19:58.280 --> 0:20:01.640 would operate as a separate entity until nine, when Apple 0:20:01.680 --> 0:20:05.600 would reacquire the company. Also in nineteen eight seven, Microsoft 0:20:05.640 --> 0:20:09.439 released the second version of Windows. The first version of Windows, 0:20:09.440 --> 0:20:12.320 which came out in nineteen eighty five, hadn't received much attention. 0:20:12.600 --> 0:20:16.040 Most people dismissed it as being clunky and not terribly useful, 0:20:16.400 --> 0:20:18.920 but Windows two point oh was doing a little better. 0:20:19.480 --> 0:20:23.000 That prompted Apple to sue Microsoft and Hewitt Packard with 0:20:23.040 --> 0:20:26.320 a claim that the Windows Gooey the g Uy infringed 0:20:26.400 --> 0:20:29.919 upon the intellectual property of Apple. The claim stated that 0:20:29.960 --> 0:20:33.760 the Windows platform too closely resembled the Macintosh user interface. 0:20:34.119 --> 0:20:38.040 The courts ultimately decided against Apple on this front. When 0:20:38.119 --> 0:20:41.639 Windows three point oh debuted in nineteen nine, it marked 0:20:41.640 --> 0:20:44.840 the beginning of a big transition in IBM compatible personal 0:20:44.880 --> 0:20:48.359 computers as they began to migrate from DOSS to Windows, 0:20:48.760 --> 0:20:52.200 and it reduced one of the qualities that differentiated Macintosh 0:20:52.240 --> 0:20:56.880 computers from IBM compatibles. Believe it or not, even at 0:20:56.880 --> 0:21:00.399 this stage, ten years after the day Dave view of 0:21:00.480 --> 0:21:04.520 the Apple to, the company was still selling Apple two machines. 0:21:05.080 --> 0:21:08.560 Many of those products, even the updated, enhanced versions, would 0:21:08.640 --> 0:21:12.440 finally say goodbye. In the early nineteen nineties. Apple made 0:21:12.440 --> 0:21:15.320 an Apple to E card that could be used with 0:21:15.440 --> 0:21:19.359 Macintosh computers to make them backwards compatible with certain Apple 0:21:19.400 --> 0:21:22.400 to software packages, but even that would take a bow 0:21:22.640 --> 0:21:27.000 by The Apple two platform still helped provide revenue to Apple, 0:21:27.040 --> 0:21:29.240 but it was clear that the Macintosh was going to 0:21:29.320 --> 0:21:31.960 have to step up. What followed were a series of 0:21:32.000 --> 0:21:35.960 Macintosh computers that followed the design philosophy of Gassa and 0:21:35.960 --> 0:21:40.720 the Macintosh too. These were expensive desktop publishing machines that 0:21:40.760 --> 0:21:45.000 were technically sound, but at a premium price. The Macintosh 0:21:45.080 --> 0:21:48.080 started to gain a reputation for being a bit elitist. 0:21:48.560 --> 0:21:53.040 It was undeniably useful for many processor heavy applications, but 0:21:53.119 --> 0:21:55.639 it was so expensive and the suite of software was 0:21:55.720 --> 0:21:58.480 so much more narrow than the library available for the 0:21:58.520 --> 0:22:02.320 IBM compatible computers that a lot of average consumers dismissed 0:22:02.320 --> 0:22:05.600 the platform out of hand, and a smaller user base 0:22:05.680 --> 0:22:09.240 meant that software developers had less incentive to create programs 0:22:09.240 --> 0:22:12.960 for the Macintosh. The logic goes like this. You're a 0:22:12.960 --> 0:22:15.840 programmer and you want to create a really cool application. 0:22:15.960 --> 0:22:18.760 Let's say it's a game. You want that game to 0:22:18.800 --> 0:22:21.880 reach as many people as possible, both because you want 0:22:21.920 --> 0:22:24.920 people to experience your work, and of course you wish 0:22:24.960 --> 0:22:27.399 to profit from that work. You want to make some money. 0:22:27.760 --> 0:22:30.680 It makes sense to focus your efforts on the largest 0:22:30.800 --> 0:22:33.800 possible audience. Now, if you don't have time to develop 0:22:33.840 --> 0:22:38.040 and program a game for both Macintosh and PC platforms, 0:22:38.280 --> 0:22:41.520 you have to choose one or the other. With way 0:22:41.560 --> 0:22:45.080 more people owning IBM compatible machines, at this point, it 0:22:45.200 --> 0:22:48.960 just makes sense to develop for the PC and Windows platforms. 0:22:49.240 --> 0:22:51.520 That's where you're going to reach the largest number of people. 0:22:51.640 --> 0:22:55.159 Assuming your game resonates with your intended audience. Now, that 0:22:55.200 --> 0:22:59.080 didn't mean there weren't developers, even game developers who concentrated 0:22:59.160 --> 0:23:02.280 solely on the mac Kintosh. There were. There, just weren't 0:23:02.320 --> 0:23:06.240 as many Macintosh developers as there were Windows or PC developers. 0:23:06.840 --> 0:23:09.359 By the late nineteen eighties, the Macintosh stood as the 0:23:09.400 --> 0:23:13.040 only real challenger to the IBM compatible PC. Other companies 0:23:13.119 --> 0:23:16.240 had withdrawn from the home PC market, acknowledging that it 0:23:16.359 --> 0:23:19.119 was too competitive to make a go atit. Tandy and 0:23:19.200 --> 0:23:23.320 Texas Instruments were out. Atari was in rapid decline and 0:23:23.440 --> 0:23:26.840