1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,280 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:13,880 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,920 --> 00:00:14,720 Speaker 2: I'm Tracy V. 4 00:00:14,840 --> 00:00:16,520 Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. 5 00:00:16,760 --> 00:00:17,560 Speaker 2: This is the. 6 00:00:17,400 --> 00:00:20,480 Speaker 1: Second part of our Unearthed for the end of twenty 7 00:00:20,560 --> 00:00:23,680 Speaker 1: twenty three, and today we are going to be talking 8 00:00:23,680 --> 00:00:26,880 Speaker 1: about the shipwrecks and the art and just so many 9 00:00:26,880 --> 00:00:30,920 Speaker 1: things that are about animals. As is often the case, 10 00:00:31,000 --> 00:00:33,440 Speaker 1: we will be starting off with some things that didn't 11 00:00:33,479 --> 00:00:36,440 Speaker 1: really fit into categories, which I always call the potpourri. 12 00:00:37,479 --> 00:00:40,440 Speaker 1: And if you are a regular listener to Unearthed, you 13 00:00:40,520 --> 00:00:45,400 Speaker 1: might be thinking normally there's repatriations somewhere on the list. 14 00:00:46,360 --> 00:00:48,840 Speaker 1: We aren't talking about them this time, and we will 15 00:00:48,880 --> 00:00:52,360 Speaker 1: talk about why that is in the behind the scenes 16 00:00:52,400 --> 00:00:57,760 Speaker 1: on Friday. So on to Pope Pourri renovations work at 17 00:00:57,760 --> 00:01:02,000 Speaker 1: Saint George's Guildhall in kings Lynn unearthed floorboards dating back 18 00:01:02,040 --> 00:01:05,600 Speaker 1: to the fifteenth century, meaning that they likely would have 19 00:01:05,600 --> 00:01:08,400 Speaker 1: been in place when William Shakespeare is believed to have 20 00:01:08,520 --> 00:01:12,880 Speaker 1: performed there in fifteen ninety two or fifteen ninety three. 21 00:01:12,920 --> 00:01:15,520 Speaker 1: This is based on an account book from those years, 22 00:01:15,560 --> 00:01:18,520 Speaker 1: which shows the Earl of Pembroke's Men being paid to 23 00:01:18,560 --> 00:01:22,240 Speaker 1: perform in King's Lynn while the London theaters were closed 24 00:01:22,280 --> 00:01:26,360 Speaker 1: because of plague. The Earl of Pembroke's Men performed some 25 00:01:26,400 --> 00:01:30,840 Speaker 1: of Shakespeare's plays, but it's not conclusively established whether he 26 00:01:30,959 --> 00:01:34,560 Speaker 1: was with them at that time. So these boards were 27 00:01:34,640 --> 00:01:38,200 Speaker 1: dated using tree ring analysis, and if that dating is correct, 28 00:01:38,319 --> 00:01:42,720 Speaker 1: this may be the only surviving fifteenth century timber floor 29 00:01:42,840 --> 00:01:47,200 Speaker 1: in all of England. A replacement floor had been installed 30 00:01:47,400 --> 00:01:51,680 Speaker 1: over those original floorboards about seventy five years ago. Saint 31 00:01:51,680 --> 00:01:55,520 Speaker 1: George's Guildhall is the oldest working theater in England, so 32 00:01:56,200 --> 00:01:59,320 Speaker 1: even if Shakespeare himself did not actually perform on that 33 00:01:59,400 --> 00:02:03,720 Speaker 1: original floor or the theater still has its own historic importance. 34 00:02:04,640 --> 00:02:07,360 Speaker 1: Also in one of the funniest quotes in the research 35 00:02:07,400 --> 00:02:10,680 Speaker 1: for this installment of Unearthed, Michael Dobson, director of the 36 00:02:10,680 --> 00:02:14,760 Speaker 1: Shakespeare Institute in Stretford upon Avon, told The Times quote, 37 00:02:15,040 --> 00:02:18,040 Speaker 1: I don't think it's hugely important unless you're a kind 38 00:02:18,040 --> 00:02:20,440 Speaker 1: of fetishist who really thinks that having a piece of 39 00:02:20,520 --> 00:02:24,000 Speaker 1: wood that has probably been touched by Shakespeare's foot is 40 00:02:24,040 --> 00:02:26,760 Speaker 1: going to make an enormous difference to your understanding of 41 00:02:26,760 --> 00:02:28,119 Speaker 1: the place, which. 42 00:02:27,919 --> 00:02:31,839 Speaker 2: I rather doubt. I read that and I laughed out loud. 43 00:02:31,960 --> 00:02:34,080 Speaker 1: I love him for this because it was my almost 44 00:02:34,120 --> 00:02:36,280 Speaker 1: exact reaction when I heard this story. 45 00:02:37,280 --> 00:02:40,240 Speaker 2: Yeah, I'm like why though, why? 46 00:02:41,560 --> 00:02:44,760 Speaker 1: Yeah, it's like kind of a cool little bit of 47 00:02:44,800 --> 00:02:49,400 Speaker 1: trivia if Shakespeare did perform on this exact floor, but 48 00:02:49,480 --> 00:02:53,360 Speaker 1: we don't actually know for sure, and also does it 49 00:02:53,440 --> 00:02:58,400 Speaker 1: matter anyway. Next, archaeologists in northern Spain have found a 50 00:02:58,520 --> 00:03:03,440 Speaker 1: Roman era sandal in a well, presumably lost by somebody 51 00:03:03,480 --> 00:03:07,280 Speaker 1: who was cleaning that well about two thousand years ago. 52 00:03:07,960 --> 00:03:10,600 Speaker 1: I can think of some other scenarios that would wind 53 00:03:10,680 --> 00:03:12,680 Speaker 1: up with the sandal in the well, but like every 54 00:03:12,800 --> 00:03:16,720 Speaker 1: article about this says somebody was cleaning it. This is 55 00:03:16,800 --> 00:03:21,120 Speaker 1: one of only about twenty sandals that have been found 56 00:03:21,280 --> 00:03:24,520 Speaker 1: from what was Roman Hispania. And in addition to that, 57 00:03:25,120 --> 00:03:28,440 Speaker 1: it's really heavily decorated with this pattern of circles and 58 00:03:28,480 --> 00:03:30,720 Speaker 1: ovals and other shapes. Like when I first saw a 59 00:03:30,760 --> 00:03:32,920 Speaker 1: picture of it, I was like, I'm not, is this 60 00:03:33,000 --> 00:03:36,440 Speaker 1: the sole of a modern shoe? Like I had a 61 00:03:36,480 --> 00:03:39,200 Speaker 1: moment where I doubted what I was looking at because 62 00:03:39,240 --> 00:03:41,800 Speaker 1: there was no oxygen at the bottom of the well. 63 00:03:42,280 --> 00:03:45,680 Speaker 1: This sandal is very well preserved, and it was frozen 64 00:03:45,840 --> 00:03:48,240 Speaker 1: so it could be you know, preserved in that state 65 00:03:48,320 --> 00:03:51,920 Speaker 1: until it could go for actual cleaning and preservation. Once 66 00:03:52,000 --> 00:03:54,920 Speaker 1: all of that's done, it is planned to be exhibited 67 00:03:54,960 --> 00:03:59,440 Speaker 1: at the Archaeological Museum of Asturius. H potpourri is brief 68 00:03:59,480 --> 00:04:02,800 Speaker 1: this time, and this is our last bit. Researchers have 69 00:04:02,880 --> 00:04:05,480 Speaker 1: determined that a piece of iron found in a gravesite 70 00:04:05,480 --> 00:04:10,600 Speaker 1: in Bavaria in twenty seventeen was a prosthetic hand. Archaeologists 71 00:04:10,640 --> 00:04:13,040 Speaker 1: concluded that the person buried at this site was a 72 00:04:13,080 --> 00:04:16,039 Speaker 1: man between the ages of thirty and fifty, and based 73 00:04:16,080 --> 00:04:20,440 Speaker 1: on radiocarbon dating, he died sometime between fourteen fifty and 74 00:04:20,520 --> 00:04:24,560 Speaker 1: sixteen twenty. X rays of his arm and hand suggest 75 00:04:24,640 --> 00:04:27,440 Speaker 1: that his fingers may have been amputated and the bones 76 00:04:27,480 --> 00:04:31,440 Speaker 1: of his thumb were still present. So this prosthesis had 77 00:04:31,520 --> 00:04:35,880 Speaker 1: four slightly curved, immobile fingers. They were each made from 78 00:04:36,000 --> 00:04:39,320 Speaker 1: sheet metal, and there were remnants of a gauze like 79 00:04:39,520 --> 00:04:43,040 Speaker 1: fabric that suggested there was cushioning on the inside of it. 80 00:04:43,760 --> 00:04:47,320 Speaker 1: This prosthesis was probably secured to his arm using straps, 81 00:04:47,360 --> 00:04:48,960 Speaker 1: although the straps haven't survived. 82 00:04:49,440 --> 00:04:50,320 Speaker 2: This is one of. 83 00:04:50,279 --> 00:04:54,000 Speaker 1: About fifty prostheses that have been found in Central Europe 84 00:04:54,080 --> 00:04:56,840 Speaker 1: dating back to the medieval and early modern period, and 85 00:04:56,880 --> 00:04:59,080 Speaker 1: some of them, like this one, were sort of an 86 00:04:59,120 --> 00:05:03,960 Speaker 1: immobile peace, but others were articulated and had various mechanical 87 00:05:04,000 --> 00:05:06,440 Speaker 1: elements that could let a person do things like move 88 00:05:06,520 --> 00:05:10,080 Speaker 1: the prosthetic fingers and hold objects with them. It's time 89 00:05:10,160 --> 00:05:14,200 Speaker 1: for art, my favorite. A room that has recently opened 90 00:05:14,240 --> 00:05:17,160 Speaker 1: to the public at the Basilica of San Lorenzo in Florence, 91 00:05:17,160 --> 00:05:20,840 Speaker 1: Italy is believed to be where Michelangelo hid after being 92 00:05:20,920 --> 00:05:24,480 Speaker 1: sentenced to death by Pope Clement the seventh. The pope 93 00:05:24,560 --> 00:05:26,560 Speaker 1: was part of the Medici family, which had been in 94 00:05:26,560 --> 00:05:30,320 Speaker 1: control of Florence until being overthrown in a populist revolt 95 00:05:30,320 --> 00:05:34,280 Speaker 1: in fifteen thirty seven. After the Medici's return to power, 96 00:05:34,360 --> 00:05:37,679 Speaker 1: the Pope sentence Michelangelo to death because he had worked 97 00:05:37,680 --> 00:05:41,040 Speaker 1: for the Republican government that had briefly displaced the Medicis. 98 00:05:41,760 --> 00:05:45,039 Speaker 1: Michelangelo was in hiding for about two months until the 99 00:05:45,080 --> 00:05:49,159 Speaker 1: pope lifted that death sentence. So this basilica is part 100 00:05:49,240 --> 00:05:52,279 Speaker 1: of the Museum of the Medici Chapels and the space 101 00:05:52,440 --> 00:05:56,080 Speaker 1: known as the Steanza Cigretta or the Secret Room, was 102 00:05:56,160 --> 00:06:00,800 Speaker 1: discovered there in nineteen seventy five. Are Horror had been 103 00:06:00,839 --> 00:06:04,200 Speaker 1: assigned to clean part of the walls with the hope 104 00:06:04,240 --> 00:06:06,240 Speaker 1: that the space could be used to make a new 105 00:06:06,360 --> 00:06:10,400 Speaker 1: visitor's entrance to Basilica, but it turned out that under 106 00:06:10,440 --> 00:06:14,960 Speaker 1: the layers of plaster, the walls were just covered in sketches, 107 00:06:15,400 --> 00:06:19,120 Speaker 1: and those sketches are believed to have been drawn by Michelangelo, 108 00:06:19,240 --> 00:06:23,120 Speaker 1: although it is not conclusively proven that he is the 109 00:06:23,200 --> 00:06:27,960 Speaker 1: person who drew them. This is a very small, narrow room, 110 00:06:28,360 --> 00:06:31,839 Speaker 1: mostly built below street level, with only one small window. 111 00:06:32,600 --> 00:06:36,040 Speaker 1: While it is open to the public, access is very limited. 112 00:06:36,240 --> 00:06:39,240 Speaker 1: Only four visitors are allowed in at a time, can 113 00:06:39,320 --> 00:06:42,120 Speaker 1: only stay for fifteen minutes, and then there's a forty 114 00:06:42,120 --> 00:06:45,080 Speaker 1: five minute break to reduce how much the space is 115 00:06:45,120 --> 00:06:48,080 Speaker 1: exposed to light, so that means that only about one 116 00:06:48,160 --> 00:06:53,240 Speaker 1: hundred visitors can see this space each week next. According 117 00:06:53,240 --> 00:06:57,680 Speaker 1: to research published in the Cambridge Archaeological Journal, an object 118 00:06:57,880 --> 00:07:01,600 Speaker 1: shown in the painting at Tianchevelle Saint Stephen by Jean 119 00:07:01,640 --> 00:07:07,400 Speaker 1: Fouquet maybe a prehistoric hand axe. This painting is part 120 00:07:07,480 --> 00:07:12,040 Speaker 1: of the malundiptych that was commissioned by Ettien Chevalier, and 121 00:07:12,120 --> 00:07:15,239 Speaker 1: it depicts him with his hands folded in prayer next 122 00:07:15,240 --> 00:07:18,440 Speaker 1: to his patron saint. His patron saint is holding a 123 00:07:18,480 --> 00:07:22,440 Speaker 1: copy of the New Testament with this object resting on the. 124 00:07:22,400 --> 00:07:22,960 Speaker 2: Top of it. 125 00:07:23,760 --> 00:07:27,720 Speaker 1: This object has usually before now been described as just 126 00:07:27,760 --> 00:07:32,560 Speaker 1: something like a jagged stone, but Stephen Kangis, lecturer in 127 00:07:32,600 --> 00:07:35,600 Speaker 1: the Department of Art History at Dartmouth, had for a 128 00:07:35,640 --> 00:07:40,280 Speaker 1: long time thought it resembled a hand axe. He eventually 129 00:07:40,360 --> 00:07:43,920 Speaker 1: discussed this with other professors and they collaborated with colleagues 130 00:07:43,920 --> 00:07:48,080 Speaker 1: at the University of Cambridge to analyze the object shape, color, 131 00:07:48,160 --> 00:07:51,920 Speaker 1: and flake scars, comparing that to stone tools known as 132 00:07:52,080 --> 00:07:55,760 Speaker 1: Eshulian hand axes those were common about five hundred thousand 133 00:07:55,840 --> 00:07:59,480 Speaker 1: years ago. They found that its shape and flake scars 134 00:07:59,520 --> 00:08:02,240 Speaker 1: were similar to hand axes used in the region where 135 00:08:02,240 --> 00:08:06,240 Speaker 1: the image was painted. Color was a little harder to determine, 136 00:08:06,280 --> 00:08:09,640 Speaker 1: since pigments and varnishes used on the painting may not 137 00:08:09,760 --> 00:08:12,960 Speaker 1: reflect the real object, but the amount of color variation 138 00:08:13,120 --> 00:08:16,360 Speaker 1: in the image suggests that the artist was recreating the 139 00:08:16,400 --> 00:08:21,560 Speaker 1: details of a real stone object. So for centuries hand 140 00:08:21,600 --> 00:08:25,800 Speaker 1: axes and other flaked or ground prehistoric objects have been 141 00:08:25,840 --> 00:08:30,960 Speaker 1: a source of fascination and study, although centuries ago people 142 00:08:31,080 --> 00:08:35,000 Speaker 1: did not really have a sense of exactly what these were. 143 00:08:35,080 --> 00:08:36,160 Speaker 2: Or how old they were. 144 00:08:36,800 --> 00:08:40,040 Speaker 1: In Europe, this included folklore around the idea that these 145 00:08:40,080 --> 00:08:44,680 Speaker 1: were thunder stones created in the sky by lightning strikes. 146 00:08:45,400 --> 00:08:50,120 Speaker 1: The first written record of the term thunderstones, describing what 147 00:08:50,280 --> 00:08:53,280 Speaker 1: was probably a prehistoric hand axe, dates back to the 148 00:08:53,320 --> 00:08:57,680 Speaker 1: mid fifteen hundreds. This painting, though, was made in about 149 00:08:57,720 --> 00:09:00,760 Speaker 1: fourteen fifty five, so if it really does depict a 150 00:09:00,800 --> 00:09:04,520 Speaker 1: hand axe, this kind of pushes back the social history 151 00:09:04,640 --> 00:09:08,200 Speaker 1: of these hand axes in Europe by about one hundred years. 152 00:09:08,480 --> 00:09:10,840 Speaker 1: I want to develop a whole thor theory around this, 153 00:09:11,040 --> 00:09:15,679 Speaker 1: but that's just sure. In our last art find, the 154 00:09:15,800 --> 00:09:20,120 Speaker 1: UK National Trust restored four paintings by Joshua Reynolds in 155 00:09:20,200 --> 00:09:24,160 Speaker 1: commemoration of the three hundredth anniversary of his birth, and 156 00:09:24,440 --> 00:09:27,560 Speaker 1: in his painting The Death of Cardinal Beaufort, painted in 157 00:09:27,600 --> 00:09:32,040 Speaker 1: seventeen eighty nine, they uncovered a demon lake figure that 158 00:09:32,160 --> 00:09:35,760 Speaker 1: had at some point been painted over. So this painting 159 00:09:35,840 --> 00:09:38,920 Speaker 1: depicts a scene from Shakespeare's Henry the sixth part two, 160 00:09:39,520 --> 00:09:43,319 Speaker 1: in which the King at the cardinal's deathbed says, quote 161 00:09:43,760 --> 00:09:48,040 Speaker 1: all beat away the busy meddling fiend that lays strong 162 00:09:48,200 --> 00:09:53,079 Speaker 1: siege onto this wretch's soul, and from his bosom purge 163 00:09:53,200 --> 00:09:57,760 Speaker 1: this black despair. So this is read as something that 164 00:09:57,840 --> 00:10:01,880 Speaker 1: was going on within the cardinal inner world, but Reynolds 165 00:10:01,960 --> 00:10:06,200 Speaker 1: painted an actual fiend peering out from behind a curtain. 166 00:10:06,920 --> 00:10:10,360 Speaker 1: This was incredibly controversial when the painting was first shown 167 00:10:10,480 --> 00:10:14,680 Speaker 1: at the Shakespeare Gallery, which had also commissioned it. Basically, 168 00:10:14,720 --> 00:10:18,319 Speaker 1: a lot of people thought Shakespeare's words had been figurative 169 00:10:18,559 --> 00:10:21,920 Speaker 1: or metaphorical, and that Reynolds should have stuck with that, 170 00:10:22,880 --> 00:10:28,480 Speaker 1: having you know, the maybe metaphorical anguish on his face, 171 00:10:28,640 --> 00:10:32,880 Speaker 1: rather than depicting an actual devil in the painting. I 172 00:10:32,960 --> 00:10:36,680 Speaker 1: love this literalist reading of so much drama about this 173 00:10:36,800 --> 00:10:40,800 Speaker 1: fiend in the painting. So the fiend was ultimately painted over, 174 00:10:40,880 --> 00:10:43,280 Speaker 1: and there was also an attempt to remove it from 175 00:10:43,280 --> 00:10:45,880 Speaker 1: the printing plate for a second run of prints in 176 00:10:45,960 --> 00:10:50,400 Speaker 1: seventeen ninety two, after Reynolds had died. Removing the layers 177 00:10:50,440 --> 00:10:53,920 Speaker 1: of paint and varnish obscuring the Fiend took restorers about 178 00:10:53,960 --> 00:10:57,319 Speaker 1: six months yeah. I'm not sure whether Reynolds was pressured 179 00:10:57,360 --> 00:10:59,800 Speaker 1: into painting it over or if somebody else did it 180 00:10:59,840 --> 00:11:02,520 Speaker 1: after he died. That was not clear to me from 181 00:11:02,559 --> 00:11:05,480 Speaker 1: the reporting on this. But anyway, that's the last of 182 00:11:05,480 --> 00:11:07,480 Speaker 1: the art, and we will take a quick break and 183 00:11:07,520 --> 00:11:21,760 Speaker 1: come back for animals. Now we have some animals, in fact, 184 00:11:21,840 --> 00:11:24,480 Speaker 1: many animals. This whole section of the episode is just 185 00:11:24,520 --> 00:11:28,000 Speaker 1: going to be animals. According to research published in the 186 00:11:28,040 --> 00:11:33,360 Speaker 1: journal Environmental Archaeology, ancient Egypt may have had more types 187 00:11:33,400 --> 00:11:36,920 Speaker 1: of venomous snakes than it does today. This came from 188 00:11:36,960 --> 00:11:40,520 Speaker 1: an analysis of a medical treatise known as the Brooklyn Papyrus, 189 00:11:40,559 --> 00:11:43,320 Speaker 1: which dates back to some time between six sixty and 190 00:11:43,360 --> 00:11:47,679 Speaker 1: three thirty BCE. It is called the Brooklyn Papyrus because 191 00:11:47,679 --> 00:11:51,320 Speaker 1: it was donated to the Brooklyn Museum in the nineteen thirties. 192 00:11:51,920 --> 00:11:56,400 Speaker 1: It lists thirty seven different species of venomous snakes, although 193 00:11:56,440 --> 00:12:00,600 Speaker 1: the descriptions of thirteen of those have been lost, but 194 00:12:00,840 --> 00:12:06,719 Speaker 1: modern Egypt has fewer venomous snake species than that. There 195 00:12:06,760 --> 00:12:10,880 Speaker 1: are eight species that are capable of causing significant envenoming 196 00:12:11,160 --> 00:12:13,959 Speaker 1: if they bite something, and then a few others can 197 00:12:14,040 --> 00:12:18,520 Speaker 1: cause minor envenoming. One of the snakes was described as 198 00:12:18,559 --> 00:12:22,120 Speaker 1: the great snake of a Pofis, Apofos being a deity 199 00:12:22,200 --> 00:12:25,040 Speaker 1: that took the form of a serpent. This snake is 200 00:12:25,080 --> 00:12:28,400 Speaker 1: described as having four fangs, which is not the case 201 00:12:28,440 --> 00:12:32,240 Speaker 1: for any snake currently living in Egypt. The snake living 202 00:12:32,320 --> 00:12:35,360 Speaker 1: closest to modern Egypt that does have four fangs is 203 00:12:35,400 --> 00:12:39,520 Speaker 1: the Boomslang, which lives farther south in Africa. Its range 204 00:12:39,559 --> 00:12:42,240 Speaker 1: starts about four hundred miles or six hundred and fifty 205 00:12:42,320 --> 00:12:47,640 Speaker 1: kilometers south of modern Egypt. So the basic idea here 206 00:12:48,040 --> 00:12:52,480 Speaker 1: is that snakes that currently live in tropical Africa, including 207 00:12:52,520 --> 00:12:56,800 Speaker 1: the Boomslang, may have been able to live in ancient Egypt, 208 00:12:56,840 --> 00:13:00,000 Speaker 1: which was wetter and more humid than Egypt is to say. 209 00:13:00,960 --> 00:13:04,920 Speaker 1: The team identified snakes that could plausibly have lived in 210 00:13:04,960 --> 00:13:07,880 Speaker 1: this environment from thousands of years ago, and then they 211 00:13:08,000 --> 00:13:12,680 Speaker 1: used niche modeling, which is also known as species distribution modeling, 212 00:13:13,080 --> 00:13:17,079 Speaker 1: to try to predict where ten identified snake species might 213 00:13:17,120 --> 00:13:20,360 Speaker 1: have lived around four thousand years ago, and then they 214 00:13:20,400 --> 00:13:24,640 Speaker 1: also tested proposed identifications for some of the species that 215 00:13:24,679 --> 00:13:29,080 Speaker 1: were described in the papyrus. According to their modeling, nine 216 00:13:29,120 --> 00:13:31,800 Speaker 1: of the ten snakes that they examined could have lived 217 00:13:31,840 --> 00:13:35,760 Speaker 1: in ancient Egypt thousands of years ago. This was likeliest 218 00:13:35,880 --> 00:13:38,560 Speaker 1: in the more southern and southeastern parts of the region 219 00:13:38,720 --> 00:13:41,439 Speaker 1: and along the Nile Valley and the Red Sea coast. 220 00:13:42,040 --> 00:13:45,160 Speaker 1: This included the boom slang and the puff adder, both 221 00:13:45,200 --> 00:13:48,920 Speaker 1: of which aligned with descriptions of snakes from the Brooklyn Papyrus. 222 00:13:49,920 --> 00:13:53,880 Speaker 1: And speaking of snakes in Egypt, archaeologists in Egypts have 223 00:13:54,080 --> 00:13:58,000 Speaker 1: also found a burial chamber belonging to a scribe that 224 00:13:58,240 --> 00:14:01,440 Speaker 1: was adorned with spell that were meant to ward off 225 00:14:01,520 --> 00:14:05,320 Speaker 1: snake bites. So this chamber is roughly twenty five hundred 226 00:14:05,360 --> 00:14:08,959 Speaker 1: years old. It belonged to a royal scribe who died 227 00:14:09,040 --> 00:14:12,559 Speaker 1: at the age of about twenty five and these inscriptions, 228 00:14:12,600 --> 00:14:17,040 Speaker 1: which are on the north wall, both described the snakes 229 00:14:17,240 --> 00:14:21,480 Speaker 1: as protectors of the deceased and served to protect his 230 00:14:21,640 --> 00:14:25,120 Speaker 1: mummy from bites. So I don't know if these were 231 00:14:25,200 --> 00:14:28,880 Speaker 1: literal or figurative snakes, but they were there to protect him. 232 00:14:29,280 --> 00:14:31,760 Speaker 1: But also they wanted to make sure that the snakes 233 00:14:31,760 --> 00:14:35,360 Speaker 1: did not bite his mummy. This is they wanted to 234 00:14:35,440 --> 00:14:36,560 Speaker 1: keep Indiana Jones out. 235 00:14:36,600 --> 00:14:37,200 Speaker 2: That's what it was. 236 00:14:38,320 --> 00:14:43,040 Speaker 1: Now we've got some studies about beavers. Beavers became extinct 237 00:14:43,080 --> 00:14:45,680 Speaker 1: in the Netherlands in the nineteenth century and then were 238 00:14:45,680 --> 00:14:49,240 Speaker 1: reintroduced in nineteen eighty eight, and their population has been 239 00:14:49,280 --> 00:14:52,880 Speaker 1: growing there in recent years. And according to research published 240 00:14:52,880 --> 00:14:55,560 Speaker 1: in the Holocene, beavers were a key part of the 241 00:14:55,600 --> 00:14:58,600 Speaker 1: diets of prehistoric people in the Netherlands as well as 242 00:14:58,600 --> 00:15:01,640 Speaker 1: other parts of northern Europe. They also played a major 243 00:15:01,720 --> 00:15:05,360 Speaker 1: role in the ecosystems where they lived. According to this research, 244 00:15:05,640 --> 00:15:08,600 Speaker 1: beavers were one of the most common mammals found at 245 00:15:08,720 --> 00:15:14,000 Speaker 1: archaeological sites of hunter gatherer communities in the Netherlands. So 246 00:15:14,080 --> 00:15:17,120 Speaker 1: in addition to using beavers for their meats and their 247 00:15:17,200 --> 00:15:21,280 Speaker 1: pelts and teeth and bones, and for the glandular substance 248 00:15:21,360 --> 00:15:26,960 Speaker 1: known as castorium, Mesolithic hunter gatherer peoples also benefited from 249 00:15:26,960 --> 00:15:30,760 Speaker 1: the landscapes that beavers created with their lodges and dams. 250 00:15:31,360 --> 00:15:34,840 Speaker 1: When the beavers daml water source, the resulting landscape is 251 00:15:34,880 --> 00:15:38,400 Speaker 1: often home to other animals, including an abundance of fish 252 00:15:38,520 --> 00:15:43,520 Speaker 1: and otters and waterfowl. It is possible, according to this research, 253 00:15:43,600 --> 00:15:48,040 Speaker 1: that people specifically sought out places where beavers were living 254 00:15:48,480 --> 00:15:51,400 Speaker 1: when they were deciding where to make their homes and 255 00:15:51,560 --> 00:15:55,600 Speaker 1: we have another beaver find. Research in eastern Germany also 256 00:15:55,640 --> 00:15:59,440 Speaker 1: shows that people were hunting beavers much earlier than previously thought, 257 00:15:59,560 --> 00:16:03,200 Speaker 1: as long as four hundred thousand years ago. This comes 258 00:16:03,200 --> 00:16:06,520 Speaker 1: from the careful examination of the remains of ninety four 259 00:16:06,560 --> 00:16:11,280 Speaker 1: beavers using magnifying glasses and digital microscopes to look for 260 00:16:11,360 --> 00:16:15,120 Speaker 1: evidence that they had been cut with stone tools. They 261 00:16:15,160 --> 00:16:17,280 Speaker 1: found that most of the ones that showed evidence of 262 00:16:17,320 --> 00:16:21,000 Speaker 1: cut marks were young adults, suggesting that they were fully 263 00:16:21,080 --> 00:16:26,360 Speaker 1: grown but not particularly experienced animals. The paper didn't say this, 264 00:16:26,480 --> 00:16:28,600 Speaker 1: but I read it as being that they were not 265 00:16:28,720 --> 00:16:31,680 Speaker 1: as adept at staying out of people's way, right, They 266 00:16:31,680 --> 00:16:33,320 Speaker 1: had not developed their savvy yet. 267 00:16:33,800 --> 00:16:34,000 Speaker 2: Right. 268 00:16:34,240 --> 00:16:37,760 Speaker 1: We have talked on previous installments of Unearthed about the 269 00:16:37,840 --> 00:16:43,119 Speaker 1: assumption that ancient hunter gatherers mostly hunted really large animals, 270 00:16:43,560 --> 00:16:47,600 Speaker 1: the idea being that smaller animals like beaver just would 271 00:16:47,600 --> 00:16:50,440 Speaker 1: not provide enough resources to be worth the effort of 272 00:16:50,520 --> 00:16:54,240 Speaker 1: hunting them. But the researchers involved with this project suggested 273 00:16:54,280 --> 00:16:57,480 Speaker 1: a different possibility, which is that the bones of larger 274 00:16:57,640 --> 00:17:01,040 Speaker 1: animals from this far back in history are usually better 275 00:17:01,120 --> 00:17:05,280 Speaker 1: preserved than those of smaller animals, making it easier to 276 00:17:05,359 --> 00:17:08,200 Speaker 1: find them and study them and see evidence of their 277 00:17:08,280 --> 00:17:13,200 Speaker 1: being cut or processed by humans. Next, according to research 278 00:17:13,240 --> 00:17:17,320 Speaker 1: published in the journal Antiquity, researchers have found the oldest 279 00:17:17,359 --> 00:17:21,240 Speaker 1: known use of shark teeth in composite weapons. These are 280 00:17:21,240 --> 00:17:24,000 Speaker 1: two weapons with blades made from the teeth of tiger 281 00:17:24,080 --> 00:17:28,160 Speaker 1: sharks found on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. They're about 282 00:17:28,200 --> 00:17:31,160 Speaker 1: seven thousand years old, which is two thousand years older 283 00:17:31,200 --> 00:17:35,479 Speaker 1: than the previous oldest known shark tooth knives. These teeth 284 00:17:35,520 --> 00:17:38,600 Speaker 1: were affixed to a handle using a glue like substance 285 00:17:38,680 --> 00:17:41,680 Speaker 1: and plant fibers, which is still a technique used by 286 00:17:41,680 --> 00:17:45,480 Speaker 1: people living in parts of the Pacific. These teeth showed 287 00:17:45,520 --> 00:17:48,760 Speaker 1: evidence of having been used to pierce and cut flesh 288 00:17:48,800 --> 00:17:52,320 Speaker 1: and bone, but according to the researchers, it was unlikely 289 00:17:52,440 --> 00:17:57,000 Speaker 1: that these knives were for everyday purposes. Shark teeth get 290 00:17:57,119 --> 00:18:02,280 Speaker 1: dull very quickly. Living sharks are just continually growing new teeth, 291 00:18:02,720 --> 00:18:05,920 Speaker 1: so it is more likely that these knives were used 292 00:18:06,040 --> 00:18:09,680 Speaker 1: maybe for ritual purposes or in some kind of combat, 293 00:18:09,800 --> 00:18:12,240 Speaker 1: not something that you would have just cut your food 294 00:18:12,280 --> 00:18:15,760 Speaker 1: with every day. I'm literally picturing like a teenager of 295 00:18:15,800 --> 00:18:17,920 Speaker 1: this era making it and going doesn't this look cool? 296 00:18:18,119 --> 00:18:23,240 Speaker 1: Like there's no real use Next, A couple of different 297 00:18:23,280 --> 00:18:27,320 Speaker 1: teams have looked at baboons in ancient Egypt. While baboons 298 00:18:27,359 --> 00:18:30,280 Speaker 1: do not live in Egypt today and there's no evidence 299 00:18:30,320 --> 00:18:33,440 Speaker 1: to suggest that they did so in the past, baboons 300 00:18:33,480 --> 00:18:36,840 Speaker 1: were brought to Egypt from elsewhere, kept in captivity, and 301 00:18:36,960 --> 00:18:41,639 Speaker 1: mummified after their debts. Research published in the journal eLife 302 00:18:41,680 --> 00:18:45,639 Speaker 1: tried to pin down exactly where these baboons came from. 303 00:18:46,320 --> 00:18:50,520 Speaker 1: They compared the mitochondrial DNA of mummified baboons to the 304 00:18:50,600 --> 00:18:54,120 Speaker 1: DNA of modern baboons, as well as the DNA from 305 00:18:54,119 --> 00:18:56,760 Speaker 1: one hundred to one hundred and fifty year old baboons 306 00:18:56,760 --> 00:19:01,280 Speaker 1: specimens in museum collections. One of the collaborators on this 307 00:19:01,400 --> 00:19:04,760 Speaker 1: paper had previously identified the general region of the Horn 308 00:19:04,840 --> 00:19:07,800 Speaker 1: of Africa as where most of these animals had been 309 00:19:07,840 --> 00:19:11,320 Speaker 1: born and had lived during their early years. We talked 310 00:19:11,320 --> 00:19:13,800 Speaker 1: about this on an episode of Unearthed in twenty twenty. 311 00:19:14,680 --> 00:19:18,359 Speaker 1: This year's research narrowed the area further to a specific 312 00:19:18,440 --> 00:19:22,720 Speaker 1: part of Eritrea and neighboring regions. This area was home 313 00:19:22,720 --> 00:19:26,560 Speaker 1: to the ancient port of Adulis. As we mentioned in 314 00:19:26,600 --> 00:19:31,240 Speaker 1: that twenty twenty installment of Unearthed, this overlaps with research 315 00:19:31,320 --> 00:19:34,960 Speaker 1: into the exact location of the Kingdom of Punt, something 316 00:19:34,960 --> 00:19:37,200 Speaker 1: that we also talked about in our episode on Hat 317 00:19:37,240 --> 00:19:40,680 Speaker 1: Sheepsit's expeditions to Punt, which came out in twenty nineteen. 318 00:19:41,320 --> 00:19:45,320 Speaker 1: The baboons were described as having come from Punt, so 319 00:19:45,600 --> 00:19:48,800 Speaker 1: it is possible that Punt was an earlier name for 320 00:19:48,920 --> 00:19:53,800 Speaker 1: that same ancient port. The other baboon research published late 321 00:19:53,880 --> 00:19:56,720 Speaker 1: last year looked at the living conditions of these animals 322 00:19:57,080 --> 00:20:00,880 Speaker 1: while they were kept in captivity in Egypt. Egyptians held 323 00:20:00,920 --> 00:20:03,719 Speaker 1: these animals in very high regard and they were believed 324 00:20:03,760 --> 00:20:07,560 Speaker 1: to be representations of the god TOAs, but they weren't 325 00:20:07,600 --> 00:20:10,680 Speaker 1: actually treated very well, or at least given the kind 326 00:20:10,760 --> 00:20:14,400 Speaker 1: of treatment they needed to be healthy. This research looked 327 00:20:14,400 --> 00:20:17,240 Speaker 1: at the mummies of thirty six baboons, which lived between 328 00:20:17,280 --> 00:20:20,800 Speaker 1: eight hundred and five hundred BCE, and found that many 329 00:20:20,840 --> 00:20:23,600 Speaker 1: of them had signs of rickets or a deficiency of 330 00:20:23,680 --> 00:20:27,520 Speaker 1: vitamin D, probably because of being kept indoors and away 331 00:20:27,560 --> 00:20:31,520 Speaker 1: from natural sunlight. Otherwise, they didn't show evidence of being 332 00:20:31,560 --> 00:20:34,800 Speaker 1: abused or mistreated. But only four of the mummies they 333 00:20:34,800 --> 00:20:37,679 Speaker 1: studied were those of animals who seemed to be in 334 00:20:37,800 --> 00:20:41,960 Speaker 1: actual good health. Researchers who were interviewed about this work 335 00:20:42,040 --> 00:20:44,760 Speaker 1: stressed that they didn't think the people who cared for 336 00:20:44,800 --> 00:20:49,320 Speaker 1: these animals met them any harm. But since baboons are 337 00:20:49,640 --> 00:20:53,159 Speaker 1: very good climbers, if you wanted to keep them in captivity, 338 00:20:53,200 --> 00:20:56,400 Speaker 1: they had to be in enclosures that had very high walls, 339 00:20:56,920 --> 00:20:59,320 Speaker 1: and these would have blocked out most of the sunlight. 340 00:21:00,359 --> 00:21:03,560 Speaker 1: Archaeologists in China have found evidence of a chariot in 341 00:21:03,640 --> 00:21:06,879 Speaker 1: Shanxi Province, one that would have been drawn by sheep 342 00:21:07,280 --> 00:21:10,959 Speaker 1: rather than the more commonly used horses or oxen. The 343 00:21:11,000 --> 00:21:13,800 Speaker 1: body of the chariot has not survived until today, but 344 00:21:13,840 --> 00:21:16,240 Speaker 1: the rigging used to pull it was still evident on 345 00:21:16,359 --> 00:21:19,800 Speaker 1: the bones of the sheep. This chariot was found in 346 00:21:19,840 --> 00:21:23,040 Speaker 1: the mausoleum of an emperor who ruled between two twenty 347 00:21:23,080 --> 00:21:26,680 Speaker 1: one to two ten BCE, which was hundreds of years 348 00:21:26,680 --> 00:21:30,000 Speaker 1: before the first written mention of a sheep drawn chariot 349 00:21:30,560 --> 00:21:33,320 Speaker 1: that appears in an account of Emperor sima Yan of 350 00:21:33,320 --> 00:21:36,640 Speaker 1: the Western Jin dynasty, who lived from two sixty five 351 00:21:36,680 --> 00:21:39,560 Speaker 1: to three sixteen and is said to have ridden a 352 00:21:39,640 --> 00:21:43,000 Speaker 1: sheep drawn chariot to the palace every night before going 353 00:21:43,040 --> 00:21:47,760 Speaker 1: to sleep. Moving on, archaeologists also believe they have found 354 00:21:47,880 --> 00:21:52,400 Speaker 1: the oldest true saddle in East Asia, one that involved 355 00:21:52,440 --> 00:21:55,520 Speaker 1: a wooden frame covered in horse hide with a pommel, 356 00:21:55,720 --> 00:22:00,439 Speaker 1: a cantle, and stirrups, as well as various straps, states 357 00:22:00,480 --> 00:22:03,640 Speaker 1: back to around the fourth century, meaning it's also one 358 00:22:03,640 --> 00:22:07,720 Speaker 1: of the earliest known frame saddles in the world. This 359 00:22:07,800 --> 00:22:10,720 Speaker 1: suggests that cultures living on the steps of western and 360 00:22:10,840 --> 00:22:15,160 Speaker 1: northern Mongolia, where the saddle was found, were early adopters 361 00:22:15,240 --> 00:22:18,960 Speaker 1: of both frame saddles and stirrups, and helped spread these 362 00:22:19,000 --> 00:22:22,879 Speaker 1: technologies to other parts of the world and in our 363 00:22:22,960 --> 00:22:26,840 Speaker 1: last animal snd Coast Salish people and researchers from the 364 00:22:26,840 --> 00:22:31,120 Speaker 1: Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History have worked to study 365 00:22:31,119 --> 00:22:34,440 Speaker 1: the pelt of a dog named Mutton, who was donated 366 00:22:34,480 --> 00:22:38,640 Speaker 1: to the Smithsonian by naturalist and ethnographer George Gibbs after 367 00:22:38,680 --> 00:22:42,359 Speaker 1: the dog died in eighteen fifty nine. Mutton was a 368 00:22:42,440 --> 00:22:45,240 Speaker 1: wooly dog, which was a type of dog that Coast 369 00:22:45,320 --> 00:22:49,080 Speaker 1: Salish nations bred and cared for for thousands of years, 370 00:22:49,160 --> 00:22:51,000 Speaker 1: but which had died out by the turn of the 371 00:22:51,040 --> 00:22:55,199 Speaker 1: twentieth century. Wooly dogs had a very thick pelt and 372 00:22:55,240 --> 00:22:58,360 Speaker 1: they were sheared like sheep, and Mutton's pelt is the 373 00:22:58,440 --> 00:23:02,080 Speaker 1: only known wooly dog's flot left in the world. This 374 00:23:02,240 --> 00:23:04,680 Speaker 1: wool was used to make things like blankets and other 375 00:23:04,760 --> 00:23:08,240 Speaker 1: woven items, some of which were used for ceremonial and 376 00:23:08,280 --> 00:23:13,760 Speaker 1: spiritual purposes. This project included the work of anthropologists, an 377 00:23:13,760 --> 00:23:19,240 Speaker 1: evolutionary molecular biologist, and elders, knowledge keepers, and master weavers 378 00:23:19,320 --> 00:23:23,760 Speaker 1: from Coast Salish nations who provided the context for how 379 00:23:23,800 --> 00:23:28,520 Speaker 1: these dogs lived in Coast Salish societies. And the words 380 00:23:28,520 --> 00:23:34,960 Speaker 1: of anthropologist Logan Kissler, the museum's curator of Archaeobotany and Archaeogenomics, quote, 381 00:23:35,280 --> 00:23:40,679 Speaker 1: Coast Salish traditional perspective was the entire context for understanding 382 00:23:40,720 --> 00:23:45,120 Speaker 1: the study's findings. Michael Povel, an elder from the Skacomish 383 00:23:45,160 --> 00:23:48,840 Speaker 1: Tauana Coast Salish community in Washington, said, quote, we were 384 00:23:49,040 --> 00:23:52,000 Speaker 1: very excited to participate in a study that embraces the 385 00:23:52,040 --> 00:23:56,600 Speaker 1: most sophisticated Western science with the most established traditional knowledge. 386 00:23:57,040 --> 00:23:59,720 Speaker 1: It was incredibly rewarding to contribute to this effort to 387 00:24:00,080 --> 00:24:04,399 Speaker 1: race and celebrate our understanding of the wooly dog. Many 388 00:24:04,440 --> 00:24:06,639 Speaker 1: of the Coast Salish people who were part of this 389 00:24:06,720 --> 00:24:09,520 Speaker 1: work were cited in the paper as co authors, and 390 00:24:09,600 --> 00:24:12,560 Speaker 1: the text of the interviews conducted with Coast Salish people 391 00:24:12,960 --> 00:24:17,800 Speaker 1: is included in the paper's supplemental materials. Researchers also compared 392 00:24:17,920 --> 00:24:21,000 Speaker 1: Mutton's DNA to that of other dogs to try to 393 00:24:21,040 --> 00:24:25,520 Speaker 1: determine what made the wooly dog's coat so different and 394 00:24:25,600 --> 00:24:29,359 Speaker 1: when this breed split off from other dogs. They found 395 00:24:29,400 --> 00:24:32,639 Speaker 1: that this likely happened at least five thousand years ago, 396 00:24:33,080 --> 00:24:37,440 Speaker 1: and Coast Salish people continued to carefully breed these dogs 397 00:24:37,640 --> 00:24:41,080 Speaker 1: long after other dogs were introduced to the area. At 398 00:24:41,160 --> 00:24:45,320 Speaker 1: least eighty five percent of Mutton's genetic ancestry came from 399 00:24:45,400 --> 00:24:50,560 Speaker 1: precolonial dogs. The researchers work with Coast Salish people also 400 00:24:50,600 --> 00:24:54,760 Speaker 1: contradicted earlier assumptions about what caused the populations of these 401 00:24:54,800 --> 00:24:59,080 Speaker 1: dogs to decline. Scholars had generally concluded that the introduction 402 00:24:59,240 --> 00:25:02,200 Speaker 1: of machine made blankets into the region in the nineteenth 403 00:25:02,200 --> 00:25:05,040 Speaker 1: century meant that the dogs were no longer seen as 404 00:25:05,080 --> 00:25:09,959 Speaker 1: a priority, but indigenous experts cited other factors, including the 405 00:25:09,960 --> 00:25:15,159 Speaker 1: introduction of diseases, forced assimilation and genocide that caused indigenous 406 00:25:15,160 --> 00:25:19,240 Speaker 1: populations to decline, along with other external factors that made 407 00:25:19,280 --> 00:25:22,600 Speaker 1: it increasingly difficult for coast Salish people to care for 408 00:25:22,640 --> 00:25:26,600 Speaker 1: these dogs. Essentially, the indigenous people who were interviewed as 409 00:25:26,680 --> 00:25:29,479 Speaker 1: part of this research made it clear that the dogs 410 00:25:29,480 --> 00:25:31,840 Speaker 1: were too important to their communities to have just been 411 00:25:31,880 --> 00:25:36,000 Speaker 1: forgotten about because of machine made blankets. And that is 412 00:25:36,040 --> 00:25:39,399 Speaker 1: the last if our animal finds this time, and we 413 00:25:39,440 --> 00:25:42,359 Speaker 1: will take a quick sponsor break before we move on 414 00:25:42,400 --> 00:25:55,680 Speaker 1: to shipwrecks. It is time for a number of shipwrecks. 415 00:25:56,440 --> 00:26:00,000 Speaker 1: A fourth century shipwreck discovered off the coast of Sales 416 00:26:00,440 --> 00:26:03,679 Speaker 1: in twenty twenty was named the MARIUSA two because of 417 00:26:03,720 --> 00:26:06,760 Speaker 1: its similarity to another shipwreck by the same name that 418 00:26:06,840 --> 00:26:09,760 Speaker 1: had been found not far away in nineteen ninety nine. 419 00:26:10,800 --> 00:26:14,199 Speaker 1: Last year, this second ship was raised up from the 420 00:26:14,240 --> 00:26:18,200 Speaker 1: seabed intact, something that was possible because it was both 421 00:26:18,440 --> 00:26:21,920 Speaker 1: very well preserved and was only in about six feet 422 00:26:21,960 --> 00:26:26,880 Speaker 1: or one point eight meters of water. After underwater archaeologists 423 00:26:26,960 --> 00:26:31,159 Speaker 1: documented this site, the wreck was basically surrounded in a 424 00:26:31,240 --> 00:26:35,840 Speaker 1: cage and then secured with nets lifted from the seafloor 425 00:26:35,920 --> 00:26:40,280 Speaker 1: with floatation devices and towed to shore. From there, it 426 00:26:40,320 --> 00:26:44,400 Speaker 1: was transported by road to an archaeological museum for desalination 427 00:26:44,520 --> 00:26:47,200 Speaker 1: and study. So the research on this one is ongoing. 428 00:26:47,440 --> 00:26:50,879 Speaker 1: I just find making a big cage to lift a 429 00:26:50,960 --> 00:26:54,600 Speaker 1: shipwreck up off the ocean floor. I found the whole 430 00:26:54,640 --> 00:26:57,000 Speaker 1: process of that fascinating. I know it's not the only 431 00:26:57,080 --> 00:26:59,479 Speaker 1: time we've raised a ship off the ocean floor. 432 00:27:00,000 --> 00:27:01,880 Speaker 2: It is interesting, Yeah, but. 433 00:27:01,920 --> 00:27:04,960 Speaker 1: For one dating back to the fourth century, Like, what 434 00:27:05,080 --> 00:27:08,200 Speaker 1: a delicate thing to need to try to raise up. Yes, 435 00:27:09,320 --> 00:27:12,400 Speaker 1: this past summer, a team conducting sonar scans in Lake 436 00:27:12,440 --> 00:27:15,719 Speaker 1: Superior found the wreck of a freighter called the Hourantum, 437 00:27:16,160 --> 00:27:19,040 Speaker 1: announcing the find in October for the one hundredth anniversary 438 00:27:19,359 --> 00:27:23,080 Speaker 1: of its sinking. The Herontin collided with the Cetus on 439 00:27:23,119 --> 00:27:26,760 Speaker 1: October eleventh, nineteen twenty three, when Lake Superior was under 440 00:27:26,760 --> 00:27:30,560 Speaker 1: a heavy fog and visibility was obscured even further because 441 00:27:30,600 --> 00:27:34,760 Speaker 1: of smoke from wildfires. The SETAs hit the Heurnton on 442 00:27:34,840 --> 00:27:37,800 Speaker 1: its port side, and the captain of the Seatus basically 443 00:27:37,920 --> 00:27:40,359 Speaker 1: used the ship to plug the hole to give the 444 00:27:40,359 --> 00:27:44,399 Speaker 1: Hourntan's crew time to escape, including a bulldog who was 445 00:27:44,440 --> 00:27:47,760 Speaker 1: serving as the ship's mascot, who at first was accidentally 446 00:27:47,840 --> 00:27:50,480 Speaker 1: left behind. But no worries about the dog, the first 447 00:27:50,520 --> 00:27:53,520 Speaker 1: mate went back for him before the ship sank. This 448 00:27:53,720 --> 00:27:56,639 Speaker 1: wreck is one of so many in Lake Superior, and 449 00:27:56,680 --> 00:27:59,520 Speaker 1: it was found during a systemic search of the lake 450 00:27:59,600 --> 00:28:04,720 Speaker 1: bed undiscovered wrecks. Thousands of vessels sank in the lake, 451 00:28:04,880 --> 00:28:08,159 Speaker 1: especially during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and 452 00:28:08,200 --> 00:28:11,520 Speaker 1: a lot of them are now being threatened by muscles, 453 00:28:12,200 --> 00:28:16,640 Speaker 1: especially zebra muscles and quaga muscles. There is ongoing work 454 00:28:16,680 --> 00:28:19,399 Speaker 1: to just try to find and document as many of 455 00:28:19,440 --> 00:28:22,600 Speaker 1: these as possible before they are lost to these and 456 00:28:22,760 --> 00:28:26,760 Speaker 1: other factors. Speaking of the Great Lakes, a father and 457 00:28:26,920 --> 00:28:30,360 Speaker 1: daughter fishing in Green Bay, Wisconsin on Lake Michigan spotted 458 00:28:30,400 --> 00:28:33,159 Speaker 1: a shipwreck on their sonar and that may be the 459 00:28:33,240 --> 00:28:34,679 Speaker 1: remains of the George L. 460 00:28:34,760 --> 00:28:36,520 Speaker 2: Newman. The George L. 461 00:28:36,560 --> 00:28:40,000 Speaker 1: Newman sank during the Great Peshtigo Fire, which prior hosts 462 00:28:40,000 --> 00:28:42,760 Speaker 1: of the show talked about in a twenty eleven episode 463 00:28:42,800 --> 00:28:47,880 Speaker 1: called History's Unforgettable Fires. The ship ran aground because visibility 464 00:28:47,960 --> 00:28:50,280 Speaker 1: was so poor due to the smoke that they could 465 00:28:50,320 --> 00:28:53,360 Speaker 1: not see where they were going. The crew were rescued 466 00:28:53,440 --> 00:28:57,200 Speaker 1: by a nearby lighthouse keeper. The Wisconsin Department of Natural 467 00:28:57,240 --> 00:29:00,920 Speaker 1: Resources used a remote operated vehicle to take pictures of 468 00:29:00,920 --> 00:29:04,080 Speaker 1: the wreck, and further research is expected in the spring 469 00:29:05,160 --> 00:29:08,880 Speaker 1: next A crew with the Florida Department of Transportation found 470 00:29:08,880 --> 00:29:12,720 Speaker 1: a shipwreck while working on a drainage improvement project in 471 00:29:12,800 --> 00:29:16,480 Speaker 1: Saint Augustine. This was found more than eight feet underground 472 00:29:16,480 --> 00:29:19,600 Speaker 1: and probably dates back to the mid to late nineteenth century. 473 00:29:20,320 --> 00:29:23,920 Speaker 1: The ship's stern had been exposed at some point and 474 00:29:24,000 --> 00:29:27,120 Speaker 1: was probably consumed by marine life, but the rest of 475 00:29:27,160 --> 00:29:29,720 Speaker 1: the boat, which is believed to have been a single 476 00:29:29,760 --> 00:29:34,160 Speaker 1: masted fishing vessel, is mostly intact. It's possible that the 477 00:29:34,200 --> 00:29:37,280 Speaker 1: boat was abandoned along the edge of a waterway that 478 00:29:37,400 --> 00:29:41,120 Speaker 1: has since been covered up by landfill. This wreck was 479 00:29:41,160 --> 00:29:45,800 Speaker 1: taken to wet storage for preservation and further study. 480 00:29:45,840 --> 00:29:46,360 Speaker 2: Moving on. 481 00:29:46,520 --> 00:29:49,000 Speaker 1: The Santase has come up on a few installments of 482 00:29:49,040 --> 00:29:51,800 Speaker 1: an Earth. This is a galleon that the British sunk 483 00:29:51,800 --> 00:29:55,400 Speaker 1: off the coast of Carnagena in seventeen oh eight. Its 484 00:29:55,440 --> 00:29:58,560 Speaker 1: discovery was announced in twenty fifteen, which led to a 485 00:29:58,600 --> 00:30:02,040 Speaker 1: dispute about who owned the enormous amount of gold and 486 00:30:02,160 --> 00:30:05,200 Speaker 1: other valuable goods that it was carrying. It was a 487 00:30:05,280 --> 00:30:08,480 Speaker 1: Spanish ship found off the coast of Columbia, and many 488 00:30:08,560 --> 00:30:12,200 Speaker 1: of the precious metals aboard were mined by indigenous peoples. 489 00:30:12,840 --> 00:30:15,800 Speaker 1: On top of all of that, a US salvage company 490 00:30:15,800 --> 00:30:18,720 Speaker 1: claims to have originally found the wreck back in nineteen 491 00:30:18,760 --> 00:30:22,840 Speaker 1: eighty one, and the latest update on this, President Gustavo 492 00:30:22,920 --> 00:30:26,680 Speaker 1: Petro has ordered his administration to begin recovering the Rere's 493 00:30:26,760 --> 00:30:30,800 Speaker 1: cargo in April or May, depending on sea conditions, intending 494 00:30:30,920 --> 00:30:33,400 Speaker 1: to remove as much of it as possible from the 495 00:30:33,440 --> 00:30:36,840 Speaker 1: wreck before his term in office ends in twenty twenty six. 496 00:30:37,480 --> 00:30:40,480 Speaker 1: So this has of course added another layer of controversy 497 00:30:40,520 --> 00:30:43,600 Speaker 1: to the ship, with some archaeologists arguing that it should 498 00:30:43,640 --> 00:30:48,080 Speaker 1: be treated as an archaeological site, not as cargo to 499 00:30:48,120 --> 00:30:52,200 Speaker 1: be retrieved. This past spring, we talked about the discovery 500 00:30:52,200 --> 00:30:55,280 Speaker 1: of a shipwreck in Newport, Wales. This was found in 501 00:30:55,320 --> 00:30:57,880 Speaker 1: the River Usk back in two thousand and two, and 502 00:30:57,920 --> 00:31:00,280 Speaker 1: when we talked about it last year, it was being 503 00:31:00,360 --> 00:31:03,880 Speaker 1: conserved with plans to eventually reassemble it and make it 504 00:31:03,920 --> 00:31:08,040 Speaker 1: a public attraction. Now, study of the ship's timbers have 505 00:31:08,160 --> 00:31:11,040 Speaker 1: pinpointed that it was built from trees that were cut 506 00:31:11,120 --> 00:31:14,080 Speaker 1: down over the winter of fourteen fifty seven to fourteen 507 00:31:14,160 --> 00:31:17,800 Speaker 1: fifty eight. Yes, this is sort of narrowing down exactly 508 00:31:17,840 --> 00:31:21,040 Speaker 1: when it was built and hopefully eventually learning more about 509 00:31:21,080 --> 00:31:21,960 Speaker 1: the exact. 510 00:31:21,600 --> 00:31:22,280 Speaker 2: Ship that it was. 511 00:31:23,480 --> 00:31:26,479 Speaker 1: Next, the wreck of the SS Dix has been found 512 00:31:26,560 --> 00:31:30,200 Speaker 1: in Puget Sound in Washington. The dis was working as 513 00:31:30,200 --> 00:31:33,760 Speaker 1: a ferry, part of a collection of privately owned vessels 514 00:31:33,800 --> 00:31:36,560 Speaker 1: known as the Mosquito Fleet that operated in the area 515 00:31:36,600 --> 00:31:40,000 Speaker 1: for about a century. Obviously, there are still lots of 516 00:31:40,080 --> 00:31:42,680 Speaker 1: ferries in the Seattle area, but this was before a 517 00:31:42,720 --> 00:31:45,840 Speaker 1: lot of the roads and bridges that connect Farrious Islands 518 00:31:45,840 --> 00:31:49,120 Speaker 1: were there. There were a lot more ferries operating. The 519 00:31:49,160 --> 00:31:52,640 Speaker 1: Dix was taking passengers from Seattle to Bainbridge Island when 520 00:31:52,680 --> 00:31:55,520 Speaker 1: it sank in nineteen oh six after colliding with the 521 00:31:55,600 --> 00:32:00,239 Speaker 1: SS Genie. At least forty two passengers died, making one 522 00:32:00,240 --> 00:32:04,880 Speaker 1: of Seattle's worst maritime disasters. This wreck was apparently found 523 00:32:05,000 --> 00:32:07,719 Speaker 1: all the way back in twenty fifteen, but not announced 524 00:32:07,840 --> 00:32:12,360 Speaker 1: until now. Experts working with the seventeenth century Swedish warship 525 00:32:12,480 --> 00:32:16,840 Speaker 1: Vasa have said it urgently needs a new structural support system. 526 00:32:17,600 --> 00:32:19,959 Speaker 1: The wreck was raised from the Baltic Sea in nineteen 527 00:32:20,000 --> 00:32:22,960 Speaker 1: sixty one and it's been displayed at the Vasa Museum 528 00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:27,520 Speaker 1: in Stockholm since nineteen ninety. But the existing steel cradle 529 00:32:27,640 --> 00:32:30,640 Speaker 1: is putting uneven pressure on parts of the ship, and 530 00:32:30,720 --> 00:32:33,720 Speaker 1: the ship itself is deteriorating due to the effects of 531 00:32:33,760 --> 00:32:37,400 Speaker 1: pollution it absorbed from the water while it was still submerged. 532 00:32:38,080 --> 00:32:40,920 Speaker 1: This is something the museum has been studying and working 533 00:32:40,920 --> 00:32:43,719 Speaker 1: on for years, and now it has reached the point 534 00:32:43,920 --> 00:32:46,200 Speaker 1: that it has to raise the funds to pay for it. 535 00:32:46,800 --> 00:32:50,080 Speaker 1: The Vasa Museum is self funded and the estimated cost 536 00:32:50,120 --> 00:32:53,120 Speaker 1: of a new support structure is one hundred and fifty 537 00:32:53,160 --> 00:32:57,000 Speaker 1: million kroner. And we will close out our shipwrecks with 538 00:32:57,080 --> 00:33:00,840 Speaker 1: a few items that came from Rex, not the themselves. 539 00:33:01,520 --> 00:33:04,360 Speaker 1: A steamship called the Saint Lucy sank off the coast 540 00:33:04,440 --> 00:33:08,040 Speaker 1: of Miami on October eighteenth, nineteen oh six, during a hurricane. 541 00:33:08,680 --> 00:33:12,000 Speaker 1: That ship was eventually raised from the seafloor, repaired, and 542 00:33:12,040 --> 00:33:16,000 Speaker 1: put back into use, but researchers announced the discovery of 543 00:33:16,080 --> 00:33:21,320 Speaker 1: its anchor in November. Maritime archaeologist Joshua Morto had been 544 00:33:21,360 --> 00:33:25,040 Speaker 1: showing two summer interns around Biscayne National Park when he 545 00:33:25,160 --> 00:33:28,560 Speaker 1: noticed a sea turtle behaving strangely and then saw it 546 00:33:28,640 --> 00:33:32,560 Speaker 1: sitting underneath this anchor. This is an anchor, so of 547 00:33:32,600 --> 00:33:36,480 Speaker 1: course it is extremely heavy. The cost of removing and 548 00:33:36,560 --> 00:33:40,000 Speaker 1: restoring it would be significant, so the current plan is 549 00:33:40,000 --> 00:33:42,959 Speaker 1: to leave it in place, but hopefully to eventually make 550 00:33:43,000 --> 00:33:47,520 Speaker 1: a three D rendering of it next. Archaeologists working off 551 00:33:47,520 --> 00:33:50,640 Speaker 1: the coast of Capri, Italy, have found several pieces of 552 00:33:50,840 --> 00:33:55,600 Speaker 1: worked obsidian that were probably used as trade materials. They 553 00:33:55,600 --> 00:33:59,880 Speaker 1: are believed to have come from a lost Neolithic cargo vessel. 554 00:34:00,080 --> 00:34:04,800 Speaker 1: They're incredibly old. There's no evidence of the wreck itself 555 00:34:05,000 --> 00:34:08,319 Speaker 1: found so far, and honestly, at this point probably would 556 00:34:08,360 --> 00:34:11,640 Speaker 1: not be. It is also possible that this may have 557 00:34:11,760 --> 00:34:14,879 Speaker 1: come not from a cargo vessel, but from a Neolithic 558 00:34:15,000 --> 00:34:19,520 Speaker 1: coastal settlement that was eventually submerged. Of course, no evidence 559 00:34:19,520 --> 00:34:23,239 Speaker 1: of that settlement has been found either. And lastly, one 560 00:34:23,239 --> 00:34:25,520 Speaker 1: of the artifacts that was recovered from the wreck of 561 00:34:25,560 --> 00:34:28,680 Speaker 1: a cog in Estonian twenty twenty two has turned out 562 00:34:28,680 --> 00:34:33,160 Speaker 1: to be the oldest functioning dry compass in Europe. We 563 00:34:33,280 --> 00:34:35,960 Speaker 1: talked about the discovery of the cog On unearthed and 564 00:34:36,040 --> 00:34:38,439 Speaker 1: at the time it wasn't clear what the reck's fate 565 00:34:38,480 --> 00:34:41,439 Speaker 1: would be. It was excavated and the wreck was moved 566 00:34:41,440 --> 00:34:44,960 Speaker 1: to the Estonian Maritime Museum. The compass is one of 567 00:34:45,000 --> 00:34:47,319 Speaker 1: the items to have been found during the cleaning and 568 00:34:47,400 --> 00:34:51,800 Speaker 1: conservation process. They have also found things like tools, weapons 569 00:34:51,800 --> 00:34:56,440 Speaker 1: and shoes, and to finish up are unearthed. From twenty 570 00:34:56,480 --> 00:34:59,680 Speaker 1: twenty three, we have two baths, both of them found 571 00:34:59,760 --> 00:35:04,160 Speaker 1: under or something else. First, archaeologists in Bath, England have 572 00:35:04,280 --> 00:35:07,440 Speaker 1: unearthed a cold bath, one that was documented in the 573 00:35:07,520 --> 00:35:11,440 Speaker 1: historical record but had not been located yet. This was 574 00:35:11,480 --> 00:35:14,799 Speaker 1: in a suite of three rooms under one end of 575 00:35:14,840 --> 00:35:18,720 Speaker 1: the ballroom at Bath Assembly Rooms. Those rooms were completed 576 00:35:18,760 --> 00:35:22,120 Speaker 1: in seventeen seventy one and then at some point after 577 00:35:22,200 --> 00:35:25,279 Speaker 1: that the bath was covered over with a floor, so 578 00:35:25,640 --> 00:35:29,480 Speaker 1: excavating this bath involved removing that floor and just a 579 00:35:29,560 --> 00:35:33,200 Speaker 1: huge amount of rubble underneath it. When Bath came up 580 00:35:33,239 --> 00:35:35,560 Speaker 1: on the show earlier in twenty twenty three, in our 581 00:35:35,600 --> 00:35:39,360 Speaker 1: episodes on Dean Muhammet, we were talking mostly about steam 582 00:35:39,440 --> 00:35:43,280 Speaker 1: baths and warm water baths, but cold baths and cold 583 00:35:43,280 --> 00:35:47,239 Speaker 1: plunges were recommended. For people's health as well. Most of 584 00:35:47,239 --> 00:35:50,160 Speaker 1: them were built at people's private homes or in public 585 00:35:50,200 --> 00:35:54,759 Speaker 1: facilities devoted to bathing and wellness. This is the first 586 00:35:54,800 --> 00:35:57,640 Speaker 1: cold bath known to have been built at an assembly room, 587 00:35:58,600 --> 00:36:01,919 Speaker 1: and the other bath is a Roman bath found under 588 00:36:01,960 --> 00:36:06,239 Speaker 1: the Split City Museum in Split, Croatia. The museum is 589 00:36:06,320 --> 00:36:09,680 Speaker 1: housed in what was once a palace, and centuries before 590 00:36:09,760 --> 00:36:12,840 Speaker 1: it had been the site of Diocletian's Palace, built for 591 00:36:12,880 --> 00:36:17,960 Speaker 1: the Roman emperor Diocletian in the third century. Diocletian's Palace 592 00:36:18,040 --> 00:36:22,120 Speaker 1: is still part of much of Split's old city core today. 593 00:36:23,040 --> 00:36:27,040 Speaker 1: This bath featured mosaic floors with an underfloor heating system 594 00:36:27,120 --> 00:36:30,200 Speaker 1: and a furnace, and there was also an oil and 595 00:36:30,360 --> 00:36:34,960 Speaker 1: grape press. These baths were discovered during repairs that were 596 00:36:34,960 --> 00:36:38,600 Speaker 1: part of a project called Palace of Life, City of Change, 597 00:36:38,640 --> 00:36:42,080 Speaker 1: which is a development and restoration project for the central 598 00:36:42,120 --> 00:36:45,600 Speaker 1: city and the site of Diocletian's Palace. The hope is 599 00:36:45,600 --> 00:36:47,520 Speaker 1: to open at least part of the bath to the 600 00:36:47,520 --> 00:36:50,919 Speaker 1: public once it's clear that the building structural integrity will 601 00:36:50,920 --> 00:36:54,000 Speaker 1: make it safe to do so, and that is the 602 00:36:54,160 --> 00:36:56,440 Speaker 1: end of our twenty twenty three I was going to 603 00:36:56,480 --> 00:36:59,880 Speaker 1: say twenty twenty four, but that's where we are now, 604 00:37:00,200 --> 00:37:02,120 Speaker 1: three on Earth, and I have just one little bit 605 00:37:02,120 --> 00:37:06,600 Speaker 1: of listener mail. It is from Katie, and Katie said, Hi, 606 00:37:06,719 --> 00:37:08,879 Speaker 1: Holly and Tracy. I have a lot of thoughts about 607 00:37:08,880 --> 00:37:11,760 Speaker 1: your discussion of math in this week's Behind the Scenes, 608 00:37:11,760 --> 00:37:15,720 Speaker 1: but none of them are about Tracy perpetuating gendered math stereotypes. 609 00:37:16,360 --> 00:37:18,719 Speaker 1: I was an elementary school teacher for several years, and 610 00:37:18,760 --> 00:37:20,560 Speaker 1: now I'm a mom, so I see what my kids 611 00:37:20,560 --> 00:37:23,640 Speaker 1: are learning math wise. In college, I had to take 612 00:37:23,640 --> 00:37:26,960 Speaker 1: a class about how math works meant for educators. Part 613 00:37:27,040 --> 00:37:31,000 Speaker 1: of the class involved relearning basic operations in a base 614 00:37:31,080 --> 00:37:35,279 Speaker 1: other than ten, so we were adding subtracting, multiplying, and 615 00:37:35,320 --> 00:37:39,800 Speaker 1: dividing in base seven. The idea was that it would 616 00:37:39,800 --> 00:37:42,719 Speaker 1: help us remember how difficult it can be for young 617 00:37:42,840 --> 00:37:45,800 Speaker 1: kids to learn math. The math programs I used to 618 00:37:45,840 --> 00:37:47,879 Speaker 1: teach and the ones my kids have been using all 619 00:37:47,920 --> 00:37:51,600 Speaker 1: teach both customary and metric measures, but then it seems 620 00:37:51,640 --> 00:37:57,000 Speaker 1: after the introduction they mostly stick with customary measures moving forward. Finally, 621 00:37:57,040 --> 00:37:59,520 Speaker 1: the complaints of parents about the new math annoyed me 622 00:37:59,560 --> 00:38:01,960 Speaker 1: as a tea and a parent, but over the years 623 00:38:02,040 --> 00:38:05,920 Speaker 1: I've seen schools address it more. Some schools hold seminars 624 00:38:05,920 --> 00:38:08,520 Speaker 1: for parents to teach them the methods their kids are learning. 625 00:38:09,040 --> 00:38:12,239 Speaker 1: Some homework has examples at the top, and many math 626 00:38:12,320 --> 00:38:15,520 Speaker 1: programs have an online video component that shows you how 627 00:38:15,560 --> 00:38:18,480 Speaker 1: to do it. Of course, the easiest way to keep 628 00:38:18,480 --> 00:38:21,560 Speaker 1: parents from complaining is just to get rid of homework, 629 00:38:21,760 --> 00:38:25,400 Speaker 1: especially in elementary school where there isn't much evidence for 630 00:38:25,480 --> 00:38:29,880 Speaker 1: its usefulness. Thanks for all your hard work on the podcast, Katie. 631 00:38:29,880 --> 00:38:30,240 Speaker 2: Ps. 632 00:38:30,239 --> 00:38:33,279 Speaker 1: Here's our cat Stella in a moment where she wasn't 633 00:38:33,320 --> 00:38:36,319 Speaker 1: knocking over our Christmas tree and our dog. Are you 634 00:38:36,520 --> 00:38:39,880 Speaker 1: confused about the shirt he had to wear post lumpectomy? 635 00:38:41,280 --> 00:38:45,120 Speaker 1: I love both of these pictures. What adorable dog and 636 00:38:45,200 --> 00:38:49,840 Speaker 1: cat boy do? I love not having homework in elementary school. 637 00:38:50,120 --> 00:38:52,280 Speaker 1: That was the age I got in the most trouble 638 00:38:52,360 --> 00:38:54,960 Speaker 1: for not doing my homework because I thought it was 639 00:38:55,000 --> 00:38:59,800 Speaker 1: a waste of my time. It is as as Katie 640 00:38:59,800 --> 00:39:03,080 Speaker 1: said in this email, there's just an increasing body of 641 00:39:03,120 --> 00:39:07,839 Speaker 1: evidence that like homework in elementary school does not help 642 00:39:07,920 --> 00:39:11,920 Speaker 1: children learn more, and if anything, the only homework that 643 00:39:11,960 --> 00:39:15,200 Speaker 1: should be happening is like class work that wasn't finished 644 00:39:15,200 --> 00:39:20,600 Speaker 1: in class. Yeah, I mean I don't know. It's I'm 645 00:39:20,640 --> 00:39:23,960 Speaker 1: not a teacher and I'm not a parent, but it 646 00:39:24,040 --> 00:39:30,960 Speaker 1: seems like kids should get to be kids. Yeah, I 647 00:39:31,120 --> 00:39:34,120 Speaker 1: was like great about my homework because I whipped that 648 00:39:34,120 --> 00:39:35,240 Speaker 1: stuff out on the bus. 649 00:39:35,760 --> 00:39:38,279 Speaker 2: It never got opened in the house. Yeah. 650 00:39:38,320 --> 00:39:40,319 Speaker 1: When I got to high school, I was big on 651 00:39:40,440 --> 00:39:44,520 Speaker 1: the doing homework on the bus, which was only possible 652 00:39:44,560 --> 00:39:48,879 Speaker 1: because I found a just a weird seating position where 653 00:39:48,920 --> 00:39:52,600 Speaker 1: I was wedged into the bus seat that allowed me 654 00:39:52,760 --> 00:39:55,319 Speaker 1: to do my homework on the bus without getting motion 655 00:39:55,520 --> 00:39:58,960 Speaker 1: sick because if I try to read in the car, 656 00:40:00,000 --> 00:40:03,319 Speaker 1: stint motion sickness. Bus doesn't move quite the same as 657 00:40:03,360 --> 00:40:05,920 Speaker 1: a car. And I also just I found this really 658 00:40:05,960 --> 00:40:09,040 Speaker 1: weird way to sit that's like supported my head on 659 00:40:09,080 --> 00:40:12,160 Speaker 1: the back of the bus seat, and that is where 660 00:40:12,160 --> 00:40:17,200 Speaker 1: I did overwhelmingly, especially math homework, always on the bus. 661 00:40:19,160 --> 00:40:21,920 Speaker 1: So yeah, yeah, thank you so much for that email. 662 00:40:22,640 --> 00:40:24,680 Speaker 1: If you'd like to send us a note about this 663 00:40:24,800 --> 00:40:28,000 Speaker 1: or any other podcasts, we're at History Podcasts at iHeartRadio 664 00:40:28,080 --> 00:40:28,640 Speaker 1: dot com. 665 00:40:29,239 --> 00:40:30,560 Speaker 2: We're all over social media. 666 00:40:30,680 --> 00:40:33,720 Speaker 1: Missed in History, and you can subscribe to our show 667 00:40:33,800 --> 00:40:36,360 Speaker 1: on the iHeartRadio app and wherever else you'd like to 668 00:40:36,400 --> 00:40:44,440 Speaker 1: get your podcasts. Stuff you Missed in History Class is 669 00:40:44,440 --> 00:40:48,799 Speaker 1: a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit 670 00:40:48,840 --> 00:40:52,279 Speaker 1: the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to 671 00:40:52,320 --> 00:40:53,200 Speaker 1: your favorite shows.