1 00:00:02,480 --> 00:00:06,200 Speaker 1: Happy Saturday. A couple of Saturdays ago, we replayed our 2 00:00:06,240 --> 00:00:09,400 Speaker 1: episode on Thomas Harriet because he had been mentioned in 3 00:00:09,480 --> 00:00:14,400 Speaker 1: our new episode on Evangelista Torch Jelly. Someone that came 4 00:00:14,480 --> 00:00:17,840 Speaker 1: up a few times in that classic episode was Sir 5 00:00:17,880 --> 00:00:21,480 Speaker 1: Walter Raleigh. Yep. Yeah. Over the weekend, I was doing dishes. 6 00:00:21,520 --> 00:00:23,800 Speaker 1: It's like, why do I keep thinking about best the 7 00:00:23,880 --> 00:00:27,240 Speaker 1: rock Morton's Secret Baby. Oh yeah, it was because I 8 00:00:27,240 --> 00:00:32,280 Speaker 1: had re listened to that Thomas Harriet episode for Classics. Yeah. 9 00:00:32,320 --> 00:00:34,560 Speaker 1: So for anyone who wants to fill in the gaps 10 00:00:34,640 --> 00:00:37,760 Speaker 1: on all of the voyages, those secret marriages, the imprisonment, 11 00:00:38,120 --> 00:00:40,760 Speaker 1: and the beheadings, they were only briefly mentioned in the 12 00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:44,320 Speaker 1: Thomas Harriet episode. Here is our episode on the beheading 13 00:00:44,360 --> 00:00:51,800 Speaker 1: of Sir Walter Raleigh, which originally came out October. So enjoy. 14 00:00:52,440 --> 00:00:55,440 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you missed in History class A production 15 00:00:55,520 --> 00:01:04,960 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 16 00:01:05,040 --> 00:01:09,360 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy the Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. As folks 17 00:01:09,400 --> 00:01:13,319 Speaker 1: probably no, I grew up in North Carolina and it's capital, 18 00:01:13,800 --> 00:01:16,840 Speaker 1: Raleigh is named after Sir Walter Raleigh. And aside from 19 00:01:16,880 --> 00:01:19,320 Speaker 1: that fact, here are the things I could have told 20 00:01:19,319 --> 00:01:24,200 Speaker 1: you about Sir Walter Raleigh before researching today's podcast. Number one, 21 00:01:24,240 --> 00:01:26,640 Speaker 1: he wrote some poems. I probably could not name any 22 00:01:26,680 --> 00:01:30,959 Speaker 1: of them. There's actually a reason for that. He on 23 00:01:31,080 --> 00:01:34,000 Speaker 1: purpose didn't publish most of them during his lifetime. He 24 00:01:34,000 --> 00:01:35,679 Speaker 1: tried to keep his name out of it. But anyway, 25 00:01:35,720 --> 00:01:37,880 Speaker 1: in anyway, I knew he wrote some poems, couldn't really 26 00:01:37,920 --> 00:01:41,920 Speaker 1: say which ones. Number two he was Queen Elizabeth, the 27 00:01:41,959 --> 00:01:44,880 Speaker 1: first favorite. And this one time he put a cloak 28 00:01:44,920 --> 00:01:47,440 Speaker 1: down over a puddle so she wouldn't get her feet wet. 29 00:01:47,480 --> 00:01:50,480 Speaker 1: That's probably not even true, and it never made sense 30 00:01:50,520 --> 00:01:52,240 Speaker 1: to me as a child, because I was like, cloaks 31 00:01:52,240 --> 00:01:54,840 Speaker 1: are not waterproof. She's just gonna step on that and 32 00:01:54,880 --> 00:01:56,760 Speaker 1: her feet are still going to get wet, and his 33 00:01:56,800 --> 00:01:58,960 Speaker 1: cloak is ruined. So I'm gonna get a little nerdy 34 00:01:59,000 --> 00:02:02,200 Speaker 1: with you right now, because a lot of times the 35 00:02:02,240 --> 00:02:05,240 Speaker 1: textile weaves at that time we're really tight compared to 36 00:02:05,280 --> 00:02:07,480 Speaker 1: what we would have today. So for at least a moment, 37 00:02:07,880 --> 00:02:11,120 Speaker 1: it would have prevented water from seeping through. Awesome, it 38 00:02:11,120 --> 00:02:14,440 Speaker 1: would not have been waterproof, no, But for as long 39 00:02:14,480 --> 00:02:16,800 Speaker 1: as it took her delicate little feet to cross over 40 00:02:16,960 --> 00:02:22,320 Speaker 1: the offending puddle. She probably would have been covered. Thank 41 00:02:22,360 --> 00:02:26,760 Speaker 1: you for resolving that question I've had since I was 42 00:02:27,280 --> 00:02:31,000 Speaker 1: maybe five. Uh, but anyway, that's probably not even true. 43 00:02:31,000 --> 00:02:32,760 Speaker 1: We're gonna get to that later. And the number three 44 00:02:32,880 --> 00:02:36,640 Speaker 1: is sort of like blah blah something Roanoke Colony like. 45 00:02:37,680 --> 00:02:40,280 Speaker 1: I just had a very vague understanding of Sir Walter Raleigh, 46 00:02:40,280 --> 00:02:42,000 Speaker 1: even though I grew up in a place whose capital 47 00:02:42,040 --> 00:02:46,200 Speaker 1: is named after him. Among other things, Sir Walter Ralegh 48 00:02:46,240 --> 00:02:48,760 Speaker 1: was a courtier and an explorer and a historian and 49 00:02:48,800 --> 00:02:51,520 Speaker 1: a member of parliaments, which we're not going to even 50 00:02:51,600 --> 00:02:54,280 Speaker 1: get into that part today really at all. Also a soldier, 51 00:02:54,960 --> 00:02:57,760 Speaker 1: he was part of England's defense against the Spanish Armada 52 00:02:57,919 --> 00:03:00,799 Speaker 1: as well as the Tutor conquest of Ireland, some of 53 00:03:00,840 --> 00:03:05,000 Speaker 1: which was truly horrifying. Very conveniently, since this episode is 54 00:03:05,040 --> 00:03:07,360 Speaker 1: coming out in October, according to some people, he's a 55 00:03:07,400 --> 00:03:10,080 Speaker 1: ghost now, and we are also coming up on the 56 00:03:10,120 --> 00:03:13,960 Speaker 1: fourth anniversary of his beheading, which is why he's making 57 00:03:13,960 --> 00:03:17,200 Speaker 1: an appearance on the show today. He's a scary headless ghost. 58 00:03:18,120 --> 00:03:23,160 Speaker 1: Is Walter Raleigh was born about fifteen fifty four in Devonshire, England. 59 00:03:23,440 --> 00:03:26,640 Speaker 1: Some sources put that day as January twenty two, but 60 00:03:26,720 --> 00:03:29,919 Speaker 1: the year remains a little murky. His parents were Walter 61 00:03:30,040 --> 00:03:33,240 Speaker 1: and Catherine Raleigh, and the younger Walter was the third 62 00:03:33,360 --> 00:03:37,000 Speaker 1: of their surviving children. He also had half siblings from 63 00:03:37,000 --> 00:03:40,680 Speaker 1: his parents previous marriages. Walter was the youngest boy of 64 00:03:40,720 --> 00:03:44,240 Speaker 1: all of these siblings and half siblings. Their family was 65 00:03:44,280 --> 00:03:47,560 Speaker 1: part of the Protestant gentry, and they weren't particularly well 66 00:03:47,680 --> 00:03:50,720 Speaker 1: off or prominent, but they had been in Devonshire for 67 00:03:50,800 --> 00:03:53,280 Speaker 1: a very long time and they had a lot of 68 00:03:53,280 --> 00:03:56,360 Speaker 1: connections to people who were more well off and more 69 00:03:56,400 --> 00:03:59,400 Speaker 1: well known. We don't know much at all about Walter's 70 00:03:59,480 --> 00:04:03,600 Speaker 1: childhood or youth, but he eventually went to Oriel College, Oxford. 71 00:04:04,160 --> 00:04:07,160 Speaker 1: He didn't finish his studies, though. In fifteen sixty nine 72 00:04:07,200 --> 00:04:10,200 Speaker 1: he went to France with the Devon Volunteers to fight 73 00:04:10,240 --> 00:04:12,560 Speaker 1: on the side of the Huguenots in the French Wars 74 00:04:12,600 --> 00:04:16,080 Speaker 1: of Religion. He served for about five years, seeing two 75 00:04:16,120 --> 00:04:19,960 Speaker 1: major battles and surviving the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 76 00:04:20,040 --> 00:04:24,080 Speaker 1: fifteen seventy two. In fifteen seventy six, Raleigh was back 77 00:04:24,120 --> 00:04:26,760 Speaker 1: in London and he was enrolled at the Middle Temple, 78 00:04:26,880 --> 00:04:29,359 Speaker 1: which was one of the four ends of Court. But 79 00:04:29,440 --> 00:04:33,120 Speaker 1: it doesn't seem like he was really studying law while 80 00:04:33,160 --> 00:04:35,280 Speaker 1: he was there, which would have been a normal thing 81 00:04:35,360 --> 00:04:38,279 Speaker 1: to be doing at the Middle Temple. He was more 82 00:04:38,279 --> 00:04:41,400 Speaker 1: treating it kind of like a gentleman's club. Even though 83 00:04:41,400 --> 00:04:43,760 Speaker 1: he never seems to have finished a course of study 84 00:04:43,800 --> 00:04:46,480 Speaker 1: at Oxford or at the Middle Temple. He would go 85 00:04:46,520 --> 00:04:50,680 Speaker 1: on to really develop a reputation for being very highly educated. 86 00:04:51,680 --> 00:04:53,880 Speaker 1: Maybe he was just good at pr I'm super smart. 87 00:04:53,920 --> 00:04:57,440 Speaker 1: You guys have studied a bunch. You get a drink. Uh. 88 00:04:57,520 --> 00:05:00,240 Speaker 1: Raleigh published his first poem in the fifteen seven These 89 00:05:00,279 --> 00:05:03,000 Speaker 1: as well. It was printed in the preface to The 90 00:05:03,040 --> 00:05:07,560 Speaker 1: Steel Glass by George Gascoigne, and the poem appears under 91 00:05:07,560 --> 00:05:11,160 Speaker 1: the heading Walter Raleigh of the Middle Temple in Commendation 92 00:05:11,320 --> 00:05:15,080 Speaker 1: of the Steel Glass, with Raleigh spelled r A W 93 00:05:15,680 --> 00:05:18,920 Speaker 1: l e y. This is one of no joke seventy 94 00:05:18,960 --> 00:05:22,760 Speaker 1: different spellings of Walter Raleigh's name in the historical record, 95 00:05:23,120 --> 00:05:25,240 Speaker 1: and as a side note, the common spelling of r 96 00:05:25,320 --> 00:05:28,240 Speaker 1: A L e I g h is not one that 97 00:05:28,360 --> 00:05:31,120 Speaker 1: he used himself. He never signed his name with an 98 00:05:31,120 --> 00:05:35,080 Speaker 1: eye in it. Raleigh is also pronounced slightly differently depending 99 00:05:35,080 --> 00:05:36,800 Speaker 1: on where you are from. I will tell you I 100 00:05:36,839 --> 00:05:40,200 Speaker 1: struggle with it because we have a cat named Raleigh. 101 00:05:40,320 --> 00:05:42,440 Speaker 1: I say it that way all the time, even though 102 00:05:42,440 --> 00:05:45,520 Speaker 1: he is in fact named after imagineer Role Crump, but 103 00:05:45,600 --> 00:05:47,800 Speaker 1: saying it really just doesn't feel right with the cat. 104 00:05:47,880 --> 00:05:51,400 Speaker 1: I don't know why well, And an odd thing that 105 00:05:51,440 --> 00:05:56,560 Speaker 1: I discovered. Even though a lot of search technologies are 106 00:05:56,640 --> 00:06:00,760 Speaker 1: good at interpreting your different spellings to give you results 107 00:06:00,800 --> 00:06:04,640 Speaker 1: that are what you're looking for, there are meaningfully different 108 00:06:04,800 --> 00:06:08,080 Speaker 1: responses for Walter Raleigh spelled r a l e i 109 00:06:08,200 --> 00:06:12,280 Speaker 1: g h and Walter Raleigh spelled r A l e 110 00:06:12,640 --> 00:06:16,080 Speaker 1: g H with no eye in it, which meant that 111 00:06:16,240 --> 00:06:18,600 Speaker 1: I got to redo all of my searching part way 112 00:06:18,600 --> 00:06:23,239 Speaker 1: through this process, like why didn't I find this paper before? 113 00:06:23,520 --> 00:06:27,880 Speaker 1: Because I had an eye in it? In Raleigh and 114 00:06:27,960 --> 00:06:31,080 Speaker 1: his half brother Sir Humphrey Gilbert went on an expedition, 115 00:06:31,240 --> 00:06:34,720 Speaker 1: possibly to try to find the Northwest Passage, but this 116 00:06:34,800 --> 00:06:38,719 Speaker 1: expedition was largely a failure. Storms forced their little fleet 117 00:06:38,720 --> 00:06:41,840 Speaker 1: of ships back to Plymouth almost immediately after they left, 118 00:06:42,560 --> 00:06:45,760 Speaker 1: and then they turned to what multiple writers described as 119 00:06:46,000 --> 00:06:51,520 Speaker 1: unauthorized privateering against Spanish ships. I'm not sure who decided 120 00:06:51,560 --> 00:06:58,360 Speaker 1: to call it unauthorized privateering. That's just piracy. This unauthorized 121 00:06:58,400 --> 00:07:02,400 Speaker 1: privateering brought them all lot of casualties and very little reward, 122 00:07:02,680 --> 00:07:06,400 Speaker 1: so their reception wasn't particularly favorable when they got back 123 00:07:06,440 --> 00:07:10,080 Speaker 1: to England. Plus, Raleigh, who had already had a reputation 124 00:07:10,120 --> 00:07:13,880 Speaker 1: for being stubborn and hotheaded, kept getting in trouble for 125 00:07:13,960 --> 00:07:17,680 Speaker 1: disturbing the peace and dueling. He wound up spending time 126 00:07:17,800 --> 00:07:22,360 Speaker 1: in both Fleet and marshal Sea prisons for brawling. Possibly 127 00:07:22,400 --> 00:07:24,240 Speaker 1: to try to keep him out of all this trouble, 128 00:07:24,400 --> 00:07:27,480 Speaker 1: some of Raleigh's friends secured a commission for him as 129 00:07:27,480 --> 00:07:29,880 Speaker 1: a captain in the army, and he was sent to Ireland. 130 00:07:30,520 --> 00:07:33,760 Speaker 1: The Tutor Conquest of Ireland was going on. It had 131 00:07:33,800 --> 00:07:36,800 Speaker 1: started long before Queen Elizabeth ascended to the throne. In 132 00:07:38,440 --> 00:07:42,040 Speaker 1: part of Ireland was solely under English control, and the 133 00:07:42,120 --> 00:07:45,200 Speaker 1: English part of Ireland, which was mostly around Dublin, was 134 00:07:45,240 --> 00:07:48,880 Speaker 1: known as the Pale, So the Tutor conquest was meant 135 00:07:48,880 --> 00:07:52,600 Speaker 1: to expand the Pale and also to solidify English rule 136 00:07:52,640 --> 00:07:56,440 Speaker 1: within the Pale. Side note, A lot of people believed 137 00:07:56,440 --> 00:07:59,440 Speaker 1: that the phrase beyond the Pale is a specific reference 138 00:07:59,480 --> 00:08:02,160 Speaker 1: to this part of Ireland and the areas beyond it, 139 00:08:02,280 --> 00:08:04,880 Speaker 1: but according to the Oxford English Dictionary, that is not 140 00:08:04,960 --> 00:08:08,520 Speaker 1: supported by historical evidence. It is probably an association that 141 00:08:08,560 --> 00:08:12,040 Speaker 1: people made later. During the Tutor Conquest, the province of 142 00:08:12,160 --> 00:08:16,040 Speaker 1: Munster in the southwest of Ireland saw two major rebellions 143 00:08:16,080 --> 00:08:19,040 Speaker 1: against English rule, and they were known as the Desmond Rebellions. 144 00:08:19,600 --> 00:08:21,760 Speaker 1: The first one took place from fifteen sixty nine to 145 00:08:21,800 --> 00:08:25,200 Speaker 1: fifteen seventy three, and Raleigh's half brother, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, 146 00:08:25,240 --> 00:08:28,960 Speaker 1: was knighted for his service and that rebellion. The Second 147 00:08:29,040 --> 00:08:32,640 Speaker 1: Desmond Rebellion started in fifteen seventy nine, and it was 148 00:08:32,720 --> 00:08:35,560 Speaker 1: fueled both by resistance to English rule and by the 149 00:08:35,600 --> 00:08:40,040 Speaker 1: Catholic counter Reformation. Gerald Fitzgerald, the Earl of Desmond, had 150 00:08:40,040 --> 00:08:42,439 Speaker 1: gotten the support of the Pope and of King Philip 151 00:08:42,440 --> 00:08:46,440 Speaker 1: the Second of Spain in this uprising. Raleigh served with 152 00:08:46,480 --> 00:08:50,440 Speaker 1: the English army during several engagements and the Second Desmond Rebellion, 153 00:08:50,520 --> 00:08:53,520 Speaker 1: but the most notorious of these engagement was the Siege 154 00:08:53,520 --> 00:08:57,480 Speaker 1: of Smerwick. Troops from Spain and Italy who were aiding 155 00:08:57,520 --> 00:09:01,200 Speaker 1: the Fitzgerald's were being garrisoned at Smerway, and Queen Elizabeth 156 00:09:01,240 --> 00:09:04,280 Speaker 1: had sent English troops to put down this rebellion, including 157 00:09:04,280 --> 00:09:08,040 Speaker 1: dealing with these troops. When the Spanish and Italian forces 158 00:09:08,080 --> 00:09:11,680 Speaker 1: stood down, Lord Arthur Gray, the Lord Deputy of Ireland, 159 00:09:12,200 --> 00:09:15,280 Speaker 1: ordered for all of them to be massacred. This was 160 00:09:15,360 --> 00:09:18,920 Speaker 1: one hundred percent how England dealt with rebels at the time. 161 00:09:19,760 --> 00:09:22,360 Speaker 1: Had England been at war with Spain or Italy, the 162 00:09:22,400 --> 00:09:25,320 Speaker 1: soldiers would have been offered some protection under the rules 163 00:09:25,360 --> 00:09:28,679 Speaker 1: of war, but they weren't. In the Crown's view. They 164 00:09:28,679 --> 00:09:32,319 Speaker 1: were helping royal subjects rebel against their monarch, so they 165 00:09:32,320 --> 00:09:37,160 Speaker 1: needed to be dealt with quickly, efficiently, decisively, seriously. Tutor 166 00:09:37,320 --> 00:09:42,160 Speaker 1: England's treatment of Irish rebels could be extremely brutal, and 167 00:09:42,200 --> 00:09:45,080 Speaker 1: the first Desmond rebellions their Humphrey Gilbert was known to 168 00:09:45,160 --> 00:09:48,880 Speaker 1: decapitate civilians who supported the rebels and then display their 169 00:09:48,920 --> 00:09:52,000 Speaker 1: heads on pikes along the path to his tent. Two 170 00:09:52,040 --> 00:09:56,200 Speaker 1: companies totaling about one eighty men, were tasked with killing 171 00:09:56,240 --> 00:09:59,800 Speaker 1: the enemy soldiers at Smerwick. Walter Raleigh was one of 172 00:09:59,800 --> 00:10:03,800 Speaker 1: the two captains in charge the English army massacred about 173 00:10:03,840 --> 00:10:07,400 Speaker 1: six hundred people after this siege, about a hundred of 174 00:10:07,440 --> 00:10:10,640 Speaker 1: them were women and children. Raleigh was also one of 175 00:10:10,640 --> 00:10:13,960 Speaker 1: the English officers granted lands in Ireland after the end 176 00:10:13,960 --> 00:10:17,160 Speaker 1: of the Second Desman Rebellion. His allotment was actually the 177 00:10:17,280 --> 00:10:19,680 Speaker 1: largest of any of the ones that were granted out 178 00:10:19,720 --> 00:10:22,200 Speaker 1: of the Munster lands that were claimed after all of 179 00:10:22,240 --> 00:10:25,600 Speaker 1: this was over. He also helped govern the province of 180 00:10:25,679 --> 00:10:28,319 Speaker 1: Munster after this, and when he went back to London, 181 00:10:28,400 --> 00:10:31,960 Speaker 1: he positioned himself as an expert in Irish affairs, which 182 00:10:32,040 --> 00:10:33,920 Speaker 1: might have been part of what got him into such 183 00:10:33,960 --> 00:10:36,880 Speaker 1: close confidence with Queen Elizabeth. And we're going to talk 184 00:10:36,920 --> 00:10:39,400 Speaker 1: about that a little bit more after we first paused 185 00:10:39,440 --> 00:10:50,120 Speaker 1: for a little sponsor break. Like we said at the 186 00:10:50,120 --> 00:10:53,640 Speaker 1: top of the show, the Raleigh family wasn't all that prominent, 187 00:10:54,120 --> 00:10:57,120 Speaker 1: but they did have some pretty high up connections. One 188 00:10:57,160 --> 00:11:00,240 Speaker 1: of these connections was Katherine Astley. She was walt Rs 189 00:11:00,280 --> 00:11:03,000 Speaker 1: aunt on his mother's side, and she had been Queen 190 00:11:03,040 --> 00:11:06,080 Speaker 1: Elizabeth's governess back when she was still a princess, starting 191 00:11:06,120 --> 00:11:10,400 Speaker 1: before Walter was born. After Elizabeth became Queen, Astley became 192 00:11:10,440 --> 00:11:12,760 Speaker 1: the chief gentlewoman of the Privy Chamber and then the 193 00:11:12,840 --> 00:11:16,000 Speaker 1: Chief Gentlewoman of the Bedchamber, and it might have been 194 00:11:16,160 --> 00:11:20,480 Speaker 1: Catherine Astley who introduced Walter Raleigh to Queen Elizabeth. The 195 00:11:20,520 --> 00:11:24,439 Speaker 1: introduction may also have been a byproduct of Raleigh's military service. 196 00:11:24,880 --> 00:11:28,199 Speaker 1: After the massacre at Smerwick, Raleigh and his men searched 197 00:11:28,240 --> 00:11:30,920 Speaker 1: through the bodies of the soldiers and collected letters and 198 00:11:30,960 --> 00:11:34,440 Speaker 1: other documents to deliver to London. Raleigh was the one 199 00:11:34,440 --> 00:11:37,000 Speaker 1: who carried them there, which he did in December of 200 00:11:37,600 --> 00:11:41,640 Speaker 1: eight Regardless of exactly how Raleigh made his first connection 201 00:11:41,679 --> 00:11:44,720 Speaker 1: to Queen Elizabeth, he quickly became a favorite. He was 202 00:11:44,880 --> 00:11:49,400 Speaker 1: very tall and handsome, flamboyant, and quite the flatterer. Soon 203 00:11:49,520 --> 00:11:52,480 Speaker 1: Elizabeth just didn't want him to leave her side. In 204 00:11:53,200 --> 00:11:56,400 Speaker 1: two Sir Humphrey Gilbert put together a scheme to resettle 205 00:11:56,559 --> 00:12:00,320 Speaker 1: English Catholics in North America, and Raleigh invested some in it, 206 00:12:00,400 --> 00:12:03,800 Speaker 1: but the Queen forbade him from personally going on the voyage. 207 00:12:04,160 --> 00:12:06,000 Speaker 1: When she sent him on a mission to the Low 208 00:12:06,080 --> 00:12:09,080 Speaker 1: Countries later that year, she told him to write to 209 00:12:09,160 --> 00:12:13,120 Speaker 1: her every day. Through the fifteen eighties, Raleigh continued to 210 00:12:13,120 --> 00:12:16,000 Speaker 1: get more and more recognition and favors from the Queen. 211 00:12:16,720 --> 00:12:21,240 Speaker 1: He was knighted on February six five. He was also 212 00:12:21,280 --> 00:12:24,320 Speaker 1: made Warden of the Stannaries, or coal mining districts in 213 00:12:24,400 --> 00:12:27,800 Speaker 1: Devon and Cornwall. He was also named Lord Lieutenant of 214 00:12:27,800 --> 00:12:31,240 Speaker 1: Cornwall and Vice Admiral of the West. On top of 215 00:12:31,280 --> 00:12:34,640 Speaker 1: all that, the Queen granted Raleigh multiple estates in England 216 00:12:34,679 --> 00:12:37,760 Speaker 1: and Ireland, including Durham Place on the Strand, which was 217 00:12:37,760 --> 00:12:40,880 Speaker 1: one of her favorite residences. She also gave him a 218 00:12:40,920 --> 00:12:43,840 Speaker 1: monopoly on the sale of wine licenses and on the 219 00:12:43,920 --> 00:12:47,479 Speaker 1: export of broadcloth, and a lot of this was very lucrative, 220 00:12:48,559 --> 00:12:52,160 Speaker 1: I mean fabric and wine. And he's got this thing 221 00:12:52,240 --> 00:12:54,760 Speaker 1: covered um in the middle of all of this since 222 00:12:54,760 --> 00:12:59,720 Speaker 1: September three, Sir Humphrey Gilbert drowned in a shipwreck. He 223 00:12:59,760 --> 00:13:02,800 Speaker 1: had recently claimed Newfoundland for England, and he had a 224 00:13:02,920 --> 00:13:06,320 Speaker 1: royal charter to try to colonize it. After his death, 225 00:13:06,440 --> 00:13:09,840 Speaker 1: Raleigh was granted a charter to explore and colonize North America. 226 00:13:10,520 --> 00:13:13,440 Speaker 1: He was given quote free liberty and license from time 227 00:13:13,480 --> 00:13:18,240 Speaker 1: to time and at all times forever hereafter to discover, search, 228 00:13:18,679 --> 00:13:22,679 Speaker 1: find out, and view such remote heathen and barbarous lands 229 00:13:22,800 --> 00:13:27,120 Speaker 1: countries and territories not actually possessed of any Christian prince 230 00:13:27,400 --> 00:13:32,160 Speaker 1: nor inhabited by Christian people. This was England's first meaningful 231 00:13:32,200 --> 00:13:36,280 Speaker 1: attempt to establish a colony in North America. Yes, half 232 00:13:36,280 --> 00:13:38,640 Speaker 1: brother had been kind of dabbling at this idea of 233 00:13:38,920 --> 00:13:41,640 Speaker 1: colonizing Newfoundland, and there had of course been lots of 234 00:13:41,720 --> 00:13:44,120 Speaker 1: voyages back and forth between Europe and North America, but 235 00:13:44,160 --> 00:13:47,480 Speaker 1: in terms of England attempting to establish a colony, this 236 00:13:47,520 --> 00:13:51,440 Speaker 1: was the first serious effort. So Raleigh first mounted a 237 00:13:51,480 --> 00:13:55,320 Speaker 1: reconnaissance expedition in four and that landed on the outer 238 00:13:55,400 --> 00:13:59,400 Speaker 1: banks of what's now in North Carolina. This reconnaissance expedition 239 00:13:59,480 --> 00:14:02,800 Speaker 1: return with at least two indigenous men known as Manteo 240 00:14:02,920 --> 00:14:06,520 Speaker 1: and Wanches. They stayed at one of Raleigh's residences when 241 00:14:06,520 --> 00:14:09,880 Speaker 1: they arrived in England. Manteo and Wanch's were two of 242 00:14:09,880 --> 00:14:12,680 Speaker 1: the first Indigenous Americans to be brought to England, and 243 00:14:12,720 --> 00:14:15,640 Speaker 1: they each obviously have their own stories outside the scope 244 00:14:15,640 --> 00:14:19,080 Speaker 1: of Walter Raleigh's. Both of them returned to North America 245 00:14:19,200 --> 00:14:23,880 Speaker 1: with Raleigh's next voyage in five eight five voyage was 246 00:14:23,920 --> 00:14:28,360 Speaker 1: intended to establish a colony, but this colony failed. The 247 00:14:28,400 --> 00:14:31,600 Speaker 1: indigenous peoples in the area were divided in their opinions 248 00:14:31,600 --> 00:14:34,400 Speaker 1: of the colonists, and this was also true of Manteo 249 00:14:34,520 --> 00:14:38,040 Speaker 1: and Wanchese. Manteo stayed with the colony to work as 250 00:14:38,080 --> 00:14:41,000 Speaker 1: an interpreter and a guide, but wan She's left and 251 00:14:41,000 --> 00:14:43,720 Speaker 1: warned his people that the English should not be trusted. 252 00:14:44,200 --> 00:14:47,400 Speaker 1: Aside from this division and their relationships with the indigenous 253 00:14:47,400 --> 00:14:49,840 Speaker 1: people in the area, the colony was also struck by 254 00:14:49,880 --> 00:14:53,680 Speaker 1: illness and a lack of planning and supplies. When Sir 255 00:14:53,720 --> 00:14:57,080 Speaker 1: Francis Drake coincidentally passed through the area on his way 256 00:14:57,120 --> 00:14:59,600 Speaker 1: back from the Caribbean, most of the colonists took the 257 00:14:59,640 --> 00:15:02,560 Speaker 1: opportun unity to go back to England with him. Mantio 258 00:15:02,680 --> 00:15:06,400 Speaker 1: returned to England with Sir Francis Drake. Also, Raleigh planned 259 00:15:06,440 --> 00:15:09,440 Speaker 1: one more expedition to North America and Mantio traveled on 260 00:15:09,520 --> 00:15:14,280 Speaker 1: that expedition. These colonists arrived in August of seven and 261 00:15:14,360 --> 00:15:18,600 Speaker 1: became the famous Lost Colony of Roanoke. The colony's governor, 262 00:15:18,720 --> 00:15:21,600 Speaker 1: John White, was sent back to England for more supplies, 263 00:15:22,080 --> 00:15:24,240 Speaker 1: but England was at war with Spain by the time 264 00:15:24,240 --> 00:15:26,720 Speaker 1: that he got there, and when White finally got back 265 00:15:26,760 --> 00:15:30,200 Speaker 1: to North America in fifteen ninety. The colony was gone, 266 00:15:30,440 --> 00:15:33,680 Speaker 1: with the word Croatoan carved into a post as the 267 00:15:33,680 --> 00:15:37,240 Speaker 1: only evidence that anyone had ever been there. Archaeologists tried 268 00:15:37,280 --> 00:15:39,720 Speaker 1: to work out exactly what happened, and this comes up 269 00:15:39,760 --> 00:15:41,560 Speaker 1: from time to time on on Earth. It's one of 270 00:15:41,600 --> 00:15:47,560 Speaker 1: every history buff's favorite mysteries. M uh, partly to bring 271 00:15:47,600 --> 00:15:52,200 Speaker 1: tourists see an outdoor drama and to launch an entire 272 00:15:52,320 --> 00:15:59,160 Speaker 1: TV series. So these expeditions are why Walter Raleigh is 273 00:15:59,200 --> 00:16:03,360 Speaker 1: often in directly credited with introducing potatoes and tobacco to 274 00:16:03,440 --> 00:16:07,960 Speaker 1: England and Ireland specifically, or to Europe in general. But 275 00:16:08,400 --> 00:16:12,120 Speaker 1: number one, he didn't go on any of these personally, 276 00:16:12,440 --> 00:16:15,680 Speaker 1: the Queen did not want him to go. But potatoes 277 00:16:15,720 --> 00:16:18,160 Speaker 1: were introduced to Spain more than a decade before these 278 00:16:18,200 --> 00:16:22,080 Speaker 1: voyages took place, and Ireland had also established trade with 279 00:16:22,360 --> 00:16:27,160 Speaker 1: Spain before Raleigh's voyages, so it's entirely possible that there 280 00:16:27,160 --> 00:16:31,480 Speaker 1: were potatoes in Ireland before ships from Raleigh's expeditions arrived 281 00:16:31,520 --> 00:16:34,640 Speaker 1: there with potatoes on board, and there were definitely potatoes 282 00:16:34,680 --> 00:16:39,040 Speaker 1: elsewhere in Europe for sure, way before any of this happened. 283 00:16:39,240 --> 00:16:43,200 Speaker 1: Tobacco was also introduced to Europe long before Raleigh's voyages, 284 00:16:43,320 --> 00:16:45,400 Speaker 1: and had been grown in England for more than ten 285 00:16:45,480 --> 00:16:50,200 Speaker 1: years before his first ships left for North America. Raleigh 286 00:16:50,280 --> 00:16:54,440 Speaker 1: probably did help popularize its use in England, though so 287 00:16:55,000 --> 00:16:58,280 Speaker 1: like I said earlier, Walter Raleigh didn't go on any 288 00:16:58,400 --> 00:17:02,200 Speaker 1: of these actual voyage is and even though they weren't 289 00:17:02,240 --> 00:17:06,280 Speaker 1: particularly successful, his position continued to rise at court while 290 00:17:06,320 --> 00:17:09,640 Speaker 1: he stayed behind. In fifteen six or fifteen eighty seven, 291 00:17:09,720 --> 00:17:12,840 Speaker 1: Ralegh was made captain of the Queen's personal Guard. The 292 00:17:12,920 --> 00:17:16,520 Speaker 1: Anglo Spanish War started just before that happened in fifteen 293 00:17:16,560 --> 00:17:19,520 Speaker 1: eighty five, and Raleigh served on the War Council. He 294 00:17:19,600 --> 00:17:22,440 Speaker 1: also helped organize the Devon Militia to fight against the 295 00:17:22,480 --> 00:17:27,320 Speaker 1: Spanish Armada. In eight he also commissioned a ship called 296 00:17:27,359 --> 00:17:30,120 Speaker 1: the Ark Raleigh that he gave to the Queen, who 297 00:17:30,160 --> 00:17:33,080 Speaker 1: renamed the Arc Royal and made it the flagship of 298 00:17:33,119 --> 00:17:37,000 Speaker 1: the British naval fleet. Throughout all of this Raleigh was 299 00:17:37,040 --> 00:17:41,119 Speaker 1: making friends and enemies at and outside of court. He 300 00:17:41,200 --> 00:17:44,040 Speaker 1: was friends with poet Edmund Spencer and introduced him to 301 00:17:44,119 --> 00:17:48,000 Speaker 1: Queen Elizabeth. Spencer was later named Poet Laureate and he 302 00:17:48,040 --> 00:17:50,640 Speaker 1: wrote The Fairy Queen, one of the great epic poems 303 00:17:50,640 --> 00:17:54,160 Speaker 1: in English, in part as an allegory about Queen Elizabeth 304 00:17:54,160 --> 00:17:57,679 Speaker 1: the First and the Tutors. Raleigh also wrote a couple 305 00:17:57,720 --> 00:18:01,080 Speaker 1: of commendatory sonnets for The Fairy Queen, and he makes 306 00:18:01,119 --> 00:18:03,840 Speaker 1: a number of appearances in Spencer's work, and as a 307 00:18:03,880 --> 00:18:07,880 Speaker 1: side note, Spencer also served England during the Desmond Rebellion 308 00:18:08,040 --> 00:18:12,199 Speaker 1: as Lord Gray's secretary. If you had to read The 309 00:18:12,240 --> 00:18:15,280 Speaker 1: Fairy Queen just hypothetically when you were studying literature in 310 00:18:15,320 --> 00:18:18,280 Speaker 1: college and you didn't find it a particularly enjoyable experience, 311 00:18:18,359 --> 00:18:22,120 Speaker 1: you could just blame Walter Raleigh having made all that possible, 312 00:18:22,240 --> 00:18:27,280 Speaker 1: and I do so. On the other end of this 313 00:18:27,320 --> 00:18:31,520 Speaker 1: spectrum was Robert Devereaux, Earl of Essex, who was sometimes 314 00:18:31,720 --> 00:18:36,040 Speaker 1: Raleigh's friend and sometimes really his adversary, and always his 315 00:18:36,160 --> 00:18:40,320 Speaker 1: rival for the Queen's attention. The disputes that Raleigh started 316 00:18:40,359 --> 00:18:43,800 Speaker 1: having with Essex almost led them to a duel, And 317 00:18:43,840 --> 00:18:46,920 Speaker 1: then there was the relationship that caused Raleigh to fall 318 00:18:46,960 --> 00:18:50,840 Speaker 1: out of the Queen's favor almost for good. He started 319 00:18:50,920 --> 00:18:55,120 Speaker 1: a secret relationship with Elizabeth Throckmorton, known as best one 320 00:18:55,119 --> 00:18:58,280 Speaker 1: of the Queen's maids of honor, she wasn't supposed to 321 00:18:58,320 --> 00:19:01,480 Speaker 1: marry without the Queen's approval. When she became pregnant with 322 00:19:01,600 --> 00:19:05,480 Speaker 1: Raleigh's child, they got married in secret and Bess left 323 00:19:05,520 --> 00:19:09,240 Speaker 1: the court to give birth. Best delivered a son named 324 00:19:09,520 --> 00:19:12,280 Speaker 1: day Marie. We're not sure on that pronunciation on March 325 00:19:12,320 --> 00:19:16,000 Speaker 1: twenty nine, and this was during the better part of 326 00:19:16,080 --> 00:19:19,199 Speaker 1: Raleigh's relationship with the Earl of Essex, who was the 327 00:19:19,200 --> 00:19:23,159 Speaker 1: baby's godfather. Best came back to court in April, and 328 00:19:23,200 --> 00:19:25,400 Speaker 1: she and wallas Are both tried to keep their marriage 329 00:19:25,440 --> 00:19:29,840 Speaker 1: and baby secret from the Queen. Of course, that idea 330 00:19:30,160 --> 00:19:33,840 Speaker 1: was doomed to failure. Walter and Bess apologized to the 331 00:19:33,880 --> 00:19:36,399 Speaker 1: Queen after she found out that they were secretly married 332 00:19:36,440 --> 00:19:39,240 Speaker 1: and had a secret baby, but neither of them seemed 333 00:19:39,280 --> 00:19:42,160 Speaker 1: all that sincere about their apology, and that just made 334 00:19:42,160 --> 00:19:45,959 Speaker 1: things worse, so Queen Elizabeth had them imprisoned in separate 335 00:19:46,000 --> 00:19:49,439 Speaker 1: quarters in the Tower of London. Walter was released from 336 00:19:49,440 --> 00:19:51,840 Speaker 1: the tower after one of his ships returned to port 337 00:19:52,160 --> 00:19:55,959 Speaker 1: with a massive Portuguese ship in tow the Madre di Dios. 338 00:19:56,480 --> 00:19:59,200 Speaker 1: There were concerns that Raleigh's crew was going to mutiny, 339 00:19:59,359 --> 00:20:01,320 Speaker 1: so he was least to go down to the docks 340 00:20:01,359 --> 00:20:04,000 Speaker 1: and try to keep everything in order, and once the 341 00:20:04,080 --> 00:20:06,840 Speaker 1: Queen took most of the treasure, she finally released both 342 00:20:06,880 --> 00:20:10,280 Speaker 1: Walter and Best from the tower. Although she banished Walter 343 00:20:10,400 --> 00:20:14,080 Speaker 1: from court and stripped him of all his estates and privileges. 344 00:20:14,600 --> 00:20:16,919 Speaker 1: The Rallies went back to his home of Devonshire, and 345 00:20:17,000 --> 00:20:20,640 Speaker 1: sadly day Marie Raleigh died while still a baby. While 346 00:20:20,680 --> 00:20:23,680 Speaker 1: banished from court, Walter Raleigh spent some time hanging out 347 00:20:23,720 --> 00:20:26,520 Speaker 1: with some of the most notable literary figures of the time, 348 00:20:26,560 --> 00:20:30,600 Speaker 1: including William Shakespeare and Ben Johnson. Although he was banned 349 00:20:30,640 --> 00:20:34,560 Speaker 1: from court until fift Raleigh figured out a way he 350 00:20:34,680 --> 00:20:38,560 Speaker 1: might win back the Queen's good graces in and we're 351 00:20:38,560 --> 00:20:40,800 Speaker 1: going to get to that after we take another little 352 00:20:40,840 --> 00:20:54,520 Speaker 1: pause for a sponsor break. In February of Walter Raleigh 353 00:20:54,560 --> 00:20:57,679 Speaker 1: got the Queen's permission to go on an expedition on 354 00:20:57,720 --> 00:21:00,760 Speaker 1: the Orinoco River and what's now been a Ezuela, which 355 00:21:00,800 --> 00:21:04,000 Speaker 1: at the time was known as Guiana. He was searching 356 00:21:04,040 --> 00:21:07,400 Speaker 1: for the fabled city of El Dorado, and Robert Devreaux, 357 00:21:07,400 --> 00:21:10,160 Speaker 1: Earl of Essex, went on this expedition as well. This 358 00:21:10,200 --> 00:21:12,359 Speaker 1: is one of the times that they were getting along. 359 00:21:13,119 --> 00:21:15,720 Speaker 1: They did not find a city of gold, though, but 360 00:21:15,880 --> 00:21:18,800 Speaker 1: Raleigh did write a book called The Discovery of Guiana, 361 00:21:18,840 --> 00:21:22,600 Speaker 1: which came out in fift This book was extremely popular 362 00:21:22,800 --> 00:21:26,240 Speaker 1: and it was reprinted four times that year. He also 363 00:21:26,280 --> 00:21:28,960 Speaker 1: seems to have brought an indigenous boy of about ten 364 00:21:29,080 --> 00:21:32,040 Speaker 1: or twelve back with him, who he might have adopted. 365 00:21:32,520 --> 00:21:35,879 Speaker 1: The Anglo Spanish War was still ongoing, and Raleigh and 366 00:21:36,040 --> 00:21:38,880 Speaker 1: Essex were both part of a raid on the Spanish 367 00:21:38,960 --> 00:21:42,560 Speaker 1: port of Cadiz in fifteen ninety six, which destroyed more 368 00:21:42,600 --> 00:21:47,199 Speaker 1: than thirty Spanish ships. Raleigh was seriously wounded in the thigh, 369 00:21:47,280 --> 00:21:50,560 Speaker 1: which never fully healed, but this was a victory for 370 00:21:50,600 --> 00:21:54,000 Speaker 1: England and a somewhat lucrative one, so he did start 371 00:21:54,080 --> 00:21:57,520 Speaker 1: to win back some of the Queen's affections. She eventually 372 00:21:57,560 --> 00:22:00,159 Speaker 1: allowed him back to court and restored him to his 373 00:22:00,240 --> 00:22:03,800 Speaker 1: position as the Captain of the Queen's Guard. With things 374 00:22:03,800 --> 00:22:07,080 Speaker 1: starting to turn around after this Orinoco expedition and the 375 00:22:07,320 --> 00:22:11,240 Speaker 1: raid on Kiddies, soon Elizabeth's was starting to bestow more 376 00:22:11,280 --> 00:22:15,120 Speaker 1: favors on Walter Raleigh again, including making him the governor 377 00:22:15,240 --> 00:22:18,640 Speaker 1: of the Isle of Jersey and six, and she granted 378 00:22:18,720 --> 00:22:23,280 Speaker 1: him a monopoly on playing cards as well. I'm telling you, 379 00:22:23,359 --> 00:22:25,600 Speaker 1: with the fabric and the wine and the playing cards, 380 00:22:25,680 --> 00:22:29,639 Speaker 1: he really had the entertainment market cornered um. Then, in 381 00:22:29,720 --> 00:22:33,359 Speaker 1: sixteen o one, the Earl of Essex rebelled against the Queen, 382 00:22:33,640 --> 00:22:37,880 Speaker 1: and Raleigh helped put down that rebellion. Essex was executed 383 00:22:37,880 --> 00:22:41,760 Speaker 1: for treason. The Queen was devastated, but this meant that 384 00:22:41,880 --> 00:22:45,879 Speaker 1: Raleigh's chief rival at court was dead. Raleigh was widely 385 00:22:45,920 --> 00:22:50,240 Speaker 1: reported as gloating over Essex's execution, but in reality he 386 00:22:50,280 --> 00:22:52,440 Speaker 1: seems to have been a little more conflicted over it. 387 00:22:53,000 --> 00:22:55,720 Speaker 1: The two men had really been close earlier on in 388 00:22:55,720 --> 00:22:59,200 Speaker 1: their lives, and Raleigh didn't attend the execution, even though 389 00:22:59,200 --> 00:23:02,040 Speaker 1: he was expected to as captain of the Queen's Guard. 390 00:23:02,680 --> 00:23:06,840 Speaker 1: But Raleigh's return to relative favor at court was pretty 391 00:23:06,840 --> 00:23:11,000 Speaker 1: short lived because Queen Elizabeth died in sixteen o three, James, 392 00:23:11,000 --> 00:23:13,880 Speaker 1: the first of England and sixth of Scotland became king, 393 00:23:14,320 --> 00:23:19,199 Speaker 1: and James didn't particularly like Raleigh. Raleigh also had a 394 00:23:19,400 --> 00:23:22,560 Speaker 1: lot of enemies at court, some of whom had convinced 395 00:23:22,600 --> 00:23:25,159 Speaker 1: the King that Raleigh was ready to back a rival 396 00:23:25,200 --> 00:23:29,520 Speaker 1: claimant to the throne. This rumor was not particularly realistic. 397 00:23:29,920 --> 00:23:33,160 Speaker 1: It involved a Spanish claimant to the throne, and Raleigh 398 00:23:33,200 --> 00:23:36,280 Speaker 1: had spent much of his military career fighting against Spain. 399 00:23:37,119 --> 00:23:40,320 Speaker 1: He was also against the idea of England ending the 400 00:23:40,359 --> 00:23:43,560 Speaker 1: ongoing Anglo Spanish War, and he even wrote a treatise 401 00:23:43,600 --> 00:23:46,199 Speaker 1: about it. So the idea that he would support a 402 00:23:46,240 --> 00:23:50,159 Speaker 1: Spanish monarch while also advocating continuing the war with Spain 403 00:23:50,280 --> 00:23:53,920 Speaker 1: just doesn't make much sense. But soon Raleigh had way 404 00:23:53,960 --> 00:23:58,280 Speaker 1: bigger problems than these rumors. In November of sixteen o three, 405 00:23:58,400 --> 00:24:01,320 Speaker 1: he was charged with treason and a plot to overthrow 406 00:24:01,400 --> 00:24:05,040 Speaker 1: King James. This plot was known as the Main Plot 407 00:24:05,600 --> 00:24:08,359 Speaker 1: m A I N. It got its name because of 408 00:24:08,400 --> 00:24:12,679 Speaker 1: its relationship to a lesser, weirder plot known as the 409 00:24:12,720 --> 00:24:15,760 Speaker 1: by plot. And that's by leg b y E by 410 00:24:15,800 --> 00:24:20,159 Speaker 1: like Yes. It cracks me up that the names that 411 00:24:20,240 --> 00:24:23,119 Speaker 1: they settled on for these two plots are solely about 412 00:24:23,160 --> 00:24:25,800 Speaker 1: their relationship to one another, and neither of them is 413 00:24:25,840 --> 00:24:29,520 Speaker 1: about what the plot was actually meant to involve. The 414 00:24:29,600 --> 00:24:32,840 Speaker 1: by plot was discovered first, and it was a conspiracy 415 00:24:32,920 --> 00:24:36,600 Speaker 1: among Catholic priests and lay people to kidnap the King 416 00:24:36,720 --> 00:24:40,080 Speaker 1: in the spring of sixteen o three. Their goal was 417 00:24:40,119 --> 00:24:43,920 Speaker 1: to force him to grant religious tolerance to Catholics and Puritans, 418 00:24:43,960 --> 00:24:48,120 Speaker 1: and to place Catholics in office. On July eighteen, sixteen 419 00:24:48,160 --> 00:24:51,760 Speaker 1: oh three, George Brooke was giving testimony about this plot, 420 00:24:51,840 --> 00:24:54,639 Speaker 1: and as he was doing so, he revealed that his brother, 421 00:24:54,800 --> 00:24:58,520 Speaker 1: Henry Brooke, Lord Cobham, was involved in a whole different plot, 422 00:24:58,560 --> 00:25:02,120 Speaker 1: which was to kidnap the murder him and replaced them 423 00:25:02,119 --> 00:25:07,280 Speaker 1: with Lady Arbella Stewart. There were no real connections between 424 00:25:07,440 --> 00:25:09,639 Speaker 1: the main plot and the by plot, except for the 425 00:25:09,680 --> 00:25:12,200 Speaker 1: fact that George and Henry Brooke were brothers and each 426 00:25:12,240 --> 00:25:14,359 Speaker 1: of them was involved in one of these plots, and 427 00:25:14,440 --> 00:25:16,800 Speaker 1: that the authorities found out about the main plot while 428 00:25:16,840 --> 00:25:20,159 Speaker 1: investigating the by plot because of the connection between the 429 00:25:20,160 --> 00:25:22,720 Speaker 1: brothers Brook. This is one of those things that if 430 00:25:22,760 --> 00:25:24,520 Speaker 1: you wrote it in a forest, people would be like, 431 00:25:24,560 --> 00:25:28,600 Speaker 1: too far. The whole thing is so weird and convoluted. 432 00:25:28,840 --> 00:25:33,040 Speaker 1: During months of interrogations, Comma made and retracted a whole 433 00:25:33,160 --> 00:25:38,600 Speaker 1: huge string of ever changing confessions and accusations against Raleigh. 434 00:25:38,760 --> 00:25:42,440 Speaker 1: The most consistent and possibly believable charge was that Raleigh 435 00:25:42,480 --> 00:25:46,040 Speaker 1: sought out a pension from Spain in exchange for providing 436 00:25:46,160 --> 00:25:50,080 Speaker 1: information about British activities in the Low Countries or the Indies. 437 00:25:50,880 --> 00:25:54,160 Speaker 1: After Queen Elizabeth died, Raleigh had once again lost most 438 00:25:54,200 --> 00:25:58,159 Speaker 1: of his estates and monopolies and other favors. He needed money, 439 00:25:58,520 --> 00:26:00,879 Speaker 1: and it's possible that he needed it badly enough to 440 00:26:00,920 --> 00:26:05,080 Speaker 1: be willing to exchange information for it, even to the Spanish. 441 00:26:05,200 --> 00:26:08,600 Speaker 1: Raleigh was arrested based on Cobham's accusations. I mean, even 442 00:26:08,600 --> 00:26:10,879 Speaker 1: though they kept changing and he kept recanting them and 443 00:26:10,920 --> 00:26:13,480 Speaker 1: then having a completely different story. The fact that he 444 00:26:13,520 --> 00:26:18,679 Speaker 1: was implicating himself while making these accusations made people believe 445 00:26:18,720 --> 00:26:21,760 Speaker 1: it more so Raleigh was arrested. He was imprisoned in 446 00:26:21,760 --> 00:26:25,720 Speaker 1: the tower on July three. About a week later, he 447 00:26:25,800 --> 00:26:28,080 Speaker 1: tried to stab himself with a table knife, but he 448 00:26:28,160 --> 00:26:30,959 Speaker 1: struck a rib and didn't do a lot of lasting damage. 449 00:26:31,520 --> 00:26:33,960 Speaker 1: When Raleigh and the rest of the co conspirators were 450 00:26:33,960 --> 00:26:37,000 Speaker 1: put on trial, he spoke in his own defense, including 451 00:26:37,040 --> 00:26:39,920 Speaker 1: answering some questions about his actions back in the Siege 452 00:26:39,960 --> 00:26:43,800 Speaker 1: of Smerwick in eight His response to these questions about 453 00:26:43,800 --> 00:26:46,399 Speaker 1: whether he had acted appropriately was basically that he was 454 00:26:46,480 --> 00:26:51,080 Speaker 1: following his commander's orders. On November seventeen, Raleigh and the 455 00:26:51,160 --> 00:26:54,399 Speaker 1: co conspirators in the main plot were found guilty and 456 00:26:54,480 --> 00:26:58,359 Speaker 1: sentenced to death. About two weeks later, Cobham once again 457 00:26:58,440 --> 00:27:00,959 Speaker 1: retracted a lot of the ac uzations that he had 458 00:27:01,000 --> 00:27:05,119 Speaker 1: made against Raleigh, so it's not really clear whether Raleigh 459 00:27:05,119 --> 00:27:08,440 Speaker 1: had any involvement at all in the main plot, even 460 00:27:08,520 --> 00:27:11,160 Speaker 1: this whole question about whether he was trying to get 461 00:27:11,160 --> 00:27:15,600 Speaker 1: a pension from Spain. But regardless of that question, he 462 00:27:15,720 --> 00:27:18,320 Speaker 1: was definitely guilty of treason under the terms of the 463 00:27:18,400 --> 00:27:21,119 Speaker 1: law at the time, because the Treason Act of fifteen 464 00:27:21,160 --> 00:27:24,600 Speaker 1: thirty one included in its definition of treason this quote, 465 00:27:25,000 --> 00:27:27,919 Speaker 1: when a man doth compass or imagine the death of 466 00:27:27,960 --> 00:27:32,720 Speaker 1: our Lord the King, that was treason. Raleigh had definitely 467 00:27:32,760 --> 00:27:35,280 Speaker 1: been really vocal about his dislike of King James and 468 00:27:35,320 --> 00:27:38,760 Speaker 1: his general ill wishing of the monarch. So even though 469 00:27:39,359 --> 00:27:43,720 Speaker 1: his definitely real imagining of the death of the King 470 00:27:43,800 --> 00:27:47,320 Speaker 1: was basically just a bunch of idle griping among his friends, 471 00:27:47,320 --> 00:27:50,520 Speaker 1: it's still counted as treason under the law. On December 472 00:27:50,640 --> 00:27:54,440 Speaker 1: night six three, Walter Raleigh and the other condemned men 473 00:27:54,520 --> 00:27:56,800 Speaker 1: were taken out to the scaffold one at a time 474 00:27:56,840 --> 00:28:00,000 Speaker 1: to be executed, but each one was given a last 475 00:28:00,040 --> 00:28:04,880 Speaker 1: minutes stay and sentenced to imprisonment instead. Raleigh was sentenced 476 00:28:04,920 --> 00:28:07,560 Speaker 1: to life in the Tower of London. He spent the 477 00:28:07,600 --> 00:28:11,320 Speaker 1: next thirteen years in prison in the Tower, but honestly, 478 00:28:11,359 --> 00:28:14,960 Speaker 1: this was a pretty luxurious incarceration. He had a large 479 00:28:14,960 --> 00:28:19,280 Speaker 1: apartment suite with living servants and a laboratory and a library, 480 00:28:19,480 --> 00:28:22,040 Speaker 1: and daily visits from his wife and their son, Walter, 481 00:28:22,160 --> 00:28:25,479 Speaker 1: who had been born in fifteen They had a second 482 00:28:25,520 --> 00:28:28,720 Speaker 1: son in sixteen o five while Raleigh was still incarcerated, 483 00:28:28,840 --> 00:28:31,440 Speaker 1: and the rest of the family moved into a home 484 00:28:31,560 --> 00:28:34,560 Speaker 1: on Tower Hill to be closer to the incarcerated Walter 485 00:28:34,640 --> 00:28:37,080 Speaker 1: and make it easier for all these daily visits to happen. 486 00:28:37,800 --> 00:28:40,200 Speaker 1: Ralei spent a lot of this time writing while in 487 00:28:40,200 --> 00:28:43,880 Speaker 1: the Tower. He wrote a morality book for boys called 488 00:28:43,920 --> 00:28:47,080 Speaker 1: Instructions to his son, and he also wrote The History 489 00:28:47,120 --> 00:28:49,920 Speaker 1: of the World, which started with creation and went to 490 00:28:49,960 --> 00:28:53,120 Speaker 1: the Second Macedonian War in one s b c. E. 491 00:28:53,480 --> 00:28:56,840 Speaker 1: He dedicated it to James's son, Henry, who he also 492 00:28:57,000 --> 00:29:01,680 Speaker 1: tutored while imprisoned. Henry advocated for Raleigh's release, but died 493 00:29:01,720 --> 00:29:05,120 Speaker 1: in sixteen twelve before he had secured it. Yeah. This uh, 494 00:29:05,240 --> 00:29:09,120 Speaker 1: This History of the World was five volumes something like 495 00:29:09,120 --> 00:29:12,320 Speaker 1: a million words long, and was clearly meant to be 496 00:29:12,400 --> 00:29:14,440 Speaker 1: the first in a series that was going to then 497 00:29:14,440 --> 00:29:16,880 Speaker 1: go on to cover the rest of the history of 498 00:29:16,920 --> 00:29:23,480 Speaker 1: the world after one. Finally, in sixteen sixteen, Raleigh convinced 499 00:29:23,560 --> 00:29:27,320 Speaker 1: King James to let him out of prison. James needed money, 500 00:29:27,520 --> 00:29:30,480 Speaker 1: and Raleigh made it sound like he could locate riches 501 00:29:30,640 --> 00:29:34,320 Speaker 1: in South America based on his previous voyage along the 502 00:29:34,400 --> 00:29:37,560 Speaker 1: Orinoco River. He was given leave to do this on 503 00:29:37,560 --> 00:29:42,000 Speaker 1: one condition that he not attacked Spain in any way. 504 00:29:42,240 --> 00:29:45,840 Speaker 1: The Anglo Spanish War was finally over and James did 505 00:29:45,880 --> 00:29:49,400 Speaker 1: not want to do anything to start it up again. Plus, 506 00:29:49,560 --> 00:29:52,440 Speaker 1: Spain had insisted that if Raleigh did cause any trouble 507 00:29:52,480 --> 00:29:54,920 Speaker 1: to its subjects that he would be sent to Madrid 508 00:29:55,040 --> 00:29:58,600 Speaker 1: for trial. Raley was released from the tower on March 509 00:29:58,680 --> 00:30:02,240 Speaker 1: nineteenth of sixteen sixte at the age of about sixty two, 510 00:30:02,600 --> 00:30:05,560 Speaker 1: But this voyage went terribly Raleigh was on board as 511 00:30:05,600 --> 00:30:08,880 Speaker 1: a civilian and his friend Lawrence Chemis, who you'll also 512 00:30:08,920 --> 00:30:11,480 Speaker 1: see spelled chemes with no eye in. It was the 513 00:30:11,480 --> 00:30:14,600 Speaker 1: one in charge. I like how just not leaving the 514 00:30:14,640 --> 00:30:17,440 Speaker 1: eye in. There is a running theme and names in 515 00:30:17,440 --> 00:30:22,440 Speaker 1: this episode. Chemis attacked the Spanish colonial town of Santo Tomey, 516 00:30:22,560 --> 00:30:25,080 Speaker 1: killing its governor, which was literally the thing they were 517 00:30:25,120 --> 00:30:28,720 Speaker 1: not supposed to do. The younger Walter Raleigh was also 518 00:30:28,840 --> 00:30:31,360 Speaker 1: with them on this expedition, and he was killed in 519 00:30:31,360 --> 00:30:35,280 Speaker 1: the battle. Also, they didn't find the gold mine that 520 00:30:35,320 --> 00:30:38,000 Speaker 1: had inspired them to go on this expedition in the 521 00:30:38,040 --> 00:30:42,760 Speaker 1: first place. Raleigh berated Chemis so incessantly about the death 522 00:30:42,760 --> 00:30:44,960 Speaker 1: of his son and the failure to find a mine 523 00:30:45,400 --> 00:30:48,480 Speaker 1: that he took his own life. Raleigh wrote a massive 524 00:30:48,520 --> 00:30:51,200 Speaker 1: apology for this whole incident on the way home, and 525 00:30:51,240 --> 00:30:53,320 Speaker 1: once he got there, he tried to use his illness 526 00:30:53,360 --> 00:30:57,320 Speaker 1: to buy himself some more time, but Spain demanded retribution 527 00:30:57,440 --> 00:31:00,200 Speaker 1: for what had happened on this voyage, and Ultimate Lee 528 00:31:00,320 --> 00:31:03,160 Speaker 1: Raleigh's death sentence from the main plot back in six 529 00:31:03,360 --> 00:31:06,920 Speaker 1: o three was reinstated. He was taken to the scaffold 530 00:31:07,040 --> 00:31:11,000 Speaker 1: outside the Palace of Westminster on October twenty nine, six eighteen. 531 00:31:11,800 --> 00:31:14,840 Speaker 1: He gave a speech before being executed, which was typical, 532 00:31:15,400 --> 00:31:17,840 Speaker 1: but he didn't admit any guilt or ask for the 533 00:31:17,920 --> 00:31:22,480 Speaker 1: King's forgiveness, which was not typical. Instead, according to newsletter 534 00:31:22,560 --> 00:31:26,479 Speaker 1: writer John Pory, the speech began quote, I give God thanks. 535 00:31:26,680 --> 00:31:28,640 Speaker 1: I am come to die in the light and not 536 00:31:28,800 --> 00:31:31,760 Speaker 1: in the darkness. And then he went on to justify 537 00:31:31,800 --> 00:31:34,480 Speaker 1: what he had done and forgive his accusers, but also 538 00:31:34,560 --> 00:31:37,240 Speaker 1: to deny his own guilt, for a total of about 539 00:31:37,280 --> 00:31:40,560 Speaker 1: forty five minutes. It went on to be a very 540 00:31:40,640 --> 00:31:45,600 Speaker 1: dramatic and theatrical execution. Raleigh refused to warm himself by 541 00:31:45,600 --> 00:31:49,280 Speaker 1: the fire that was there specifically for that purpose. Reportedly, 542 00:31:49,320 --> 00:31:51,920 Speaker 1: he also asked to see the executioner's acts, and then 543 00:31:51,960 --> 00:31:55,440 Speaker 1: after looking at it, he said, this is a sharp medicine, 544 00:31:55,680 --> 00:31:58,960 Speaker 1: but it is a physician for all diseases and miseries. 545 00:31:59,680 --> 00:32:03,160 Speaker 1: He comforted the executioner before placing his head on the stand, 546 00:32:03,280 --> 00:32:06,280 Speaker 1: and then when the executioner didn't immediately begin the whole 547 00:32:06,280 --> 00:32:10,320 Speaker 1: beheading process, Raleigh said something along the lines of strike, man, strike. 548 00:32:10,920 --> 00:32:14,800 Speaker 1: Then it took two blows to decapitate him. A bystander 549 00:32:14,920 --> 00:32:18,400 Speaker 1: reportedly said quote, we have not such another head to 550 00:32:18,480 --> 00:32:21,600 Speaker 1: be cut off again. In the words of John Pory 551 00:32:21,800 --> 00:32:25,240 Speaker 1: quote every man that saw Sir Walter Raleigh die said 552 00:32:25,240 --> 00:32:29,000 Speaker 1: it was impossible for any man to show more decorum, courage, 553 00:32:29,120 --> 00:32:31,840 Speaker 1: or piety, and that his death will do more hurt 554 00:32:31,880 --> 00:32:34,480 Speaker 1: to the faction that sought it than ever his life 555 00:32:34,480 --> 00:32:38,280 Speaker 1: could have done. Raleigh's body, minus the head, was buried 556 00:32:38,320 --> 00:32:42,440 Speaker 1: at the church of St Margaret's, Westminster. His head was 557 00:32:42,480 --> 00:32:44,760 Speaker 1: placed in a red leather bag and given to his 558 00:32:44,800 --> 00:32:47,520 Speaker 1: widow Bess, who reportedly kept it for the rest of 559 00:32:47,520 --> 00:32:50,680 Speaker 1: her life, which was twenty nine more years. Often, this 560 00:32:50,760 --> 00:32:54,200 Speaker 1: head is described as having been embalmed, and there are 561 00:32:54,760 --> 00:32:56,760 Speaker 1: reports that she might have kept it in a glass 562 00:32:56,760 --> 00:33:00,120 Speaker 1: case and not in a bag. There's like, this is 563 00:33:00,120 --> 00:33:02,440 Speaker 1: one of those stories where I kind of go for real, 564 00:33:02,520 --> 00:33:05,000 Speaker 1: This seems a little fishy to me and maybe apocryphal. 565 00:33:05,720 --> 00:33:11,320 Speaker 1: But their son Carew took possession of this head, reportedly 566 00:33:11,320 --> 00:33:14,200 Speaker 1: after his mother's death, and then had it buried with 567 00:33:14,320 --> 00:33:17,160 Speaker 1: him when he died in sixteen sixty six. At least 568 00:33:17,200 --> 00:33:20,160 Speaker 1: that is one possibility for the location of Sir Walter 569 00:33:20,240 --> 00:33:23,760 Speaker 1: Raleigh's head. St Mary's and West Horseley has also said 570 00:33:23,880 --> 00:33:26,640 Speaker 1: it is the resting place of Sir Walter Raleigh's head 571 00:33:26,680 --> 00:33:29,920 Speaker 1: because Carrow had it buried there when his own sons 572 00:33:30,040 --> 00:33:33,560 Speaker 1: died during a plague. So it is unclear, but there 573 00:33:33,600 --> 00:33:37,360 Speaker 1: are multiple sources that say his head stayed separate from 574 00:33:37,400 --> 00:33:39,520 Speaker 1: his body and got carried around for a couple or 575 00:33:39,560 --> 00:33:43,320 Speaker 1: three decades. I'm a little lost in thought over what 576 00:33:43,360 --> 00:33:47,880 Speaker 1: one would do with the head of your beloved um, 577 00:33:47,920 --> 00:33:49,440 Speaker 1: Like do you look at it? Do you just leave 578 00:33:49,440 --> 00:33:51,120 Speaker 1: in the bag and pretend it's not there? But no, 579 00:33:51,280 --> 00:33:53,360 Speaker 1: it's there, Like I don't. There's a lot of debt, 580 00:33:53,280 --> 00:33:56,280 Speaker 1: but there's a lot of debunking about various things about 581 00:33:56,280 --> 00:33:58,480 Speaker 1: Sir Walter Raleigh's life, but this head I did not 582 00:33:58,560 --> 00:34:04,680 Speaker 1: find any debunky. Today, Sir Walter Raleigh is one of 583 00:34:04,720 --> 00:34:08,560 Speaker 1: the ghosts purportedly haunting the Tower of London. He also 584 00:34:08,640 --> 00:34:11,960 Speaker 1: reportedly haunts Beddington in South London, where he owned land 585 00:34:12,040 --> 00:34:14,239 Speaker 1: and where his wife had requested to be buried after 586 00:34:14,239 --> 00:34:17,560 Speaker 1: the execution. There were also rumors that he was actually 587 00:34:17,560 --> 00:34:21,000 Speaker 1: buried there in secret. During his life, Raleigh had not 588 00:34:21,120 --> 00:34:25,360 Speaker 1: been particularly beloved by the public at large, but his execution, 589 00:34:25,719 --> 00:34:28,760 Speaker 1: as indicated by some of the quotes we read earlier, 590 00:34:29,000 --> 00:34:32,760 Speaker 1: really earned him a lot of sympathy. So much sympathy 591 00:34:32,800 --> 00:34:35,520 Speaker 1: that the Crown commissioned its own right up of the execution, 592 00:34:35,560 --> 00:34:39,360 Speaker 1: which made him sound arrogant and combative instead of gallant 593 00:34:39,360 --> 00:34:42,640 Speaker 1: and poetic. This didn't really work out, though, and public 594 00:34:42,680 --> 00:34:46,480 Speaker 1: opinion grew that Walter Raleigh had been unfairly sacrificed to 595 00:34:46,520 --> 00:34:50,400 Speaker 1: appease Spain and that England had lost a worthy gentleman 596 00:34:50,480 --> 00:34:54,200 Speaker 1: by executing him. His popularity really grew after his death, 597 00:34:54,239 --> 00:34:57,440 Speaker 1: partly because he was so emblematic of this idea of 598 00:34:57,480 --> 00:35:01,280 Speaker 1: a Renaissance man and an Elizabethan knight. He was handsome 599 00:35:01,320 --> 00:35:04,040 Speaker 1: and valiant and chivalrous, and he was a writer and 600 00:35:04,120 --> 00:35:06,360 Speaker 1: a statesman in addition to being an explorer. So he 601 00:35:06,440 --> 00:35:10,359 Speaker 1: kind of had this whole, very romanticized package, especially if 602 00:35:10,400 --> 00:35:13,640 Speaker 1: you overlook some of the other parts of his life, 603 00:35:13,680 --> 00:35:17,080 Speaker 1: like the massacre that he helped work straight and all 604 00:35:17,120 --> 00:35:20,560 Speaker 1: that brawling. I'm still back on Brawley Raleigh um, which 605 00:35:20,560 --> 00:35:24,000 Speaker 1: brings us to that Cloak story. It is probably apocryphal, 606 00:35:24,040 --> 00:35:26,640 Speaker 1: but it has really stuck around and it's often repeated 607 00:35:26,680 --> 00:35:28,960 Speaker 1: as fact. I know I heard it like as part 608 00:35:29,000 --> 00:35:32,240 Speaker 1: of a lesson in elementary school on how to remember 609 00:35:32,280 --> 00:35:35,640 Speaker 1: who he was. I found it in very reputable websites 610 00:35:35,920 --> 00:35:39,480 Speaker 1: as like a real thing that happened. And a big 611 00:35:39,480 --> 00:35:42,120 Speaker 1: part of that is because, based on Raleigh's personality and 612 00:35:42,160 --> 00:35:44,759 Speaker 1: everything we've talked about today, you can think, yeah, but 613 00:35:44,880 --> 00:35:46,799 Speaker 1: he would probably be the type of guy who would 614 00:35:46,840 --> 00:35:50,080 Speaker 1: do something kind of uh, not just chivalrous, but also 615 00:35:50,120 --> 00:35:51,880 Speaker 1: a little showy that way, like that's kind of a 616 00:35:51,880 --> 00:35:53,960 Speaker 1: show body move to be like no, no, walk on 617 00:35:54,080 --> 00:35:59,760 Speaker 1: my beautiful clothes. And this cloak story, the earliest record 618 00:35:59,760 --> 00:36:02,560 Speaker 1: of it we have is from History of the Worthies 619 00:36:02,600 --> 00:36:06,240 Speaker 1: of England, written by Thomas Fuller in sixteen sixty two. 620 00:36:06,680 --> 00:36:08,920 Speaker 1: Since it's such an iconic story, it seems like a 621 00:36:08,920 --> 00:36:11,920 Speaker 1: good way to end today's show. So here is how 622 00:36:11,960 --> 00:36:17,000 Speaker 1: Thomas Fuller recounts it. Quote, This Captain Raleigh, coming out 623 00:36:17,040 --> 00:36:20,160 Speaker 1: of Ireland to the English court in good habit, his 624 00:36:20,320 --> 00:36:24,040 Speaker 1: clothes being then a considerable part of his estate, found 625 00:36:24,080 --> 00:36:28,080 Speaker 1: the Queen walking till meeting with a plashy place. She 626 00:36:28,200 --> 00:36:32,680 Speaker 1: seemed to scruple going there on. Presently Raleigh cast and 627 00:36:32,760 --> 00:36:35,480 Speaker 1: spread his new plush cloak on the ground, where on 628 00:36:35,719 --> 00:36:40,160 Speaker 1: the Queen trod gently, rewarding him afterwards with many suits 629 00:36:40,200 --> 00:36:43,600 Speaker 1: for his so free and sasonable tender of so fair 630 00:36:43,640 --> 00:36:48,800 Speaker 1: a footcloth. Thus an advantageous admission into the first notice 631 00:36:48,840 --> 00:36:51,360 Speaker 1: of a prince is more than half a degree to 632 00:36:51,520 --> 00:36:59,719 Speaker 1: perform it. Say so much for joining us on this 633 00:37:00,000 --> 00:37:02,480 Speaker 1: matter day. Since this episode is out of the archive, 634 00:37:02,560 --> 00:37:04,640 Speaker 1: if you heard an email address or Facebook U r 635 00:37:04,800 --> 00:37:06,799 Speaker 1: L or something similar over the course of the show, 636 00:37:07,000 --> 00:37:10,840 Speaker 1: that could be obsolete. Now. Our current email address is 637 00:37:11,000 --> 00:37:15,480 Speaker 1: History Podcast at i heart radio dot com. Our old 638 00:37:15,520 --> 00:37:18,719 Speaker 1: health stuff works email address no longer works, and you 639 00:37:18,760 --> 00:37:22,080 Speaker 1: can find us all over social media at missed in History. 640 00:37:22,280 --> 00:37:25,319 Speaker 1: And you can subscribe to our show on Apple podcasts, 641 00:37:25,320 --> 00:37:28,560 Speaker 1: Google podcasts, the I heart Radio app, and wherever else 642 00:37:28,600 --> 00:37:34,600 Speaker 1: you listen to podcasts. Stuff You Missed in History Class 643 00:37:34,640 --> 00:37:37,719 Speaker 1: is a production of I heart Radio. For more podcasts 644 00:37:37,719 --> 00:37:41,279 Speaker 1: from i heeart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple podcasts, 645 00:37:41,400 --> 00:37:43,400 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.