1 00:00:02,279 --> 00:00:06,199 Speaker 1: Hey, listeners. This episode is part of our new playlist 2 00:00:06,240 --> 00:00:08,920 Speaker 1: to help everybody get through these times we're living in. 3 00:00:09,440 --> 00:00:12,400 Speaker 1: It's our host faves playlist. Yeah, these are just some 4 00:00:12,480 --> 00:00:15,000 Speaker 1: of our personal favorites, ones that we had a particular 5 00:00:15,040 --> 00:00:18,599 Speaker 1: affinity for, and because these are stressful and trying times, 6 00:00:18,680 --> 00:00:22,240 Speaker 1: we tried to stick to the ones that weren't quite 7 00:00:22,280 --> 00:00:25,160 Speaker 1: as dour. So hopefully they'll give you a little lift. 8 00:00:25,320 --> 00:00:31,560 Speaker 1: Stay safe. Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, 9 00:00:31,840 --> 00:00:41,120 Speaker 1: a production of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to 10 00:00:41,159 --> 00:00:44,720 Speaker 1: the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. 11 00:00:45,000 --> 00:00:48,960 Speaker 1: Christine de Pison pretty much frequently summed up as a 12 00:00:49,120 --> 00:00:51,720 Speaker 1: late medieval writer, but the word writer just does not 13 00:00:52,880 --> 00:00:56,319 Speaker 1: encompass everything that she did at all. She wrote all 14 00:00:56,440 --> 00:01:00,120 Speaker 1: kinds of verse. She wrote military manuals and treatises on 15 00:01:00,200 --> 00:01:03,120 Speaker 1: war and peace and the just governance of a nation. 16 00:01:03,800 --> 00:01:07,520 Speaker 1: She wrote an autobiography in the form of an allegory. 17 00:01:07,640 --> 00:01:09,960 Speaker 1: She was the official biographer of King Charles the fifth 18 00:01:10,000 --> 00:01:13,040 Speaker 1: of France, and she wrote the only popular piece of 19 00:01:13,080 --> 00:01:16,479 Speaker 1: writing that praised Joan of Arc while Joan of Arc 20 00:01:16,520 --> 00:01:19,840 Speaker 1: was still living. She also wrote the Book of the 21 00:01:19,840 --> 00:01:22,759 Speaker 1: City of Ladies, which is a compilation of notable women 22 00:01:22,840 --> 00:01:26,600 Speaker 1: from history, literature, and mythology. That was one part of 23 00:01:26,600 --> 00:01:31,360 Speaker 1: her very active participation in an ongoing debate in medieval 24 00:01:31,400 --> 00:01:35,679 Speaker 1: France about the nature of women and their representation in 25 00:01:35,840 --> 00:01:41,160 Speaker 1: history and literature, something we still discussed today, and until 26 00:01:41,280 --> 00:01:45,160 Speaker 1: Christine got involved, this argument had mostly been or exclusively 27 00:01:45,200 --> 00:01:48,720 Speaker 1: really been going on among men. So she was pretty great, 28 00:01:48,760 --> 00:01:51,280 Speaker 1: we're gonna talk about it today. Christine de Poisson was 29 00:01:51,320 --> 00:01:54,440 Speaker 1: born in Venice, Italy, in thirteen sixty four. Her father 30 00:01:54,560 --> 00:01:58,600 Speaker 1: was Tomazzo die ben Venuto de Pisano, or Thomas of Poison, 31 00:01:59,160 --> 00:02:01,720 Speaker 1: who was a government an advisor and a professor there 32 00:02:02,040 --> 00:02:04,960 Speaker 1: and not long after Christine was born, though, he was 33 00:02:05,000 --> 00:02:07,680 Speaker 1: appointed to the court of Charles the fifth of France 34 00:02:07,880 --> 00:02:11,640 Speaker 1: to serve as the king's medical advisor and astrologer, or 35 00:02:12,080 --> 00:02:16,320 Speaker 1: his medical astrologer. These two things were pretty tightly connected 36 00:02:16,320 --> 00:02:19,680 Speaker 1: at that point. When Christine was three or four, she 37 00:02:19,760 --> 00:02:22,440 Speaker 1: and the rest of the family joined her father in France. 38 00:02:22,919 --> 00:02:25,880 Speaker 1: Her father was a humanist and a highly educated man, 39 00:02:25,919 --> 00:02:28,320 Speaker 1: and he made sure all of his children were educated. 40 00:02:28,600 --> 00:02:31,120 Speaker 1: He gave Christine the same education that he gave to 41 00:02:31,240 --> 00:02:34,359 Speaker 1: his sons Growing up in the court of Charles the 42 00:02:34,400 --> 00:02:38,200 Speaker 1: Fifth also gave Christine and her siblings access to extensive 43 00:02:38,280 --> 00:02:43,359 Speaker 1: libraries and numerous prominent scholars. Charles the fifth was nicknamed 44 00:02:43,400 --> 00:02:47,639 Speaker 1: Charles the Wise, and he surrounded himself with cultured, educated people, 45 00:02:48,000 --> 00:02:51,560 Speaker 1: and he assembled an incredible library at the Louver, so 46 00:02:51,760 --> 00:02:55,480 Speaker 1: by her early teens, Christine was well read and well educated, 47 00:02:55,680 --> 00:02:58,799 Speaker 1: and the breadth of her reading was just incredible. It 48 00:02:58,919 --> 00:03:01,600 Speaker 1: set her up to right about everything from love to 49 00:03:01,720 --> 00:03:06,080 Speaker 1: military strategy. Later in her life, when she was about fifteen, 50 00:03:06,240 --> 00:03:09,680 Speaker 1: a marriage was arranged for Christine. It was to court 51 00:03:09,840 --> 00:03:13,840 Speaker 1: notary Etienne du Castell, who was about twenty five. The 52 00:03:13,880 --> 00:03:16,480 Speaker 1: same year that they got married, Etienne was appointed court 53 00:03:16,560 --> 00:03:20,040 Speaker 1: secretary in spite of her youth when they got married 54 00:03:20,080 --> 00:03:22,800 Speaker 1: and the difference in their ages, Christine described this marriage 55 00:03:22,840 --> 00:03:26,359 Speaker 1: as a very happy one. They had three children together, 56 00:03:26,480 --> 00:03:29,960 Speaker 1: two sons and a daughter, and Etienne encouraged Christine to 57 00:03:30,000 --> 00:03:33,360 Speaker 1: continue her studies after she got married and became a mother. 58 00:03:33,960 --> 00:03:38,280 Speaker 1: But things started going downhill for Christine and her previously 59 00:03:38,320 --> 00:03:42,200 Speaker 1: happy family. In thirt eighty, Charles the fifth died of 60 00:03:42,240 --> 00:03:44,520 Speaker 1: an abscess at the age of forty two, and he 61 00:03:44,600 --> 00:03:47,840 Speaker 1: was succeeded by his son, Charles the sixth. We actually 62 00:03:47,840 --> 00:03:50,560 Speaker 1: did a podcast on Charles the sixth in August of 63 00:03:50,600 --> 00:03:54,720 Speaker 1: two thousand seventeen. He was the one who initially showed 64 00:03:54,760 --> 00:03:57,040 Speaker 1: a lot of promise as a leader, but then developed 65 00:03:57,080 --> 00:04:00,840 Speaker 1: cycles of terrifying and violent psychosis when he reached his 66 00:04:00,880 --> 00:04:04,280 Speaker 1: early twenties. When Charles the fifth died, though Charles the 67 00:04:04,320 --> 00:04:07,880 Speaker 1: six was only eleven, so his uncle's were doing most 68 00:04:07,880 --> 00:04:11,000 Speaker 1: of the actual ruling and all the political back and 69 00:04:11,080 --> 00:04:15,760 Speaker 1: forth in court, Christine's father lost his position. Etienne still 70 00:04:15,840 --> 00:04:18,560 Speaker 1: had his post as secretary, but he was being paid 71 00:04:18,640 --> 00:04:22,200 Speaker 1: a lot less, so the family fell into financial difficulty, 72 00:04:22,320 --> 00:04:26,320 Speaker 1: and that was compounded when Christine's father died sometime in 73 00:04:26,320 --> 00:04:31,799 Speaker 1: the late thirteen eighties. Then Christine's husband died suddenly inte 74 00:04:31,960 --> 00:04:34,760 Speaker 1: possibly due to plague, while he was away from home 75 00:04:34,839 --> 00:04:37,560 Speaker 1: on a mission for the crown. So at the age 76 00:04:37,560 --> 00:04:40,640 Speaker 1: of twenty five or twenty six, after ten years of marriage, 77 00:04:40,720 --> 00:04:44,400 Speaker 1: Christine was a widow with children to support because of 78 00:04:44,440 --> 00:04:47,760 Speaker 1: her father's death. She also needed to support her elderly mother, 79 00:04:48,200 --> 00:04:50,799 Speaker 1: and the family had taken in a niece as well. 80 00:04:51,400 --> 00:04:53,920 Speaker 1: It does appear that in all of this Christine had 81 00:04:54,000 --> 00:04:57,520 Speaker 1: inherited some property. She was entitled some of her late 82 00:04:57,640 --> 00:05:00,919 Speaker 1: husband's salary as well, but actually getting any of this 83 00:05:01,080 --> 00:05:05,160 Speaker 1: became this really complicated legal tangle. It was exacerbated by 84 00:05:05,200 --> 00:05:07,279 Speaker 1: the fact that she was a woman, which made it 85 00:05:07,320 --> 00:05:09,600 Speaker 1: a lot harder for her to advocate for herself. And 86 00:05:09,680 --> 00:05:15,120 Speaker 1: all of these matters was eventually resolved after about fifteen years, 87 00:05:15,279 --> 00:05:19,040 Speaker 1: but that did not help her at all in the meantime. Yeah, 88 00:05:19,040 --> 00:05:21,640 Speaker 1: fifteen years is a long time to have financial struggles 89 00:05:21,640 --> 00:05:24,680 Speaker 1: while you try to get what is due to you, right, 90 00:05:24,960 --> 00:05:27,560 Speaker 1: That's a long time to have to deal with them. 91 00:05:27,680 --> 00:05:30,520 Speaker 1: Christine did have other family that she could have gone 92 00:05:30,520 --> 00:05:33,640 Speaker 1: to live with, or she could have remarried. Either of 93 00:05:33,640 --> 00:05:35,760 Speaker 1: those would have been the typical course of action for 94 00:05:35,800 --> 00:05:39,039 Speaker 1: a woman in her situation, but she didn't want to 95 00:05:39,080 --> 00:05:42,400 Speaker 1: do then, in part because she was so heartbroken following 96 00:05:42,400 --> 00:05:45,680 Speaker 1: the death of her husband, so she decided to try 97 00:05:45,720 --> 00:05:48,440 Speaker 1: to earn a living as a writer. This is kind 98 00:05:48,440 --> 00:05:50,599 Speaker 1: of a theme on the show. We've done a number 99 00:05:50,640 --> 00:05:53,840 Speaker 1: of previous episodes about women who decided to earn a 100 00:05:53,880 --> 00:05:57,640 Speaker 1: living by writing. This is because for big chunks of history, 101 00:05:57,720 --> 00:06:00,839 Speaker 1: writing has been one of a very few available options 102 00:06:00,880 --> 00:06:03,719 Speaker 1: for women from the more affluent social classes to try 103 00:06:03,760 --> 00:06:06,719 Speaker 1: to earn their own money. At the same time, writing 104 00:06:06,920 --> 00:06:11,599 Speaker 1: wasn't necessarily totally acceptable, and sometimes it was only possible 105 00:06:11,640 --> 00:06:14,359 Speaker 1: while writing under the name of a man. But for 106 00:06:14,480 --> 00:06:17,640 Speaker 1: a particular social class it was one of a very 107 00:06:17,760 --> 00:06:20,919 Speaker 1: very few options. But there is a really big difference 108 00:06:20,960 --> 00:06:23,719 Speaker 1: between Christine de Paison and other women that we've talked 109 00:06:23,760 --> 00:06:26,360 Speaker 1: about on the podcast who decided to earn their own 110 00:06:26,360 --> 00:06:30,240 Speaker 1: money as writers. She lived before the invention of the 111 00:06:30,279 --> 00:06:34,120 Speaker 1: printing press. There were multiple printing methods in use in 112 00:06:34,160 --> 00:06:38,160 Speaker 1: Asia long before this, but in the West, Johann Gutenberg 113 00:06:38,240 --> 00:06:41,280 Speaker 1: is credited with developing a press that used movable type 114 00:06:41,480 --> 00:06:45,560 Speaker 1: sometime in the early to mid fourteen hundreds. Christine died 115 00:06:46,000 --> 00:06:49,520 Speaker 1: long before Gutenberg printed his Bible and long before the 116 00:06:49,560 --> 00:06:53,000 Speaker 1: printing press revolutionized the way publishing worked in the West. 117 00:06:53,080 --> 00:06:55,479 Speaker 1: So unlike the other women that we've talked about on 118 00:06:55,520 --> 00:06:58,120 Speaker 1: the show who made their living by writing, she was 119 00:06:58,160 --> 00:07:02,159 Speaker 1: not writing books to sell to the masses or through subscriptions. 120 00:07:02,520 --> 00:07:06,760 Speaker 1: There wasn't a mass distribution method that was efficient at all. 121 00:07:07,200 --> 00:07:10,120 Speaker 1: To sum it up, Christine de Pisan was going to 122 00:07:10,160 --> 00:07:13,280 Speaker 1: try to make a living as a writer of medieval 123 00:07:13,400 --> 00:07:18,160 Speaker 1: illuminated manuscripts. The very few people who earned a living 124 00:07:18,240 --> 00:07:21,120 Speaker 1: writing at this point, we're doing so by writing commissioned 125 00:07:21,120 --> 00:07:25,240 Speaker 1: works for wealthy patrons. It was virtually unheard of for 126 00:07:25,320 --> 00:07:28,560 Speaker 1: a woman to go out seeking patrons, but Christine did. 127 00:07:29,360 --> 00:07:32,280 Speaker 1: It definitely helped that she had so many connections, from 128 00:07:32,280 --> 00:07:35,120 Speaker 1: having grown up connected to the royal court and from 129 00:07:35,120 --> 00:07:38,040 Speaker 1: being the widow of a court secretary. It also helped 130 00:07:38,040 --> 00:07:40,400 Speaker 1: that she started out writing the kinds of pieces that 131 00:07:40,480 --> 00:07:44,360 Speaker 1: were really popular at the time, including lyric poems and allegories. 132 00:07:45,080 --> 00:07:48,560 Speaker 1: Love poems were especially popular, and Christine had a lot 133 00:07:48,640 --> 00:07:51,600 Speaker 1: to draw from. She really channeled her grief over her 134 00:07:51,680 --> 00:07:54,440 Speaker 1: husband's death into a lot of her early work, and 135 00:07:54,520 --> 00:07:57,640 Speaker 1: she called her happier love poems written during this time, 136 00:07:58,200 --> 00:08:02,200 Speaker 1: singing joyously with a set ad heart. Her first commissions 137 00:08:02,200 --> 00:08:05,560 Speaker 1: were short pieces for members of the French nobility, or 138 00:08:05,680 --> 00:08:08,080 Speaker 1: she would dedicate a poem to someone who would then 139 00:08:08,280 --> 00:08:11,280 Speaker 1: give her a gift as a gesture of thanks. In 140 00:08:11,360 --> 00:08:13,720 Speaker 1: less than a year, her work was being passed around 141 00:08:13,800 --> 00:08:17,280 Speaker 1: and read outside of France. By fourteen o three, she 142 00:08:17,360 --> 00:08:19,840 Speaker 1: had written enough poems to turn them into a collection 143 00:08:20,320 --> 00:08:25,120 Speaker 1: that was one ballad ver and those are three different 144 00:08:25,120 --> 00:08:28,400 Speaker 1: poetic forms. Uh. She also made ends meet by doing 145 00:08:28,600 --> 00:08:32,959 Speaker 1: transcriptions and illustrations of other people's work and may I. 146 00:08:34,240 --> 00:08:36,720 Speaker 1: While she was still writing the poems that would later 147 00:08:36,760 --> 00:08:39,920 Speaker 1: become that first collection, she also wrote an eight hundred 148 00:08:39,960 --> 00:08:42,360 Speaker 1: and sixty verse poem called The Letters of the God 149 00:08:42,400 --> 00:08:45,480 Speaker 1: of Love or the Letters of Cupid, written in the 150 00:08:45,520 --> 00:08:48,319 Speaker 1: form of a letter to Cupid during a spring festival. 151 00:08:48,480 --> 00:08:52,640 Speaker 1: Although sometimes it's translated as a letter from Cupid. There's 152 00:08:52,679 --> 00:08:55,240 Speaker 1: a lot of variety and how people approached her work 153 00:08:55,280 --> 00:08:59,080 Speaker 1: in translating it. In this work, women from a range 154 00:08:59,120 --> 00:09:02,720 Speaker 1: of social classes, married and unmarried, describe a number of 155 00:09:02,800 --> 00:09:06,760 Speaker 1: insults and degradations that they have experienced in their lives. 156 00:09:07,679 --> 00:09:11,080 Speaker 1: And these insults and degradations are not just from knights 157 00:09:11,120 --> 00:09:14,200 Speaker 1: and nobles and other real life men, or from the 158 00:09:14,320 --> 00:09:19,040 Speaker 1: general expectations of society. They're from works of literature, including 159 00:09:19,440 --> 00:09:22,400 Speaker 1: Roman de la Rose or The Romance of the Rose. 160 00:09:23,160 --> 00:09:26,760 Speaker 1: Romand de la Rose was a very long, incredibly popular, 161 00:09:26,800 --> 00:09:30,920 Speaker 1: and widely read poem about love. According to the Letters 162 00:09:30,920 --> 00:09:33,439 Speaker 1: of Cupid, was one of the things that was causing 163 00:09:33,480 --> 00:09:36,800 Speaker 1: offense to women. The conclusion of this poem wasn't about 164 00:09:36,920 --> 00:09:41,199 Speaker 1: love at all. It was about deception and unscrupulous men 165 00:09:41,320 --> 00:09:45,120 Speaker 1: taking advantage of women's trust. Letters of Cupid seems to 166 00:09:45,160 --> 00:09:48,000 Speaker 1: have spawned a literary quarrel, or if it didn't start 167 00:09:48,040 --> 00:09:50,960 Speaker 1: that quarrel, it was at least written two years before 168 00:09:50,960 --> 00:09:53,840 Speaker 1: the quarrel started in fourteen oh one. And we're gonna 169 00:09:53,880 --> 00:09:55,760 Speaker 1: get to that after we first pause for a little 170 00:09:55,800 --> 00:09:57,920 Speaker 1: break from one of the sponsors that keeps us going. 171 00:10:06,679 --> 00:10:10,720 Speaker 1: When gilm Di and Laurie started writing Romando la Rose 172 00:10:10,720 --> 00:10:13,520 Speaker 1: in the late twelve thirties, it was supposed to explore 173 00:10:13,559 --> 00:10:16,000 Speaker 1: the whole art of love. It's a poem that was 174 00:10:16,080 --> 00:10:19,720 Speaker 1: deeply connected to the traditional poetic forms and the themes 175 00:10:19,760 --> 00:10:22,720 Speaker 1: of courtly love that were a huge part of medieval 176 00:10:22,880 --> 00:10:27,199 Speaker 1: European literature. If you have read medieval European literature, you 177 00:10:27,240 --> 00:10:31,800 Speaker 1: will recognize these things. This poem is a dream allegory 178 00:10:31,880 --> 00:10:33,960 Speaker 1: that tells the story of a man in a walled 179 00:10:34,000 --> 00:10:36,559 Speaker 1: garden who's trying to get to a rose, and that 180 00:10:36,679 --> 00:10:41,320 Speaker 1: rose symbolizes love. Along the way, he meets characters like 181 00:10:41,480 --> 00:10:46,520 Speaker 1: beauty and generosity, and honesty and chastity. He's also shot 182 00:10:46,559 --> 00:10:49,560 Speaker 1: by Cupid's arrows, and the rose is given more and 183 00:10:49,600 --> 00:10:54,240 Speaker 1: more protection, and those allegorical characters like beauty and Generosity 184 00:10:54,280 --> 00:10:58,000 Speaker 1: coach him in a very courtly way in the Pursuit 185 00:10:58,080 --> 00:11:01,800 Speaker 1: of Love. Gilm died around twelve seventy eight, and about 186 00:11:01,840 --> 00:11:05,240 Speaker 1: forty years later Jean de Muin decided to add to 187 00:11:05,320 --> 00:11:08,320 Speaker 1: the poem, and it's this additional material that was at 188 00:11:08,320 --> 00:11:11,400 Speaker 1: the heart of the quarrel of the Rose, written in 189 00:11:11,440 --> 00:11:15,559 Speaker 1: a very body suggestive style. In Gen de Muin's addition, 190 00:11:15,840 --> 00:11:19,120 Speaker 1: the narrator goes on a lengthy battle before calling on Venus, 191 00:11:19,440 --> 00:11:22,760 Speaker 1: who represents Carnel Love, to set fire to the castle 192 00:11:22,800 --> 00:11:25,280 Speaker 1: where the rose is being sheltered and then pluck it. 193 00:11:25,880 --> 00:11:28,600 Speaker 1: There is a lot of violence and deception involved, and 194 00:11:28,600 --> 00:11:31,120 Speaker 1: it is basically the opposite of the tone in the 195 00:11:31,160 --> 00:11:34,960 Speaker 1: first part of the poem. Gen de Muens ending to 196 00:11:35,040 --> 00:11:37,040 Speaker 1: the Roman de la Rose was at the heart of 197 00:11:37,080 --> 00:11:41,679 Speaker 1: a multi year literary quarrel among the French court. Two 198 00:11:41,760 --> 00:11:45,200 Speaker 1: years after Christine de Pizzan criticized it in her Letters 199 00:11:45,280 --> 00:11:51,079 Speaker 1: of Cupid, another gen Jean Demontroy, wrote an essay praising 200 00:11:51,200 --> 00:11:55,480 Speaker 1: the body violent ending. So it's not a hud clear 201 00:11:55,559 --> 00:11:58,360 Speaker 1: whether he had read the Letters of Cupid, but she 202 00:11:58,480 --> 00:12:01,760 Speaker 1: definitely made this point before he wrote his defense of 203 00:12:01,840 --> 00:12:05,520 Speaker 1: this poem. The text of the essay has not survived 204 00:12:05,559 --> 00:12:10,080 Speaker 1: until today, but concurring with his opinions were Guntier Cole 205 00:12:10,200 --> 00:12:14,320 Speaker 1: and his brother Pierre. Jean de Montroi and Gantier Cole 206 00:12:14,440 --> 00:12:18,200 Speaker 1: were both secretaries to Charles the sixth and Pierre was 207 00:12:18,240 --> 00:12:21,400 Speaker 1: the canon of Notre Dame. After reading this essay in 208 00:12:21,440 --> 00:12:25,120 Speaker 1: fourteen o one, Christine wrote Jean a lengthy letter taking 209 00:12:25,120 --> 00:12:28,280 Speaker 1: apart all of his points. She pointed out not only 210 00:12:28,320 --> 00:12:32,200 Speaker 1: the poems graphics, suggestive language, and its violence and deception, 211 00:12:32,760 --> 00:12:34,520 Speaker 1: but also the fact that a lot of the most 212 00:12:34,559 --> 00:12:38,640 Speaker 1: negative allegorical characters were depicted as women. She made it 213 00:12:38,760 --> 00:12:40,800 Speaker 1: very clear that she did not think that the second 214 00:12:40,880 --> 00:12:43,440 Speaker 1: part of Roman de la Rouse was worth the giant 215 00:12:43,520 --> 00:12:47,320 Speaker 1: heaps of praise that he had given it in this essay. Really, 216 00:12:47,360 --> 00:12:49,840 Speaker 1: she did not pull any punches with this. Here is 217 00:12:49,880 --> 00:12:53,319 Speaker 1: something she wrote in this letter quote, It truly seems 218 00:12:53,360 --> 00:12:57,520 Speaker 1: to me that, in view of the aforementioned arguments and 219 00:12:57,640 --> 00:13:01,640 Speaker 1: many others, this work should morph fittingly be engulfed in 220 00:13:01,679 --> 00:13:05,480 Speaker 1: a shroud of flame than crowned with Laurel. Even though 221 00:13:05,600 --> 00:13:08,000 Speaker 1: you call it quote a mirror of the good life, 222 00:13:08,160 --> 00:13:11,360 Speaker 1: an example to all classes for political self conduct and 223 00:13:11,400 --> 00:13:16,640 Speaker 1: for living religiously and wisely. On the contrary, begging your pardon, 224 00:13:17,080 --> 00:13:20,240 Speaker 1: I say that it is an exhortation to vice that 225 00:13:20,440 --> 00:13:24,560 Speaker 1: encourages a dissolute life, a doctrine of deceit, a path 226 00:13:24,679 --> 00:13:29,160 Speaker 1: to damnation, a purveyor of public defamation, a cause of 227 00:13:29,200 --> 00:13:33,160 Speaker 1: suspicion and distrust, a source of shame to many people, 228 00:13:33,760 --> 00:13:37,760 Speaker 1: and perhaps a seed of heresy. This led to a 229 00:13:37,760 --> 00:13:41,840 Speaker 1: whole series of exchanged essays and letters, le Jean Gerson, 230 00:13:42,160 --> 00:13:45,720 Speaker 1: Chancellor of the University of Paris, taking Christine's side in 231 00:13:45,760 --> 00:13:48,640 Speaker 1: the debate. Although a lot of the debate was about 232 00:13:48,640 --> 00:13:51,800 Speaker 1: the poems more graphic content and its treatment and depiction 233 00:13:51,840 --> 00:13:55,480 Speaker 1: of women, it was also connected to overall concerns of 234 00:13:55,520 --> 00:13:58,840 Speaker 1: poetic style and language and whether it was appropriate for 235 00:13:58,920 --> 00:14:02,280 Speaker 1: a formal work of to include that kind of subject matter. 236 00:14:02,720 --> 00:14:06,040 Speaker 1: Christine's argument also connected to the idea that gen de 237 00:14:06,160 --> 00:14:09,360 Speaker 1: Mun had a responsibility as a writer with an audience, 238 00:14:09,720 --> 00:14:12,400 Speaker 1: and that was a responsibility not to go sneaking a 239 00:14:12,400 --> 00:14:15,400 Speaker 1: bunch of misogyny into a work. Under the trappings of 240 00:14:15,440 --> 00:14:19,560 Speaker 1: formal poetry and courtly love. Christine also thought that writers 241 00:14:19,560 --> 00:14:22,560 Speaker 1: should be creating work that would improve society, not make 242 00:14:22,600 --> 00:14:25,600 Speaker 1: it worse, and they especially shouldn't be making society worse 243 00:14:25,640 --> 00:14:29,800 Speaker 1: by using respectable poetic forms to degrade women. I feel 244 00:14:29,800 --> 00:14:32,640 Speaker 1: like I have lived through this exact same argument on 245 00:14:32,680 --> 00:14:37,120 Speaker 1: the Internet over and over for the last entire history 246 00:14:37,160 --> 00:14:40,120 Speaker 1: of the Internet. Yeah, that seems that seems accurate to be. 247 00:14:41,520 --> 00:14:44,280 Speaker 1: By the time this was all said and done, Christine 248 00:14:44,320 --> 00:14:47,040 Speaker 1: had written almost as much on the subject as all 249 00:14:47,080 --> 00:14:50,480 Speaker 1: of the other people involved combined. She wrote in a 250 00:14:50,600 --> 00:14:54,400 Speaker 1: very self deprecating, self effacing way, and as with her 251 00:14:54,400 --> 00:14:56,680 Speaker 1: other works, she wrote in Middle French while the men 252 00:14:56,800 --> 00:14:59,840 Speaker 1: were writing in formal Latin. Her tone was often like, 253 00:15:00,480 --> 00:15:02,640 Speaker 1: I know, I'm only a woman, and I'm not nearly 254 00:15:02,640 --> 00:15:04,760 Speaker 1: so learned as you, sir, but I think I have 255 00:15:04,840 --> 00:15:07,320 Speaker 1: some experience with this, and here is why the end 256 00:15:07,360 --> 00:15:10,680 Speaker 1: of Romando la Rose is sexist garbage, deserving no praise 257 00:15:10,720 --> 00:15:15,280 Speaker 1: at all. She also collated all the exchange letters in 258 00:15:15,360 --> 00:15:17,880 Speaker 1: fourteen o two, and she delivered them to the Provost 259 00:15:17,920 --> 00:15:21,440 Speaker 1: of Paris and Charles the sixth wife Isabella of Bavaria 260 00:15:21,840 --> 00:15:25,920 Speaker 1: asking for their support. She brought the receipts directly there 261 00:15:26,600 --> 00:15:30,840 Speaker 1: she did. The Quarrel of the Rose also led to 262 00:15:30,880 --> 00:15:33,840 Speaker 1: Christine writing her most famous work, The Book of the 263 00:15:33,840 --> 00:15:37,200 Speaker 1: City of Ladies. Like Romando La Rose, this is a 264 00:15:37,280 --> 00:15:41,320 Speaker 1: dream allegory, It's one with Christine as a character. It 265 00:15:41,360 --> 00:15:44,920 Speaker 1: begins with the character Christine studying and she finds book 266 00:15:44,960 --> 00:15:48,240 Speaker 1: after book, all of them written by men, describing women 267 00:15:48,360 --> 00:15:52,680 Speaker 1: as wicked and full of vice. The character Christine finally 268 00:15:52,720 --> 00:15:56,760 Speaker 1: becomes convinced if so many great and educated men have 269 00:15:56,880 --> 00:16:00,560 Speaker 1: written so many negative things about women, then surely those 270 00:16:00,560 --> 00:16:03,320 Speaker 1: things must be true. She goes so far as to 271 00:16:03,360 --> 00:16:06,720 Speaker 1: ask God how he could have made something as terrible 272 00:16:06,760 --> 00:16:09,320 Speaker 1: as women, and to wish that she had instead been 273 00:16:09,320 --> 00:16:12,480 Speaker 1: a man, since, according to all this literary evidence in 274 00:16:12,520 --> 00:16:15,840 Speaker 1: front of her, women were worthless and men were great. 275 00:16:16,400 --> 00:16:21,200 Speaker 1: The character Christine is then visited by three ladies Reason, Rectitude, 276 00:16:21,280 --> 00:16:24,840 Speaker 1: and Justice, who offer her comfort and reassurance that all 277 00:16:24,920 --> 00:16:28,320 Speaker 1: these things she has been reading against women are indeed false. 278 00:16:29,040 --> 00:16:31,400 Speaker 1: They say that they have been charged with traveling the 279 00:16:31,440 --> 00:16:33,920 Speaker 1: earth to help people get back on the right path. 280 00:16:34,680 --> 00:16:37,720 Speaker 1: They charge Christine with building a city quote so that 281 00:16:37,840 --> 00:16:41,040 Speaker 1: from now on ladies, and all valiant women may have 282 00:16:41,120 --> 00:16:45,320 Speaker 1: a refuge and defense. Christine and the Three Ladies go 283 00:16:45,440 --> 00:16:48,360 Speaker 1: on to build a city together along the way, picking 284 00:16:48,360 --> 00:16:52,640 Speaker 1: apart various attacks on women and pointing out hypocrisies, like, 285 00:16:52,960 --> 00:16:56,640 Speaker 1: for example, how Ovid's portrayal of women was degrading, but 286 00:16:56,720 --> 00:17:00,640 Speaker 1: the man himself was a vain philanderer. And while building 287 00:17:00,680 --> 00:17:03,480 Speaker 1: the city, Christine and the Three Ladies talk about a 288 00:17:03,600 --> 00:17:09,760 Speaker 1: long list of mythical and historical women, including the Amazon's Zenobia, Sappho, 289 00:17:09,920 --> 00:17:13,399 Speaker 1: and the biblical figures of Sarah, Rebecca, and Ruth. The 290 00:17:13,520 --> 00:17:16,960 Speaker 1: Three Ladies go on to tell Christine about queens and princesses, 291 00:17:17,000 --> 00:17:21,000 Speaker 1: and women scholars and poets. The book's third section is 292 00:17:21,040 --> 00:17:23,800 Speaker 1: all about states and other holy women, and they also 293 00:17:23,880 --> 00:17:27,280 Speaker 1: talk over a lot of more general questions, like why 294 00:17:27,320 --> 00:17:29,880 Speaker 1: there aren't women arguing in the courts of law and 295 00:17:29,960 --> 00:17:33,960 Speaker 1: whether a woman has ever invented anything new. The Book 296 00:17:34,000 --> 00:17:36,200 Speaker 1: of the City of Ladies was a work of literature 297 00:17:36,320 --> 00:17:40,760 Speaker 1: created intentionally to offer a positive portrayal of women and 298 00:17:40,840 --> 00:17:45,400 Speaker 1: to offset widespread depictions of women as weak, deceptive, and immoral. 299 00:17:45,960 --> 00:17:49,040 Speaker 1: To counteract depictions of women as deceptive and unfaithful. It 300 00:17:49,080 --> 00:17:54,240 Speaker 1: offers examples of chastity, constancy, and faithfulness in love. To 301 00:17:54,359 --> 00:17:58,359 Speaker 1: counteract depictions of women as deceptive and dishonest, it offers 302 00:17:58,400 --> 00:18:02,800 Speaker 1: examples of integrity, honesty, and good It also points out 303 00:18:02,840 --> 00:18:06,199 Speaker 1: in numerous places how there are fewer examples of women 304 00:18:06,280 --> 00:18:09,639 Speaker 1: as scholars and leaders because women had fewer opportunities to 305 00:18:09,680 --> 00:18:13,000 Speaker 1: get the education that they needed to become scholars or 306 00:18:13,040 --> 00:18:16,639 Speaker 1: the experience they needed to become leaders. Among other things, 307 00:18:16,680 --> 00:18:19,840 Speaker 1: the book explicitly advocates for girls to get the same 308 00:18:19,960 --> 00:18:22,879 Speaker 1: education as their brothers. The Book of the City of 309 00:18:22,960 --> 00:18:26,119 Speaker 1: Ladies wasn't the first book to compile the biographies of 310 00:18:26,200 --> 00:18:31,200 Speaker 1: real and mythical women into one volume. Giovanni Bocaccio's Concerning 311 00:18:31,240 --> 00:18:34,080 Speaker 1: Famous Women was written about thirty years before that, and 312 00:18:34,160 --> 00:18:36,440 Speaker 1: was the only major work at the time to do so. 313 00:18:37,119 --> 00:18:41,439 Speaker 1: Concerning Famous women was one of Christine Depaison's inspirations, but 314 00:18:41,480 --> 00:18:43,600 Speaker 1: The Book of the City of Ladies was Europe's first 315 00:18:43,600 --> 00:18:45,800 Speaker 1: book of this type to be written by a woman 316 00:18:45,920 --> 00:18:49,600 Speaker 1: from a woman's perspective. Christine de Pison took a copy 317 00:18:49,640 --> 00:18:52,399 Speaker 1: of this book to Isabelle of Bavaria, just like she 318 00:18:52,480 --> 00:18:56,840 Speaker 1: had all of those letters. There's an illustration of that 319 00:18:57,040 --> 00:19:01,800 Speaker 1: encounter of Christine delivering her book is about. In fourteen 320 00:19:01,840 --> 00:19:04,240 Speaker 1: o five, Christine wrote a follow up to the Book 321 00:19:04,240 --> 00:19:06,360 Speaker 1: of the City of Ladies that was called The Treasure 322 00:19:06,400 --> 00:19:09,080 Speaker 1: of the City of Ladies, also sometimes known as the 323 00:19:09,080 --> 00:19:13,320 Speaker 1: Book of the Three Virtues. It's a conduct manual for women, 324 00:19:13,600 --> 00:19:16,400 Speaker 1: which in some ways it's really conventional as the Book 325 00:19:16,400 --> 00:19:18,040 Speaker 1: of the City of Lady was when it comes to 326 00:19:18,040 --> 00:19:21,320 Speaker 1: things like the treatment of marriage and gender roles. It 327 00:19:21,400 --> 00:19:24,359 Speaker 1: assumes that marriage and motherhood or how the world works 328 00:19:24,400 --> 00:19:27,360 Speaker 1: for women, and it advises women on how to get 329 00:19:27,400 --> 00:19:31,879 Speaker 1: the best and most satisfying lives for themselves within that world. 330 00:19:32,280 --> 00:19:34,879 Speaker 1: There is a lot about duty and virtue, but at 331 00:19:34,920 --> 00:19:37,800 Speaker 1: the same time, the Book of the Three Virtues also 332 00:19:37,880 --> 00:19:41,639 Speaker 1: points out that expectations placed on women were impossible to 333 00:19:41,680 --> 00:19:45,000 Speaker 1: live up to, and rather than being framed as this 334 00:19:45,080 --> 00:19:47,320 Speaker 1: is how you should conduct yourself because it's what God 335 00:19:47,359 --> 00:19:50,720 Speaker 1: wants and what your husband expects, it's more like, this 336 00:19:50,800 --> 00:19:52,800 Speaker 1: is how you should conduct yourself to get the best 337 00:19:52,840 --> 00:19:55,840 Speaker 1: possible place for yourself in the situation that you're in. 338 00:19:56,680 --> 00:19:59,199 Speaker 1: It's more about women improving their quality of life than 339 00:19:59,240 --> 00:20:02,680 Speaker 1: about women thing up to social expectations. And there's also 340 00:20:02,760 --> 00:20:05,359 Speaker 1: a lot of encouragement for women to be self sufficient, 341 00:20:05,680 --> 00:20:08,800 Speaker 1: whether they are a widow pondering remarriage or a married 342 00:20:08,800 --> 00:20:11,040 Speaker 1: woman considering how much of a role to play in 343 00:20:11,080 --> 00:20:14,359 Speaker 1: the management of her household. That I read one description 344 00:20:14,480 --> 00:20:16,760 Speaker 1: of this book as I was researching this that called 345 00:20:16,760 --> 00:20:25,320 Speaker 1: it Machiavelli for medieval French women. Like Christine's other writing, 346 00:20:25,560 --> 00:20:27,879 Speaker 1: the Book of Virtues is steeped in a sense of 347 00:20:27,960 --> 00:20:32,040 Speaker 1: Christian virtue and piety. This probably offered her some protection 348 00:20:32,440 --> 00:20:36,000 Speaker 1: as an incredibly outspoken woman who was pointing out and 349 00:20:36,040 --> 00:20:39,200 Speaker 1: contradicting sexism and misogyny over and over and over again. 350 00:20:39,880 --> 00:20:42,080 Speaker 1: That made it kind of hard to criticize what she 351 00:20:42,200 --> 00:20:46,760 Speaker 1: was doing without also looking like you were criticizing Christian values. 352 00:20:46,840 --> 00:20:49,560 Speaker 1: I mean, she did get criticism, but this this buffered 353 00:20:49,600 --> 00:20:53,159 Speaker 1: it a little. Christine de Poisson didn't only address women 354 00:20:53,160 --> 00:20:56,560 Speaker 1: in her writing about conduct. Her Moral Teachings was a 355 00:20:56,560 --> 00:20:59,920 Speaker 1: collection of advice written in verse for her son, Jehan 356 00:21:00,040 --> 00:21:02,399 Speaker 1: du Castel, as he was leaving to go to England 357 00:21:02,480 --> 00:21:04,920 Speaker 1: to be fostered, and she also wrote a lot of 358 00:21:04,960 --> 00:21:07,680 Speaker 1: advicement for kings and nobility and we're going to talk 359 00:21:07,720 --> 00:21:19,560 Speaker 1: more about that after a quick sponsor break. By the 360 00:21:19,640 --> 00:21:22,160 Speaker 1: time Christine de Pison wrote the Book of the City 361 00:21:22,200 --> 00:21:24,919 Speaker 1: of Ladies, she had become well known enough that she 362 00:21:25,040 --> 00:21:28,320 Speaker 1: was getting commissions for work that were well outside of 363 00:21:28,359 --> 00:21:32,320 Speaker 1: those popular poetic forms that we talked about earlier. Philip, 364 00:21:32,359 --> 00:21:35,520 Speaker 1: Duke of Burgundy, commissioned her to write a biography of 365 00:21:35,600 --> 00:21:38,119 Speaker 1: his brother Charles the Fifth, in whose court she had 366 00:21:38,160 --> 00:21:41,080 Speaker 1: grown up. He made that commission in fourteen o four. 367 00:21:41,440 --> 00:21:44,359 Speaker 1: The Hundred Years War was going on during the entirety 368 00:21:44,440 --> 00:21:47,720 Speaker 1: of Christine's life, and much of her work turned towards 369 00:21:47,800 --> 00:21:51,439 Speaker 1: issues of war and peace. After the death of Philip 370 00:21:51,480 --> 00:21:54,520 Speaker 1: the Bold in fourteen o four, his son John, also 371 00:21:54,600 --> 00:21:57,880 Speaker 1: known as John the Fearless, became the Duke of Burgundy, 372 00:21:58,040 --> 00:22:01,600 Speaker 1: and his ongoing dispute with Louis, Duke of Orleans prompted 373 00:22:01,680 --> 00:22:04,239 Speaker 1: Christine to write to both of them to advocate for 374 00:22:04,359 --> 00:22:07,480 Speaker 1: peace and to remind them to their duty to their 375 00:22:07,520 --> 00:22:10,879 Speaker 1: people not to go to war at their expense. This, 376 00:22:11,160 --> 00:22:15,280 Speaker 1: unfortunately did not work. The Armagnac Burgundian Civil War started 377 00:22:15,280 --> 00:22:18,919 Speaker 1: in fourteen oh seven, and that lasted for almost thirty years. 378 00:22:19,480 --> 00:22:22,640 Speaker 1: In fourteen ten, she published a book on military leadership 379 00:22:22,680 --> 00:22:26,360 Speaker 1: and tactics called The Book of Deeds and Arms of Chivalry. 380 00:22:26,800 --> 00:22:30,320 Speaker 1: This was yet another totally unexpected thing for a woman 381 00:22:30,400 --> 00:22:32,840 Speaker 1: to be doing, so much so that people thought she 382 00:22:32,920 --> 00:22:36,440 Speaker 1: might have just copied an earlier military manual and other 383 00:22:36,440 --> 00:22:39,960 Speaker 1: books of strategy to do it. A later editor even 384 00:22:40,119 --> 00:22:42,080 Speaker 1: edited her name out of it and made it look 385 00:22:42,119 --> 00:22:44,479 Speaker 1: like it was written by a man. But this was 386 00:22:44,600 --> 00:22:47,560 Speaker 1: Christine's own original work. It was a product of her 387 00:22:47,600 --> 00:22:50,880 Speaker 1: extensive study of history and strategy and tactics, and all 388 00:22:50,920 --> 00:22:52,960 Speaker 1: of that extensive reading she had done in the Court 389 00:22:52,960 --> 00:22:56,840 Speaker 1: of Charles the Fifth. It covers all the military technology 390 00:22:56,880 --> 00:22:59,480 Speaker 1: of the time as well as tactics and strategy, and 391 00:22:59,520 --> 00:23:02,880 Speaker 1: it makes a case that peace is preferable to war, 392 00:23:03,440 --> 00:23:07,920 Speaker 1: but sometimes it's only attainable through war. She fills out 393 00:23:07,960 --> 00:23:12,040 Speaker 1: her discussion of all of this with examples from military history. 394 00:23:12,320 --> 00:23:15,439 Speaker 1: She also walks through the idea of just war, a 395 00:23:15,480 --> 00:23:18,280 Speaker 1: war fought to keep law and justice, to defend the 396 00:23:18,320 --> 00:23:22,159 Speaker 1: people from injury or oppression, or to reclaim stolen land. 397 00:23:22,800 --> 00:23:25,000 Speaker 1: The book discusses how the people fighting in the war 398 00:23:25,040 --> 00:23:28,640 Speaker 1: should conduct themselves justly, and then once the war was over, 399 00:23:28,720 --> 00:23:31,359 Speaker 1: it was incumbent on the ruling class to rule the 400 00:23:31,400 --> 00:23:34,840 Speaker 1: people in a just way. In spite of the questions 401 00:23:34,880 --> 00:23:37,960 Speaker 1: about whether Christine, who after all was a mere woman, 402 00:23:38,119 --> 00:23:41,359 Speaker 1: had just copied this book from someone else, this book 403 00:23:41,440 --> 00:23:44,199 Speaker 1: was translated into English and it became one of the 404 00:23:44,280 --> 00:23:48,720 Speaker 1: first books printed in England after William Caxton established a 405 00:23:48,760 --> 00:23:52,560 Speaker 1: printing press in Westminster. He printed it as The Fate 406 00:23:52,640 --> 00:23:56,760 Speaker 1: of Arms and Chivalry in fourteen eighty nine. We haven't 407 00:23:56,800 --> 00:23:59,359 Speaker 1: really touched on all of Christine's work because she was 408 00:23:59,440 --> 00:24:04,000 Speaker 1: pro fick. Between thirteen and about fourteen fifteen, she wrote 409 00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:07,679 Speaker 1: twelve major works totally more than a thousand pages. She 410 00:24:07,720 --> 00:24:10,959 Speaker 1: also worked directly with the scribes and illuminators who created 411 00:24:11,000 --> 00:24:14,679 Speaker 1: the finished manuscripts of her work. Throughout she was an 412 00:24:14,680 --> 00:24:17,720 Speaker 1: advocate for women as well as for justice and for peace. 413 00:24:18,440 --> 00:24:21,320 Speaker 1: She also paid careful attention to the need to improve 414 00:24:21,400 --> 00:24:24,080 Speaker 1: the lives of the poor, while also trying to encourage 415 00:24:24,080 --> 00:24:27,359 Speaker 1: a sense of charity among her readers who were likely 416 00:24:27,400 --> 00:24:30,240 Speaker 1: to be wealthy, since people in the lower class typically 417 00:24:30,320 --> 00:24:33,439 Speaker 1: we're not literate. Outside of the world of her writing, 418 00:24:33,560 --> 00:24:37,600 Speaker 1: she was also very savvy. She was invited to several 419 00:24:37,720 --> 00:24:40,520 Speaker 1: royal courts outside of France, but she preferred to stay 420 00:24:40,560 --> 00:24:43,119 Speaker 1: in her adopted homeland, and she also had to be 421 00:24:43,280 --> 00:24:46,240 Speaker 1: very strategic to provide for her children in a world 422 00:24:46,320 --> 00:24:49,880 Speaker 1: where money and family and political connections were extremely important. 423 00:24:49,920 --> 00:24:52,080 Speaker 1: I mean, she was making the ends meet through all 424 00:24:52,119 --> 00:24:54,800 Speaker 1: of her writing, but that's not the same thing as 425 00:24:54,840 --> 00:24:57,600 Speaker 1: providing for the future of your children in this world. 426 00:24:58,119 --> 00:25:00,960 Speaker 1: She had no dowry for her her but was able 427 00:25:01,000 --> 00:25:04,119 Speaker 1: to negotiate a place for her at the Royal Dominican 428 00:25:04,320 --> 00:25:07,639 Speaker 1: Convent at Poissy and as a companion to Charles the 429 00:25:07,680 --> 00:25:11,800 Speaker 1: sixth daughter Marie. She also negotiated for her son to 430 00:25:11,880 --> 00:25:14,919 Speaker 1: be fostered with John Montague, the third Earl of Salisbury, 431 00:25:14,960 --> 00:25:18,000 Speaker 1: with the hope of ensuring him a political future. This 432 00:25:18,200 --> 00:25:22,120 Speaker 1: second part led to a whole complicated negotiation with King 433 00:25:22,160 --> 00:25:25,280 Speaker 1: Henry the Fourth to get her son back after John 434 00:25:25,280 --> 00:25:28,280 Speaker 1: Montague was a co conspirator and an uprising against him. 435 00:25:28,280 --> 00:25:33,160 Speaker 1: Though that's a whole huge drama of international intrigue in 436 00:25:33,200 --> 00:25:37,960 Speaker 1: which she had this ongoing, careful negotiation with a king 437 00:25:38,200 --> 00:25:41,040 Speaker 1: to get her son to return to France. As we 438 00:25:41,160 --> 00:25:44,760 Speaker 1: noted earlier, England and France where at war throughout Christine's 439 00:25:44,880 --> 00:25:48,520 Speaker 1: entire life. The Battle of Agincourt in fourteen fifteen was 440 00:25:48,560 --> 00:25:52,080 Speaker 1: a massive defeat for France, and not long afterward Christine 441 00:25:52,160 --> 00:25:55,119 Speaker 1: joined her daughter at the convent in poise E. She 442 00:25:55,200 --> 00:25:58,199 Speaker 1: mostly stopped writing, at least for public view. Around that 443 00:25:58,280 --> 00:26:01,320 Speaker 1: same time, she did had come out of retirement for 444 00:26:01,359 --> 00:26:04,679 Speaker 1: one last work. Though. Christine's last known piece of writing 445 00:26:04,760 --> 00:26:06,679 Speaker 1: was about Joan of Arc, and it was written to 446 00:26:06,800 --> 00:26:10,200 Speaker 1: honor her after the French victory at Orleans in four 447 00:26:11,640 --> 00:26:13,000 Speaker 1: Like we said at the top of the show, this 448 00:26:13,080 --> 00:26:16,040 Speaker 1: is the only major work written to celebrate Joan of 449 00:26:16,119 --> 00:26:19,720 Speaker 1: Arc during her lifetime. And we don't know exactly when 450 00:26:19,840 --> 00:26:24,600 Speaker 1: Christine died, but it was sometime around in Poisi, France. 451 00:26:25,280 --> 00:26:28,240 Speaker 1: I find the whole idea of building a whole city 452 00:26:28,240 --> 00:26:31,760 Speaker 1: where the ladies can find comfort and refuge to be 453 00:26:31,880 --> 00:26:34,720 Speaker 1: very comforting, and I am glad that Christine did it. 454 00:26:35,119 --> 00:26:36,640 Speaker 1: I want to make a joke, but I think it's 455 00:26:36,640 --> 00:26:48,040 Speaker 1: the little things, so I'm gonna refrain. Okay, thank you 456 00:26:48,080 --> 00:26:50,600 Speaker 1: so much for joining us today for this classic. If 457 00:26:50,640 --> 00:26:53,120 Speaker 1: you have heard any kind of email address or maybe 458 00:26:53,119 --> 00:26:54,840 Speaker 1: a Facebook you are l during the course of the 459 00:26:54,880 --> 00:26:58,000 Speaker 1: episode that might be obsolete. 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