1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,239 Speaker 1: Hey, history enthusiasts, you get not one, but two events 2 00:00:03,240 --> 00:00:05,960 Speaker 1: in history today. With that said, on with the show. 3 00:00:07,040 --> 00:00:11,080 Speaker 1: Hey guys, welcome to this day in History class, where 4 00:00:11,080 --> 00:00:14,360 Speaker 1: we bring you a new tidbit from history every day. 5 00:00:21,239 --> 00:00:26,480 Speaker 1: The day was March twelfth, nineteen thirty. Mohandas Gandhi, an 6 00:00:26,480 --> 00:00:30,720 Speaker 1: Indian activists who practiced non violent civil disobedience, left his 7 00:00:30,800 --> 00:00:34,479 Speaker 1: ashram at Sabermanty, near the city of a Metabod, India. 8 00:00:35,520 --> 00:00:38,159 Speaker 1: He was headed some two dred and forty miles or 9 00:00:38,200 --> 00:00:41,960 Speaker 1: three and eighty six kilometers away to a town named 10 00:00:42,040 --> 00:00:45,960 Speaker 1: Dandhi on the Arabian Sea. The plan was to protest 11 00:00:46,040 --> 00:00:49,959 Speaker 1: written Salt Act of eighteen eighty two, which forced Indians 12 00:00:49,960 --> 00:00:55,360 Speaker 1: to buy salt from Britain, which charged a hefty salt tax. Gandhi, 13 00:00:55,400 --> 00:00:57,680 Speaker 1: in the dozens of followers that went on the Salt 14 00:00:57,720 --> 00:01:00,520 Speaker 1: March with him, would do so by making salt from 15 00:01:00,560 --> 00:01:03,280 Speaker 1: seawater when they got to Dandee and an act of 16 00:01:03,320 --> 00:01:09,080 Speaker 1: civil disobedience. The act spread across India, with millions of 17 00:01:09,120 --> 00:01:12,280 Speaker 1: people joining, but it was only the beginning of a 18 00:01:12,360 --> 00:01:18,759 Speaker 1: larger campaign of civil disobedience or Satyagraha. In nineteen thirty 19 00:01:19,120 --> 00:01:23,680 Speaker 1: India was under British rule. Salt production and distribution in 20 00:01:23,680 --> 00:01:26,880 Speaker 1: India breaked in a lot of cash for Britain, so 21 00:01:27,000 --> 00:01:31,120 Speaker 1: Britain prohibited Indians from producing or selling the mineral independently. 22 00:01:32,480 --> 00:01:35,319 Speaker 1: Britain itself no longer had a salt tax, as it 23 00:01:35,360 --> 00:01:39,040 Speaker 1: had abolished it when the Industrial Revolution made the mineral valuable, 24 00:01:40,160 --> 00:01:43,840 Speaker 1: but Britain still imposts assault tax on its colonies, and 25 00:01:43,920 --> 00:01:46,720 Speaker 1: since salt was an important staple of the Indian diet, 26 00:01:47,120 --> 00:01:52,600 Speaker 1: Indians often had to buy expensive, often imported salt. The 27 00:01:52,680 --> 00:01:58,040 Speaker 1: tax affected most Indians, particularly the poor, and as oppressive 28 00:01:58,080 --> 00:02:00,960 Speaker 1: taxes are wont to do. The salt tax inside it 29 00:02:01,040 --> 00:02:06,160 Speaker 1: protests in India during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. By 30 00:02:06,280 --> 00:02:10,240 Speaker 1: nineteen thirty, Gandhi had been leading campaigns of passive resistance 31 00:02:10,280 --> 00:02:14,760 Speaker 1: for more than two decades. Gandhi recognized how repressive the 32 00:02:14,800 --> 00:02:18,400 Speaker 1: salt tax was, so he believed that leading a demonstration 33 00:02:18,480 --> 00:02:21,280 Speaker 1: in defiance of the tax would be an effective act 34 00:02:21,360 --> 00:02:25,200 Speaker 1: of civil disobedience. He wrote an open letter to the 35 00:02:25,280 --> 00:02:29,360 Speaker 1: Viceroy of India, Lord Irwin, asking the Viceroy to strike 36 00:02:29,400 --> 00:02:33,520 Speaker 1: down the salt tax. In the letter, he also announced 37 00:02:33,600 --> 00:02:37,400 Speaker 1: his plan to Truk to the seed to protest the tax. Irwin, 38 00:02:37,520 --> 00:02:41,080 Speaker 1: of course, did not approve of Gandhi's demonstration and staid 39 00:02:41,120 --> 00:02:46,320 Speaker 1: it would be against the law and disturb the peace. Nevertheless, 40 00:02:46,639 --> 00:02:49,720 Speaker 1: Gandhi and seventy eight followers started marching towards Dante on 41 00:02:49,760 --> 00:02:54,280 Speaker 1: March twelve. As they progressed, more people joined the group. 42 00:02:55,360 --> 00:02:58,720 Speaker 1: Along the way. Gandhi stopped in villages to exhort officials 43 00:02:58,760 --> 00:03:02,120 Speaker 1: to resign and to encourage people to practice non violence. 44 00:03:03,440 --> 00:03:06,680 Speaker 1: The marchers covered anywhere from ten to fifteen miles a day, 45 00:03:06,960 --> 00:03:10,000 Speaker 1: and they reached Dandhi in twenty four days on April five. 46 00:03:11,760 --> 00:03:14,280 Speaker 1: By this time, the crowd was tens of thousands of 47 00:03:14,320 --> 00:03:18,600 Speaker 1: people deep. On the morning of April six, Gandhi led 48 00:03:18,639 --> 00:03:21,600 Speaker 1: prayers and people began picking up salt along the shore 49 00:03:21,600 --> 00:03:26,040 Speaker 1: of the sea, breaking the law. Indian nationalists in the 50 00:03:26,080 --> 00:03:30,639 Speaker 1: coastal cities of Mumbai and Karachi joined the protest. No 51 00:03:30,680 --> 00:03:34,960 Speaker 1: one was arrested that day, but as the Satyagraha continued, 52 00:03:35,400 --> 00:03:39,520 Speaker 1: more Indians proceeded to break salt laws using civil disobedience. 53 00:03:40,840 --> 00:03:44,480 Speaker 1: Freedom fighter Jawaharlal Nehru, who would later become the first 54 00:03:44,480 --> 00:03:49,280 Speaker 1: Prime Minister of India was arrested in April, and Gandhi 55 00:03:49,400 --> 00:03:52,680 Speaker 1: himself was arrested in May after he told Lord Irwin 56 00:03:53,040 --> 00:03:55,920 Speaker 1: that he planned a non violent raid on the Dhara 57 00:03:56,040 --> 00:04:00,560 Speaker 1: Sana salt works and Gudrat, but his arrest on May 58 00:04:00,600 --> 00:04:04,760 Speaker 1: five only inspired thousands more people to join the protest. 59 00:04:06,000 --> 00:04:09,800 Speaker 1: One abbess Tayabji let the salt works march with his 60 00:04:09,880 --> 00:04:14,280 Speaker 1: wife Kestorba, but when they were arrested, poet and freedom 61 00:04:14,320 --> 00:04:19,080 Speaker 1: fighter Sarah Gini Nadou and scholar Malana Abul kalam Azad 62 00:04:19,120 --> 00:04:23,640 Speaker 1: took charge. The march turned violent, with hundreds of British 63 00:04:23,720 --> 00:04:28,320 Speaker 1: lad Indian police beating the demonstrators. By the end of 64 00:04:28,360 --> 00:04:34,520 Speaker 1: the Satyagraha, around sixty thousand people have been jailed. Gandhi 65 00:04:34,600 --> 00:04:38,520 Speaker 1: was released from detention in January ninety one, and soon 66 00:04:38,640 --> 00:04:42,560 Speaker 1: a truth was declared. He met with Lord Irwin and 67 00:04:42,640 --> 00:04:46,400 Speaker 1: signed the Gandhi Irwin Pact in March, agreeing to end 68 00:04:46,400 --> 00:04:50,280 Speaker 1: the campaign, while Irwin agreed to release people who had 69 00:04:50,320 --> 00:04:53,760 Speaker 1: been imprisoned and to allow Indians living on the coast 70 00:04:53,920 --> 00:04:57,960 Speaker 1: to make salt from a sea for domestic use. And 71 00:04:58,040 --> 00:05:02,920 Speaker 1: in August Gandhi represent the Nationalist Indian National Congress at 72 00:05:02,920 --> 00:05:07,839 Speaker 1: the second session of the Roundtable Conference in London. The 73 00:05:07,880 --> 00:05:11,880 Speaker 1: British Raj still had a monopoly over Salt and India 74 00:05:11,920 --> 00:05:16,800 Speaker 1: didn't gain its independence until nineteen forty seven. But even 75 00:05:16,839 --> 00:05:21,600 Speaker 1: though the Statyagraha didn't immediately produce any major political gains, 76 00:05:22,000 --> 00:05:25,600 Speaker 1: the Salt March affected Indian resistance to British rule and 77 00:05:25,800 --> 00:05:28,799 Speaker 1: had an impact on the civil rights leadership of Dr 78 00:05:28,839 --> 00:05:33,800 Speaker 1: Martin Luther King Jr. I'm Eves Jeff Coote, and hopefully 79 00:05:33,920 --> 00:05:36,479 Speaker 1: you know a little more about history today than you 80 00:05:36,600 --> 00:05:42,120 Speaker 1: did yesterday. And here's an additional note. I know I 81 00:05:42,240 --> 00:05:46,040 Speaker 1: just mentioned the impact that Gandhi had on the leadership 82 00:05:46,040 --> 00:05:49,000 Speaker 1: of Dr Martin Luther King Jr. But there is some 83 00:05:49,080 --> 00:05:54,280 Speaker 1: controversy surrounding Gandhi's life and his philosophy. A book called 84 00:05:54,440 --> 00:05:58,200 Speaker 1: The South African Gandhi Stretcher Bearer of Empire that was 85 00:05:58,279 --> 00:06:03,320 Speaker 1: released in detailed Gandhi's writings on Black Africans, whom he 86 00:06:03,560 --> 00:06:08,800 Speaker 1: often described in a derogatory or inferior manner. The Authur's 87 00:06:08,920 --> 00:06:12,680 Speaker 1: argued that our fond remembrance of Gandhi is the result 88 00:06:12,720 --> 00:06:17,400 Speaker 1: of a kind of rebranding that Gandhi went through, so 89 00:06:17,480 --> 00:06:20,360 Speaker 1: if you have any comments or thoughts or insight on that, 90 00:06:20,800 --> 00:06:22,919 Speaker 1: feel free to leave us a note on social media. 91 00:06:23,520 --> 00:06:28,920 Speaker 1: We're at T d i h C Podcast on Instagram, Facebook, 92 00:06:29,000 --> 00:06:32,719 Speaker 1: and Twitter. Thanks again for listening and we'll see you 93 00:06:32,760 --> 00:06:44,040 Speaker 1: here again tomorrow. Hi everyone, I'm Eves. Welcome to This 94 00:06:44,120 --> 00:06:47,159 Speaker 1: Day in History Class, a podcast for folks who can 95 00:06:47,200 --> 00:06:59,000 Speaker 1: never have enough history knowledge. The day was March twelve, 96 00:06:59,160 --> 00:07:03,320 Speaker 1: nineteen twelve. The Girl Scouts of the United States of America, 97 00:07:03,640 --> 00:07:07,240 Speaker 1: then known as the Girl Guys, was founded. The Girl 98 00:07:07,279 --> 00:07:11,960 Speaker 1: Scouts is an organization for girls that encourages leadership, community service, 99 00:07:12,080 --> 00:07:16,920 Speaker 1: and confidence, and also teaches practical skills. The Boy Scouts 100 00:07:16,960 --> 00:07:20,040 Speaker 1: movement began in England in nineteen o eight. That year, 101 00:07:20,280 --> 00:07:24,000 Speaker 1: Robert baden Pole published the book Scouting for Boys, a 102 00:07:24,040 --> 00:07:28,280 Speaker 1: Handbook for Instruction and Good Citizenship. Baden Pole was a 103 00:07:28,320 --> 00:07:32,280 Speaker 1: British Army officer who participated in wars in South Africa 104 00:07:32,440 --> 00:07:35,760 Speaker 1: and other places on the African continent. He was not 105 00:07:35,840 --> 00:07:38,800 Speaker 1: the first person to use the term boy Scout, nor 106 00:07:38,960 --> 00:07:42,200 Speaker 1: was he the first to promote practical skills and self discipline. 107 00:07:42,840 --> 00:07:45,720 Speaker 1: For instance, the Boys Brigade was founded in Britain in 108 00:07:45,720 --> 00:07:49,880 Speaker 1: the eighteen eighties, but baden Pole wanted to add elements 109 00:07:49,880 --> 00:07:53,680 Speaker 1: of scouting, such as tracking and observation, to the activities 110 00:07:53,720 --> 00:07:57,880 Speaker 1: of the Boys Brigade. Other people such as Ernest Thompson Seaton, 111 00:07:58,040 --> 00:08:01,280 Speaker 1: who was the founder of the organization that was originally 112 00:08:01,280 --> 00:08:07,280 Speaker 1: called the Woodcraft Indians, influenced baden Pole's initiatives. The Woodcraft 113 00:08:07,360 --> 00:08:10,720 Speaker 1: Indians did not actually accept Native American children, and the 114 00:08:10,760 --> 00:08:14,760 Speaker 1: program appropriated practices that were inaccurately perceived to be part 115 00:08:14,840 --> 00:08:19,400 Speaker 1: of Native American life. Anyway, baden Pole went about teaching 116 00:08:19,440 --> 00:08:23,400 Speaker 1: boys about things such as woodcraft and patriotism and an 117 00:08:23,440 --> 00:08:27,280 Speaker 1: experimental camp and setting up a Boy Scout's office. By 118 00:08:27,320 --> 00:08:29,640 Speaker 1: the end of nineteen o eight, there were tens of 119 00:08:29,680 --> 00:08:34,320 Speaker 1: thousands of registered Boy Scouts. Baden Pole did not agree 120 00:08:34,360 --> 00:08:37,559 Speaker 1: with bringing girls into the organization, and in nineteen ten, 121 00:08:37,880 --> 00:08:43,040 Speaker 1: his sister Agnes founded the Girl Guides. Soon similar organizations 122 00:08:43,080 --> 00:08:47,200 Speaker 1: began popping up around the world. Juliette Gordon Lowe, who 123 00:08:47,240 --> 00:08:50,000 Speaker 1: was friends with baden Pole, was involved in the Girl 124 00:08:50,000 --> 00:08:53,600 Speaker 1: Guide movement in England. She organized the first Girl Guide 125 00:08:53,600 --> 00:08:57,120 Speaker 1: troope in Savannah, Georgia, where she was born On March twelfth, 126 00:08:57,240 --> 00:09:01,199 Speaker 1: nineteen twelve. She soon changed the name of the organization 127 00:09:01,280 --> 00:09:04,280 Speaker 1: to the Girl Scouts of the United States and established 128 00:09:04,320 --> 00:09:08,320 Speaker 1: a headquarters in Washington, d c. The movement began to 129 00:09:08,360 --> 00:09:12,160 Speaker 1: grow quickly. Low was elected president of the Girl Scouts, 130 00:09:12,200 --> 00:09:16,440 Speaker 1: a position that she retained until nineteen twenty. Branches were 131 00:09:16,520 --> 00:09:20,720 Speaker 1: organized across the US. By seven, the year Low died, 132 00:09:21,040 --> 00:09:24,080 Speaker 1: there were more than one and forty thou Girl Scouts 133 00:09:24,080 --> 00:09:28,319 Speaker 1: in the country. Young girls and teenagers could participate in 134 00:09:28,360 --> 00:09:33,320 Speaker 1: the Girl Scouts. Initially, the Girl Scout code included being obedient, loyal, 135 00:09:33,440 --> 00:09:36,840 Speaker 1: and cheerful, and they could earn badges and awards for 136 00:09:36,880 --> 00:09:40,360 Speaker 1: their work in the organization. The history of the Girl 137 00:09:40,440 --> 00:09:44,120 Speaker 1: Scouts is not without controversy. Low butted heads with the 138 00:09:44,240 --> 00:09:47,640 Speaker 1: leaders of other Girl Scouting organizations, such as the Girl 139 00:09:47,679 --> 00:09:51,320 Speaker 1: Scouts of America and the Campfire Girls. Her attempts to 140 00:09:51,360 --> 00:09:55,280 Speaker 1: merge her organization with theirs were unsuccessful, though the Girl 141 00:09:55,320 --> 00:10:00,000 Speaker 1: Scouts eventually became the biggest organization. Also, the Girl Scout 142 00:10:00,160 --> 00:10:04,319 Speaker 1: were initially racially segregated because Low thought that including black 143 00:10:04,360 --> 00:10:07,360 Speaker 1: girls would make Southern troops leave. She let state and 144 00:10:07,480 --> 00:10:11,800 Speaker 1: local councils rule on the issue. The third U S Troop, 145 00:10:11,920 --> 00:10:16,120 Speaker 1: formed in New Bedford, Massachusetts, in nineteen thirteen, included black girls, 146 00:10:16,480 --> 00:10:18,880 Speaker 1: and the first all black Girl Scout Troops were formed 147 00:10:18,880 --> 00:10:22,520 Speaker 1: in nineteen seventeen. The Girl Scout Troops, believed to be 148 00:10:22,559 --> 00:10:24,640 Speaker 1: the first all black one in the South, formed in 149 00:10:24,720 --> 00:10:28,240 Speaker 1: nineteen thirty two. Over the years, troops began to include 150 00:10:28,240 --> 00:10:31,920 Speaker 1: groups such as Native Americans and Mexican Americans, and by 151 00:10:31,920 --> 00:10:38,080 Speaker 1: the nineteen fifties, troops began desegregation on a larger national scale. Today, 152 00:10:38,120 --> 00:10:40,319 Speaker 1: the Girl Scouts of the United States of America has 153 00:10:40,400 --> 00:10:43,640 Speaker 1: millions of members. Girls can now join the Boy Scouts 154 00:10:43,640 --> 00:10:46,840 Speaker 1: of America as well, even though the Girl Scouts protested 155 00:10:46,880 --> 00:10:50,080 Speaker 1: the decision due to issues such as sexual assault and 156 00:10:50,160 --> 00:10:54,480 Speaker 1: inadequate programming. I'm Eve stuff Coote and hopefully you know 157 00:10:54,559 --> 00:10:57,679 Speaker 1: a little more about history today than you did yesterday. 158 00:10:58,040 --> 00:11:00,679 Speaker 1: I want to impress your Internet crush show them your 159 00:11:00,720 --> 00:11:03,520 Speaker 1: history smarts by sharing something you learned on the show. 160 00:11:04,000 --> 00:11:07,480 Speaker 1: Don't forget to tag us at t d I h 161 00:11:07,679 --> 00:11:13,000 Speaker 1: C podcast. We also accept electronic letters at this day 162 00:11:13,120 --> 00:11:17,040 Speaker 1: at I heart media dot com. Thanks again for listening 163 00:11:17,240 --> 00:11:23,920 Speaker 1: and we'll see you tomorrow for more podcasts. From I 164 00:11:24,000 --> 00:11:26,800 Speaker 1: heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple podcasts, or 165 00:11:26,800 --> 00:11:28,400 Speaker 1: wherever you listen to your favorite shows.