1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,320 Speaker 1: Hey everyone, it's Eaves. Just wanted to let you know 2 00:00:02,360 --> 00:00:04,520 Speaker 1: that you'll be hearing an episode from me and an 3 00:00:04,559 --> 00:00:07,360 Speaker 1: episode from Tracy V. Wilson today. I hope you enjoyed 4 00:00:07,400 --> 00:00:11,160 Speaker 1: the show. Welcome to this Day in History class from 5 00:00:11,200 --> 00:00:13,520 Speaker 1: how Stuff Works dot Com and from the desk of 6 00:00:13,520 --> 00:00:15,840 Speaker 1: Stuff you Missed in History Class. It's the show where 7 00:00:15,840 --> 00:00:18,119 Speaker 1: we explore the past one day at a time with 8 00:00:18,200 --> 00:00:25,040 Speaker 1: a quick look at what happened today in history. Hello, 9 00:00:25,120 --> 00:00:27,640 Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and 10 00:00:27,680 --> 00:00:31,440 Speaker 1: it's October twenty six. The shootout at the Okay Corral 11 00:00:31,560 --> 00:00:34,960 Speaker 1: happened on this day in eighteen eighty one. And Tombstone, Arizona. 12 00:00:35,440 --> 00:00:38,280 Speaker 1: Tombstone and the eighteen eighties was a boomtown thanks to 13 00:00:38,360 --> 00:00:41,800 Speaker 1: the discovery of silver there in eighteen seventy nine. The 14 00:00:41,960 --> 00:00:44,879 Speaker 1: name reportedly came from a warning the only thing you're 15 00:00:44,880 --> 00:00:48,280 Speaker 1: gonna find in those hills is your own tombstone. People didn't. 16 00:00:48,320 --> 00:00:50,319 Speaker 1: I mean, people did find their own tombstone, but they 17 00:00:50,320 --> 00:00:54,320 Speaker 1: also did find silver. With this silver discovery, the population 18 00:00:54,320 --> 00:00:57,160 Speaker 1: of Tombstone grew to about seven thousand people in the 19 00:00:57,200 --> 00:01:00,000 Speaker 1: span of two years, up from basically a hundred people 20 00:01:00,200 --> 00:01:03,640 Speaker 1: before that, and as was true of so many other boomtowns, 21 00:01:03,760 --> 00:01:07,560 Speaker 1: Tombstone had a reputation for lawlessness. There were lots of 22 00:01:07,600 --> 00:01:10,640 Speaker 1: saloons and brothels, and lots of fighting and lots of 23 00:01:10,640 --> 00:01:15,000 Speaker 1: people rustling one another's livestock. The Earp family were part 24 00:01:15,000 --> 00:01:18,400 Speaker 1: of the law such as it was, and Tombstone Wiaterp, 25 00:01:18,400 --> 00:01:21,119 Speaker 1: who had been a police officer in Kansas, works security 26 00:01:21,360 --> 00:01:23,720 Speaker 1: as at a saloon and he was also the deputy sheriff. 27 00:01:24,160 --> 00:01:27,319 Speaker 1: His brother's Virgil and Morgan, were stage coach guards, and 28 00:01:27,440 --> 00:01:30,360 Speaker 1: Virgil was also a Deputy U s Marshal. They all 29 00:01:30,360 --> 00:01:33,759 Speaker 1: had a reputation for being pretty ruthless and sometimes maybe 30 00:01:33,840 --> 00:01:37,000 Speaker 1: being more focused on power than on actually enforcing some 31 00:01:37,080 --> 00:01:39,319 Speaker 1: kind of law. And then on the other side of 32 00:01:39,319 --> 00:01:41,440 Speaker 1: the equation where the cowboys, they were part of the 33 00:01:41,480 --> 00:01:45,040 Speaker 1: town's criminal element. They included Ike and Billy Clinton and 34 00:01:45,120 --> 00:01:48,440 Speaker 1: Tom and Frank McClary. They were all particularly notorious and 35 00:01:48,480 --> 00:01:50,680 Speaker 1: a lot of times they were grouped together as the 36 00:01:50,720 --> 00:01:55,720 Speaker 1: Clanton mclary gang. There was ongoing back and forth between 37 00:01:55,760 --> 00:01:58,720 Speaker 1: the Earth's representing the law and the Clanton mclary gang 38 00:01:59,200 --> 00:02:02,720 Speaker 1: representing out laws. In the months leading up to this shootout. 39 00:02:03,240 --> 00:02:06,720 Speaker 1: Some of this was the Earth's as law enforcement hunting 40 00:02:06,800 --> 00:02:09,960 Speaker 1: down the Clantons, or the McClary's in conjunction with some 41 00:02:10,080 --> 00:02:12,840 Speaker 1: kind of crime. Sometimes, though, it was the two sides 42 00:02:12,919 --> 00:02:14,720 Speaker 1: really just trying to get the upper hand over the 43 00:02:14,720 --> 00:02:17,639 Speaker 1: other one in general, because whoever had the most power 44 00:02:17,760 --> 00:02:20,600 Speaker 1: was really going to control what happened in Tombstone. There 45 00:02:20,639 --> 00:02:23,480 Speaker 1: was also some shady under the table dealing going on 46 00:02:23,600 --> 00:02:27,000 Speaker 1: between the two sides, either as a genuine effort by 47 00:02:27,040 --> 00:02:30,400 Speaker 1: the earps to get information from the cowboys, or maybe 48 00:02:30,440 --> 00:02:33,520 Speaker 1: as a covert effort by one side to set the 49 00:02:33,560 --> 00:02:37,960 Speaker 1: other side up. Sometimes it's not really clear. Tangled up 50 00:02:38,000 --> 00:02:41,280 Speaker 1: in all of this was Sheriff John Behan, WIAT Earp 51 00:02:41,320 --> 00:02:43,360 Speaker 1: had wanted to be sheriff. That was a position that 52 00:02:43,400 --> 00:02:46,360 Speaker 1: was appointed when he realized how much the governor favored 53 00:02:46,360 --> 00:02:47,960 Speaker 1: be Hand. He had pulled out of the race under 54 00:02:48,000 --> 00:02:50,200 Speaker 1: the idea that be Hand would then give him a 55 00:02:50,360 --> 00:02:52,960 Speaker 1: lesser appointment of some sort, which did not pan out. 56 00:02:53,840 --> 00:02:57,120 Speaker 1: The Earps also suspected at various points that Behand was 57 00:02:57,160 --> 00:03:01,399 Speaker 1: in cahoots with cowboys. All of the descended into violence 58 00:03:01,480 --> 00:03:05,640 Speaker 1: in October on both sides had been trading insults and 59 00:03:05,720 --> 00:03:09,000 Speaker 1: death threats and sometimes fisticuffs over about twenty four hours 60 00:03:09,120 --> 00:03:12,000 Speaker 1: leading up to the shootout. After I Clinton and Tom 61 00:03:12,040 --> 00:03:15,959 Speaker 1: McClary came into Tombstone to buy some supplies, the Earps 62 00:03:16,000 --> 00:03:19,080 Speaker 1: and their friends Dot Holiday saw the Clinton's, the McLaren's, 63 00:03:19,120 --> 00:03:22,280 Speaker 1: and Billy Claiborne near Fremont Street in Tombstone that was 64 00:03:22,360 --> 00:03:25,639 Speaker 1: near but not inside of the Okay Corral. The sheriff 65 00:03:25,800 --> 00:03:27,840 Speaker 1: told the Earps that these other men were on their 66 00:03:27,880 --> 00:03:30,360 Speaker 1: way out of town, but the Earps were spoiling for 67 00:03:30,400 --> 00:03:32,480 Speaker 1: a fight, and it is not clear who fired the 68 00:03:32,520 --> 00:03:37,520 Speaker 1: first shot, and Ike Clinton and White Earth gave completely 69 00:03:37,760 --> 00:03:41,000 Speaker 1: different versions in their testimony, but in the end, Billy 70 00:03:41,080 --> 00:03:44,120 Speaker 1: Clinton and Tom and Frank McClary were all shot. Tom 71 00:03:44,120 --> 00:03:46,760 Speaker 1: was killed immediately and Billy and Frank died not long after. 72 00:03:47,760 --> 00:03:50,360 Speaker 1: Virgil and Morgan Earp and Doc Holiday were all shot 73 00:03:50,400 --> 00:03:54,360 Speaker 1: as well, but survived. The sheriff arrested the Earps and 74 00:03:54,440 --> 00:03:57,640 Speaker 1: Doc Holiday and they were all charged with murder, but 75 00:03:57,720 --> 00:04:01,520 Speaker 1: the Justice of the Peace later found that homicide was justified. 76 00:04:01,960 --> 00:04:04,080 Speaker 1: You can learn more about all this in the September fourteen, 77 00:04:04,160 --> 00:04:06,280 Speaker 1: two thousand nine episode of Stuff You Miss in History 78 00:04:06,280 --> 00:04:08,840 Speaker 1: Class and thanks to Terry Harrison for her audio work 79 00:04:08,960 --> 00:04:11,760 Speaker 1: on this podcast. You can subscribe to This Day in 80 00:04:11,840 --> 00:04:14,920 Speaker 1: History Class on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts and where else 81 00:04:14,960 --> 00:04:16,919 Speaker 1: you get your podcast, and you can tune in tomorrow 82 00:04:17,400 --> 00:04:29,800 Speaker 1: for an executive order that led to massacres. Hey, I'm 83 00:04:29,839 --> 00:04:32,960 Speaker 1: Eves and you're listening to This Day in History Class, 84 00:04:33,360 --> 00:04:36,080 Speaker 1: a podcast where we bring you a slice of history 85 00:04:36,240 --> 00:04:50,279 Speaker 1: every day. The day was October. The Australian government gave 86 00:04:50,320 --> 00:04:54,640 Speaker 1: the title Deeds to the Ularu Katatar National Park back 87 00:04:54,680 --> 00:04:58,560 Speaker 1: to is Arn on Google. Traditional owners aren't on Google. 88 00:04:58,600 --> 00:05:02,600 Speaker 1: Homelands include areas in South Australia, Western Australia and the 89 00:05:02,640 --> 00:05:08,040 Speaker 1: Northern Territory. Ulurutar National Park is located in the Northern 90 00:05:08,120 --> 00:05:13,080 Speaker 1: Territory and includes Uluru, a famous sandstone rock formation, as 91 00:05:13,080 --> 00:05:17,800 Speaker 1: well as Katatar, a group of domed rock formations. A 92 00:05:17,839 --> 00:05:23,040 Speaker 1: British born Australian explorer organized expeditions across Australia. He gave 93 00:05:23,120 --> 00:05:27,719 Speaker 1: Katatar the name Mount Olga in eighteen seventy two. The 94 00:05:27,760 --> 00:05:31,640 Speaker 1: next year, another explorer dubbed Uluru Ayers Rock after the 95 00:05:31,720 --> 00:05:36,520 Speaker 1: Chief Secretary of South Australia Henry Ayers. As more Europeans 96 00:05:36,640 --> 00:05:40,440 Speaker 1: arrived in Australia and dispossessed Aboriginal people of their land, 97 00:05:40,920 --> 00:05:45,560 Speaker 1: conflict grew between Arnangu and pastoral lists, but in nineteen 98 00:05:45,600 --> 00:05:49,479 Speaker 1: twenty the land around Uluru and Katatar was declared the 99 00:05:49,560 --> 00:05:52,919 Speaker 1: Southwest Reserve as part of a larger system of reserved 100 00:05:53,040 --> 00:05:57,160 Speaker 1: for Aboriginal people. But the rock formations had great potential 101 00:05:57,200 --> 00:06:01,080 Speaker 1: as lucrative tourist attractions. In nineteen four eight, an access 102 00:06:01,160 --> 00:06:04,440 Speaker 1: road to Ularu was constructed and tours of the area began. 103 00:06:05,440 --> 00:06:09,039 Speaker 1: Ularu became airs Rock National Park in nineteen fifty and 104 00:06:09,120 --> 00:06:12,560 Speaker 1: eight years later Kata Tutar joined Ularu to become airs 105 00:06:12,640 --> 00:06:16,360 Speaker 1: Rock mount Oga National Park. The title to the park 106 00:06:16,440 --> 00:06:19,240 Speaker 1: was vested in the Director of the Australian National Parks 107 00:06:19,240 --> 00:06:23,320 Speaker 1: and Wildlife Service, but in meetings organized by the Office 108 00:06:23,320 --> 00:06:28,200 Speaker 1: of Aboriginal Affairs, the traditional owners of Luru and the 109 00:06:28,279 --> 00:06:33,080 Speaker 1: surrounding land made clear their opposition to pastoralism, mining and 110 00:06:33,320 --> 00:06:38,039 Speaker 1: tourism that harmed the land. Nevertheless, in nineteen seventy seven, 111 00:06:38,360 --> 00:06:42,160 Speaker 1: the Commonwealth officially declared the area a National park under 112 00:06:42,200 --> 00:06:45,760 Speaker 1: the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act. Nineteen seventy five, 113 00:06:46,960 --> 00:06:50,440 Speaker 1: the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service paid the Conservation 114 00:06:50,480 --> 00:06:54,359 Speaker 1: Commission of the Northern Territory to employ park rangers, and 115 00:06:54,440 --> 00:06:57,600 Speaker 1: from nineteen seventy eight to nineteen eighty five the Northern 116 00:06:57,640 --> 00:07:01,640 Speaker 1: Territory government ran the park. But thanks to the efforts 117 00:07:01,640 --> 00:07:04,680 Speaker 1: of Aboriginal people working to have their land rights recognized, 118 00:07:04,920 --> 00:07:08,719 Speaker 1: the Australian Parliament passed the Aboriginal Land Rights Northern Territory 119 00:07:08,760 --> 00:07:13,120 Speaker 1: Act in nineteen seventies six. The law recognized the Aboriginal 120 00:07:13,160 --> 00:07:17,440 Speaker 1: system of land ownership by traditional landowners and provided ways 121 00:07:17,480 --> 00:07:20,800 Speaker 1: for Aboriginal people to own, control, and use the resources 122 00:07:20,840 --> 00:07:24,200 Speaker 1: of their land. But to keep airs Wrought Mount Oga 123 00:07:24,200 --> 00:07:28,120 Speaker 1: a national park, it was excluded from the Act. The 124 00:07:28,160 --> 00:07:32,440 Speaker 1: Pitjan Jajara and Central Land Council opposed this exclusion and 125 00:07:32,480 --> 00:07:34,720 Speaker 1: lobbied for an amendment to the Act to allow a 126 00:07:34,840 --> 00:07:38,200 Speaker 1: land claim to the Ulurut Land on behalf of the 127 00:07:38,280 --> 00:07:42,960 Speaker 1: Arnangu people. Many groups, including people in the tourism industry 128 00:07:43,000 --> 00:07:46,680 Speaker 1: and pastoral lists, opposed the claim to the Uluru catat 129 00:07:46,960 --> 00:07:49,840 Speaker 1: land due to their own interests in the area and 130 00:07:50,000 --> 00:07:54,080 Speaker 1: concern about how the Arnagu would manage it. The councils 131 00:07:54,080 --> 00:07:57,480 Speaker 1: went back and forth with the Commonwealth and Northern Territory government, 132 00:07:57,880 --> 00:08:01,120 Speaker 1: but in nineteen eighty three Australian and Prime Minister Bob 133 00:08:01,160 --> 00:08:04,440 Speaker 1: Hawk announced that the government would amend the Aboriginal Land 134 00:08:04,520 --> 00:08:07,600 Speaker 1: Rights Act and give the title back to our Nogo owners. 135 00:08:08,640 --> 00:08:12,280 Speaker 1: The handback, as it's known, occurred in a ceremony on October. 136 00:08:15,160 --> 00:08:18,280 Speaker 1: After they got the title, Arenagu representatives leased the park 137 00:08:18,400 --> 00:08:21,160 Speaker 1: back to the Director of the Australian National Parks and 138 00:08:21,200 --> 00:08:26,200 Speaker 1: Wildlife Service, ensuring continued public access. The duration of the 139 00:08:26,280 --> 00:08:30,200 Speaker 1: lease per the agreement is ninete years. The land is 140 00:08:30,320 --> 00:08:33,079 Speaker 1: run under a system of joint management, with a board 141 00:08:33,080 --> 00:08:37,800 Speaker 1: of management represented by a majority of Arnagu traditional owners. However, 142 00:08:38,000 --> 00:08:40,760 Speaker 1: there is still tension over the public treatment of the 143 00:08:40,800 --> 00:08:45,680 Speaker 1: site and opportunities provided for Ongo people. I'm Eve Jeff 144 00:08:45,679 --> 00:08:47,960 Speaker 1: Coote and hopefully you know a little more about history 145 00:08:48,000 --> 00:08:51,760 Speaker 1: today than you did yesterday. If you have any insight 146 00:08:51,920 --> 00:08:55,760 Speaker 1: on an accident or a pronunciation spoken in the show today, 147 00:08:55,920 --> 00:08:58,840 Speaker 1: feel free to send us a kind note on social 148 00:08:58,880 --> 00:09:04,440 Speaker 1: media at t d I h C Podcast and you 149 00:09:04,480 --> 00:09:07,280 Speaker 1: can send your thoughts are comments to us at this 150 00:09:07,400 --> 00:09:12,520 Speaker 1: Day at I Heart Media dot com thanks again for listening, 151 00:09:12,600 --> 00:09:15,680 Speaker 1: and have a fantastic twenty four hours until we see 152 00:09:15,720 --> 00:09:22,560 Speaker 1: you again. For more podcasts from I heart Radio, visit 153 00:09:22,600 --> 00:09:25,240 Speaker 1: the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen 154 00:09:25,280 --> 00:09:26,160 Speaker 1: to your favorite shows.